kurukshetra- english june 2012

7/28/2019 Kurukshetra- English June 2012

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Vol. 60 No. 8 Pages 52 June 2012 Rs. 10/-

Environment and Rural IssuesEnvironment and Rural Issues


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Vellayani Lake: Conservation Efforts

Sreejith Sreedharan

Contd. 3rd Cover


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Te Montly Journal

MINISTRY OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT

Vol. 60 No. 8 Pages 52

June 2012

CONTENTS

Kurukshetra seeks to carry the message o Rural Development to all people. It serves as a orum or ree, rank and serious discussion on the

problems o Rural Development with special ocus on Rural Uplit.The views expressed by the authors i the articles are their ow. They do ot ecessarily refect the views o the govermet or the orgaizatios they

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l EnvironmEntal DEgraDation, D. Hede rj g

ClimatE CHangE anD EffECt on agriCulturE D. H.l . Sh 3

l EnvironmEnt anD EConomiC DEvElopmEnt:a CorrElation B mck 6

l promoting rural Sanitation for

a BEttEr EnvironmEnt in rural inDia a Hz 12

l WHEat proDuCtion in inDia unDEr

CHanging SCEnario of gloBal Warming t. p. Sh 15

l agriCulturE & ClimatE CHangE Dhurja Mukherjee 18

l EnvironmEntal protECtion: important tipS r.S. Se

for tHE DEvElopmEnt of agroforEStry resh Chdh 22

l EnvironmEntal CHallEngES & iSSuES

of inDian agriCulturE Shk l. Bd 30

l From the Ground

Community EffortS to SavE forEStS nshd a Dk,

Jhkhd 35

l mgnrEgS: a tool for SuStainaBlE

EnvironmEnt Dr. S.M. Jawed Akhtar 38

l proSpECtS of organiC aquaCulturE in inDia aeksh Che

Bh S. Skk

lx m. ahe 42

l From the Ground

StatuS of paraJa WomEn Seh pd 44

l doctor Farmer

BroCColi : D. resh Chd pd

a vEgEtaBlE tHat figHtS CanCEr D. pb K ghsh 47

CHIEF EDITORRINA SONOwAL KOULI

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Kurukshetra June 201222

InsIde

accd he es sbsss b id he ued ns he

e eee id s execed se b 3.5 4.3

degrees Celsius by 2098, impacting the production of Wheat. icese

in temperature can lead to a loss of 27.5 million tones of wheat annually, by the

end of century.

Indias wheat production for year 2011-12 was 88.31 million tones. So losing

27.5 million tones annually would be more than one fourth of current production.

According to some studies there will be 14 per cent deficit in global wheat

dc, 11 e ce ce d 9 e ce ze b 2020.

Such is the impact of climate change on production of crops that the

phenomenon has not only to be studied but efforts made to reverse the changes

ced.

In this issue we discuss how various aspects of the environment impact

agriculture and ultimately the lives of the people living in the rural areas.

Climate Change can lead to serious issues relating to food security and poverty

for the vast masses living on the earth.

Production of crops like cotton, potato and short season crops such as

vegetables, fruits are also likely decrease with rising temperature and alteredpattern of precipitation.

On the impact of climate change on human health, the communication to the

ued ns ss bek s ke cese he ses d

some region of southern Ind ia especially Karnataka.

i ss h ce che d ce b he we esces e

likely to affect irrigated agriculture, installed power capacity, environment flows

in dry seasons and higher flows during the wet season, thereby causing severe

droughts and floods problems in urban and rural areas.

Forests in India are already subjected to multiple stresses like over-extraction,

hec esses d ce che w be dd sess.

Climate change will have a negative effect on all living beings and increase

the risk of extinction of several species as extreme weather conditions like

hurricanes, draughts and torrential downpours become more frequent.


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E

nvironment is the most important agenda of

he enal community due to its far

reaching consequences on the survival ofhuman beings and other forms of biodiversity on

he eh. Ce che s he s

indicator of environment degradation. Climate

change is occurring due to increase in the level of

eehse ses (gHg).

i eehse ses, cb dxde,

methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases are

EnvironmEntal DEgraDation, ClimatE ChangE anDEffECt on agriCulturE

Dr. Harender Raj Gautam and Dr. H.L. Sharma

he cbs. gHg esss he hd

a significant impact on the climate, particularly

in recent times, with the global-average surfaceeee s Sdes he eeed h he

warming of the planet is closely linked with the

build-up in the atmospheric concentrations of

cb dxde (Co2), ehe (CH4), d se

he eehse ses (gHg).

China is the major contributor of greenhouse

gases with 19.5 per cent followed by USA (19.2

aig I-Gvl Pl cli cg (IPcc), i ss f

is i gs gss bsv v ps 250 ys v b fssil fls, l s,

agriculture. The increase in greenhouse gases from the late nineteenth century to the present me has

sl i glbl ig f 1 3c pl. t ig f x 20 ys is pj

b b 0.2c p .


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%), id (5.3 %), rss (5.1 %), J (3.6 %) d

ge (2.6 %). Ce chnge affects many

d h sses. accd he Inter-

Governmental Panel on Climate Change (ipCC), he

three main causes of the increase in greenhouse

ses bseed e he s 250 es he beefossil fuels, land use, and agriculture. The increase

in greenhouse gases from the late nineteenth

ce he ese e hs esed b

warming of 1 to 3C to the planet. The warming for

he ex 20 es s jeced be b 0.2C

e decde.

Sdes dce h global warming

increases the risk for species extinction, especially

b dese ecsses, becse exee

wehe cds ke hces, dhs d

torrential downpours become more frequent.

flora and fauna become extinct at a rate 100-1000

times higher than normal. Climate change is one of

the main causes of species depletion. According to

a recent study ofStockholm Environment Institute,

greenhouse gases can inflicting costs of nearly $2

de he ces b 2100.

the ese s bsed he ss h

climate-altering carbon emissions continue their

wd s wh se. ths sd dces

that warmer seas will lead to greater acidification

and oxygen loss, hitting fisheries and coral reefs.Rising sea levels and storms will boost the risk of

flood damage, especially around the coastlines of

Afric d as.

Warmest Decade

accd he un wehe ec (World

Meteorological Organisation), Climate change hs

cceeed he s decde (2001 2010) d

ws he wes decde ecd sce ecds

began in 1850. This period was marked by extreme

levels of rain or snowfall, leading to significant

flooding on all continents, while droughts affected

parts ofEast Africa d nh aec. the b

land and sea surface temperatures estimated at

0.46 deees Cess be he e ee

of 14.0C. the un wehe ec ed h he

world is warming because of human activities and

this is resulting in far-reaching and potentially

eesbe cs Eh, shee d

ces. accd gee see

he pe, hee s 1.29 ee se se

ee he id cse.

Impact on Agriculture

Climate change will adversely affect agriculture

globally. This will have serious impact on food

sec e he wd. a he sdes dce

adverse effect on our foodgrain production.

Ches dc es w cc de

hhe eees d ch ec

es. ac dc w s be

affected due to increased carbon dioxide in the

shee. led e eces ke

Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change

(2007) d ues Ecc fd (2011) he

indicated affect of climate change on agriculture,

b. accd hese es, hee w be

14 per cent deficit in global wheat production, 11

e ce ce d 9 e ce ze b 2020.

Research findings coming from different parts of

the world indicate that climate change will affect

many crops. According to the findings of the

as scess, ce che s cs he

early ripening of grapes. These findings are based

on the harvesting data of last 64 years. Scientists

attribute the fruits ripening to climate warming

d dece s we ce, bsed

comparison of decades ofed ecds.

thee e ccse sdes id

the prospective impact of climate change on the

agriculture sector including livestock and fisheries.

Much of the countrys understanding comes from

b d ded b he ie ee

pe Ce Che, he Wd meec

oz d he wd bdes. Hwee,

hee e se exes whch dce he

adverse effects of climate on crop production.

According to a report of the Central Government

in the Parliament, the productivity of staple grain

whe cd dece b 18 per cent by 2020

due to adverse impact of climate change. The


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yield of another major food

c ce ht also fall by

6 e ce b 2020.

These findings are based

he esech cdced

under Indian Council ofac resech (iCar)s

Network Project on Climate

Change (npCC). the e

further indicates that the

productivity of kharif maize

d sh cd s be

affected by climate change.

In 2002, drought affected

food production by 10 per cent; the cold wave in

January 2003 hit cultivation of mustard, mango,

, , bj, d . Hhrainfall in 1998 and 2005 affected kharif and late

kharif onion crops, resulting in price hike. There is

urgent need for research to assess the impact of

ch ce ce. B, he esech

shd be de se b he e

agenda. The research should clearly focus on the

specific regions and crops. There is pressing need

for honest location-specific research in partnership

with small and marginal farmers to assess over

a period of time the impact of climate change.

