la possibilità di un terzo: l'ibridazione in pierre huyghe

7/21/2019 La possibilit di un terzo: L'ibridazione in Pierre Huyghe

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Hg pkssncnhnt an ul tdrzkHncrnagznkld nl Vndrrd Muyimd


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N. Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua

9 Pnvdrd ghhg `nld adn tdopn74 Vndrrd Muyimd37 Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua34 Mghhkwddl22 Rgl Pghdltnlk12 7 ogiink

NN. Hgvkrn sdhdznklgtn

Gllhdd Qmd Qmnra Odokry G Jkurldy tmgt Ygslt Tltnhhda

=> Cnchnkirg`ng>2 Snlirgzngodltn

Bkltdlutn


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N.Qmd Mkst

gla tmd Bhkua


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Pnvdrd ghhg ld

adn tdopn

7

Ldssulk pu grtnbkhgrd ulg snhhgcg bmd lkl sngpndlg an tdldrdzzd d an tdrrkrn5 bmd lkl sng, nl

ghbulk an qudn hnliugiin, nh lkod pkadrksk an ulank. Vgrhgrd nlbkrrdrd nl tgutkhkind.

Jkrid Huns Ckrids3

Ansbutdlak bkl grtnstn, ousnbnstn, grbmntdttn, sbrnttkrn, brntnbn ulg prkspdttnvg nl-qundtgltd rnspdttk ghhd rdhgtnvd prgtnbmd - d spdssk rnspdttk ghhnlvdlznkld buhturghdnl idldrghd - dodrsg bkl ulg `rdqudlzg tghd ag bklvnlbdron g noputgrld hgbgusg nl qudhhnlbklsbnk bkhhdttnvk bmd bmngongok Zdntidnst: hg sdlsgznkld bklan-

vnsg bmd lkl bn sng pn luhhg ag brdgrd dx lkvk, bmd kvulqud sn nlbkrrg ldh pdrnbkhkan rn`grd, k ldhhg onihnkrd adhhd npktdsn bntgrd, kogiingrd bklsbngodltd.Ldhhk spdbn`nbk adhhd grtn vnsnvd, qudstk sn rnvdhg pghdsdodltd `ghsk sd sn pdlsg bmdakpk Aubmgop qudstk spgznk ansbkrsnvk hncdrgtk - d ghhk stdssk tdopk bkl-agllgtk - sdlzg pkssncnhnt an gppdhhk ghhnlbhusnkld an kiln `krog pkssncnhd adhoklak5 hg bklsgpdvkhdzzg an qudstk gssnkog stkrnbk an``usg krogn lkl skhk `rghg tktghnt adn prk`dssnklnstn adh sdttkrd, og krogn (sbrnvk ldhhgllk adh suk bdl-tdlgrnk) stgtg gsskrcntg ag cuklg pgrtd adhhg ogssg uoglg. Ghhkrg pdrbm qudstg

noprdssnkld, qudstg sucpdrbdznkld skprgvvnvd d bkltnlug, nl anvdrsd nltdlsnt, ghkikrgrd ihn glnon an bmn brdg;Rnburgodltd bn mg g bmd `grd, lkl skhk bkl nh `ghhnodltk adhhd gvgliugrand grtns-tnbmd bmd g bgvghhk trg hg odt adhhKttkbdltk d hg odt adh Lkvdbdltk mgllk tdl-tgtk an bkhhdttnvnzzgrd hg prkprng gidlag ad`nldlakhg d ad`nldlaksn nl ul ogln`dstkprkirgoogtnbk, og skprgttuttk bkl nh trgokltk an qudhhd irglan lgrrgznkln2(nhhuonlnsok, nadghnsok, ogrxnsok) bmd g qudstd mgllk `gttk ag bkhhgltd k ag

7 b`r. Rhgvkj nde, Pnvdrd ghhg `nld adn tdopn, Vkltd ghhd Irgznd, Onhglk 36773 Jkrid Huns Ckrids, Hg cnchnktdbg an Cgcdhdnl @nlznkln, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 36642 Jdgl-@rglkns Hyktgra, Hg bklanznkld pkstokadrlg, @dhtrnldhhn, Onhglk 3676


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=

sbnltnhhg, odtglgrrgznkln1ldh sdlsk an ansbkrsn bkltdlntkrn an ansbkrsn onlkrn kr-iglnzzgtn gh hkrk nltdrlk.Ruhhd krod an ulg pdrantg an tuttn ihn krnzzkltn an sdlsk bmd pgssg gttrgvdrsk hgrnokznkld an Ank (nl Lndtzsbmd), hg pkssncnhnt adhhg sug skstntuznkld bkl nh Bgpn-tghd (nl Ogrx), d g `rkltd an dvdltn stkrnbn gbbdbgltn bkod nh bklsdlsk bmd mg rdskpkssncnhd nh rdinod an Mnthdr d hg trgs`niurgznkld adhhg sbnssnkld gtkonbg nl ulgtdblkhking gllnbmnhdltd, prnog Gakrlk d Mkrednodr4, pkn Hyktgra0gvvdrtklk bmdhuhtnog irglad lgrrgznkld, hg Rbndlzg, nltdsg glbmd nl idldrghd bkod nadkhkingadhhg rginkld, pkrtg in nl s nh idrod adhhg sug brnsn.Rd sngok, bkod sdoprd, ghhg `nld adn tdopn9, bntglak ul gutkrd bmd lkl mg skhkprdsntk qudstd tdsn og glbmd, pkdtnbgodltd qugltk brntnbgodltd, hd hkrk no-phnbgznkln odtg`nsnbmd, Jkrid Huns Ckrids, lkl ldoodlk hg prnog vkhtg ldhhg

stkrng bmd sn gvvdrtd ul snonhd sdlsk an pkst-stkrng. Nh Cgrkbbk, ga dsdopnk, gvdvgbkod vkbgznkld qudhhg an rndopnrd, bkl hd sud adhncdrgtd `nlznkln, vnrtuksnson dpndimd=adhhg ogtdrng, nh vuktk hgsbngtk aghhg brnsn adh snstdog idkbdltrnstg (akpkIghnhdk) bmd pkldvg hukok pdr hg prnog vkhtg nl ulg pksnznkld tkpkhkinbgodltd,ilksdkhkinbgodltd d skprgttuttk dsnstdlznghodltd rdhgtnvg. aurgltd qudstkpdrnkak bmd vndld bklbdpntg ulg `nhksk`ng bmd pkssg prkvgrd hdsnstdlzg an Ankskhk gttrgvdrsk hg skspdlsnkld adhhg `dad d husk adhhg hkinbg>, ul, grtd, ulg hdttdr-gturg, ul tdgtrk, ulg ousnbg bmd gccnglk bkod sbkpk nh odtkanbk nl`rglinodltkadhhd rdikhd adhhg trganznkld, hnlbhusnkld an rdinstrn prnog bklsnadrgtn cgssn, hgodrgvnihng gttrgvdrsk nh vnrtuksnsok, ulg `krtd bkopkldltd huanbg, hg odssg nlbkstgltd auccnk adhhg rdght d hg (bklsdiudltd;) dsghtgznkld adhhgrtn`nbnk.Rkstntudlak hd cgttutd `nlghn adhhgltrkpkbdltrnsok gh Lnxkl smkbe, hgsbdsgadhhnl`krogtnbg, sn pu ansdilgrd ul pgrghhdhk ldhhgrtd bmd qudstd brnsn, puranstgltn sdbkhn, mgllk idldrgtk5 sucntk subbdssnvg g qudstg prnog `gsd adhhg akpk-stkrng, vgllk adhnldglaksn aud bkrrdltn spdbuhgrn d snlbrklnbmd, ul pkstokadrlk

purk, qudhhk adn prnon glln =6 (hg bksnaadttg Vnbturds idldrgtnkl76), bmd snpkld nl oglndrg brntnbg d bksbndltd rnspdttk ghhd spdbuhgznkln `nhksk`nbmd prkpkstd

1Ncna.4 Ogx Mkrednodr d Qmdkakr Y. Gakrlk, Anghdttnbg adhhNhhuonlnsok, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 36760 Jdgl-@rglkns Hyktgra, kp. bnt.9 Jkrid Huns Ckrids, Hg sbrntturg adh anknl HGhdpm, @dhtrnldhhn, Onhglk 3662= b`r. Inhhds Adhduzd, Hg pndig: Hdnclnz d nh Cgrkbbk, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 3661>Sdl Adsbgrtds, Odantgznkln odtg`nsnbmdnl Kpdrd `nhksk`nbmd, TQDQ, Qkrnlk 367276Aghhg okstrg Vnbturds burgtg ag Akuihgs Brnop, bmd bkoprdladvg Snbmgra Vrnlbd, HkunsdHgwhdr, Cgrcgrg Eruidr, dbb.


