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Index

Abel-Smith, B. 204 affirmative action 175 age composition 161, 164, 167,

168, 172 age of dependants 152 Age of Marriage Act 1929 3 Alexander, M. 211 Applebaum, E. 35, l 08 Armstrong, P. 218 Atkinson, J. 206 attitudes 5, 7, 8, II, 15, 169

Beechey, V. 218 Beechey, V. and Perkins, T. 200,

205, 206, 207 Bell, C., McKee, L. and Priestley,

K. 133, 214 Beller, A. 174 beneficial employment 4 Beveridge, W. 12, 52 births, age of women 125-8, 132 births, decisions about 123, 124 births, first 125-8, 132--6 births, numbers of 123, 125, 132,

134--6, 137, 139, 140 births, second 134--6 births, sequence 135, 137, 181,

182-3 births, spacing 123, 134--6 births, third 134 births, work preceding 125 Black, C. 3, 5, 6 Blinder, A. S. 107 Bone, M. 195 Braybon, G. l, 5, 6, 7, 13 Briggs, A. 150 British Broadcasting Corporation Britton, M. 58, 134 Bruegel, I. 206, 210

care in community 150, 152 carers 20, 150 Census of Employment 20 l, 205 Census 1901 4 Census 1911 4, 7 Census 1921 7 Census 1931 7 Census 1981 77 Central Statistical Office 77 child benefit 15 child mortality 4 child-care 78, 80--l, 130, 133, 140,

145--6, 147, 148, 176, 183, 185--6, 194, 204, 206, 210, 215-16

children l, 3, 10, II, 13, 15, 151, 163

children, affected by unemployment 76

children, age of and economic activity of mother 58

Churchill, Sir Winston II Civil Rights Act 1964 16 Clark, G. 51 Cleary, J. and Simpson, B. 133 Cockburn, C. 207 Cohen, B. and Clarke, K. 213, 215 cohort analysis,

occupations 95-101 cohort trends 28-35, 35--43, 44--8 cohort work history summary

measures 36-43 cohorts 161, 162, 163 conscription 9, 10 Coote, A. and Kellner, P. 210 Corcoran, M. E. 107, 195

8 Corcoran, M. E., Duncan, G. J. and Ponza, M. 107

Coser, L. 204

231

232 Index

Coyle, A. 198, 218 Cragg, A. and Dawson, T. 25 Craig, C., Garnsey, E. and Rubery,

J. 202, 205, 206 Craig, C., Rubery, J., Tarling, R.

and Wilkinson, F. 207 Craig, J. 170 Crompton, R. and Sanderson,

K. 201, 220

Daniel, W. W. 129, 130, 147, 148, 177

David, M. and New, C. 208, 216 Davidson, M. J. and Cooper, C. L.

19, 21 Delphy, C. 204 dependants 152, 153, 154 dependency ratio 171 Dex, S. 28, 50, 87, 88, 125, 127,

128, 135, 136, 137, 140, 149, 166, 195, 202, 218

Dex, S. and Perry, S. M. 51 Dex, S. and Shaw, L. B. 129, 130,

174, 178, 195 DHSS Cohort Study 76 divorce 71-4, 81, 126, 135 Dolton, P. J. and Makepeace, G. H.

114 domestic tasks 5, 19, 20, 22, 171 domestic work 204, 206 downward occupational

mobility 202, 208 dual-earner families 52, 58-63, 77,

78

earning potential 164 earnings differentials I 04, 207 earnings, women's earnings and

family incomes 68-71 economic growth 195 economic restructuring 209 education 4 Education Bill 1944 II EEC, Draft Directives 2IQ--21 EEC, female-activity rates 200 effects of caring 166 elderly I, 9, 20, 150, 151, 152, 154,

162, 170 Elias,P. 69,195,201

Elias, P. and Main, B. 25, 26, 27, 43, 83, 84, 85, 88, 202

Elias, P. and Wilson, R. A. 198 employers 5, 6, 7 Employment Acts 1980 and

1982 18 employment intentions 163, 164 employment legislation 144, 173,

174, 175-7, 193, 194 employment patterns 162 Employment Protection Act

1975 9, 18 employment status 154 employment trends 58-63, 198-9 England, P. 174 equal opportunities 174-6, 193,

195 Equal Opportunities Commission

(EOC) 21, 150, 167, 195, 219 equal pay 148, 175 Equal Pay Act 1970 16, 17, 69, 81 Equal Remuneration