Instead of being driven by international funding,such research should be driven by the needs of

farmers.

Adaptan Plan

Scess e wk wd e dee

adaptive plants for flood, drought and salty

conditions of soil and the work has begun to pay

off. Recent tests on farms in Bangladesh show that

a new line of rice containing the flood-resistant

gene can live underwater for two weeks. The

period of 7 to 10 days is very crucial in case of

floods that destroy the crop of paddy in thousands

of hectares every year. The problem of flooding is

edced wse s ce che bs e

intense rainfall there. These findings are crucial

because 70 per cent of the wds e as

c sh as whee ce s he se.

C s he se h s

going to be affected due to

e d ses dhs

ced wh he ce

che. rece ess Sh

Africa indicate that droughtess ze s, ceed

b beed, dced 30

50 e ce e c h

d ees de

d cds.

t e he c

of climate change, the

Government of India has launched the National

Action Plan on Climate Change in 2008. The

Ce gee hs ced s e

edce he esss es b 20 25 e

ce bewee 2005 d 2020, hs k j

cb ce che. ths

commitment is based on GHG Emissions profile

which is based on five independent studies. The

government has also formed an Expert Group on

Low Carbon Strategy for Inclusive Growth under

he p Css dee d

for low-carbon development. The government

has also launched the Indian Network for Climate

Che assesse (inCCa), ocbe 2009, s

network-based programme with broad objectives

of measuring, modeling and monitoring the

ches de ce che. i bs ehe

e 120 ss d e 220 scess

from across the country. The fight against climate

che w ke sec j he 12h

Five-Year Plan (2012-2017) with the government

ed h s 2 kh ce rees

hh s sss.

(t fis is Si Siis,

dp f mylgy Pl Plgy,

d. Y. S. P uivsiy f hil

Fsy, ni, Sl-173230, hil Ps.

s is assi Pfss, Ps-

G Gv dg cllg, Bilsp-

174004, hil Ps, -il : g_pp@

y.)

According to a report of the

Central Government in the

Parliament, the prdctivity

of staple grain wheat could

decline by pt 18 per cent by2020 due to adverse impact of

climate chane. The yield f

another major food crop rice

miht als fall by p t 6

percent by 2020.


8/52


E

e d ec e

edeede d eed ech he.

Deee h es s eecsss

he ee w des he ee

that sustains life forms. What is needed is

ssbe deee whch w w

future generations to have a potential average

quality of life that is at least as high as that

whch s be ejed b he ce

ee.

Ee d Ecc Deepe: a ce

Barna Maulick

the e ssbe deee

ws zed Our Common Future,

e bshed b he Wd Css

Ee d Deee (WECD)

1987. According to WECD p.43development

which meets the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs. Acceptance of the report

b he ued ns gee asseb e he

e c sece d 1992, edes se

Ssibl vlp s s f ps i pisig

biliy f f gis i s. t evil Kz cv

ypsis sbliss iv u-sp lisip b i g

vi gi. I sss vil gi iss p

pi i s i pi, ig pi. w sy is ivs

lisip b i issis, ig i, l issis vi-

vs.


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out the principles of sustainable development at

the United Nations Conferece Ee

d deee r de Je, Bz.

Ssbe deee es

ceece bewee he hee s .e.

economic development, social equity and

ee ec. Ssbe

development is a fluid concept and various

definitions have emerged over the past two

decades. Despite an on-going debate on the actual

meaning, a few common principles tend to be

emphasized. The first is a commitment to equity

and fairness As such priority should be given to

improving the conditions of the worlds poorest

and decisions should account for the rights of

future generations. The second is a long-term view

h ehszes he ec ce, .e.,

where there are threats of serious or irreversible

damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not

be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective

eses ee ee ded.

thd, ssbe deee ebdes

e, d desd d c he

cex ececs h exs bewee he

ee, ec, d sce. ths s

balancing act or a playing of one issue off against

he he, b ecz he edeede

nature of these three pillars.

m es he bee we he

esh bewee ecc wh d

ee ese sce r.C. dae

bshed hs Ess ecc wh d

environmental quality in 1971. The main questions

arising before the environmentalists are: Is long-run

ecc wh cbe wh ee

ese? is ssbe wh be? Wh

would be the effect of greater concern for the

ee e ecc wh? Hw denvironmental externalities influence growth

rate, and thus, what is the effect of environmental

c ecc wh?

These questions have been analyzed in many

of these papers in the framework of stationary

des d exes wh des. i hs

type of models, either there is no long-run growth

or if there is long-run growth it is exogenously

determined, so that environmental quality may

have a negative effect on capital accumulation or

no effect on the growth rate. In addition, in this

ee he ehss hs bee ssof the efficient growth path without paying much

attention to growth based on market equilibrium.

Since the appearance of the new theory of growth

at the end of the eighties and the start of the

nineties, a series of papers has been published

in which these questions are addressed in the

framework of endogenous growth models.

m sdes he exed he

development - environment relaonship.

the Ee Kze Ce (EKC) s e

hypothesis that has elicited much aenon

(aw e .1995). the EKC cce ws

forward in early 90s by Grossman and Krueger

(1991) s we s Wd Deee re

(Shak and Bandyopadhaya 1992). This hypothesis

establishes an inverted U-shaped relaonship

bewee ecc wh d ee

degradaon. It assumes that environmental

degradaon increases when per capita income

eches ce , he .

Relanship between Envirn-mental Kznet Crve and EcnmicDevelopment:

In the early stages of economic growth, the

awareness of environmental problems is low or

negligible and environment friendly technologies

e be. Ee ded

ceses wh w ce heshd

level beyond which environmental quality improves

wh hhe e c ce (Dd 2004).

Kze (1955) edced h he ch

esh bewee e c ce d

income inequality is an inverted U-shaped curve.

As per capita income increases, income inequality

also increases at first and then starts declining after

a turning point (TP). So the distribution of income

becomes more unequal in early stage of income


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wh d he he dsb es wds

greater equality as economic growth continues

(Kuznet 1955). After 1990, the Kuznets curve got

a new existence i.e. the level of environmental

degradation and per capita income follows the same

inverted U-shaped relationship as does incomeinequality and per capita income. The inverted

U-shaped relationship between economic growth

d esed dcs (ee

quality) is known as EKC. Kuznets name was

attached to the inverted U-shaped curve which

esbshed esh bewee d

ecc deee becse esebed he

original inverted U-shaped relationship kuznet

ce whch sces he esh bewee

income inequality and economic development.

However, Panayotou (1993) first coined it as theEe Kze Ce. the esh

can be shown by an inverted U-shaped EKC. The

EKC esbshes e esh bewee

ee c d ecc wh.

as ecc deee seeds wh he

intensification of agriculture and other resource

extraction, at the take-off stage, the rate of

esce dee bes exceed he e

of resource regeneration and waste generation

increases in quantity and toxicity.

At higher levels of development, structuralchange towards information-intensive industries

d seces ced wh cesed ee

awareness, enforcement of environmental

es, bee ech d hhe

environmental expenditures results in leveling off

and gradual decline of environmental degradation.

as ce ceses, hee s s he

economy. Economy moves from natural process of

economic development i.e. from a clean agrarian

ec ds ec, d

ce sece ec (aw e .

1995).

Ecc deee c be ced bck

he ds e d he ds

deee he de wd. the ds

revolution irreversibly changed the nature of labour,

consumption, family structure, social structure

and the thought processes of the individuals. The

amazing thrust in the field of production, power,

scece d ech bh wh ee

the bad effects of environmental degradation.

Development may be defined as double-edged

sword, which has far reaching effects on the

environment. The ill effects of development are

many but unlike the benefits, they are not visible

and are camouflaged.

The following ill effects of development had

been discussed in agenda 21 of the Rio Conference

of 1992:

aspi Plli: cdes () S

csed b chec ecs bewee s

derived from different sources, mainly automobile

exhs d ds esss, cd ccs

whe ke shc cd cbes wh

droplets of water in the air, the water becomes

acidified. (ii) Acid rain kills trees and harms animals,

fishes and other wild life, green house effect or

global warming is a common fact of atmospheric

. () gb w s ces de

cese cb dxde ce he .

ths cb dxde bds bke d s

the heat from going out which causes unusual

heat in the earths surface. (iv) Ozone depletion

is the major trouble of the development rather

ds deee. o eh s sded

by layers of atmosphere, ozone gas which protects

harmful ultra violet rays from coming in the earths

surface is found in the stratosphere. The release

of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) from aerosol cans,

refrigerators, air conditioners etc. are continuously

h ze e cs hes d w

he d ech he eh.fe1: Ee Kze Ce (EKC)


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Air pollution effects health in many ways, may

be sh term short term effects include

irritation of eyes, nose , throat such as bronchitis,

e.

mi Plli: ces e he es

ecosystem on earth. Seventy five percent of sea

s bsed d c. Se j

types of contamination are: (i) Oil spills which

primarily effects marine mammals and reptiles like

turtles that need surface to breathe and breed.