10/95

>

agh pkst-strutturghnsok `rglbdsd77bmd ld mgllk nlqugargtk nh bkltdstk, d ulk pnnlidluk, nhpgstnbmdsnouhgbrghd adhhg Qrglsgvgliugrang, bmd vdad ldhhgssdlzg anlgrrgznkln nh hgsbngpgssgrd pdr ul prdhndvk snstdogtnbk an stnhn trganznklghn ad-bkltdstughnzzgtn. Hg stkrng - k odihnk hd stkrnd - adhhgrtd gssnonhdrgllk bkl ulgrgpnant sdlzg prdbdadltn, nl snltklng bkl nh rntok adhhnl`ks`drg Kbbnadltghd73adtdronlgtk agn prkirdssn adhhg sug tdblkhking, odtkan d tdon ag qudstdlkl-bkrrdltn, idldrglak ulgrtd bmd inkbmn bkl nh odanuo odltrd nlbhuad hg sugbrntnbg, ulgrtd ogtdrnghnstg ghhk stdssk tdopk nl sdlsk ogrxnstg d bklsuonstg, nlbklbhusnkld ulgrtd nrklnbg, bmd `gbdlaksn `krog bkltrgaanbg nh suk pdlsndrk ( hgad`nlnznkld stdssg an nrklng) d vnbdvdrsg, pdrbm ulgrtd pghnlarkog hdiincnhdag dltrgocn n bgpn.Nh rnsbmnk an ulg buhturg snonhd dvnadlzngtk ag Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, ulk adn pn

gbutn bkoodltgtkrn adhhg skbndt g hun bkltdopkrgldg, bmd nltdrpdhhgtk suh suksgiink D ulncus phurgo72skstndld bmd

hg `ulznkld nrklnbg ldhhg lgrrgtnvg pkstokadrlg mg prdsk hd okssd ag ulnltdltk rngcnhntgtnvk. Akvdvg pdr hk pn oglagrd ghhgrng hnpkbrnsng - ulgbdrtg snbuodrg npkbrntg bkl bun nh Vgdsd vdadvg sd stdssk bmd krogn lklstgvg pn nl pndan. Nh prkchdog bmd quglak hnrklng anvdltg an pdr s ulsdophnbd struodltk an ansbkrsk skbnghd, ldh sdlsk bmd lkl prkvkbg pn

ldssul bgocngodltk, skhk ul okak `nbk an `grd... an pgrhgrd d an ginrd,an prdladrd nl inrk tuttn, td bkoprdsk, bkl hg pgurg `khhd an dssdrd prdsknl inrk.71

Rklk hg snbuodrg npkbrntg bkl bun nh Vgdsd vdadvg sd stdssk, nlsndod g ul supdrg-odltk adhhg ogturnt adh odanuo- akvd pdr ogturnt snltdlad hg bkan`nbgznkldan rdikhd lkl sbrnttd, bkl ulg bklsdiudltd stgilgznkld adhhd sud pkssncnhnt - bmdpdr @kstdr Yghhgbd sbgtdlglk hgutkrd`drdlznghnt gttrgvdrsk strgtdind odtghnl-

iunstnbmd ldhhg tdhdvnsnkld, d ulg idldrgznkld an sbrnttkrn brdsbnutg bkl dssg bkodulnbk spdbbmnk suh oklak, g rdphnbgrhg sdon-bklsbngodltd ldhhg hdttdrgturg.74Nl

77Ruhhnopgttk adhhg @rdlbm Qmdkry nl Godrnbg sn vdag @rglkns Bussdt, @rdlbm Qmdkry: @kubguht,Adrrnag, Adhduzd & Bk. ghhgssghtk adhhGodrnbg, Nh Rgiingtkrd, Onhglk 367373@rglbk Cn`k Cdrgran, Qmd Tprnsnli: Kl Vkdtry gla @nlglbd, Rdonktdxt(d), Hks Glidhds 367372Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, D ulncus phurgo nl Qdllns, tv, trniklkodtrng, tkrlgak, onlnouo `gx, Skog366>71Agvna Ynhdy, Qrgauznkld adhhnltdrvnstg g Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbdnl Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, An bgrld dan luhhg, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 367274Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, kp. bnt.


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stnhh agGohdtk(, Irnikrn Ekznltsdv, 7>01)

ag Irgra Idldttd, @niurd NP: Lukvk ansbkrsk adh rgbbkltk, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 7>=9


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qudstk bkltdstk, bkod rnpndigodltk adhhg ogtdrng su sd stdsg, hg odtghnliunstnbgrnsuhtg dssdrd pn bmd ulnltrkspdznkld brntnbg, pnuttkstk hg vng lgturghodltd prd-anhdttg ag ulg idldrgznkld an grtnstn, rdinstn, argoogturimn, gutkrn, bmd vnvklk hgbrnsn an nadltnt an kiln sdlsk, d bmd vdaklk bkod ulnbg ghtdrlgtnvg rnlbmnuadrd nbhnbm okadrlnstn nl ulg stglzg adihn spdbbmn bmd hn rn`hdttg sdlzg `nld.Rdoprd Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, sdoprd su Ckrids bkod irglad pkltd `rg oka-drlnsok d pkstokadrlnsok:70

N sukn rgbbkltn sklk rnpndigtn su sd stdssn da drodtnbn, bkl nh tdrrkrdnlanrdttk an ul inkbk hd bun rdikhd sklk sbklksbnutd d hg bun pkstg tuttk.D hg odltd an qudn rgbbkltn qugsn sdoprd ulg odltd bmd vnvd adltrkd gttrgvdrsk n hncrn. Wudstk pdrbm nh Ckrids sbrnttkrd , `klagodltgh-

odltd, ul hdttkrd. (...) lkl ul bgsk bmd n sukn rgbbkltn onihnkrn snglkspdssk `nltn sgiin, k rdbdlsnkln g hncrn `nttnzn, k bmd gccnglk adn tdstn ghbdltrk adhhg trgog, k bmd gccnglk bkod prktgiklnstn Kodrk, Agltd kGvdrrk. Rd pdr oktnvn grtnstnbk-sdonlghn k ldvrktnbk-pdrsklghn k tuttn daud, Ckrids bkoprnod hdttkrd d sbrnttkrd adltrk ul lukvk tnpk an gidltddstdtnbk, ul gidltd bmd prkaubd rgbbkltn agn rgbbkltn, pdr nh qughd hdiidrd dssdlznghodltd - bklsgpdvkhodltd - ul gttk brdgtnvk. Wudstk, pdr, lklpdrbm Ckrids sng ul odtglgrrgtkrd k ul brntnbk gcnhodltd trgvdstntk,

og pdrbm sg bmd ghhg `nl `nld lkl b an``drdlzg - bmd gssgssnlk d vnttnog,pkhnznkttk d `uiingsbk, gttkrd d pucchnbk sklk hg stdssg bksg. kvvnk bmdqudstk mg nophnbgznkln pkstokadrld (ag qun hg``drogznkld pkltnlg anbun skprg), og qudhhg an Ckrids ulnltunznkld agvvdrk onstnbg, khtrd bmdprk`klag. glbmd spgvdltksg, pdrbm nh bkl`nld trg oklnsok d skhnp-snsok skttnhd d pkrksk, pn hdigtk ghhk spnrntk bmd ghhg odltd nl s d pdrs. D, bkod prkirgoog grtnstnbk, glbmd qudstk tnpk an bkoprdssnkld/

trgsbdladlzg adhhnadltnt nlanvnaughd pgrgakssghd nl qugltk rnbmndadul dikbdltrnsok gssurak ulntk g ul glluhhgodltk qugsn tktghd adhhnk dadhhg pdrsklghnt.79

70Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, Ckrids suh hdttnlk nl An bgrld d an luhhg, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 367279Ncna.


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@kstdr Yghhgbd skstndld qun, sdlzg dspkrsn trkppk pdr dvntgrd an nlbgppgrd nlulg vkhigrd gpkhking adhhg sug stdssg grtd7=, bmd hg odtglgrrgznkld (qun nl sdlskhnliunstnbk, lkl nl sdlsk hyktgranglk) gh suk odihnk lkl rdphnbmn ldbdssgrngodltdhnpkbrnsng bmd ldn sukn nltdltn krninlghn sn prkpkldvg an sbkl`niidrd, k bmd `gbbngadh vnrtuksnsok ogbmngvdhhnbk hg sug ulnbg rginkl adssdrd, og bmd pkssg brdgrd,ldhhg snltdsn `rg okrtd adhhgutkrd d lgsbntg adh hdttkrd7>, ulg lukvg tdrzg`niurg, `gltgsogtnbg, bmd pkssg vnvdrd g odt trg hnlanvnaughnsok adhhg skbndtbkltdopkrgldg d nh bkhhdttnvnsok adhhd irglan lgrrgznkln, trg nh vdrlgbkhgrd adhonbrkbksok d nh ogssn`nbgtk adh ogbrkbksok. Ckrids bn rndsbd irgznd g ulg prksgbmd mg pn nl bkould bkl n trgttgtn odtg`nsnbn d n tdstn sgbrn (hg odtg`nsnbg pngltnbg d vntghd an tuttd hd buhturd ontkpkndtnbg36) bmd bkl hg lgrrgtnvg, ul pultkan vnstg nopdrsklghd, bmd trgsbdlad hg bksbndlzg nlanvnaughd37, brdglak rgbbkltn

bmd vkihnklk dssdrd nlbkrpkrgtn bkod hd `gvkhd an Qdsdk d Gsvdrk, ldh rnbkrakidldrghd adhhg spdbnd d trgsbdladrd pdr`nlk hg `gog adh hkrk brdgtkrd k hdstnlznkldadhhg hnliug nl bun sklk stgtn sbrnttn33.Nl ul sdbkhk bkod qudstk nl bun sbrnvk, bmd agvvdrk mg rnbdvutk nh aklkadhhdqunvghdlzg, skilk an Bghnikhg32, prkprnk hg odt trg adhhncrnagznkldbkod prnlbnpghd oktkrd an brdgznkld an rdght, g ldbdssntgrd ulg bkstgltd nltdr-rkigznkld. Nllglzntuttk bn sn pu bmndadrd sd nh tdrzk nlbhusk ldhhg bkppng bkodul vnrus, d sng ag dstrgrrd, kppurd sd sng ag idldrgrd ldhhnlbkltrk. Vkn, qudstnkl-grd nh odtkak d hd sud nophnbgznkln dtnbmd. Ag Mdidh d Adrrnag pkssngok trgrrdadihn dsdopn an prkbdssn an ncrnagznkld bmd prkchdogtnzznlk ihn kppkstn d lklsnglk rdsn nookcnhn aghhg anvdridlzg adn vdttkrn an qudstk akppnk okvnodltk.Vdr nh `nhksk`k tdadsbk, ldhhg anghdttnbg, bkod ldh anghkik Vhgtklnbk, hg snltdsn hGu`mdculi, nh supdrgodltk, rdsk pkssncnhd skhk aghhk sbkltrk an ulg prnog dhgck-rgznkld (tdsn) d ag ul sdbklak okodltk bmd hg rndhgckrn (gltntdsn). Vdr Adrrnag nhprkbdssk an adbkstruznkld, bmd bknlbnad bkl hg rdagznkld an ulg idldghking adhhg

okrghd31, ghhnlanbgznkld an stgtn hnonlghn, qunlan snltdtnbn, `rg bkppnd anbktkonbmdan tdronln advd ldbdssgrngodltd subbdadrd ulg rnvdhgznkld adhhd idrgrbmnd ga dssd

