l15 animal diversity1
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
1/23
Animal diversity - a brief overview
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
2/23
Biological Classification
Example: Short-beaked EchidnaKingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Monotremata
Family Tachyglossidae
Genus Tachyglossus
Species aculeatus
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
3/23
Kingdoms of Life
Eubacteria
Plantae
Fungi
Archaeobacteria
Protista
Animalia
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
True bacteria
Primary producers
External digestion
Ancient bacteria
Single cell
Consumers Viruses
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
4/23
Kingdom Animalia
Multi-cellular
Division of labour between individual cells or
groups of cells
CellsTissuesOrgans
GametesZygoteEmbryonic development
Diploid
30 phyla
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
5/23
Australias Biodiversity: a mega-diverse region
8% of the worlds total species diversity
>800,000 species
25,000 vascular plants
250,000 fungi
5,400 vertebrates (Phylum Chordata)
3,600 fishes, most endemic
850 birds, 45% endemic
700 reptiles, 89% endemic
357 mammals, 84% endemic (incl. 159 marsupials)
174 amphibians, 93% endemic
~520,000 invertebrates (the other 99%)
225,000 insects, many endemic
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
6/23
Beetle Diversity
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
7/23
Hidden Diversity
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
8/23
Phylum Porifera: Sponges
About 5000 species,most marine and
colonial
Filter feed on fineparticulate matter
drawn in with
water in through
pores
Skeleton used as
bath sponges Small calcareous sponges, Heron Island
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
9/23
Phylum Porifera: Sponges
Poorly differentiated tissues; no organs
No circulatory system
No nervous system
No respiratory or excretory system: gas
exchange and waste excretion by diffusion
Very simple digestive system: no mouth or gut
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
10/23
Phylum Cnidaria: jellyfish, sea wasps,
hydrozoans, sea anemones, corals
9000 species;marine orfreshwater
Medusa - free-floating,(pelagic) andbell shaped (eg
jellyfish)
Polyp - attachedtubular form (eg.a sea anemone)
Medusa of
Class
Scyphozoa -
jellyfish
Class Anthozoa -sea anemone
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
11/23
Nematocysts are a
diagnostic featureStinging organelles for
defence and capture
of prey
People often experience
stings (eg blue
bottle).
Stings from sea wasp
(box jellyfish) are
dangerous and often
fatal
Phylum Cnidaria
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
12/23
Class Anthozoa:
Corals
Sessile polyps that oftenlive colonially.
Feed by everting tentacles,catch zooplankton on
nematocysts.
Food passes betweenindividual polyps to
provide for whole colonyHard corals - polyps
embedded in skeleton ofcalcium carbonate
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
13/23
Phylum Cnidaria
Radial symmetry
No circulatory system
Primitive nervous system: nerve net
No respiratory system: gas exchange by
diffusion
Simple digestive systemone-way
gastrovascular cavity
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
14/23
Phylum Platyhelminthes:
flatworms, tapeworms
and flukes12,700 species
Class TurbellariaFlatworms (free-living)
Class MonogeneaEctoparasitic flukes
Class Trematoda
Endoparasitic flukes(eg. liver fluke of sheep)
Class Cestoda
Tapeworms
(eg. pork tapeworm, hydatid cysttapeworm)
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
15/23
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Bilateral symmetry; dorso-ventrally flattened
Many are parasitic
Many are hermaphroditic
No circulatory system
No respiratory system: gas exchange by diffusion
Simple nervous system / simple eyes
Simple digestive systemone-way gastrovascular
cavity
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
16/23
Phylum Nemertinea:
proboscis worms
900 species
Mostly marine species:
rocky crevices, in sand,
under rocks, algal mats
Have a unique eversible
anterior proboscis used
for catching prey
Elongated, anteriorlypointed
Range from few mm to ~30
metres in length
Many brightly coloured
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
17/23
Phylum Nemertinea
Bilateral symmetry; dorso-ventrally flattened
Limited closed circulatory system
Simple nervous system / simple eyes
No respiratory system
Through digestive systemmouth and anus
Primitive nitrogenous excretory system
Sexes separate
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
18/23
Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms
12,000 species, many
parasitic
Pseudocoelomate:possess fluid filledbody cavity
Found in virtually everyhabitat
Cylindrical, with tapered
ends
Thick collagen cuticle
Move by longitudinal
muscle contraction
Elephantiasis is caused by a
roundworm which blocks lymphatic
tissue, causing grotesque swelling in
affected regions
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
19/23
Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms
Bilateral symmetry; cylindrical
Pseudocoelomatepossess body cavity
Limited closed circulatory system
Rudimentary nervous system: aggregation of
nerve cells (brain), nerves running posteriorly,
nerve cells on cuticle (setae, papillae, amphids)
No respiratory system
Through digestive system
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
20/23
Phylum Annelida: Segmented worms
8700 species
Class Polychaeta (Marine bristle-worms)
Class Euclitellata
Sub-class Oligochaeta (Earthworms)
Sub-class Hirudinae (Leeches)
Earthworm
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
21/23
Phylum Annelida: Segmented worms
Coelomatepossess true body cavity
Segmentation and metamerism
Closed circulatory system (blood vessels)
Primitive respiratory systems
Nervous systembrain, ventral nervous cord
and ganglia in each segment
Through digestive system
Excretion through nephridial tubules
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
22/23
Phylum Annelida: Class Polychaeta
Marine bristle worms
Many setae per segment
Sedentary forms (tube-dwellers): filter organic
particles with tentaclesFree moving forms (surface,
pelagic, burrowers)
Pharynx can be evertedthrough mouth to catchprey
Rudimentary respiratory
system: gills on parapodia
-
8/12/2019 L15 Animal Diversity1
23/23
Phylum Annelida: Class Euclitellata
Possess clitellumsecretes cocoon
for eggsLack parapodia
Sub-Class Oligochaeta (earthworms)
Few setae per segment Most are burrowing animals, feed on
vegetation or organic matter in soil,a few are carnivorous
Hermaphroditic
Sub-Class Hirudinae (leeches)
External parasites feeding on blood A giant AustralianEarthworm Digaster