Adult fishes living near shore waters and juveniles

shw we se d bds wh e e

shorelines are vulnerable to adverse effects of oil

. () Sewe dds sseded ces

he we c. ths sewe s hd deec

in open coast but in semi-enclosed areas, their

effects are devastating. (iii) Garbage has hugeeffect on ocean life. Litters on land find their way

to the oceans being carried by the wind; as a result

tons of plastic bags, cigarette buds, bottles etc.

are always floating in the sea. Sea turtles often

mistake plastic bags with jelly fish which blocks

their digestive system and finally leads to death.

(iv) Radioactive wastes- the worlds oceans have

been dumping ground for radioactive wastes

since 1944. Dumping of high radioactive wastes

he ce s e eed b w ee

wses e s ded dee se. m be near future its devastating effect will be seen by

c ees. () the

only affects the communities adjacent to the

dsche. Eecc ee s he

coastlines use marine waters for cooling purposes

whch eds heed we be exeed he

marine environment, tropical areas are affected

b he dsche. f e.. e ees

heed b w edce. () Ehc

means release of extra nutrients into coastal

wes. fezes sed d e wshed

the ocean through rivers; streams etc. which may

lead to the birth of phytoplankton blooms as red

tides, yellow or green foams, a higher frequency

of the occurrence of algae blooms also indicate

heh ec sse. txicity of the recent

blooms are increasing which has direct effect on

the organisms that feed upon them.

dfsi: es ee desc

of indigenous forests and woodlands. Forests

are home for many important species, they also

j e ecsse. fess dce

huge amount of oxygen, tend to help replenish

nutrients in land and prevent desertification.Forests are also a main source of timber. If people

exhaust their supply of forests, they will no longer

be be ce s he s he sce

of building materials, heating fuels and paper

(Bw,1999).

dsifii: Land degradation means

reduction or loss, in arid, semi-arid and dry

sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic

productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland,

irrigated cropland, pasture, range, forests and

woodlands resulting from land uses or froma process or combination of processes. These

cesses cde s es csed b wd

water, deterioration of the physical, chemical and

biological or economic properties of soil, and long

term loss of natural vegetation. Soil degradation,

is defined as human induced phenomenon,

which lower the current or future capacity of the

soil to support human life. In drylands, soils are

esec ebe ded de he

slowness of their recovery from a disturbance.

(Desertification, 2001)

hzs wss: The generation of

hazardous wastes is one of the major consequences

of development. As defined by the High Powered

Committee Report, hazardous wastes refer to

any substance, whether solid, liquid or gaseous

form, which has no foreseeable use and which by

reasons of any physical, chemical, reactive, toxic,

flammable, explosive, corrosive, radioactive or

infectious characteristics causes danger or is likely

cse de heh ee, whehe

e whe cc wh he wses ee, d shd be csdeed s sch

whe eeed, hded, sed sed,

treated and disposed of. Hazardous wastes are

generally a by-product of the industrial operations

which involve the use of heavy metals such as

sec, cd, ed, ec d cesses

which utilize different categories of oil and


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petrochemicals. The main difficulty is, recycling

of hazardous waste is itself very hazardous and

s e xc cce h he e

ecced.

cli cg-If temperatures rise

b s 60 C e he ex 100 es, he

the rising sea levels, shifting weather es

and an increase in the frequency of extreme

wehe ees cd cse sse s

both for human populations and for nature

ss ieee pe Ce Che

(IPCC). A blanket of water vapour and other green

hse ses (cb dxde, ehe, s

oxide) traps some of the suns radiation from

going back causing warming of the atmosphere.

The main cause of this global warming is carbon

dioxide which is produced by burning of fossil fuels

d he s ehe whch s he 30 es

e h cb dxde. mehe esss

come from cultivation of rice, pipeline leaks, the

flatulence of cattle and forest fires. It is predicted

that if global warming keeps on following the same

e he d w ce whe he ces

and ice-caps will melt and cause the sea level to

se d c dseses ke w sed

he c ces.

dli i Biivsiy: bdes s

often thought of as the variety of organisms on

the earth. It also includes factors like ecological

diversity (the variety of ecosystems and ecological

communities) and genetic diversity (the range of

genetic differences found within and between

species). All the three aspects are crucial for the

success and development of life on the earth.

Sce ee cds e cs

ch, des c ese h se

dds d seces w be be d

he ches (Bdes, 2001). a hese he

profound value for human beings. The value

of biodiversity lies not only on direct use of the

natures product but also on the vast range of

products prepared from these ranging from food,

medicines, fibres and materials. Biodiversity also

guarantees a permanent source of new genetic

materials for future breeding programmes. Life

he eh s ce de sxh ss

exc ee. is exe s e kw,

species are only recorded as extinct after their last

dd hs s ded.

But from this we cannot draw a conclusion

h deee hs ed he ded

of the environment. Every coin has another side.

i hs bee ed b eseches h

deee ech hs ed he s

of the environment in many ways. The invention

of new technology is not necessarily a threat to

the environment; rather it is usually the best hope

of environmental improvement (Ridley 2002).

the Wd Deee re, 1992 ked

he ecc deee wh he ee.

The main message of the report was the need ee ee csdes

deee c k. the e ed h

ced d cceeed ecc d h

deee s ssbe d c be csse

wh ee cds.

A more fruitful analysis of the relationship

bewee ecc deee d

ee c deeds see

factors as:

Spifi effs: There are large differences

se ee e c esss de he

enforcement of pollution laws and the use of

ded ds ech. lw ce

states are still sources of emissions because of

land conversion through burning and replanting of

ee cs whe hh ce ses e e

increasing emissions because of industrial and

c wses.

Pi S: Deeed ces

have fairly stable production structures, whereas

d dsz d dee ceshe sbe dc sce. a che

the composition of consumption has resulted in a

downturn in pollutants (Rothman, 1998).

Isiil cg: a wh he

ecc deee, scees dce wh

their social, legal and fiscal infrastructures that


13/52


are essential to enforce ene e

(Bh d h, 2001). is

changes triggered by citizens demand for

cee ees e e ke cc

democratic countries (Shafik and Bandyopadhyay,

1992).

tlgil Pgss: techc

progress leads to greater efficiency in the use of

energy and materials. Thus, a given amount of

ds c be dced wh sccesse edced

burdens of natural resources and environment.

One aspect of the progress can be better and more

efficient reuse and recycling of materials, which

(coupled with greater efficiency in use) can yield

e esce ss.

rs dvlp: as ce

grows, people can adopt better and efficient

ech h de cee ee.

This preferential behaviour of people should

be reflected through their income elasticity.

The income elasticity of public research and

development funding for environmental

ec s se (Ke e ., 1997). ths

indicates the key role of such public investments

for environmental improvements in reducing

ee ded. as ce ees

rise, decreasing relationships are found for some

dcs deeed ces.

The effect of economic growth on pollution/

emissions differs substantially among high-

ce ces. ths s deeds he

adoption of new technology.

Ivi api: new eches,

bs, e dc b cee

e des he sce sch s ew

hzds wses, sk d he h bes.

these exees e kw he e

phase of diffusion of technology; in later stages

e beces wed ddess . oce

he ech s eed, hs se

the gradual phase out of existing technology. So,

ccc e ses eches, whch

first diffuse, then become regulated and finally

e hsed b ex eneration of technologies

(Sde d Besche, 2000).

tlgil ogisil cg:

Improved technology not only significantly

increases productivity in the manufacture of

old products but also the development of new

dcs. thee s w ed

dses ecsde he dc cessesand thereby take environmental consequences of

dc cc. ths cces

d echc secs b s he

organization of production as well as the design

of products. Technological changes associated

wh he dc cess h s es

in changes in the input mix of materials and fuels

(Lindmark, 2002). The economy-wide reforms

often contribute simultaneously to the economic,

sc d ee s (ades d

Cavandish, 2001; Pasche, 2002). Developingcountries could learn from the experiences of

dszed s, d esce wh

d deee (mshe, 1999) heeb

avoiding going through the same stages of growth

h e ee hh (d ee eesbe)

levels of environmental harm.

clsi: We find that although there is

ese esh bewee deee d

ee he dee (w d dde

income) countries of today have a unique

opportunity to learn from the past historyand thereby avoid some mistakes from earlier

wh exeeces. Wh cesed weess

of environmental hazards and the development

of new technologies in recent years that are

cleaner than ever before, we might hope to see

he dee ces he e

preservation of the environment at earlier stages

of development than has previously been the

cse.