7=Hg odtglgrrgznkld utnhnzzgtg ag Yghhgbd bkl dsntn suchnon ldn suk prnok rkoglzn. Rn vdag Agvna@kstdr Yghhgbd, Pdrsk Kbbnadltd hnopdrk anrnid nh suk bkrsk, onlnouo `gx, Skog 366> d Agvna @kstdrYghhgbd, Hg sbkpg adh snstdog, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 366=7>Skhgla Cgrtmds, Hg okrtd adhhgutkrdnl Nh crusnk adhhg hnliug, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 7>==36 Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, Ckrids suh hdttnlknl An bgrld d an luhhg, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 367237Ncna.33Jkrid Huns Ckrids bntgtk nl Ncna.32Ghcdrt Bgous, Bghnikhg, Ckopngln, Onhglk 366631b`r. @rndadrnbm Lndtzsbmd, Idldghking adhhg okrghd: ulk sbrnttk pkhdonbk, Gadhpmn, Onhglk 7>=1


14/95

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skttdsd (ogrbgturg)34. Rdccdld ldh prnok, nadghnstg, sdocrn dsnstdrd hg pkssncnhnt anulg Pdrnt Thtnog d an ul nllghzgodltk rgznklghd, odltrd ldh sdbklak hg bnrbk-hgrnt sng bgusg an ul nl`nlntk rnlvnk an sdlsk (lkl dsnstd Pdrnt og skhk nltdrprd-tgznkln), ga gbbkoulgrhn nh okvnodltk, nh anlgonsokghhg qughd skttkpkliklk ihnkppkstn, bkl hk sbkpk an bkihndrd hulnt adh okhtdphnbd d hd ulnt ldhokhtdphnbd.G rgbbkihndrd hdrdant an qudstg gttntuanld, ga gssnonhgrd hg pkdtnbg, nh odtkak dnh odssgiink dtnbk an Ckrids, Mdidh d Adrrnag, bkl Bgrtdsnk bkod prkarkok anulg stkrng bmd sn rnpdtd, ga nlagigrd suhhg okrtd adhhd irglan lgrrgznkln sdlzggccglaklgrsn ghhdhding l sghutgrd nh pkstokadrlk bkod lukvg lgrrgznkld, bklhg bksbndlzg an vnvdrd hg brnsn an uldpkbg anvnsg trg ansnhhusnkld d lkstghing pdr nh`ghhnodltk adhhd utkpnd, nl`krogtnzzgznkld pdrvgsnvg d spdttrk adhhg sug `ghhgbng,oklanghnzzgznkld d vglg rdsnstdlzg adhhd nadltnt hkbghn, gstrgznkld adhhk spgznk

skbnghd ldh suk akppnk anintghd d ldbdssnt an `grd n bkltn bkl hg ogtdrnghnt adhprkprnk bkrpk, nl ul grtnstg `rglbdsd, Vndrrd Muyimd, bmd, g bgvghhk trg sdbklakd tdrzk onhhdllnk, bklvdriklk qudstd bkopkldltn adh ogbrkansbkrsk buhturghd,g``rkltgtd bkl uluridlzg agn bgrgttdrn pkhntnbn d ulg prk`klanssnog sdlsncnhntdstdtnbg.

34Ga dsdopnk ldhhg bkppng an pgrkhd ukok d akllg, ukok sn trkvg ga ul hnvdhhk idrgrbmnbksupdrnkrd nl qugltk tdronld lkl ogrbgtk, pkhnsdogltnbk: ukok pu vkhdr anrd glbmd dssdrduoglk, odltrd akllg mg ulg bgrgttdrnzzgznkld sdogltnbg pn prdbnsg.


15/95

71


16/95

74

Vndrrd MuyimdGcntk ulghhubnlgznkld dhgckrgtgodltd grrdagtg.

Inkrink Ogligldhhn7

Rd lkl dbbdadssn bkl ul sghtk hg lgturgstgtnbg d agtg, sgrdn ad`nlntk ag hdiin.

Idkrids Cgtgnhhd3

Vn bmd hg @rdlbm Qmdkry an Adhduzd, Adrrnag, @kubguht (og glbmd Hgbgl d AdBdrtgu), hg bun rnsklglzg lkl vg bkoulqud skttkvghutgtg, ga gvdrd nh ogiinkrdnopgttk suhhg buhturg grtnstnbg kbbnadltghd g odt glln =6 stgtg hg pkpkhgrnz-zgznkld an ul - `krsd huhtnok - okvnodltk dstdtnbk ouhtnansbnphnlgrd: hmnp-mkp.Nllglzntuttk ga dssdrd rnvkhuznklgrnk nh odtkak usgtk agn AJ pdr hg brdgznkldadhhd cgsn ousnbghn bmd gbbkopgilglk nh rgp: nh sgophnli(bgopnklgturg) an ds-trgttn pn k odlk hulimn ag ghtrg ousnbg5 ghtrds vdrk bmd nh skula bkhhgid drgin stgtk spdrnodltgtk (skprgttuttk ldhhg sbdlg erguttdadsbg d ag bgsn dbbdznklghnbkod n Ldigtnvhgla), og ldhhmnp-mkp bmd husk snstdogtnbk d `ulznklghd ghhgstrutturg adhhg bglzkld (qunlan lkl ldbdssgrngodltd bntgznklnstg) adh sgophnlitrkvg ulg stgcnhnzzgznkld bkod tdblnbg, `nlk g trgsbdladrd n bkl`nln adh idldrd dadssdrd lgturghnzzgtg, nlbkrpkrgtg, ldh ALG buhturghd dsgttgodltd bkod, snlbrkln-bgodltd, stg pdr subbdadrd bkl nh bkpng-nlbkhhg nl`krogtnbk. ldh okodltk nlbun nh rgp bkonlbng ga gbbdadrd, bkganuvgtk aghhg ogssn`nbgznkld odanghd, g `gsbdskbnk-adokirg`nbmd bmd prnog dsbhuadvg g bgusg adh suk idrik d tdon npdrspdbn`nbn

(rnvkhtn ghhg bkoulnt g`rkgodrnbglg), qunlan ldh okodltk nl bun anvdltg g tuttnihn d``dttn cusnldss, bmd nh sgophnli, ldh `rgttdopk sghutgtk bkod grtd, bkonlbngg bkl`niurgrsn bkod dhdodltk an ansturck, g odttdrd nl brnsn hg pdrbdznkld stgi-lgltd bmd hnlaustrng buhturghd mg adhhd nadd an gutkrnghnt d idldsn grtnstnbg bmdrdikhg ag krogn ul sdbkhk d odzzk bkl hd hdiin suh bkpyrnimt.Vgrgakssghodltd, hg bkltrkpgrtd vnsnvg adhhg buhturg mnp-mkp (an bun nh rgp skhk hdoglgznkld ousnbghd), nh irg``ntnsok, ag ulg pgrtd dsghtg hnlanvnaughnt

7 Inkrink Ogligldhhn, Gihn an uhtdrnkrn, Gadhpmn, Onhglk 366>3Idkrids Cgtgnhhd,Dssdrd Krdstdag Hnopkssncnhd, DR, Onhglk 7>>>


17/95

70

adhhgrtnstg bmd nh sgophnli onlg, bkl hg an``usg prgtnbg adh tgiinli, hnsbrnznkldadhhg `nrog an ul wrntdrsun ourn adhhg bntt, rdphnbglak hg pdrvgsnvnt adn hkimnbkoodrbnghn, aghhghtrg ginsbd trgontd ulg `krtd bkhhdttnvnzzgznkld adihn s`krzn,spdssk utnhnzzglak hk spgznk urcglk pdr vdnbkhgrd odssgiin pkhntnbn bmd trgsbdl-aklk hnlanvnauk bkl hg bksbndltnzzgznkld su qudstnkln nltdstnld ghhg bkoulnt bmdhn prkaubd. nl qudstk onhndu buhturghd bmd sn `kroglk Vndrrd Muyimd, bmd nl qudihn gllnstuang ghhbkhd lgtnklghd suprndurd ads Grts Abkrgtn`s2, d, pur ag `kltn an``dr-dltn (bkod Glid Hdbbng d Aglndh Curdl bkod prk`dsskrn g Irdlkchd), grtnstn bmdhk gbbkopgildrgllk pdr tuttg hg bgrrndrg nl qughnt an gonbn d bkhhgckrgtkrn, bkodVmnhnppd Vgrrdlk, Akonlnqud Iklzghdz-@kdrstdr d Vndrrd Jksdpm. Hd stdssd tdkrndadh burgtkrd d brntnbk Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua bkod dstdtnbg rdhgznklghd1dpkstprkauznkld4

bmd rnulnvglk qudihn grtnstn skttk gttntuanln bklanvnsd bnrbg ulg lukvg `krog dtdblnbg adhhg prgtnbg grtnstnbg, sklk adcntrnbn, pn (pkstprkauznkld) k odlk (dstdt-nbg rdhgznklghd) dsphnbntd adhhk Zdntidnstbks cdl pdrbdpntk d nlsndod ad`nlntk aghhgbuhturg mnp-mkp.Rd g bn sn skoog hnopgttk su Muyimd an ulghtrg buhturg ousnbghd an ul adbdl-lnk prdbdadltd, nhpule, skprgttuttk ldhhk spdbn`nbk pgrninlk bkl hg sug drdantsntugznklnstg, sn pkssklk bkonlbngrd g trkvgrd, nl docrnkld, qughn sgrgllk n tdonpkdtnbn, ihn gpprkbbn ghhg tdblnbg lklbm ghhk spgznk ansbkrsnvk stdssk, bmd gb-bkopgildrgllk hgrtnstg, pur bkl dvkhuznkln sniln`nbgtnvd, hulik hgrbk adhhg sugbgrrndrg.Hg pkstprkauznkld, nh sgophnli an grtd Ghtrg (ldh sdlsk phurnok an: an ul ghtrktdopk, an ul ghtrk gutkrd, an ul ghtrk bgopk), skprgttuttk gttnlidlak agh bnldogbkod `krog prdanhdttg d sdon-tktghd adhhg rgpprdsdltgznkld rdghnstg adh oklak,vnvd in ldhhg prnog `gsd adhhg bgrrndrg0an Muyimd, d anvdrsgodltd ag qudhhk bmdstgvg pdr subbdadrd nl ulnltdrg idldrgznkld an grtnstn, lkl bkod odrg bntgznkld,

ghhusnkld ghhnopkssncnhnt an giinulidrd krod lukvd, k adbkltdstughnzzgznkldnrklnbg: pdr qudstk hd rginkln adhhd snlikhd sbdhtd adhhd kpdrd gpprkprngtd agMuyimd bkod Tbbdhhgbbn d ubbdhhnln(Vgskhnln, 7>00), Sdgr Ynlakw(Mntbmbkbe,7>41), Aki Agy G`tdrlkkl(Huodt, 7>94), Adr godrneglnsbmd @rdula(Ydladrs,7>99) k Gthgltnb(D.G. Aupklt, 7>3>) sklk ag trkvgrsn ldhhg``nlnt bklbdttughd

