kyphosis
TRANSCRIPT
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DORSAL KYPHOSIS
Dr. Laxmikant Dagdia
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SPINE ANATOMY
• 4 CURVES Cervical Thoracic ( 20 to 50 degrees kyphosis ) Lumbar ( 31 to 79 degrees lordosis ) Sacral
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SPINE ANATOMYSagittal balance and plump line
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What is KYPHOSIS ??
• Greek word : ‘ bowed or bent ‘
• Clinically Increased curvature, causing angulation with
posterior convexity and anterior concavity.
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What causes KYPHOSIS ??
• 2 ways it can develop 1) Shortening of anterior column of spine 2) Weakening or lengthening of posterior
column.
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Etiology of KYPHOSIS
• Postural • Infectious• Traumatic• Inflammatory disorders• Degenerative • Neoplastic• Congenital
• Scheuermann’s kyphosis
• Skeletal dysplasia• Neuromuscular
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Diagnostic evaluation
Plain radiographs Standing AP and Lateral films of entire spine. Dynamic films : Flexibility of deformity
CT, CT Myelogram, MRI To further evaluate bony and soft tissue
anatomy comprising deformity.
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Diagnostic evaluationcobb’s angle measurement
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Dorsal KYPHOSIS
• Postural thoracic kyphosis• Post-infectious kyphosis • Scheuermann’s kyphosis• Osteoporotic fractures• Inflammatory disorders like ankylosing spondylitis• Neoplastic • Congenital • Dysplastic
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Postural KYPHOSIS
• Smooth, flexible curve not more than 60 degrees.
• In adolscents and young adults.• Improvements of posture and extension
exercises.
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Scheuermann’s KYPHOSIS
• Common cause worldwide.• 2 types 1. Typical : more common, thoracic curve.2. Atypical : unusual, thoraco-lumbar junction
curve, more often seen in athelets and labourers.
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Scheuermann’s KYPHOSIS
• Sorenson’s criteria for diagnosis :1. > 5 degrees of anterior wedging in 3 or more
vertebrae at apex of curve.2. Cobb angle > 45 degrees3. Irregular vertebral end plates and disc space
narrowing in kyphotic zone.
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Scheuermann’s KYPHOSIS Rx.
• Bracing: in skeletally immature patients.• Surgery :1. Skeletally immature : > 75 degrees kyphosis
even after brace treatment.2. Skeletally mature : back pain, >75 degrees
kyphosis, unacceptable cosmesis.
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Scheuermann’s KYPHOSIS: Surgery
Ponte osteotomy : 1.Done in flexible, regional kyphotic deformity. 2.At level of of osteotomy : superior articulating
facet of lower vertebra and inferior of upper vertebra removed and osteotomy is closed posteriorly with pedicle screw fixation.
3.C/I : Rigid deformity, acute angular deformity as in TB.
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Ponte osteotomy
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Post-infectious KYPHOSIS
• Post tubercular : most common cause in our country.
• Paradiscal lesions of TB : Destruction of 1. intervertebral disc. and 2. Adjacent vertebral bodies Cause shortening of anterior column of spine
leading to KYPHOSIS.
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KYPHOSIS in Potts spine
• Without neurological deficit in active disease: Unless deformity is progressive while on ATT
conservative treatment continued.
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KYPHOSIS in Potts spine
With neurological deficit Improving with ATT Not improving or worsening
Continue conservative Rx. Decompression and/or fusion Long term follow up.
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KYPHOSIS in Potts spine in children
• Indications for fusion in children with healed or active disease.
Rajasekaran (2007) : radiographic signs to assess ‘spine at RISK ’
1. Separation of facet joints2. Posterior retropulsion of diseased vertebrae3. Toppling sign4. Lateral transalation of vertebaral column.
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1. Separation of facet joints.2. Retropulsion of diseased vertebrae
3.Lateral translation of vertebral column 4. Toppling sign
.
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Post-tubercular kyphosis with spine at RISK signs
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Intraoperative heartshell application.
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Post tubercular kyphosis in healed disease
SURGERY INDICATION
Posterior spinal fusion Symptomatic mechanical instability in a healed disease.
Anterior transposition of cord
Neural complications due to severe kyphosis
Panvertebral fusion Prevention of severe kyphosis in children with extensive dorsal lesions.
Debridement and/or decompression and/or fusion
Recurrence of disease or neural complication.
Closing-opening wedge osteotomy
Severe deformity >70 degrees in healed disease.
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Closing opening wedge osteotomy
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Closing opening wedge osteotomy
A: Indications : rigid kyphotic deformity, > 70 degrees as in
1. Potts spine 2. Congenital kyphosis 3. Post laminectomy kyphosis.B: C/I : 1. Deformity >120 degrees 2. With neurological deficit.
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Osteoporotic fractures
• Each standard deviation decrease in BMD = Twofold increase in spine fractures.
• Conservative management : Analgesics, bed rest and medical treatment
of underlying cause.
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Osteoporotic fractures
• Indications for aggressive line of treatment: Continued progressive deformity Neurologic deterioration Pain Open fracture repair difficult : 1. Poor bone quality 2. Compromised medical status of patient.
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Minimally invasive surgeries for Osteoporotic fractures
• Vertebroplasty : Percutaneous injection of polymethylmethacrylate( PMMA ) into a fractured vertebral body.
• Kyphoplasty : insertion of balloon that is inflated in vertebral body before injection of PMMA.
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Vertebroplasty placement of trocar and injection of PMMA
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Kyphoplasty: balloon inflation before injection of PMMA
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Congenital kyphosis
• Type 1 : Failure of vertebral body formation
1. Posterolateral quadrant vertebrae
2. Butterfly ( sagittal cleft ) vertebrae
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Congenital kyphosis
3. Posterior hemivertebrae
4. Anterior wedged vertebrae
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Congenital kyphosis
• Type 2 : Failure of segmentation
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Congenital kyphosis
• Type 3 : Combination of 1 and 2.
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Ankylosing spondylitis
• Seronegative autoimmune disorder
Sometimes causes rigid kyphotic deformity by involving multiple consetive vertebrae.
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Ankylosing spondylitislumbar osteotomy
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