(t is rs Sl i P

uivsiy (eis), Visiig Fly (s

L) i eis dp, mg

mil cllg, P uivsiy, rs

assi i c f ei Pliy & Pbli

Fi, asi dvlp rs Isi,

P, Gv. f Bi, -il: bggli@

y.i)


14/52


in current context of sustainable development,

cce s mounng over an ever growing list

of environmental issues across rural India. By

tradion, Indian society and culture values personal

hygiene but gives lile importance to clean and

heh c ee. H exce

s eded s he s hed bjec d hconnected to latrine is considered so deling that

one is supposed to take a bath immediately aer

coming out of the toilet and before going into

kche de schc d es bs.

Sanitaon is, therefore, regarded as a maer of

individual iniave and not a collecve obligaon

of the community and under this socio-cultural

background, environmental sanitaon has sadly

bee e he wes .

Promoting rural Sanitation for a BEttErEnvironmEnt in rural inDia

Anupam Hazra

For a healthy living we all require a healthy

environment and sanitaon is regarded to be one

of the core components of the same. As far as the

concept of sanitaon is concerned, it is no more

conned only within the various methods and

technologies of safe disposal of human excreta, the

Central Rural Sanitaon Programme of India hasupdated and upgraded the percepon of sanitaon

by incorporang the components like liquid and

solid waste disposal, food hygiene, personal

hygiene, domesc as well as environmental

hygiene in the context of health improvement,

school and home sanitaon, and safe water and

garbage disposal. In short, sanitaon is being

csdeed s comprehensive iniave for a

heh ee wh c wh he

The deteriorang rural environment is not only creang problem for rural populaon but also emerging

s b Ii, si l Ii is ky pvi f gill iigs

products being consumed being by the big cies.


15/52


top priority of separang excreta with its host of

biological pathogens, from contact with human

beings as well as plant and animal life.

Now coming to the environmental concern of a

rural naon like India where about 70% of its people

live in the villages - these days the queson ofimproving the sanitaon in villages is gaining much

aenon of both the people and the government

as inadequate sanitaon always puts an adverse

eect on the environment; without a clean, safe

toilet close to home people are forced to live in an

heh d es ee. oe

of faeces can contain ten million viruses, one million

bce, e hsd cs ses d b

a hundred worm eggs - so the danger of disease is

sse d whe wse s exsed d ce

water and hygiene educaon are limited, allee

he c e ebe ess csed bfaeces. On the other hand if we look into stascs

then it shows that every year around 1.8 million

children mostly from rural areas, die of diseases such

s che, hd d dsee csed b ce

water and poor sanitaon; in this regard rural women

and girls are the most disadvantaged secon as in

absence of a well-built toilet at home, they oen

have to wait ll dark for going to the eld for open

defecaon which make them vulnerable to illness

as well as somemes to sexual-assault. Moreover

sickness due to insanitary condion takes children

away from school and adults away from earning ance. medc exeses ke sse deds

on the limited incomes of the rural poor.

Rral Envirnment

The deteriorang rural environment is not

only creang problem for rural populaon but also

ee s he b id, sce

India is the key provider of agricultural and other

des dcs be csed be b he

big cies. Rural lifestyles have close links with nature

d s esces. ths he ee bes

that manifest in rural areas of the country are largelydue to over-use or misuse of resources mostly be-

cause of sheer poverty, ignorance and lack of alter-

naves.The denudaon of vegetave cover due to

expansion of agricultural acvies, indiscriminate

collecon for rewood and the overgrazing by cale

and other livestock and consequent soil erosion are

good examples of the impoverishment of environ-

e esces. Rural communies are generally

resource conscious and the amount of waste

generated in villages is, therefore, much less than

in urban centres. Also the nature and composion

of waste is dierent in villages from that of cies.

Most of the waste generated in villages is from

dd hsehds, whees b es,

commercial establishments and instuons are also

an important source of waste. At the same me, the

organic proporon of waste in village households is

much higher than that in the cies. This is mainly

because of dierent life styles, consumpon

paerns, food habits, etc. Tradionally, the village

communies never considered anything as waste

and had well-managed waste management systems

which allowed for maximum recycling and reuse of

waste. However, with increase in populaon, the

quanes of waste have increased several fold,

whereas the resources available for its managementsuch as land availability for composng of organic

waste - have diminished over me. These wastes

are, therefore, now dumped in the open and are

managed unsciencally, leading to problems of

environmental sanitaon in rural India.

Realizing the adverse impact of sanitaon

on environment as well as for recognizing and

encouraging the eorts of Panchaya Raj Instuon

under Total Sanitaon Campaign, Nirmal Gram

Puraskar (NGP) was iniated by the Government

ocbe 2, 2003. a Nirmal Gram signies anopen defecaon free village with all houses,

schs d anganwadis h s es

besides awareness amongst communies about the

importance of maintaining personal and community

hygiene, good sanitaon and clean environment.

But when we look into the very recent stascs,

we noce that out of 2.5 lakh gram panchayats

of this country, only 25,000 have received Nirmal

Gram status - which signies that only 10 percent

of Indian villages have full sanitaon coverage.

Sanitan CoverageTaking into account the different research-

findings and survey-results on Total sanitation

C, c be sesed h ces

sanitation coverage in rural areas would require

more clarity of the issue and understanding of

he sesbes. Bd es s js

one half of the battle; the other half is to make


16/52


ee se he. mee bd es

c w ese ee

s he edcion of water-borne

dseses s nSSo se dces d

18 % of rural population are using latrines. It

s be cbed wh hee edc whch

s desed ece ches ees

es beh e d k s we

as to block the faecal-oral transmission route and

reduce the spread of diseases. This is the high

time for the social scientists to look at societys

collective blindness towards the practice of open

defecation and the reluctance to change. Despite

the high rate of urbanization - the rural population

s s chcezed b ce d e,

and the attitudes of these ee e

influenced by age-old cultural beliefs and values.

S ec ee ssbe

e hh e ee s,

ee eed che he des d

beliefs toward the whole issue. Lastly it may be

ccded h hh cce s e

an ever growing list of environmental issues

css he b ced b id,

we can still find a much better, safer and cleaner

environment across the villages of this country,

whee e c es behe ceed

fresh air.

(t is assi Pfss i

dp f sil k ass (cl)

uivsiy; Sil 788 011, ass, -il :

[email protected])

Ensrin a Healthy Rral Envirnment thrh

Prper Sanitatin: The Way Frward

l Encouraging more and more fundamental research in the sphere of rural sanitation with a specialfocus on different issue of environmental sanitation of rural India

l Encouraging the development of indigenous, affordable, eco-friendly and culturally acceptables eches id

l Greater emphasis on personal hygiene and environmental sanitation as essential prerequisitesfor achieving total sanitation status in rural villages

l Generating awareness and creating demand at community level for safe access to water ands hh c c

l Rural women are mostly affected by the absence of sanitary latrines at home. Access to adequateand sanitary latrines is a matter of security, privacy and human dignity, particularly for ruralwomen. So while carrying out total sanitation campaign in rural India - targeting gender issues incommunication strategy will be quite effective in focussing on the needs of the women and yieldscsdebe sccess

l Higher degree of transparency in program-implementation leading to the proactive provisionof relevant and complete information to all stakeholders to bring about their more effective

cl Ce skehdes ewk cs ee eses, cc bdes, c eeced

eesees, ds, edc ss, c sce, ed d c edes ensure smooth functioning and sustainability of rural sanitation programs

l Environmental regeneration and improvement of environmental resource-base as a source oflabour-intensive growth, while augmenting productive capacities, increasing resource-useefficiency and correcting regional and rural-urban imbalances

l Integration of poverty reduction and environmental regeneration through participatory watershedee

l Promoting behavioural change towards adoption of environment-friendly practices among the ss

l Creating provision for livelihood security to resource-poor households through sustainable accessto basic needs such as food, fodder, fuel and water

l Initiating location-specific interventions s, kee ew he dese

natural resource and socio-economic conditions of the nation


17/52


C whe (Triticum aestivum l.)

bes Poaceae family. It is the most

important staple food crop in the world

and second important crop in India after rice. Its

straw is used as food for cattle. India is the second

largest producer of wheat in the world after China

d cbes e h 12% he b

whe bske. Whe s he secd s

crop after rice in India and occupies approximately

29.25 h e. id s s he secd es

wheat consumer after China.

WhEat ProDuCtion in inDia unDEr ChangingSCEnario of gloBal Warming

T. P. Sinh

i id, whe s w d he

winter season, planted during October-November

and harvested in March-April. The Northwestern

ps Ze (nWpZ) cs pjb, H,

Delhi, parts of Rajasthan, and western Uttar

pdesh (up) d he nhese ps Ze

(nEpZ) cd ese up, Bh, Jhkhd,

oss, Wes Be d ass e he

whe.