2Godhng Cgrnenl, Vgrghhdh Vrdsdlts: Qmd Grt k` Vndrrd Muyimd, Qmd ONQ Vrdss, Ckstkl 36731Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Dstdtnbg rdhgznklghd, Vkstodang, Onhglk 36764 Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Vkstprkauznkld, Vkstodang, Onhglk 36690Sdoged(7>>1-7>>4), Hds Nlbnvnhs(7>>4), Auccnli(7>>0), Chglbmd-Ldnid Hubnd(7>>9), Gthgltnb, Gt-hgltne, Ghthgltns(7>>9), Hdhhnpsd(7>>=), Rhddptghenli(7>>=), Qmd Qmnra Odokry(7>>>)


18/95

79

k ldhhk spdbn`nbk adhhg stkrng adhhg hkrk prkauznkld. Muyimd sbkopkld grtd`gttnagtn bkl hk sbkpk an `grld dodridrd - d qun nlvdbd sn lktg hg``nlnt bkl nh Adrrnagan Rpdttrn an Ogrx9- hd bklanznkln an prkauznkld, dvnadlzngrld nh rgppkrtk bkl hgrdght bmd sn prkpkliklk an rgpprdsdltgrd, agrd vkbd gihn kpdrgtkrn buhturghnbmd mgllk bkltrncuntk ghhg hkrk brdgznkld d ghhk stdssk tdopk tdltgrd an supdrgrdulgutkrnghnt stgtnbg bmd hd nookcnhnzzn, bnk spdbuhgrd suhhg pkssncnhnt anulk bmd ld trgvghnbmn hg bklanznkld an kpdrd bmnusd nl sd stdssd, d, nl uhtnognstglzg, tkrlglak g Ckrids, `grsn nlbkrpkrgrd ldh rnbkrak idldrghd adhhg spdbnd dtrgsbdladrd pdr`nlk hg `gog adh hkrk brdgtkrd.Wudstk odtkak-gttntuanld bklvnvd (d bklanvnad hd krninln ldhhd anrdttrnbn nlanvnau-gtd bkod `klagodltghn ldihn glln adhhg sug `krogznkld) bkl ulg akppng bklbdzn-kld adhhghtrg ogtdrng prnog bkl hg qughd Muyimd lkl sodttdr ogn an hgvkrgrd

- pdrbm nopkssncnhd g``rglbgrsdld -, hk spgznk-bkrpk: qudhhk nstntuznklghd dqudhhk uoglk. Dltrgocn sklk, ghhk stdssk tdopk, nltdrprdtgtn bkod pndln, bkl-lktgtn ag ulg idkhkinbg sdanodltgznkld stkrnbg d pkhntnbg (lgrrgtnvn, qunlan ag ad-bkstrunrd) d vuktn, purg pktdlznghnt nl gttdsg an kspntgrd lukvd stkrnd d nadltnt(lkl-glbkrg-lgrrgtnvn, qunlan ag bkstrunrd). Tlg snonhd nltunznkld rnbkrag hnadgan(og)=bmd ad`nlnsbd hgrbmntdtturg trganznklghd ingppkldsd: ulk spgznk,qudhhk adhhnltdrlk ingppkldsd, bmd lkl gttnvgtk sd lkl aghhg prdsdlzg uoglg.Hnlstgcnhnt stgtnbg adtdronlgtg agh vuktk anvdltg, bkl hg prdsdlzg, pndlgodltdanlgonbg. Gttdsg da gznkld bkstntunsbklk hd aud `krod, ulg hgtdltd d hghtrg prd-sdltd, adh bkltnluk bgocngodltk.>Rbkpk adhhgrtnstg qunlan `gr sbgturnrd aghd ldhbkltdlntkrd grbmntdttklnbk k tkpkhkinbk, sntugznkln skbnghn anlgonbmd bmd hkgttnvnlk. glbmd g bgusg an qudstg prkonldlzg adh rukhk adhhgrbmntdtturg nltdsgnl sdlsk hgtk, bmd Muyimd, pur lkl ldiglak ulg bdrtg g``nlnt, skprgttuttk ldnprnon hgvkrn76, mg sdoprd rn`uiintk hg``nhngznkld ghhdstdtnbg rdhgznklghd ad`nlntgag Ckurrngua, pdrbdpntg bkod rdstrnttnvg.77Rd qunlan, bkod anbmngrgtk aghhgrtnstg,

qudstg pkdtnbg gh sdrvnznk adhhnltdlznkld an nltdlsn`nbgrd nh pktdlznghd spdbu-hgtnvk an ul agtk bkrpk, bmd sng uoglk k bmd sn trgttn an ulnstntuznkld k ulgsntugznkld73, pdr `grd bn cnskilg gbbdttgrd hnlbdrtk, hnrrgznklghd, hk sbklksbnutk

9Jgbquds Adrrnag, Rpdttrn an Ogrx, Sg``gdhhk Bkrtnlg, Onhglk 7>>0=Rn vdag Grgtg Nskzgen, Og: Jgpgldsd Qnod-Rpgbdnl Qmd Jgpgl Grbmntdbt, l303, `dccrgnk 7>9>>@drlglak Dspudhgs, Nh Puktk: Sn`hdssnkln suhhk spgznk nl grbmntdtturg, Bmrnstngl Ogrnlkttn, Onhglk 367276Hg Qknskl akr(7>>2), Bgstnli(7>>4), Hds Nlbnvnhs(7>>4), Auccnli(7>>0).77 Godhng Cgrnenl, kp. bnt.73Vndrrd Muyimd nl 8mttps://www.ykutucd.bko/wgtbm;v?gSB4n@hx`lT


19/95

7=

nltdrlk adhhg vnhhg nopdrnghd an Egtsurg, Eyktk, bnrbg 74>6

bkpdrtnlg an Vgna nl @uhh (Drnb C. & Sgeno, 7>=9)


20/95

7>

d adbkstrunrd hg hnliug adhhnooginlgrnk adhhgutkrnt lgrrgtnvg.72 Glghnzzngokpdr irgan qudstk stgtdodlt:

nltdlsn`nbgrd nh pktdlznghd spdbuhgtnvk pu sniln`nbgrd odttdrd nl rdhgznkldul agtk bkrpk bkl qudhhk an bmn hk kbbupg (sd ul bkrpk uoglk, hglnog,hnadltnt, sd ul bkrpk nstntuznklghd, n bkrpn uogln), bmd g sug vkhtg sniln`nbgbrdgrd ul rgppkrtk trg hd aud prdsdlzd d hd lgrrgznkln bmd pkrtglk nl s dogltdldrld gttnvk nh okvnodltk `nlk g bmd sn gutkidldrnlk5

nh bkrpk, bkod gccngok vnstk, ag nltdladrsn ldhhg akppng gbbdznkld anogbbmnlg nstntuznklghd bkl ulg spdbn`nbg strgtn`nbgznkld stkrnbg d buhturghd, duoglk bkltdlntkrd an glnod/nadltnt anlgonbmd5 Muyimd giinulid hg sntu-gznkld ag hun brdgtg nl hkbkg kiidttk adhhnltdlsn`nbgznkld, bkod pdr sui-

idrnrd bmd hkpdrgznkld grtnstnbg stdssg ldbdssntn an pgrtnbkhgrn bklanznkln pdrgttnvgrd rdhgznkln5

gbbdttgrd hnlbdrtk, hnrrgznklghd, hk sbklksbnutk nllglzntuttk prdsuppkldhg ldbdssnt adh vuktk bmd pdrodttd qudstd rdhgznkln (bntglak Bghvnlk `grdnh vdrsk ghhg hdttdrgturg ingppkldsd: hgssdlzg an sdlsgznkln su ulg hgrigpgrtd adh bgopk pdrbdttnvk hg bklanznkld ldbdssgrng pdrbm hg sdlsncnhnt snbklbdltrn hkbghodltd d tdopkrghodltd, bks bkod ldhhg ousnbg nh snhdlznk an`klak ldbdssgrnk pdrbm su an dssk sn anstgbbmnlk hd lktd71), pkn, gbbkihndrdnh rukhk adh bgsk ulg vkhtg nlldsbgtd5

adbkstrunrd hg hnliug adhhnooginlgrnk adhhgutkrnt lgrrgtnvg vukh anrd kp-drgrd nh odtkak an Adrrnag bmd sn adsbrnttk nl crdvd gn prkakttn buhturghn (hghnliug adhhnooginlgrnk, noginlgry hgliugidbmd sn pu trgaurrd glbmd bkodhnliug nooginlgrng) bmd lgsbklk aghhd irglan k pnbbkhd lgrrgznkln, oka-drld k pkstokadrld (Muyimd anokstrg ulg prk`klag bkoprdlsnkld adh snil-`nbgtk bmd Hyktgra a an qudstk tdronld: Kiln pdrnkak stkrnbk mg ulg lgr-

rgtnvg bmd brdg rdhgznkln trg hd bksd. (Hg ong) ulg iudrrg bkl hnooginlgrnknl okak ag sdpgrgrd hg stgilgznkld adhhg lgrrgznkld bmd bklidhg hd bksd).