Convention 16 Equal Rights Amendment 17 Equal Value Amendment 211-12 equality of opportunity 196, 197,

210,217 essential work II Europe 210 European Court 20 European Economic

Community 16, 18 European Industrial Relations

Review 211 European Information Bulletin 18,

21 exemptions 4, II

Family Allowance Act 1945 15 Family Expenditure Survey

(FES) 53, 59, 60, 61, 64, 67, 69, 70, 74

family formation 84-5, 87, 123-36, 144, 173, 174, 182, 186, 187, 194

family formation and occupational downgrading 84-8

family formation, and part-time working 95-8

family income 5

Index 233

family incomes, inequality in 70, 74-7

family limitation 4 family size 125, 132, 134--6, 137,

139, 140, 141, 144 family wage, the 204 fathers and domestic work 65-7 female labour force 5, 14 Ferguson, S. and Fitzgerald, H. 10 Finch, J. 204 Finch, J. and Groves, D. 150 Finer, M. 73 Fry, V. 70 full-time employment 43-6, 154,

155, 161, 167, 172

gender stereotypes 206, 207, 209 General Household Survey 77, 108,

121 Gershuny, J. 66 Gershuny, J. and Thomas, G. S. 66 government 6, 150 Greenhalgh, C. 140, 149 Greenhalgh, C. and Stewart,

M. 195 Gregory, J. 210 Gustaffson, S. 43

Hakim, C. 18, 174, 198 Harris, A. I. 150 health 6 health insurance 8 Health, Ministry of 16 Heckman, J. 114, 121 highly qualified women 200 HMSO 10, 11, 12, 79 Holtermann, S. 213 hourly earnings, as a function of

work history 113 hourly earnings, by age 109 hourly earnings, by educational

qualifications 112 hourly earnings, by time not in

employment 110 hourly earnings, counterfactual

examples 117 hourly earnings, males v.

females 106

hourly earnings, part-time v. full-time 109, 110, 112, 116-21

Hours of work 167, 168, 200,201, 218

household composition 52-8 household composition,

single-person households 55-7 household composition.

single-person households with children 58

housewives 151, 152 Hunt, A. l, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, 14, 15,

16, 25, 35, 53, 125, 150, 151, 152,171,205

husbands 123, 126, 133, 137, 140, 145, 186

Incomes Data Services 133 Industrial Relations Review and

Report 211 inform 150, 151, 152, 153 insurance and business services 203 international comparisons 17, 18,

19 International Labour Office 16 inter-war years 7-9 Invalid Care Allowance 20, 219

Jackson, B. and Jackson, S. 216 job continuity 85 job evaluation 18 job loss 197, 198, 199 job satisfaction 169 job seeking 164 Joseph, G. 51 Joshi, H. E. 70, 78, 86, 96, 103,

105, 107, 108, 114, 115, 121, 123, 127, 139, 146, 147, 149, 195

Joshi, H. E., Layard, R. and Owen, s. 35

Joshi, H. E. and Owen, S. 121 journey to work 168

Kendall, S. 206 Kiernan, I. and Diamond, I. 125,

126, 127

labour flexibility 205, 210, 218, 219 labour force 4, 5, 14

234 Index

labour force participation 3fr.. 7 Labour Force Survey (LFS) 88, 89,

92, 124, 125, 137, 140, 149, 201 Land, H. and Puttick, E. 216, 217 Layard, R., Barton, M. and

Zabalza, A. 114 Lebo, D. 20 Lee, R. A. 206 legal protection 166 legislation 21, 205, 208-11, 213 Lewenhak, S. 6, 7 lifetime employment,

part-time/full-time breakdown 43-6

local authorities 150, 171 logit analysis 190, 195 London County Council 8 lone parenthood 71--4 longitudinal studies 52, 76 low-paid employment 203, 210,

217

Mcintosh, A. 105 McKee, L. 133 McKee, L. and O'Brien, M. 133 McLoughlin, J. 219 Maddala, G. S. 121 Main, B. 76 Main, B. and Elias, P. 46, 50 maintenance 80 manufacturing industry 197, 206 marriage I, 4, 13, 125, 126, 135 marriage bar 5, 8, 13 Marriage, Age of, Act 1929 3 married woman's option 14 married women 1 et seq. married women, economic

activity 58-63 Martin, J. and Roberts, C. 2, 4, 8,

11, 14, 15, 24, 25, 28, 35, 36, 38, 43, 51, 53, 6~ 68, 71, 72, 74, 79, 80, 86, 107, 108, 125, 128, 136, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 151, 169, 195, 201, 205, 215