An in-depth analysis arrived at the following

causes for declining wheat productivity in the

In India, lower producvity is due to shorter crop duraon and period of grain-lling and higher

temperatures during crop growth, parcularly during grain-lling. The wheat crop in the northern

plains exposed to higher ambient temperatures at the me of grain lling, which signicantly reduces

the producvity .


18/52


c: () decrease in the use of fertilizers (N, P

and K) in the NWPZ and NEPZ; (ii) micronutrient

imbalance in soils; (iii) fatigue in genetic gain in

e deee d e he sess

the NWPZ; and (iv) low minimum support price

fixed by the Government for the procurement.Though India is the second largest producer of

whe he wd, he ee dc s

2907 kg/ha against 4738 kg/ha in China and 7926

kg/ha in UK (2009).

pdc id s 27.3% h uK.

the whe c uK d nW Ee ces

ws ch we eees hh he

crop duration with no water stress, and the grain-

filling takes place over an extended period of 60

ds eees bew 20

C. i id, hewe dc s de she c d

and period of grain-filling and higher temperatures

d c wh, c

during grain-filling. The wheat

c he he s

exsed hhe be

temperatures at the time of

grain filling, which significantly

edces he dc .

Exee essdce h ech deee se be

temperature reduces the yield by 3-4%. Crop

duration varies from 150 days in the north and

es dw 100 ds mhsh d

further south, with corresponding decline in

yield. Late planting of wheat in India is common

due to the intensive cropping system, often

delays the sowing of the crop up to the middle

of January, particularly in North West India

where it is generally sown after harvest of paddy,

sce, ee , c d .

Species

the whe seces w cec

basis in India are of spring type but cultivated

d we ses. a he whe seces,

Triticum durum (Bed whe) d Triticum

dicoccum (Ee Kh) e w id.

i whe seces, T. aestivum ces be he

s seces cc b 95%

of total wheat production of the country and is

w s he whe w ses. T.

durum s ex ce wh xe4% of total wheat area and confined mostly to

central and southern parts of India. The cultivation

ofT. dicoccum is confined to the southern region

Kk d she mhsh h

contributes less than 1% of total national wheat

dc.

Heat Stress

Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stress

that reduce wheat quality and productivity.

te he sess s ses be b

40% of the irrigated wheat growing area of the

world. Hence identification

of sources of heat tolerance

whe ee he

changing scenario of global

w. the dc

under rain-fed and late sown

whe e b 50% ed

bed ed e

sw cs. Edes

identifying factors imparting tolerance against

he sess w w ces he

c dc d hs es he cse

of hunger from the planet earth. Wheat is a sink

ed c d hh eee d

filling causes the production of shriveled grains

due to forced maturity.

le sw c es exsed e

maximum temperature of about 35C d

grain growth causes yield reduction of 270 kg ha

e deee se eee. Temperature

adversely alters the rwth and develpment

f wheat drin the early phase f panicle

emerence, rain set and rain develpment.

Hih temperatre redces the yield drastically

due to in detrimental effect on metabolism and

duration of phenological phases.

expil slsii

g is ibi p

s yil by 3-4%.


19/52


20/52


the predicons of the Indian Meteorological

Dee but rainfall are eagerly

wed he c. n e

normal rainfall like this year (2010) no doubt brings

cheer to millions of farmers all over the country. As

is well known, over 70 per annual precipitaon fallsbetween the months of June and September and

a good monsoon heralds a bounful harvest and

nancial security to millions in the country. But

climate variability -- the eect of global warming --

has been the source of both misery and prosperity

for much of rural India.

Experts have concluded that the naonal

emission targets are not sucient to limit global

w 20 Cess d hs ce. i s s

a fact that a 10 Cess se e eee

agriCulturE & ClimatE ChangE

will lead to a reducon in wheat producon in India

by 6-7 million tonnes per annum, which will have

a very great eect on the poorer secons of the

populaon.

thee c be de h id s

he dee ces whse ce

hs bee ced b ce che b whehe

he c hs he cc d sch che

is a maer of discussion and debate. According to

the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR),

hee s ec edece shw h che

in weather paerns aected at least two cropping

cycles in recent years. The impact of changing climate

id ce s ebe b he iCar s

reported to have the capacity to iniate migaon

and adaptaon measures.

Dhrja Mkherjee

aig Ii cil f agill rs (Icar), is piil vi s

that change in weather paerns aected at least two cropping cycles in recent years. The impact of

gig li Ii gil is ivibl b Icar is p v piy

iniate migaon and adaptaon measures.


21/52


22/52


rise of 20 C 3.50 C. le 2001 he jeced

h wh 20 C cese eee d 7 e

cent increase in precipitaon, the net revenue of

India will decline by 8.4 per cent. This would be due

we eee ced wh he w ee

of management in small and marginal farms whichconstute 60 per cent of the total.

A study by the World Bank (2006, 2009) found

that in the arid regions of Andhra Pradesh, the

climate projecons indicate substanally higher

eee (2.30 C- 3.4 0 C ee) d

modest but more errac increase in rainfall of about

4 to 8 per cent at the basin level. With high prevailing

bsee eees hese ches wd he

a deteriorang eect with declining yields for the

major crops rice, groundnut and jowar. In the

harsher climate change scenarios, farm incomescould decline substanally by over 20 per cent,

suggesng that agriculture as currently pracsed

may not be capable of sustaining large populaons

on small rain-fed areas.

Similarly in the study districts of Puri and

Jagatsingpur in Orissa, the assessment found that

rice yields could decline by 5 to 12 per cent and prots

by 6 to 8 per cent under climate change. It also found

that with the dominance of rice and high levels of

pre-adaptaon of oods, there is lile that can be

done to build ood resistance through adjustmentsin cropping paerns and farming pracces. While

the prospects of oods would increase under climate

change, obviously agricultural producon is bound

to suer.

However, in the drought prone belt of

mhsh, sec nshk d ahed

districts, climate projecons suggest a signicant

though more variable increase in rainfall around

20 30 e ce he bs ee cced

by higher temperature of about 2.40 C- 3.8 0 C

an average. As a result, the yield of several drylandcrops, including the millet variees of jowar and

bajra variees exhibit small improvements and

provide a measure of relief to rain-fed farmers with

a boost of around 8 to 15 per cent in incomes. But

de ce che sces, s ce eds

e execed dece b e 30 e ce de

cesed he sess csed b we ce.

Assam Tea and Himachal apples

Already the eects of climate change are seen

be sw bec e. assese e d

Hch es e js hee ehe s

of crops that are aected by climate change paerns.

mhshs es, gs es d cshew

s d Kes dd cs d Hs whe

are seen to be aected too. One may menon here

that Dr. H. Pathak of the Indian Agricultural Research

Instutes Climate Change Programme pointed out

that change in rainfall paerns and the terminal

heat observed in the months of February and

March, not to speak of the summer months could

aect the country severely in the coming years. The

United Naons Food & Agriculture Organizaon

have already noced this trend in India and other

ces s we.

It is well known fact that 60 per cent of the total

cropped area is sll rainfed in India, the uncertaines

of the monsoon could have an impact on agriculture.

i s ecess desd de hw he ssbe

climate change will aect the intensity, spaal and

temporal variability of the rainfall, surface and

groundwater availability for irrigaon, evaporaon

rates and temperature in dierent agro-climac

regions, soil transformaons, crop-pest interacons,

ec. d k ecess ses.

We ee es ech

priority both for current and future agricultural

deee. ths hee s ewhe cse

for aggressively pursuing water conservaon in semi-

arid and arid regions. Greater aenon must be given

to hybrid approaches and emphasize the eciency

of groundwater use and increase the eecveness

of watershed acvies to conserve soil moisture and

hes we.

Extreme Temperatre

Exes he s eed h hee s

likely to be substanal increase in extreme maximum

d eees e he c de

to increase in greenhouse gas concentraons. This

is very important nding from the point of view of

agriculture as the mid-day temee cese

increases the saturaon decit of the plants. It


23/52


accelerates photosynthesis and ripening of fruits.

When high temperature occurs in impacts of climate

ches wd be s kharifcs b e

khari ce w bece e ebe

due to increased incidence of weather extremes

such as onset of monsoon, duraon and frequencyof droughts and oods and pest incidence and

ece. mee rabi is relavely more risky

due to possibilies of large increase in temperature

and higher uncertaines in rainfall.

Available scienc studies have found that

ce che w he e c

agriculture though the situaon may not be out

of control ll 2050. Food producon may not be

threatened by that year at least in our country if

proper strategies and correcve measures are taken.