Aurgltd hk stdssk tghe(nh 76 gikstk 3673 gh CGL@@ Bdltrd an Ghcdrtg, Bglgag,bkod pgrtd an Qmd Sdtrdgt an aKBTODLQG 72) akpk gvdr prdsdltgtk nh sukhgvkrk bkl qudstd pgrkhd, Muyimd goodttd hg bkoprdlsnkld tgranvg an ulgbkopkldltd adhhg sug kpdrg bmd ld sdoprd stgtg dssdlzg og ogn ad`nlntg, d

72Ncna.71Ntghk Bghvnlk, Rd ulg lkttd anlvdrlk ul vngiingtkrd, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 7>9>


21/95


22/95

37

Qmd Mkst

gla tmd BhkuaLdh 366> Vndrrd Muyimd, prkirdssnvgodltd stglbk an ul `grd-okstrd stgltnk dprkpkrznklghodltd bksbndltd adihn uhtnon svnhuppn adh suk hgvkrk7, nltdrdssgtk gtdstgrld hd pkssncnhnt nl ul bkltdstk anlgonbk, lkl trganznklghd d bmd pdrodttgulg rdhgznkld pn nltdlsg bkl hk spgznk d pn aurgturg bkl nh tdopk.3G Vgrnin sn

nocgttd ldh Ousd Lgtnklgh ads Grts dt Qrgantnkls Vkpuhgnrds, ul ousdk dtlk-hkinbk adhhg buhturg `khbhkrnstnbg `rglbdsd nlguiurgtk ldh 7>29 d spkstgtk ldhhg suggttughd sdad, prkidttgtg ag Jdgl Aucunsskl (ul ghhndvk an Hd Bkrcusndr), ldh 7>0>,pkn bmnusk ldh 3664 su adbnsnkld adh Onlnstdrk adhhg Buhturg, d rnhkbgtk g Ogr-snihng. G bgtturgrd hgttdlznkld an Muyimd nllglzntuttk hk stgtk hnonlghd an ousdk-`gltgsog, prdsdltd d stkrnbgodltd strgtn`nbgtk2og gssdltd (qunlan gttnvgcnhd), nlsdbklak hukik nh suk skridrd an `nglbk gh Jgranl aGbbhnogtgtnkl, ul pgrbk anvdr-

tnodltn d zkk uoglk nl dpkbg bkhklnghd: hgrtnstg, rdaubd aghhdspdrnodltk @krdstk` Hnldsadhhgllk prdbdadltd ghhKpdrg Mkusd an Rnaldy, bkonlbng g pdlsgrd nhhukik bkod ul hgckrgtkrnk pdr okstrd.1

Qdsk trg hnltdlznkld an brdgrd ul rntrgttk adhhg bklanznkld an dssdrd dspkstnd ul vngiink skiidttnvk ldh bkrpk okrtk adhhg buhturg `rglbdsd okssg agulgttdlznkld sntd-spdbn`nb, Muyimd, pgrghhdhgodltd, pdrbdpnsbd nh ousdk bkodulkbbgsnkld pdr hgvkrgrd suhhg brdsbdltd vkhklt an ghhdltgrd hg prdsg suh bkl-trkhhk adhhd sntugznkln bmd idldrg. Rd nh pgrgakssk stg ldhhg an``nbnhd bklvnvdlzg

adhhg bklanznkld an dssdrd dspkstn bkl nh rukhk adh bgsk nophnbgtk ldhhgssdlzgan bkltrkhhk (an ulgznkld sbrnptdanltdsg sng ldh sdlsk idldrghd an prdvnstg,

7Vndrrd Muyimd, kp. bnt.3Snrernt Qnrgvglnjg, Grt: Vndrrd Muyimd(nltdrvnstg) nl 8 mttp://www.nltdrvndwogigznld.bko/grt/pndrrd-muyimd/5 nl d``dttn nhvnadk sdocrg bkltdldrd nl s, bkod ulg skrtg an npdrtdstk guankvnsnvk, okhtnssnodnspnrgznkln d hgvkrn sng prdbdadltn bmd subbdssnvn adhhgrtnstg prdsdltgtd an vkhtg nlvkhtg ag lgrrgznkln spdzzgtd, onbrk-sniln`nbgltn, `nlk g brdgrd ulg bkstdhhgznkld anpultn bmd sdocrg bkstntunrsn bkod hnltdrk ulnvdrsk an nooginln d stkrnd adhhg sugprkauznkld.Gttrgvdrsk hg hdtturg brntnbg an Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkualdhhg sug dpnbg bkophdssnt,pdr nh suk bkhhkbgrsn nl ulg tdrrg an odzzk trg hkiidttnvk d nh skiidttnvk, nh rdghd dnh pktdlznghd, nh suk nlbucgrd tuttn n tdon su bun Muyimd mg hgvkrgtk `nl agihn nlnznadhhg bgrrndrg d ghhk stdssk tdopk pkrtgrd nl s nh idrod an ulg lukvg trgndttkrng

bmd hk gbbkopgildr nl `uturk, pkssncnhd ulnlaginld gpprk`klantg adn okodltnpn sniln`nbgtnvn adhhkpdrg muyimnglg, ul vngiink ldhhg odltd an ulk adihn gr-tnstn bmd odihnk mg sgputk hdiidrd nh suk tdopk.

> Vndrrd Muyimd, kp. bnt.


25/95

31

ckzzg prdpgrgtkrng pdr Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua


26/95

34

MghhkwddlHg prnog sntugznkld gttnvgtg ag Muyimd pdr Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkuaprdlad hukikga Mghhkwddl. Tlg crdvd stkrng an qudstg `dstnvnt bn gnutg g bkoprdladrd nh sni-ln`nbgtk bmd gbqunstg ldh bkltdstk adhhg pkdtnbg adhhgrtnstg.Nh 7 lkvdocrd hk spgrtngbqud `rg ul gllk girnbkhk d hghtrk. @nlntg hg stginkldadn `ruttn hg tdrrg, bmd mg gbbkhtk n sdon adh `ruodltk adstnlgtn g rnlgsbdrd nl prn-ogvdrg, dltrg ldh pdrnkak adh hdtgrik (...) ul tdopk, ldhhd tdrrd gcntgtd agn Bdhtn,(...) qudstk pdrnkak an pgssgiink drg nh Bgpk agllk: hk sn bmngogvg nl NrhglagRgounl da drg prdbdautk aghhg lkttd bklksbnutg glbkr kiin nl Rbkzng bkod Lks

Ighgl Igdg`, lkttd adhhd Bghdlad anlvdrlk, aurgltd hg qughd n okrtn dltrgvglknl bkoulnbgznkld bkl n vnvn nl ul idldrghd rnodsbkhgodltk bksonbk75 sn pdlsgvgbmd nh okrtk gppgrtdldssd, pdr ul bdrtk tdopk, g dltrgocn n rdiln.3

Wudstg prkssnont an aud oklan kppkstn idldrg pdr ulg an``nbnhd bklvnvdlzg: nad`ultn advklk dssdrd rnvdrntn pdr pktdr nrrgangrd dldrind2pksntnvd sun vnvn d ghhkstdssk tdopk ghhkltglgtn pdr lkl sdaurhn ldihn nl`drn. Hg prgtnbg adh akhbdttk ksbmdrzdttk (trnbe kr trdgt) gvdvg nl krninld bkod sbkpk prkprnk hdsnhnk adn okrtn,nopgurntn agn bkstuon nlakssgtn agn cgocnln bkod g nontgrhn.1Hg (onodsns)d hg pkssncnhnt an ulg bkoprdsdlzg an akonln dssdlznghodltd bkltrgrn sklk n tdonsu bun Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkuabklbdttughodltd spdbuhg, d nh oklak tdrzk ag hkrkidldrgtk, `gltgstnbk d rdghd, klnrnbk d rgznklghd, bmd `kroghodltd dsphnbntg. Hgtrganznkld an Mghhkwddl an akhbdttk k sbmdrzdttk nlvdrtntg: gauhtn krg pgssdi-inglk pdr ul ousdk nlvgsk ag `gltgson adh prdsdltd, adhhg stkrng d adh ontk, ulhukik nh bun pdrsklghd `nttnznk sn gppkiing g an``drdltn hnvdhhn an vntg d grtd.4G `grdag bkltdstk, aulqud: hg `dstg bkod okodltk an skspdlsnkld adn rukhn skbnghn da

dodrsnkld an ulg buhturg nooginln`nbg5 qudstg `dstg ldhhk spdbn`nbk bkod okodl-tk an gccglaklk adhhd pn rganbgtd bdrtdzzd an dssdlzg d nadltnt, trg vntg d okrtdd grtd d vntg.

7Gh`rdak Bgttgcngln, Bghdlagrnk: Hd `dstd, n ontn, hd hdiidlad d n rntn adhhgllk, @dhtrnldhhn, Onhglk 366=3Ncna.2Ncna.1Sklgha Muttkl, Qmd Rtgtnkls k` tmd Rul: G Mnstkry k` tmd Sntugh dgr nl Crntgnl, Kx`kra TlnvdrsntyVrdss, Kx`kra 36674Bkoulnbgtk stgopg Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua nl 8 mttp://www.ogrnglikkaogl.bko/dxmncn-tnkls/3677-67-3=[pndrrd-muyimd/


27/95

30

Nh vnadk sn gprd bkl ulnooginld okhtk sburg akvd pkssngok skhk sbkridrd,ldhhglikhk nl cgssk g adstrg, ul bklnihnk cnglbk. Hg `ulznkld an qudstdltnt vdrrspndigtg nl sdiuntk.Akpk ghbuld sdqudlzd nl cnglbk d ldrk akvd pdrskld trgvdstntd ag sbmdhdtrksvkhiklk `ulznkln an kranlgrng oglutdlznkld adh ousdk, pgssngok ga ulg sbdlgnl ul hgckrgtkrnk, krg g bkhkrn, akvd adhhd aklld, trd vdstntd an bgonbn cnglbmn dulg vdstntg ag strdig, brdglakhd tnpnbmd zubbmd an Mghhkwddl bkod nl ulg spdbndan bgtdlg an okltgiink adhhg buhturg.

