L2 Grammar & VocabularyBy Jessica Li 2013

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Grammar Paragraph I ♣ Recent studies have shown/indicated that being obese / obesity can pose a serious threat to our health. Ex. Deforestation can pose a threat to many animals’ habitats. ♣ ---, it is vital/critical/important/essential that S+ (should) +VR

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Grammar Ex. 為了安全起見，學生在做實驗時遵循老師的指導是很重要的。 For the sake of safety, it is

vital/critical that students should follow their teacher’s directions/ instructions when doing an experiment.

♣ keep in shape = stay fit Ex. 規律的運動和低脂的飲食可以讓你保持好身材。 Regular exercise and low-fat food

can help you keep in shape/ stay fit.

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Grammar ♣ no matter what +N Everyone is born equal no matter what races he/she belongs to. ♣ no matter what method we apply/ adopt IQ test is a universally-accepted

method that is often applied to evaluate a person’s intelligence.

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Grammar Paragraph 2 ♠ Our diet matters/ counts/ is important ---- Nothing matters/ counts more than

your safety. ♠ the food that are potentially/ possibly damaging to our health = the food is likely to ruin our health in some way 5

Grammar ♠ absorb/take in/consume

excessive/excess/surplus numbers---- Ex. 許多年輕人有肥胖的威脅因為他們攝取過量的油炸食物和含糖飲料。 A mass of youngsters are under

threat of being obese because they absorb excessive numbers of fried food and sugary drinks.

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Grammar ♠ Many of us sometimes absorb

excessive numbers of certain nutrients, such as fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt, which can risk our health unknowingly/ without our knowledge.

She never procrastinates any work that is assigned, which enables her to keep everything on track.

The thief sneaked into the house unknowingly/without our knowledge.

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Grammar ♠ label (V) 標籤化 / 分類為 (N) 標籤 To racists, they tend to label

colored people as inferior ones.

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Grammar Paragraph 3 ♥ Green, amber/yellow, and red respectively / individually represent/mean/signify --- = The lights convey different messages about the contents of food

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Grammar ♥ Basically, the more green lights we

see on a package of food, the healthier that food is.

EX. 你的背景知識越多， 你越能快速理解複雜的理念。 The more background knowledge

you have, the more likely you are to grasp complicated ideas/concepts.

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Grammar

♥the food is not low in those nutrients ↔ is rich/ high in Fertile soils are often rich in

minerals. ♥be aware of N ↔ be unaware of N EX. 這個老人似乎專注於他的困擾， 以致於沒有察覺我的存在。

(preoccupy) This old man seemed to be

preoccupied with his trouble and wasn’t aware of my presence.

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Grammar Paragraph 4 ♦ know at a glance = know instantly ♦ The symbols that this system uses are instantly recognizable/ can be identified easily--- The lustrous coat made the little girl instantly recognizable in the crowds.

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Grammar ♦ In addition, it can be universally applied / be applied to people around the world.---

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Grammar Paragraph 5 Nevertheless/ Nonetheless, there

is opposition to this idea. = a lot of people oppose to this idea People in the food industry complain that this approach to food labeling is too simplistic/ simplified.

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Grammar giving exact figures ----is preferable/ more suitable. Sitting home alone is preferable to spending the night with a group of rough children. Advocates /Proponents of traffic light

labeling for food counter/refute this argument by saying that simplicity is the virtue/ advantage of this system.

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Grammar EX. Patience is virtue ( 美德 ). ----, lest consumers should( 萬一 ) ignore ---- Senior students are working hard for the admission exam, lest they should have poor grades.

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Grammar Paragraph 6 Ω In spite of the fact that/ Despite the fact that/ Although/ While not everyone --- Ω There are times when ---- Ω We are what we eat. = The food we consume affects our health and shape.

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Vocabulary1. pose (V) cause/ ask/ sit or stand in a

particular position / pretend (N) position The graduates posed for a group

photograph. The gang entered the building

posing as workmen. The models adopted a relaxed

pose for the camera.

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Vocabulary2. disturb sb ↔ distract sb from sth The continuous noise from the street _____me a lot. The continuous noise from the street _____ me from my studies. disturbed/ distracted

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Vocabualry3. maintain (V) make sth stay at the

same level / keep sth in a good condition/ insist / keep

maintain law and order ( 維持治安 ) The accused/defendant kept maintaining his innocence. They maintained that they were out of the country when the crime was committed.

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Vocabulary His income was barely enough to maintain a family.6. potentially (adv.) ----textbook7. excessive (adj)=excess = surplus excessive rainfall/ drinking EX. 過度運動會對關節造成潛在傷害。 Excessive exercise will be potentially harmful to your joints.

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Vocabulary10. respective (a) separate respectable (a) very good respectful (a) show respect for N With a grand sum of savings, she continues to lead a _____ life after she retired. respectable

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Vocabulary They are each recognized specialists

in their ______ fields. respective You should be more ____ of others’

points of view. respectful

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Vocabulary11. consumer (N) consumer price index 消費者物價指數 EX. 減稅能在不景氣後增進消費者的 信心。 Tax-cuts will boost consumer confidence after the recession.

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Vocabulary11-1. consume (V) eat/ use energy or time Ex. The hotel was burned down. The hotel was consumed by fire. Ex. The aged woman was heart broken. The aged woman was consumed with sadness.

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Vocabulary11-2. consumption(N) ♣ alcohol consumption ♣ human consumption Ex. To prevent the risk of kidney failure, the patient has to cut down ______. alcohol consumption

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Vocabulary Ex. The steak, which is a mix of beef and horse meat, isn’t good for ____. human consumption11-3. time- consuming = take a lot of time Sorting the stack of clothes is a difficult and time-consuming process.

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Vocabulary15.Barrier (N)---textbook16. Currently (adv)---textbook17. opposition(N) disagreement/ the

state of being different Ex. 正邪之間的對抗已延續數千年。 The opposition between good and

evil has lasted for thousands of years. The Opposition 反對黨

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Vocabulary Protest marches will be held in

opposition to the building of the Fourth Nuclear Power Plant.( 核四廠 )

17-1. oppose (V) oppose (to) N/Ving = be opposed to N/ Ving The board will bitterly oppose to

the proposal of cutting the faculty due to the tight budget.

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Vocabulary EX. 那些參與會議的人都全部反對無薪 假。 Those who attended the meeting were totally opposed to unpaid leave.

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Vocabulary18. Industry (N) ----textbook18-1.industrious(adj)= hard working An industrious student like him will

definitely achieve a lot in the future.20. advocate (N)=proponent ---textbook opposite: opponent

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Vocabulary21. counter(V) refute/ oppose “That’s not what I meant,” he countered.21-1. counter (adv) in the opposite way The government’s plan runs counter to the previous one due the strong opposition of the masses.

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Vocabulary20-2. counter(N) 櫃台 / opposition The employer’s association was seen as a counter to union power. → The employer’s association was in opposition to union power.20-3. counterpart(N) the man or the thing that has the same function or position in a different place

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Vocabulary The Foreign Minister held a talk with his Chinese counterpart. → The Foreign Minister held a talk with the Chinese Foreign Minister.22. argument (N) reason/ intention/ disagreement---textbook There are strong arguments for and against euthanasia ( 安樂死 ).

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Vocabulary22-1. argue(V) for or against N The victim’s family strongly argued for death penalty.

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