It is thus quite appropriate that though the ICARdoes not nd an immediate threat, in the coming

decades increasing producon may denitely pose

a problem, more so because of the increase in

populaon levels.

A climate-resilient agriculture is urgently

needed at this juncture to achieve the objecves

of maximizing farm producvity and producon

d s ed d z

the adverse impact of unfavourable weather, as

witnessed in 2009. The components of the new

se wd be :

(i) to improve soil health and help farmers to

benet from the nutrient-based subsidy regime

introduced from April, 2010;

(ii) maximize the benets of all available water

sources rain, ground, river and sea water

and ensure its opmum use;

() deke esech s ee

and water use of crops while also ensuring

that dryland agriculture is pracsed in water-

decient areas;

() sed eches ed e se

of seeds in the 128 agro-climac regions of the

country; and

() ese h the benets of research undertaken

at ICAR and the agricultural universies are

translated into the eld for beer results.

(t is fl i

vlp isss, bs i Klk, -il:

[email protected])

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Publication Division, Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, Ne Deli.


24/52


trees and forests were always considered

as an integral part of the Indian culture.

Planting of trees was reded s be c

d he ce es. nw, de ces d he bewee ded d

supply, forests have been ruthlessly exploited

to meet the increasing demand of fuel, fodder

and timber. Hence, in the light of ever increasing

demand, concept of multiple use of land with

se ee seces hs bece ese

EnvironmEntal ProtECtion:imPortant tiPS for thE DEvEloPmEnt of agroforEStry

R.S. Senar and Resh Chadhary

important. In this context. Agroforestry is an

eed approach of using the interactive

benefits from combining trees and shrubs with

crops and/or livestock. It combines agricultural

and forestry technologies to create more diverse,

productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable

land-use systems.

Agroforestry is basically a land management

sse b ece es s ce hs

been strongly felt for two main reasons. Firstly,

agfsy, i is f f lipl l s sys, diff ks vis pls

v p bfiil ff f gfsy. ms f fiigs i fv f is

sys i is piviy ipv sil iis


25/52


hee s he esse c d de

bz d secd, de esce

crunch agriculture is becoming un-profitable.

Agroforestry is a blend of agriculture and forestry.

Agriculture means crops and forestry means trees.

Normally, it is a domain of agriculture where incrops the area is 80% or more and in trees it is

20% ess. thh ees cc e e e

in the Agroforestry system but play the dominant

role. The success of agroforestry vis--vis farmers

accepting the technology will only be possible if

the agricultural production is not affected to a

ee exe he ssc wh he ee

ce. i c, ee ehss s

being given to agroforestry but still it has not

reached to the farme s shd be, whees

Ch hs deeed ke ds d

the most popular agroforestry is the paulownia

based agrofes sse. S, se

extent popular based agroforestry in Punjab,

H d wese u pdesh hs bd

the confidence among the farming community.

Imprtant Arfrestry Systems

1. Agri-silviculture (crops + trees) including

e c

2. Agri-horticulture (crops + fruit trees)

3. Silvi-pasture (pastures + trees)

Horti-pasture (pastures + fruit trees)

Prominent agroforestry systems in different

agro-clime es id e eed

tbe 1.

Table 1. Prminent arfrestry systems fr varis ar-climatic znes

Ar-climac znes

Arfrestry systems

Ari-silviculture

Arihr-silviculture

Ari-hrcltre

Hr-pastoral

Silvi-pastoral

Specialized

Wese H

e

4 4 5 4 4

Ese H

e

3 3 5 4 3 5 jh

Lower Gangec plains 5 3 2 2 Ee

Middle Gangec plains 4 2 Hesed

Upper Gangec plains 5 5 Agri-hor-sce

Trans-Gangec plains 5 5 Agri-hor-sce

Ese e d hs 5 4 3 4 Block plantaon

Ce e d hs 4 5 4 4 Block plantaon

Wese e d

hs

4 5 2 4

She e d

hs

5 3 2 4

East-coast plains ghat 4 5 4 2 2 Home garden/Shee be

West-coast plains ghat 4 5 4 2 2 He de

gj s d hs 4 2 4 3 5 Block plantaon

Wese d e 5 3 4 5 Shee be

isds e 4 5 4 1 2 He de

Nos1-5 indicate th priority praccised model; 1, least; 5, highest

Source; Vision 2000. ICAR, New Delhi.

Contd. page 26....


26/52



27/52



28/52


The sustainability of agroforestry systems

in different ees deeds see

factors. The important ones are environment

of the area, site characters, plant species and

cs, c es d eesystem practiced by the farmers. In agroforestry

sses hee e bh ecc d ecc

interaction amongst the different components.

Impacts

Agroforestry systems can be advantageous

over conventional agricultural and forest

dc ehds hh cesed

productivity, economic benefits, social outcomes

d he ecc ds d seces ded.

Biodiversity in agroforestry systems is typically

hhe h ce c sses.

Agroforestry incorporates at least several plant

seces e d e d cees e

cex hb h c s wde e

of birds, insects, and other animals. Agroforestry

s hs he e he edce ce

che sce ees ke d se cb

faster rate than crops.

Agroforestry tree species of research

ees he cs, c e

improving maize yields in sub-Saharan Africa,include the nitrogen fixing species Sesbania

sesb, tehs e, gcd se

d fdheb bd. f exe, e e

exee mw shwed h b s

fertilizer trees such as Tephrosia vogelii and

gcd se, ze eds eed 3.7 es

e hece, ced 1 e e hece

plots without fertilizer trees or mineral fertilizer.

resech wh fdheb bd Zb e

see es shwed h e ees c

sustain maize yields of 4.1 tonnes per hectare

ced 1.3 es e hece bed he

canopy of the tree. Unlike other trees, Faidherbia

sheds its nitrogen-rich leaves during the rainy

c w ses s des cee wh

the crop for light, nutrients and water. The leaves

he ew d he d ses d de

land cover and shade for crops.

Potential impacts of agroforestry can

cde:

l redc e hh cesed

production of agroforestry products for home

cs d se

l Contributing to food security by restoring farmsoil fertility for food crops and production of

fruits, nuts and edible oils

l Reducing deforestation and pressure on

woodlands by providing fuelwood grown on

farms

l Increasing diversity of on-farm tree crops

and tree cover to buffer farmers against the

effects of global climate change

l Improving nutrition to lessen the impacts of

he d chc ess ssced whHIV/AIDS

l ae ccessb edc ees,

the main source of medication for 80% of

Africas population

The tangible and intangible benefits of agro

forestry as suggested in the leaflet are mentioned

bew:

l To meet the demand of fuel, fodder and

timber for the increasing population.

l t edce he bc esse exsforests.

l To obtain maximum output in terms of yield

from the same piece of land.

l To develop wasteland/ degraded lands by

sbe ee seces wh c

cs.

l t edce he ee b

ee seces.

l t edce s es.

l To increase the soil fertility by plantingnitrogen fixing tree species.

l To create availability of raw material for wood

bsed dses.

l To create opportunity of employment to local

people and to increase the return in terms of

e b cesed c dc.

To be cont. page 23.....


29/52


Role of Agrofrestry Systems

Basically in all agroforestry systems there are

w c es:

Prdctive rles: In a given agroforestry

sse hee e w e dcs ke

food, fodder, fuel, fibre, fertilizer and fruit, etc.

Commonly agroforestry system is known for five

fs.

Service roles: Agroforestry systems were

mainly borne for its service roles. The major ones

being soil and moisture conservation, fertility

ee, we d wd es c,

exed shde d shee, ec.

Ml-prpse thee Species

The multi-purpose tree species (MPTs)

e hse h c dce w e h

two products at a time. For the success of an

agroforestry system following points need most

csde:

Selection of trees: Right choice of tree with

ecs s ecess s s ee

component and initial mistake done will be difficult

to be rectified at a later stage. The tree should be

eco-friendly (at no stage cause any damage to

the environment). It should not compare for the

esces wh he ssced ded

ce. ohe ce e h shd he

a deep-rooted system, plant canopy should not be

dese, shd w sh, he ess bch

and should be fast in growth. The major trees fall

hs ce e j, ccs, cs,

ss, ee, ec.

Management of trees: oce seces s

identified, it is essential to manage the tree. It is

esse decde he be d he de

of arrangement (row direction, spacing etc.). The

ex se s kw hw he ee ehe

b seed, s b cs. as he ee s

he ee ce, ses ke w

ultimately decide the success of the syse. f

raising trees we must decide the size of the pit,

c of good s d fym xe

e=with fertilizers ad escdes. oce he ees

e esbshed he ex se s e

the tree canopy from time to time (as and when

the need is felt) to such an extent that the tree

growth is not affected as well as the inner-sowncrop gets all the benefits like light, etc. Even if

it is felt at a later stage that the tree density

c be edced (hs w s eee ex

esces).