@nl ag sucntk bgpngok bmd hncrnagznkld an buhturghd d lgturghd, `nlznklghd d rdghdsn dstdlad ghhg bkrdkirg`ng stdssg adhhgznkld, nl ul bkntk bkltnluk an prkirgoog-tk d bkltnlidltd. Rd pdr Muyimd hg bkrtd ul tdgtrk0, hg srdikhgtdzzg an qudstksnstdog an rgpprdsdltgznkld sn dsphnbntg (tdogtnbgodltd d odtkanbgodltd) ldhhgsdqudlzg subbdssnvg, ulnl`dadhd rnbkstruznkld adh prkbdssk ghhkriglnzzgznkldtdrrkrnstg glgrbmnbg Gbtnkl Anrdbtd, akvd n rukhn an noputgtk, gbbusg d inuanbdsklk spgzn gpdrtn, uln`kron bmd gspdttglk an dssdrd sbgocngtd. Hd cgttutd sklkrdbntgtd sdlzg bklvnlznkld, bkod nl ulg prnog hdtturg idldrghd adh bkpnkld: ulprkbdssk-`grsg n bun dsntn sklk in stgtn adbnsn.Nh bgrldvghdsbk, okodltk adhhg `grsg, ul pnbbk vdrtnbghd ldhhdlbd`ghkirgoogpngttk adihn spgzn d adn tdopn skbnghn ad`nlntn aghhg lkrog, nh oklak pgrghhdhk nlbun sn bkhhkbg Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua. Vdrbdpncnhd skhk ldh bkltdstk an ulg bkhhdt-tnvnt kriglnzzgtg nl rukhn d rkutnld hg bun gadsnkld nopkstg, nh bgrldvghdsbk, hkstnhd an Sgcdhgns pdr Cgbmtnl9bmd nl qudstk hukik bn pn utnhd bkod nlvdlznkldbklbdttughd d gttntuanld, sn nlsdrnsbd bkod bdsurg, hnvdhhgodltk tdopkrgldk an

idrgrbmnd d tdopn sbglantn aghhg pngln`nbgznkld skbnghd.Lkl skhk rgcdhgnsnglk, hgttntuanld an Muyimd rnbkrag glbmd qudhhg adh tnpnbk drkdsganglk, pdr nh qughd sn trgttg an rgiinulidrd ulk stgtk an bkophdtg odsbkhglzgbmd bkopkrtg hg okan`nbgznkld adhhkranld lgturghd, hg skpprdssnkld an qughsngsnlkznkld an kriglnzzgznkld, strutturg k sdpgrgznkld. Bn nophnbg nh `gr vnkhdlzg ghhglgturg, srganbglak hdssdlzg adhhd bksd d pdrbn nstntudlak hg odsbkhglzg gsskhutg.=

0Snrernt Qnrgvglnjg, kp. bnt.9Onbmgnh Cgbmtnl, Sgcdhgns d hg buhturg pkpkhgrd, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 7>>==Jglnld Bmgssdiudt-Ronridh, Brdgtnvnt d pdrvdrsnkld, Sg``gdhhk Bkrtnlg, Onhglk 3660


28/95

39

hg psnbkglghnstg Jglnld Bmgssdiudt-Ronridh g ad`nlnrd hncrnagznkld bkod gttrnc-utk prnlbnpghd adhhd brdgznkln an ul bgrgttdrd pdrvdrsk, pdr hdn rnbklaubncnhd g ulgldigznkld adhhg rdght g `gvkrd an ulg vnsnkld nadghd da dstdtnzzgltd adh oklakbmd prdsdrvn ulg `drntg lgrbnsnstnbg gvvdlutg nl nl`glzng. Tlg pdrsklg snonh-odltd nlbhnlgtg brdglak lukvd bkocnlgznkln an `krod d an idldrn () prdladpkstk adh brdgtkrd d anvdltg ul adonurik. Rn lktn bmd hg pgrkhg ncrnak vndld aghirdbk mycrns, bmd sniln`nbg vnkhdlzg, dbbdssk, bksg dstrdog, dlkront. Hg mcrns pdr n irdbn, bko lktk, nh pdbbgtk pn irglad.>Nl Muyimd qudstk bgrgttdrd sdo-crg bklvnvdrd bkl nh suk kppkstk, ulg tdlsnkld ldvrktnbg ghhg pgrglkng: ul brdadrdnl ul Ghtrk adhhGhtrk, nl ul Ghtrk bmd, lgsbkstk andtrk hGhtrk adhhdsphnbntgtdssnturg skbnghd, prkirgoog (pdr bkod bn gppgrd) ihn d``dttn noprdvnstn adhhg vntgskbnghd d bks igrgltnsbd hg prkprng bklsnstdlzg.76

Dbbk qunlan bmd uln`kron d ogsbmdrd anvdltglk bgopn an cgttgihng, trganznkln drntn odrbn an sbgocnk srdikhgtk. Muyimd utnhnzzg hg tdssnturg bmd kriglnzzg hgskbndt nl rukhn idrgrbmnbn pdr odttdrd nl sbdlg qudstk bkl`hnttk, hg lgturg akp-png adhhd sud tdladlzd, qudstg `dad ldh pgrgakssk hgbglnglk pdr nh qughd nh pgzzklkl skhk ul pdzzdltd bmd pdlsg an dssdrd ul rd, og glbmd ul rd bmd pdlsg andssdrd ul rd.77 nl`gttn ulnlbkrklgznkld g sdiunrd: nh rd Ckegssg adhhNopdrkBdltrg`rnbglk inurg an `rkltd gh suk pkpkhk, og sucntk akpk hd bdhdcrgznkln adhhgrdinlg, hg sbdlg sn spkstg nl ul tdgtrk, d nh rd anvdltg ul ghtrk, bgocng: krg ulvdltrnhkquk sdlzg pupgzzk, bmd rdbntg lukvgodltd (k sn akvrdccd anrd - pdr hgprnog vkhtg;) nh inurgodltk og usglak ul tklk cgssk bmd vndld trgakttk snouh-tgldgodltd ag ulghtrg psduak-rdinlg. Nl okak kppkstk ghhnlbkrklgznkld, hgadtrklnzzgznkld - ghhg qughd ld sdiud ulghtrg d ld sdiunrgllk ghtrd - dsdiuntgsdlzg rntk, vdrrdccd ag anrd spkltgldgodltd, lgturghodltd bkod kppkstk gbuhturghodltd5 Muyimd sdocrg anrbn bmd hg vkhklt adstntudltd sng in bkltd-lutg ldhhdocrnkld an kiln `krog prkirgoogltd.

Bgrldvghdsbk d klnrnbk mgllk nl bkould hnoprdvdancnhnt adihn dsntn, hg hkrk lgtu-rg an vdrtnbn ldh snstdog an rdght, an tgcuhg rgsgan rukhn, spgzn d tdopn, an bmgruokranlgtn, an ogtrnoklnk an nadltnt d ghtdrnt.Lklkstgltd odrburnghd, hnadltnt mg nh bkrpk bkod hnontd pdrbdttnvk adh oklakbnrbkstgltd, bkrpk bmd, bkod hgltrkpkhking nlsdilg, lkl g``gttk ulnvdrsghd ogbuhturghodltd odangtk. Nl aud sdqudlzd adh `nho huoglk g nlbkrpkrgrd hg buh-

>Ncna.76Rhgvkj nde, Qmd Ogtrnx, Onodsns, Rdstk Rgl Inkvglln 367777Bntgtk nl Ncna.


29/95

3=

turg, g sug vkhtg `hunag d nl dvkhuznkld, lkl skiidttg g rdikhg ghbulg sd lkl gihnnlbkltrn bkltnlidltn bkl hg stkrng, gpdrtg g nltrusnkln bmd trgsbdlaklk n tdltgtnvnqughsngsn tdltgtnvk uoglk an rdikhgrhd d iunagrhd. Ldhhg prnog ul rgigzzk cghhghg bkrdkirg`ng an Qmrnhhdran Onbmgdh Jgbeskl. Nh vnadk adhhg bglzkld, anrdttk ldh7>=3 ag Jkml Hglans, spdbuhg bkod Muyimd suhhd nltdr`drdlzd an bkrlnbn lgr-rgtnvd hulg ldhhghtrg d bkl hg buhturg pkpkhgrd bkod bgopk pdr qudstn inkbmn.@gbdlak hdvg suhhgppdrbdznkld adhhk spdttgtkrd, ulg prnog andidsn nl bun Jgbesklsn trgs`krog nl hupk ogllgrk d tdrrkrnzzg hg sug rgigzzg rdsg nllkbug pdr nh sukbkhhkbgrsn ghhnltdrlk an ulg sdbklag bkrlnbd lgrrgtnvg nl bun bgpngok bmd hg prdb-dadltd sn trgttgvg an ul c-okvndgh qughd Jgbeskl d hg sug vdrg rgigzzg stgvglkgssnstdlak ghhnltdrlk an ul bnldog. skhk ul `nho, hg rgssnburg, og pgssdi-inglak an `nglbk g ul bnontdrk, n okrtn prdlaklk vntg d Jgbeskl stdssk anvdltg ulk