Martin, J. and Wallace, J. 198 Marwick, A. 6 maternity leave 18, 123, 127,

128-32, 134, 136, 140, 143, 147, 213, 218

maternity pay fund 18 means test 9 means-tested benefits 73 men 15, 17, 18, 20, 151 men, age at fatherhood 125, 126,

127 men, careers 127, 145 men, childless 137, 143 men, economic activity 124, 135,

137, 139, 140 men, holiday entitlement 133 men, economic activity 124, 135,

137, 139, 140 men, holiday entitlement 133 men, occupations 133 men, stereotypes 133 men, time off work 133 men, unemployment 139, 144, 147 men, work hours 140, 144 Mill, J. S. 22, 196 Mincer, J. 107 Mincer, J. and Ofek, H. 107 Mincer, J. and Polachek, S. 107 miscellaneous services 201 Moss, P. 65, 140, 213, 214, 215,

216 motherhood, costs of 70, 78 Mottershead, P. 216 Moylan, S., Millar, J. and Davies,

P. 75, 76

National Insurance 8, 12, 14, 15 National Insurance Act 1911 5 National Insurance Act 1946 14 National Longitudinal Survey 173,

177, 195 National Training Survey (NTS)

1975-6 25, 26, 28, 84, 85, 88, 92, 202

New Earnings Survey (NES) 104, 108, Ill, 119

Ni Bhrolchain, M. 134, 135 Nixon, J. 72 Nollen, S. D. 206 non-paid work 196, 197, 204, 210,

213, 221 nurseries 6, 10, 16

occupational distributions 88-92

Index 235

occupational downgrading 84, 86, 87

occupational groups, health and welfare occupations 198-200, 202

occupational groups, clerical occupations 198-200, 202

occupational groups, engineers, scientists 198-200

occupational groups, managers and administrators 198-200

occupational groups, other craft occupations 198-200

occupational groups, other operatives 198-200

occupational groups, other personal service occupations 198-200, 202

occupational groups, other professions 198-200

occupational groups, skilled operatives 198-200

occupational mobility 84, 88, 174, 186-93, 194

occupational profiles 98-10 I occupational recovery 88 occupational segregation 18, 21,

89-92, 174 occupational segregation by

sex 198, 202, 218 occupational shifts 198-200 occupations and earnings 103 occupations, men's 133 occupations, women's 128, 130,

147, 148, 187-93, 194 Olmsted, B. 51 OPCS 76, 126, 147, 149 ordinary least squares analysis 190 overtime 168 Owen, S. and Joshi, H. 14

Pahl, R. E. 217 parental leave 124, 128, 148, 212,

214--15, 218-21 parenthood 204, 213 parents, child care 130, 145-6, 147,

148, 176, 183, 185-6, 194 parents, choices 124 parents, education 126

parents, family of origin 126 parents, preferences 124, 146-8 parents, social class 126, 127, 132,

139 part-time work II, 14, 18, 19, 20,

43-9, 65, 130, 140, 145, 146, 180, 186, 192, 194

part-time workers 154, 155, 161, 166, 167, 172

part-time working, family formation 84-95

part-time working, low-status jobs 84--95

part-time working, qualifications 85

part-time working 83 paternity leave 132---4, 145, 148,

214, 218 Phillips, A. and Taylor, B. 212 Piachaud, D. 78 Pindyck, R. S. and Rubinfeld,

D. L. 195 'Plan for Social Security' 12 positive discrimination 18 postwar reconstruction 13, 14 poverty trap 73, 139 pregnancy 6, 9 Pregnancy Discrimination Act

1978 17 private sphere 203 probability of employment 115 professional workers 2, 8 promotion 168, 169, 170 public expenditure, constraints 52 public sector services 207 public sphere 203 Purcell, K. 205, 210

qualifications, occupations 86 qualifications, training 93, 102

Rapoport, R. and Rapoport, R. N. 209

Registration for Employment Order 1941 lO

regression analysis, hourly earnings lll-15

responsibilities of carers 153

236 Index

returning to employment 38---42, 200, 202

Riley, D. 10, 16, 205 Rimmer, L. 80 Rimmer, L. and Popay, J. 150 Roberts, E. 4 Robinson, 0. 201, 206 Robinson, 0. and Wallace, J. 43,