Thus, to manage trees in agroforestry

systems, farmers should have an idea about:

i) The choice of species and provenance, to get

desed dce,

ii) Proper manipulation of canopy and stands in

order to facilitate maximum penetration of

sun-rays,

) ne cc,

) Sbe hes ehds whch e

ees eeee hh s, d

v) Protection before and after harvesting.

Nitren-fixin tree species: a he

mpts s ws desbe esc chce

nitrogen-fixing tree species (NFTs). Whee ss e

low in their fertility levels raising any exhaustiveee seces w cse exese des, e..

ee seces ke Eucalyptus. thee e

numerous choice for the selection of an ideal NFT

for the success of the agroforestry system. The

es e j, cc, shsh, ss,

casuriana, leucaena, khejri etc. Further, inclusion of

nft he sse s des s

in view of the fact that whatever nitrogen fixed by

NFTs besides building the soil fertility can also be

zed b he ssced c, d n ec

can be done. The NFTs foliage is also a rich sourceof protein.

Arfrestry systems as carbn sinks

Land-management actions that enhance

the uptake of CO2

edce s esss he

the potential to remove a significant amount


30/52


of CO2

from the atmosphere if the trees are

hesed, cced by regeneration of the

area, and sequestered carbon is locked through

non-destructive (non-CO2

emitting) use of such

wood. Carbon management through afforestation

and reforestation in degraded natural forests is

an useful option, but agroforestry is attractive

because: (i) it sequesters carbon in vegetation and

ssb ss deed he eces

soil C; (ii) the more intensive use of land for

agricultural production reduces the need for slash-

and burn or shifting cultivation, which contributes

to deforestation; (iii) the wood products produced

under agroforestry serve as a substitute for

similar products unsustainably harvested from

the natural forest and (iv) to the extent that

agroforestry increases the income of farmers,

it reduces the incentive for further extraction

from the natural forestfor income augmentation.

Edece s w ee

that agroforestry systems

e s ee

cces cese

bed d s

C scks e

eehse s esss.

Ftre stratey

ahh es sses e edwh ehd eet, agroforestry

systems are one option with multifunctional

e. i id d he dee ces,

he h ssbe deee cd be

a decentralized planning and implementation of

sees h e c bss dc

in agroforestry systems. Such decentralized

sses id c de cc s

for livelihood improvement and sustainabledeee. a wh he ce

change, agroforestry systems can at least

partially meet the energy needs of one billion

ee id hh bee s, b

prudent use of agricultural residues and biomass

generated in agroforestry systems. Biomass

ee bsed s s c cee

wealth and employment necessary for livelihood

improvement and sequester large amount of

cb decezed e. Sch se

wd s ese ecc, ecc d

social well-being. Thus, an

energy and food self-

sufficient taluka (a small

dse ) c

be a new model of rural

deee id.

Although agroforestry

options for carbon

sequestration are attractive,

they present critical challenges for carbon and

cost accounting due to dispersed nature of

farmlands and dependence of people on themultiple benef its from agroforestry. Additionally,

cces ed ,

verification, leakae and the establishment of

Carbon management

through afforestation

and reforestation in degraded

natural forests is an

sefl ptin,

FoRTHCoMINg

ISSuES

Rural Demography - July 2012

Rural Health - August 2012

Rural Education - September 2012

Rural Infrastructure (Special Issue)- October 2012

Focus on North-East - November 2012


31/52


cedbe bsees s eed be ddessed.

ahe chee s he cees h e

ee w b ee. n eee s

willing to adopt agroforestry. We shall need

effective communication strategy to extend

s ee d d

agroforestry t supply fuelwood and other

products. The likelihood of adoption depends

on the availability of lands, progressive attitude

of farmers, supportive village institutions, theirweh ss d he eceed sk cce

c dc.

(t s f S Vllbbi

Pl uivsiy f agil & tlgy,

m 250110 , -il: s.svbp@gil.

)

Table 2. Reinal examples f sil-fertility enhancement in

mltifnctinal arfrestry systems in India

Region Challenge Chanes bserved de t arfrestry

Hs

(Kkshe)

Improvement of sodic soils icese cb bss, ee bss d s

carbon; enhanced nitrogen availability

Hs Restoration of abandoned

c ses

Bss cc (3.9 h1 in agroforests compared

1.1 h1 in degraded forests); improvement in soil

physico-chemical characteristics; carbon sequestration

Wese

Hs

redc s d we ss

ecsses see ses

Contour tree-rows (hedgerows), reduced run-off and soil

loss by 40 and 48% respectively (in comparison to 347

mm run-off, 39 Mg ha1 s ss e e de 1000

rainfall conditions)

Skk

H

Ehc e dc d

s e dcs

Nitrogen-fixing trees increase N and P cycling through

increased production of litter and influence greater release

of N and P; nitrogen-fixing species help in maintenance

of soil organic matter, with higher N mineralization rates

in agroforestry systemsIndo-Gangetic

ps

(up)

Bss dc d e

dynamics in nutrient-deficient

d xc ss

Bss dc (49 h1/decade)

Hs

(meh)

Ehc ee s d c

ed

C ed dd decese x Albizz ia ees

Wese id

(K)

Improvement of soil fertility of

dee ke ss

Microbial biomass C which was low in riceberseem crop

(96.14 1 s) cesed ss de ee

(109.12 1 soil); soil carbon increased by 1152% due to

integration of trees and crops

Wese id

(rjsh)

Compatibility of trees and crops Density of 417 trees per ha was found ideal for cropping

wh ses

Ce id

(r)

Bss dc n d

P-stressed soils

Azadirachta indica trees were found to produce biomass

deeed ss

Ce id S ee Decline in proportion of soil sand particles; increase in

s c C, n, p d e n

She id

(Hdebd)

Optimality of fertilizer use

She id

(Ke)

gw cec cs d

ees

Ginger in interspaces ofAilanthus triphysa (2500 ees

ha1) helps in getting better rhizome development of the

former compared to solo cropping


32/52


agriculture provides signicant support for

ecc growth and social transformaon

of the country. As one of the worlds largest

eccs, ce s cc e

in ensuring food security while also accounng

for a signicant share of Indias Gross Domesc

Product (GDP). It engages almost two-thirds of the

workforce in gainful employment. Several industries

such as sugar, texles, jute, food and milk processing

etc. depend on agricultural producon for their

requirement of raw materials. On account of its close

kes wh he ecc secs, c

growth has a mulplier eect on the enre economy.

i de ss cultural growth for meeng

food requirements of growing populaon, policies

EnvironmEntal ChallEngES & iSSuESof inDian agriCulturE

Shivkumar L. Biradar

and strategies need re-orientaon with appropriate

response mechanisms to meet not only food grain

and buer stock requirements, but also, to ensure

livelihood security in mes of calamitous incidents

bh d h de.

Deceleran in Aricltral grwth:

The share of agriculture in Gross State Domesc

Product (GSDP) has declined signicantly during the

s w decdes. the ce sec id

accounted for 17.57 percent of the GDP (at constant

2004-05 prices) in 2010-11compared to 18.9 percent

in 2004-05. Likewise agriculture sector witnessed a

growth of 2.1 percent during the Tenth Plan. The

sector registered a growth of 5.8 percent in 2005-

There would be adverse impacts on yield and producvity of wheat and rice. 15-17 % decrease in the

yils f i f 2c is i p. w, i is glly g i i, is

predicted to be aected more than rice.


33/52


06, 4.0 percent in 2006-07 and 4.5 percent in 2007-

08. However, there was a slowdown in agriculture

growth in 2008-09 to 1.6 percent. Plan-wise growth

rate of GDP and Agri. GDP is given in table 01.

Table N. 01

Pl-is G r f GdP 7 agi. GdP

(at 1993-94 prices)

Sr.

No.

Perid

Compound Growth

Rate (% per annum)

gDP Ari. gDP

1 Fifth Plan (1974-79) 4.8 3.4

2 Sixth Plan (1980-85) 5.6 5.6

3 Seventh Plan (1985-90) 5.9 3.0

4 tw a p s

(1990-92)

3.4 1.2

5 Eighth Plan (1992-97) 7.0 4.7

6 Ninth Plan (1997-2002) 5.5 2.0

7 Tenth Plan (2002-2007) 7.6 2.1

Envirnmental Challenes fr Indian

Aricltre: Isses and Implicans

The challenges for Indian agriculture are, to

increase producon, while minimizing environmental

impact. This includes conserving and protecngthe quality of the resources that determine the

performance of agriculture like land, water and air.