zkocn. N lkl-okrtn73nlsbdlglk hg `goksg bkrdkirg`ng d hg bkopgilg an Jgbesklspgvdltgtg bdrbg rnpgrk.Tl ghtrk hnvdhhk supdrnkrd sn gprd quglak vdangok hg rgigzzg svdihngrsn urhglak dbgpngok bmd `gbdvg tuttk pgrtd an ul bkophdssk skilk. Jgbeskl, `naglzgtk gl-bmd nl qudstg bkrlnbd andidtnbg - bmd krogn sngok trkppk pruadltn pdr bmngogrdrdght - sn k``rd an gbbkopgilgrhg g bgsg, og vkhtglaksn d iugraglak nl bgodrg,rnvdhg kbbmn ag hupk ogllgrk.Wudstk rn`drnodltk nltdrtdstughd sdrvd g Muyimd lkl skhk pdr kogiingrdhg``nlnt strutturghd d tdogtnbg bkl nh vnadk an Hglans, og glbmd d skprgttuttk pdrrnbmngogrd nl okak anrdttk qudihn gspdttn ghndln g ulg buhturg - d ghhg `dstg bkodsuk okodltk - og bmd vdliklk nltdrnkrnzzgtn irgznd ghhgznkld pgrtdbnpgtnvgadihn nltdrvdltn adhhg stkrng. Rbmdhdtrn, hupn ogllgrn d zkocn (an krninld pdrsnlkmgntnglg) sklk krogn snockhn adhhnooginlgrnk bkhhdttnvk an ulg `dstg, Mghhkwddl,bmd vdad hg sug krninld nl ulg trganznkld idkirg`nbgodltd, stkrnbgodltd d sno-ckhnbgodltd hkltglg adhhg qughd nh sniln`nbgtk prk`klak - hg bkoulnkld anvnlg trg

nh rdilk adn vnvn d adn okrtn - g odt trg hdssdrd bkophdtgodltd anodltnbgtk dhdssdrd lgturghodltd nlbkrpkrgtk nl lukvn snockhn d trganznkln, lklkstgltd snglkqudhhd nlbkrgiingtd adh bklsuok an ogssg.Hg sdbklag sdqudlzg, g okltgiink ghtdrlgtk, utnhnzzg snonhodltd rn`drnodltnghhg buhturg pkpkhgrd og spkstglak hgttdlznkld suhhg pkdtnbg nadltntgrng d hg sugdvkhuznkld ldhhkpdrg an Muyimd:

73 ag lktgrd bkod nh tdog adhhg hnonlghnt inkbmn spdssk ul rukhk `klagodltghd nl bkopksnznklnbmd sn strutturglk su pn hnvdhhn andidtnbn.


30/95

3>

ulg okadhhg vdstntg ag Sklgha ObAklgha gssuod pksd bkod pdr ulksmkktnli, og sdlzg `ktkirg`k. Vkn nl ul cgilk sn svdstd, sn tkihnd hg pgrrubbg,d nlakssg ul ogltdhhk ldrk. Tlg akllg, bmd kssdrvgvg hg sbdlg, rgbbkihnd nhbkstuod d hk vdstd5

nl ulg stglzg nl pdlkocrg, hg rgigzzg bkh ogltdhhk d ghtrn onstdrnksn pdrskl-giin bkpdrtn nl vkhtk ag ul ogsbmdrg huonlksg trgbbnglk bdrbmn nl tdrrg bkodnl ul sgccg5

hg akllg ldh cgilk sn strubbg, sodttd n pglln ag Sklgha ObAklgha d rnvdstdul bgonbnd cnglbk ag hgckrgtkrnk5

hg okadhhg vndld spkihngtg adh ogltdhhk agihn gadptn adh rntk.

Gccglaklgtk nh prkbdssk an nlanvnaugznkld bkod rngpprkprngznkld - adhhg vkbd,

adhhk spnrntk -, n pdrsklgiin an Vndrrd Muyimd sklk nl prdag ga ulnadltn`nbgznkldsbmnzk`rdlnbg bmd rnbklksbd ldn okadhhn prd`gccrnbgtn aghhg buhturg pkpkhgrd ulpkssncnhd trgvdstnodltk, og sdoprd bksbndltn adhhg hkrk bklanznkld d``nodrg.Hgrtnstg sdocrg gvdr giinkrlgtk hg prkprng pkhntnbg ghhg idldrgznkld pkst-Nltdr-ldt, bkstgltdodltd bklsbng adhhg lgturg an bkooutgtkrn an pgrkhd-bklbdttn bkodnk d tu.Rd nh rntok an Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkuasdocrg irgvd pdr hg oglbglzg anulnopghbgturg lgrrgtnvg, n sukn pdrsklgiin, bmd gcntglk hk spgznk hnonlghd trghdssdrd d hgppgrnrd, sklk rgrgodltd nl bkltdophgznkld: rnbkstrunsbklk, trgogl-aglk, svkhiklk rntn, nlbkrpkrglk nh oklak buhturghd dstdrlk.Nh bkrpk - okrtk; - adhhg buhturg72 bkoulqud rnglnogtk aghhgrtnstg bmd rnbklk-sbd ldhhg `dbklagznkld adhhnlkriglnbk, hnlglnogtk, hgpprkak an ulg `nhksk`ngpdrsklghd bmd prnog gttnlidvg gh skhk ogtdrnghd `nlznklghd. Wudstg pksnznkld pnbmd suiidrnrd ulg brntnbg ghhg bkltdopkrgldnt bkod gssgssnlg adh buhtk d adhbuhturghd, `nihng an ulg vnsnkld adh prkprnk rukhk bkod grtnstg g prnkrn gltntdtnbg

rnspdttk ghhd lgrrgznkln, sdoprd nltdsd nl sdlsk hyktgranglk, bmd strutturglk nhrdghd, g prdsbnladrd aghhd pkhntnbmd bmd nlbgrlglk.Adbkstrunrd nh hnliugiink adhhnooginlgrnk adhhgutkrnt lgrrgtnvg71hk gvvnbnlgghhg hnldg agznkldprkldigtnvgan sntugznklnsok d, gppultk, adbkstruznkld: nl quds-tk sdlsk Muyimd glbmd `nihnk hdinttnok an Adckra bkod adhhgrtd pkstokadrlgadihn glln =6 (hg idldrgznkld an Vnbturds: Eruidr, Hgwhdr, Vrnlbd) d lkl mg ogngccglaklgtk hg tdladlzg g rnogrbgrd hg irgoogtnbg lkl sbrnttg adhhd nadkhkind

72Vndrrd Muyimd, kp. bnt.71Ncna.


31/95

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32/95

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bmd bgrgttdrnzzgvg nl okak pn dsphnbntk n sukn prnon hgvkrn.Bmd pktr `grd suhhg sgccng gsbnuttg, skttk hg hubd adh inkrlk, hg brdgturg nl-tdrgodltd bkopkstg an sbmnuog; Bmd pktr `grd hg odltd, kiln ogttnlg, gh sukrnsvdihnk;74Ldh prnok bgpntkhk an Hg `ghbd adn bndhn, Trsuhg Hd Iunl pgrgiklg hgodltd g ulg odausg bmd ldhhk spgznk klnrnbk sn hgsbng trgspkrtgrd aghhd bkrrdltnadhhnlbklsbnk. Nl qudstk rkoglzk an `gltgsbndlzg, Idkrid Krr, prktgiklnstg,skilg skiln bmd gh rnsvdihnk anvdltglk lukvd rdght bmd sn skstntunsbklk, sdlzgodokrng sd lkl qudhhg adh prkprnk grtd`nbd, ghhd rdght prdbdadltn. Krr dltrg nltdrgpng, og nh akttkr Mgcdr suiidstnklg nh pgzndltd gaakrodltgtk bkl lgrrgznklnan oklan nadghn. Hd utkpnd an Mgcdr `ghhnsbklk ulg akpk hghtrg: hg hkinbg adh iugrn-tkrd lkl pgrhg hg stdssg hnliug adhhnlbklsbnk adh pgzndltd. (Kppurd, glbkrg, kilnutkpng adstnlgtg g lgu`rgigrd;) Lkl sngok prkprndtgrn adn lkstrn skiln, bkod bn

rnbkrag Rhgvkj nde: hnadkhking - nl tuttg hg sug igoog an s`uogturd nlbgrlgtgag Mgcdr - hk psduak-nlbklsbnk bmd strutturg nh rdghd.70Tlnltdrprdtgznkld, kp-pkstg, pktrdccd vdadrd Mgcdr ldh rukhk adhhgrtnstg bmd gssuod n rnsbmn adh pdlsn-drk d nl Krr ul gttnvnstg bmd prkoukvd hgznkld ldhhg rdght bkod ulnbg skhuznkldpdr hg prkprng rdttn`nbg.Muyimd, odausg - bmd skhk pdr nh 3% adhhg ogssg kppkstg aghhdhdodltk bmdgcntg -, lkl dvntg og odttd nl rdhgznkld anbktkond bks gltntdtnbmd, d sd nplktnstgd nplktnzzgtk gppgnklk glbmd ldh suk `nho, pdr odttdrd nl gttk hg bkl-`usnkld anvnrtughd (bkod stgtk gltdrnkrd adhhg bksbndlzg79) d gttughd.Nh tdrgpdutg - ul gttkrd; ul prk`dssnklnstg; - bmndad ghhg rdinlg adpkstg adhhdprkprnd sdlsgznkln aurgltd hg odssg ldrg an qughbmd onlutk (`nhonbk) prnog5drg spgvdltgtg, d hun hd bmndad qughd nooginld hd dvkbg qudstg pgurg: bklnihn nlulg igccng (prnog adh sgccg, akpk hnlbkrklgznkld, stgtg glbmd nhhusnklnstg, mgdstrgttk bklnihn cnglbmn agh bgppdhhk - stg odsbkhglak odokrnd). Gppgrd suhhksbmdrok ul bklnihnk gltrkpkokr`k bmd ogling ulg pgrkhg agn skttktntkhn (nh

pgrgtdstk lkl mg ogn ulg bklanznkld suckranlgtg ldhhd glgrbmnd adhhgrtnstg):Muyimd bn anbd7=bmd hghtdr-dik adh skilgtkrd, qunlan nl`nhtrgznkld adhhg rdghtgttughd an bun nh `nho rdonlnsbdlzg klnrnbg. pdr`dttgodltd lkroghd aulqud bmdsn bncn an ul dhdodltk bmd gppgrtndld ghhg stdssg cgsd kltkhkinbg, kssng dstdrlgghhdvdltk bmd nh skilk.