206 Rome, Treaty of 16 Rossiter, C. and Wicks, M. 150 Rowland, V. 129, 130

sample surveys 2, 3, 9 Sandall, H. and Shapiro, D. 195 schoolleavers 200 school-leaving age 4, 125 school-age children, care of 205,

216 security 164 self-employment 67-8, 198, 219-20 service sector growth 200, 218 sex discrimination 17.5-{) Sex Discrimination Act 1975 18 Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act

1919 7 Shaw, L. B. 107, 174 shiftwork 205, 206 sickness benefit 5, 12, 14, 15 Simpson, R. 1978 215, 216 single parents 204 single women 4, 8, 19, 15 skill 207, 211, 212 skill utilisation and

occupations 88-95 Smee, C. and Stern, J. 75 Smith, J. P. 112 social policy and welfare

measures 205, 209-21 social security 21, 52, 74, 139, 173 social security system 204, 209 social security, married women 52 socio-economic groups 3, 167 spells of employment 26--35 spells of non-employment 38---42 Statute of Labourers 1351 2 Stewart, M. 121 Stewart, M. and Greenhalgh, C. A.

28, 46, 50, 51, 84, 108, 118, 195

stress 153, 169 Summerfield, P. 205 Survey of Women's Employment

(SWE) 1965 93, 102, 151, 152, 154, 161, 163

Symons, E. and Walker, I. 217 Syrett, M. 206

tax 139, 146, 176--7, 194 taxation 14, 18, 21, 204, 209,

217-18 taxation, of husband and

wife 79-80 technology 203 terms and conditions of

employment 198, 202, 218 textiles and clothing 201 Thomas, G. 10, 13, 14, 20, 35 time budgets 66 time in present job 168 Tinker, A. 171 Titmuss, R. M. 4 Townsend, A. 200, 205 Trade Boards Act 1909 6 trade unions 6, 7, II, 17, 18,147,

210 Trades Union Congress 15 training 168, 169, 170 training and qualifications 208 transitions from part-time to

full-time employment 46--9 two-earner households 217

underachievement of women 213 unemployment l, 5, 8, 9, 10, ll,

13, 14, 197, 205, 213, 221 Unemployment Assistance Board 9 unemployment benefit 5, 8, 9, 12,

14, 15, 197 unemployment, and the

family 74-77 unemployment, unregistered 81

value of services 171

wage gap, part-time v. full-time 115-21

wages councils 6 Walters, P. 216

Index 237

Wartime Food Survey 10 Werner, B. 1983 125, 126, 127,

132 Whitehorn, K. 151 widowers' benefits 21 Wilson, E. 12 Women and Employment Survey

(WES) 1980 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 43, 46, 49, 53, 66, 70, 72, 74, 80, 86, 88, 93, 95, 102, 103, 106, 107, 108, 111, 116, 120, 122, 123, 124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 140, 144, 151, 152, 154, 161, 163, 173, 177, 178, 195, 201, 202, 215

women, age at motherhood 125-8, 132

women, blacks (USA) 178, 192 women, childless 128, 143 women, education 126, 127 women, fertility 124, 126 women, full-time work 125, 140,

143, 147, 180, 186, 194 women, job tenure 128, 136--7 women, life-cycle 123, 125, 130,

144, 189 women, not working, patterns 135 women, occupational mobility 174,

186--93, 194 women, occupations (GB) 128,

130, 147, 148, 187-93, 194 women, occupations (USA) 174,

187-93, 194 women, part-time work 130, 140,

145, 146, 180, 186, 192, 194 women, participation 123, 124,

127, 134, 139, 178-81

women, participation (USA) 173, 178-85

women, potential earnings 127, 146, 148

women, pregnancy 125 women, return to work 123, 134,

136--45, 182-3 women, social class 126, 127, 132,

139 women, unemployment 139 women, work histories 135, 174,

178-85 women, work hours 140, 145 Women's Advisory Committee of

the TUC 15 women's dependency 204, 208-11,

218 women's working lives 83 work experience/abilities 93, 102 work histories 84-85 work histories and wages 105-21 work histories, all women 26--8 work histories, by cohort 28-35 work histories, GB/USA

comparisons 87 work histories, summary

measures 36-43 working patterns, hours worked by

husbands and wives 63-5 Workplace Industrial Relations

Survey 201 World War, First 6--7 World War, Second 9-13

Zabalza, A. and Arrufat, J. 105, 106, 107, 108, 114, 118, 121, 122

Zabalza, A. and Tzannatos, Z. 106