Reducons in yield, although determined by many

factors, may be parally a consequence of land

and water exploitaon. Below are the observaons

based on limited informaon available on land

degradaon and the relaonship between quality

and producvity of soil.

a) Degradaon of Land:

It is observed that land degradaon is more or

ess es hee sed css hestates. By the early 1980s approximately 53 percent

of Indias geographical area had been considered

degraded. Water logging aected about 6 percent

of the culvated area, while alkali and acidic soils

both aected about 3 percent. The major process of

land degradaon is soil erosion contribung to over

71 percent of the land degradaon. One third of this

land was degraded by human acvies, while nearly

one half was degraded by a combinaon of human

and natural causes. Recent research found a negave

and signicant negave relaonship between land

degradaon and food grain producvity in both the

1980s and 1990s.

(b) Depleon of Ground water:

Water is another major constraint for Indian

agriculture. During the green revoluon period

water consumpon in agriculture has risen sharply

as the net irrigated area increased from 31.1 to

54.68 million hectares between 1970-71 and 2000-

01, while the area under irrigaon increased from

7.09 20.46 heces d he

same period. Groundwater, one of the Indias major

sources for irrigaon, is being rapidly depleted.

The problem of groundwater depleon has beenreported from rainfed states like Andhra Pradesh,

Karnataka, Rajastan, Madhya Pradesh, Chasgarh

d gj.

(c) Imbalanced use f Chemical Ferlizer:

The use of chemical ferlizers is concentrated

in the two major crops namely; rice and wheat,

together they constute nearly two third of the total

chemical ferlizers use in the country. Similarly, the

se s cceed ses ke pjb, H,

adh pdesh d t nd, whee he e

of NPK use has already gone beyond 100 kgs. perhectare. Ferlizer applicaon rose more than ve-fold

between 1970 and 2002. Imbalanced proporoning

of chemical nutrients is a major problem associated

with ferlizer applicaon in India. It has been

observed that heavy use of NPK has negave impact

ee.

(d) Qality f Pescides used:

Pescide consumpon increased from 24.32

million tonnes in 1970-71 to 46.2 million tonnes

in 1999-00. It may be noted that about half of the

pescides registered with the Indian PescidesRegistraon Commiee are banned. Of course, this

des e h he bed dcs he he

same eect on Indian soils. However, India accounts

for one third of the cases led with WTO on pescide

poisoning. Evidence suggests the need for proper

planning in order to promote and regulate pescides

use in the country. This nding has been supported


34/52


by the fact that the farmers have only limited

awareness of the hazardous eects of pescides

and at the same me have lile informaon on the

environment-friendly alternaves.

(e) Impact of Climate Change on Indian

Agriculture:

Climate change refers to the stascal

variaons in the properes of the climate system

sch s ches b eees de

natural or human drivers over a long period of

me. Climate change could drascally alter the

distribuon and quality of natural resources thereby

adversely aecng the livelihood security of the

people. Some of the major impacts are discussed

bew.

Ip cps:

thee wd be dese cs ed d

producvity of wheat and rice. 15-17 % decrease

in the yields of wheat and rice for a 2C rise in

eee. Whe, whch s ee w

the winter, is predicted to be aected more than

ce. i whe, be d weh s edced

de ed hh eees d dh

condions. Ce che s s ke he

signicant eect on the quality of plantaon and

cash crops such as coon, fruits, vegetables, tea,

coee, aromac & medicinal plants, etc.

Ip Sil w rss:

Availability and quality of both surface and

ground water would have eect on quality and

quanty of grain. Reducon in ground water

recharge will aect irrigaon potenals. Possibilies

of salineon of land due to sea water ingress and salt

accumulaon result in to degradaon of soil quality

d se ce.

Ip Iss disss:

Insects have very high degree of adaptability

ce che. Che ce s ke bring about a change in the populaon dynamics,

growth and distribuon of insects and pests

thereby, upseng crop-pest balance.these ches

cd ed es c sses eed

ee. Ce che wd decese

defense mechanism and creates more favourable

environment for pests and insects.

Impact n Livestck and Fisheries:

Impacts of climate change on livestock will

be felt in the form of elevated body temperatures,

increased respiraon rates, decrease in feed intake,

etc. Indirect impacts would be observed in the form

of reducon in grazing land and water availability,decline in available cale feed, emergence of new

dseses, ec. the he sess wd c

animal producon and protability in dairying

due to lower feed intake, milk producon and

reproducon.

Ip Livlis, F Siy ey:

The impact of climate change on agriculture

has large detrimental eects on availability of

food, livelihoods and the overall economy. Lack

of sucient income to purchase food is a major

factor contribung to food insecurity; hunger itselfcontributes to poverty by lowering labor producvity,

edc essce dsese d deess

educaonal achievements.

Ky isks Ii gil f li

g:

the ce d ed sec id s

exposed to potenal risks arising from climate

b d ce che whch e execed

excebe he sess id ce. mj

risks are such as, decline in yields, increased farm

expenditure, reduced farm incomes and increased

threat of food insecurity and malnutrion. Signicant

negave impacts are being projected in the medium-

term (2010-2039) such as reducon of agriculture

yields up to 4.5 - 9%, fall in GDP growth up to 2%

per annum and reducon of agriculture yield in long

e.

id ce hs j chees

ensure food security for growing populaon, which is

esmated 310 million tonnes of food grains in 2050,

stagnaon of net-sown area. As a result, agricultural

producvity has been witnessing stagnaon in recent

es.

Plicy Measres t Sstainable

Agriculture Development:

Fostering rapid, sustainable and broad-based

wh ce s ke kee

mind the overall socio-economic development path


35/52


of the country, especially in the light of exisng

vulnerabilies that ree shk d

esce bse, d sses ee de ce

che. t ece hs be we eed sec

ches whch bce ee heh

and economic protability in agriculture to promote

social and economic equity.

Sustainable Agriculture is a special kind of

agriculture along with farming technique which

makes maximum ulizaon of the environment

without causing any form of harm to it. The outputs

from this Sustainable Agriculture are devoid of any

types of inorganic chemicals such as pescides

and inseccides. This farming technique uses the

organic way of farming through the conservaon of

natural resources and maintenance of ecosystem

funcons. All these factors produce the products in

a more environment friendly manner and are thus

healthier for the consumers to consume. Following

are the iniaves taken by the government.

Imprved Crp Seeds, Livestck and Fish

Culture

Biotechnology is an important tool for

the development of genec resources with

greater adapve capacity to cope with changing

environments. It has huge potenal for combang

vulnerabilies in crops, livestock and sheries. The

rich indigenous genec resources in the crops,livestock and sheries sectors should be conserved,

ced d des sed whe s

conserving the agricultural heritage of the country.

Relevant technologies should be used for rapid

bulking of improved variees of crops, livestock

and shes. Public private partnerships should

be ed deee, ee d

disseminaon of the improved variees.

Water Eciency:

Two-thirds of the culvated land in India israinfed and suers from water scarcity. Eecve

management of available water, increasing water

use eciency and establishment of addional

sustainable sources of water emerge as the primary

sses h eed be ddessed. Sees

d eches de hs des s be

ced wh ded d s sde ee

soluons to enhance water use eciency for

irrigaon. The role of local instuons in managing

water allocaon and ulizaon will also be crucial

for promong eciency. Policy instruments will

have to be leveraged to encourage adopon of

technologies for enhancing water use eciency

and to promote public-private partnerships.

Ps mg:

Pescide consumpon in India has increased

over me and its injudicious use has created

problems like development of resistant strains in

insects and plant pathogens, resurgence of pest

species, direct exposure to the applicator. Pescide

residues in feed and water aect livestock health due

to direct and indirect exposure in the course of pest

c eses. Sees sesed de hs

intervenon have to primarily focus on establishment

of decision and informaon support systems for pest

and disease surveillance, demonstraon of best

pracces and quick response mechanism that are at

wh he s de wh he dsses

natural calamies.

Improved Farm Pracces:

The most effective way to address climate

che s d ssbe deee

pathway by shifting to environmentally

sustainable technologies and adaptation ofenergy efficient equipments, renewable energy,

and conservation of natural resources. ied

c cces he he e he

reduce farm level losses through improved

soil treatment, increased water use efficiency,

judicious use of chemicals.

ni mg:

p e ee cese s

nutrients and thus enhance crop producvity, it is

a major technological challenge for ensuring food

sec d ss deee. S heh

can be improved through several site and soil-specic

management opons. Applicaon of integrated

nutrient management techniques has been found

to increase nutrient use eciency by integrang and

bc he e dose in relaon to nutrient

status and crop requirement.


36/52


agill Is:

ac sce s

echs b whch sks c

d ce c be ddessed. C sce

incenvizes farmers to adopt innovave opons

by spread

kurukshetra- english june 2012

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