74Trsuhg E. Hd Iunl, Hg `ghbd adn bndhn, Dantrnbd Lkra, Onhglk 366470Rhgvkj nde,Hkiidttk suchnod adhhnadkhking, Vkltd ghhd Irgznd, Onhglk 367179Mdlrn Cdriskl, Ogtdrng d odokrng, Hgtdrzg, Cgrn 366>7=Snrernt Qnrgvglnjg, kp. bnt.


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Vgrgakssghn sklk nlvdbd `krog d lgturg an qudstk pdrsklgiink: glnoghd og gl-trkpkokr`k, anintghd og gocgsbngtkrd adh rdghd nl tdrrg strglndrg, ga gophn`nbgrdhd gocniunt d ansturcgrd hd anbktkond trganznklghn bmd vdaklk nh anintghd bkododlk-gutdltnbk d huoglk bkod odlk-glnoghd.Hnplksn tdronlg og hg sug rdinstrgznkld guank sn rnpdtd d hg pgzndltd, krg bk-sbndltd d sdautg nl ulg sghg bnldogtkirg`nbg sn `g spdttgtrnbd adhhg sdautg gppdlggvvdlutg5 adhhd ogln glklnod nlsbdlglk hg bklvdrsgznkld prkndttglak hd prkprndkocrd suhhk sbmdrok. G odttdrsn nl gttk lkl skhk nh rnbkrak an ul rnbkrak ogglbmd ulg `gsd an pgssgiink `klagodltghd adhhg psnbkglghnsn: aghhnplksn bkodrndvkbgznkld noodangtg an anlgonbmd psnbmnbmd ghhg rgpprdsdltgznkld tdgtrghdan qudstd ag pgrtd adh pgzndltd ldh trgls`drtbkl nh tdrgpdutg. Hg trgshgznkld brdgbks ulg prkvnlbng nltdrodang `rg hg oghgttng d hg vntg, gttrgvdrsk hg qughd pks-

sncnhd nh pgssgiink aghhg prnog ghhg sdbklag.7>Wudstg rn-prdsdltgznkld adh bkhhkqunk nplktnbk pktr bkganuvgrd ghhg iugrninkld;Bkhhkbglaksn nl ul hkkp sdlzg krninld an drrglzd klnrnbmd d subbdssnvd rgznklghnz-zgznkln, nh prkbdssk, pn bmd n sukn dsntn pkssncnhn - bmd lkl dodriklk ldh `nho - grnbkragrd hnldrzngbkod pgrganiog `rduanglk d hg puhsnkld an okrtd bkod trgs-`krogtnvg adhhg rnpdtnznkld nl nstnltk pksntnvk, g``drogtnvk.36

Nh `hussk mg nlkhtrd bkod kcndttnvk nh rndopnodltk an hgbuld adhhg odokrng: skhkldhhg rgpprdsdltgznkld adhhd kocrd bnldsn g dodridrd ul okodltk adhhnplksn`klagodltghd ghhg stdssk okak ghhg pktdlznghd bkoprdlsnkld angilkstnbg adhbgsk bmd ghhuhtdrnkrd sogrrnodltk adn bkl`nln an qudstg onsd dl gcyodlgr-rgtnvg. Rkilgvg an dssdrd ldhhd stkrnd, bmd `kssd vdrk quglak hd anbdvglk Bdrgulg vkhtg. Pkhdvn rdghnzzgrd n tukn skiln, inustk; Pkhdvk vnvdrd ldhhg `ngcgVdgu ald(Vdhhd agsnlk). An qudstg `ngcg hg pgzndltd rnbkrag hgagttgodltkbnldogtkirg`nbk, nh (tpks) rnbkrrdltd adh hncrk bmd sn gprd, hd nooginln bmdprdlaklk vntg, ldhhd qughn sn pu dltrgrd. Hg akllg dsprnod nh adsnadrnk, nl`gl-

tnhd qugltk gttughd, an gcntgrd nh pdrsklgiink adhhg prktgiklnstg, pdr rn`uingrbnsn,bkod sd sn sdltnssd odlk ghndlg ldh bkrpk an ul Ghtrk, skprgttuttk quglak qudstnlkl bmd ul prkakttk adhhg `gltgsng.

7>Rnioula @rdua, Snbkragrd, rnpdtdrd d rndhgckrgrdnl Kpdrd, Ckhhgtn Ckrnlimndrn, Qkrnlk 367236Inhhds Adhduzd, An``drdlzg d rnpdtnznkld, Sg``gdhhk Bkrtnlg, Onhglk 7>>9


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Rgl PghdltnlkHg sdbklag sntugznkld prkvkbgtg ag Muyimd gh Ousd ads grts dt trgantnklspkpuhgnrds mg hukik nh 71 `dccrgnk, nh inkrlk an Rgl Pghdltnlk. Wudstg `dstnvnt bmdbdhdcrg hgokrd rkogltnbk gppgrtndld, bkod Mghhkwddl, g qudhhd psduak `dstd adhBklsuok nlakttk7nh bun sniln`nbgtk krninlgrnk sn pdrad ldhhg stkrng - d vdad bdh-dcrgtk ul Rgltk `nttnznk nl rdght bkopkstk ag aud `niurd stkrnbmd bklùsd nl ulgskhg hdiidlag, pkpkhgrnzzgtg ag Jgbkpk ag Pgrginld3-, gh qughd vndld skvrgno-prdssg ulg trganznkld pkstnbbng bmd sn gagttn ghhg skbndt lukvg.Hg rdtd an rdhgznkln nltdssutg agn pdr`krodr adh vnadk nl qudstg sdbklag pgrtd

rnsuhtg pn nl`krod d odlk bkltrkhhgtg aghhgrtnstg, pur dodridlak sdiln d ldssnnltdrtdstughn bmd vgllk hdttn glbkrg bkod ghhnltdrlk an uldsdidsn adhhd tdogtnbmdbgrd ghhgrtnstg, qun nl pgrtnbkhgr okak ghhg vninhng an ul lukvk gpprkbbnk.Rn in vnstk bkod Muyimd tdltn an rnskhvdrd kppksnznkln anghdttnbmd (gttughd/vnr-tughd, noogldltd/pkssncnhd, dbb.) trgontd ulg adbkstruznkld d subbdssnvg ùsnkld.Hncrnagznkld pdr Muyimd bkonlbng gttkrlk gh 366=, bkl @krdst k` Hnlds(og sd lddrglk in vnstd hd prnod d``hkrdsbdlzd ldh 3664 bkl G Jkurldy Qmgt Ygslt) ga gs-suodrd n bkllktgtn an ulg vntghnt drktnbg bmd sd an``drnsbd agh odtkak prdbdadltd pdr hg adhdig ghhg bkltnlidlzg, gh bgsk d ghhd puhsnkln noprdvdancnhn adn pdr`kro-drs bkod gidltn anrdttn ldhhg bkstruznkld an kpdrd bmd ùliklk sdoprd ag spgznkpdr hnlbkltrk. Tl rntkrlk ghhdstdtnbg rdhgznklghd2, aghhg qughd pdr Muyimd mgsdoprd prdsk hd anstglzd1, k, pn gadiugtgodltd, hg skttksbrnznkld an ul nopdilkbkould g `huxus: qudhhg an `kladrd grtd d vntg, lkl nl qugltk spgzn ansbkrsnvnan``drdltn og bkod gidltn an nl`hudlzg rdbnprkbn, an dhnonlgrd hg idrgrbmng bmd ldnopkld ulg bkod okodltk adhhghtrg.

Wudstk`hnrtbkl h(drks) sn inkbg pdr hg prnog vkhtg nl Muyimd suh tdrrntkrnkadhhgokrd rkogltnbk ldhhd sdqudlzd an Rgl Pghdltnlk an Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua.Nh bgpntkhk sn gprd bkl ghbuld sbdld bmd rntrgiiklk hg prdpgrgznkld adhhdtrganznklghn - nl @rglbng, odltrd nl Godrnbg tnpnbmd an Mghhkwddl -pkoodsagokurd an ulg cglag bmd suklg nh oktnvk an Vndrnlk d nh hupkan Vrkek` dv, ùl-idlak pkn ag bkhkllg sklkrg ghhd drrglzd an ul lukvk rd.7Gh`rdak Bgttgcngln, kp. bnt.3Ncna.2Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Dstdtnbg rdhgznklghd, Vkstodang, Onhglk 36761Godhng Cgrnenl, kp. bnt.


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Wughbmd onlutk akpk ul bdrnoklndrd adhhg odssg ldrg, glbkrg ogsbmdrgtk, rgb-bkltg ulg stkrng g adn cgocnln, bmd gsbkhtglk nl bdrbmnk. Rn trgttglk an dstrgttnagh rkoglzk Qrgjdts dt ntnlrgnrds ad hkuchn4adhhgutkrd an `gltgsbndlzg d hdttdr-gturg gltgstnbg Rdrid Crusskhk. Ldh vnadk vndld prnog rgbbkltgtk, pkn nlsbdlgtk,hnlbkltrk an ulg tghd Dhsy bkl Ogry, ulg akllg, luag, bmd pkrtg nl crgbbnk ul

cgocnlk, d nh suk skilk, ldh qughd vgig bkod ul`gltgsogtrg hd sghd adh ousdk,prnog an spgrnrd. Hg hdtturg an Qrgjdts dt ntnlrgnrds ad hkuchnbn gnutg idttgrd hdcgsn pdr hg bkoprdlsnkld an okhtg grtd an Muyimd g vdlnrd. Hg stkrng lgrrg an ulckridsnglk0ousdk-hgcnrnltk irglad bkod ulg bntt ldh qughd sklk dspkstn sur-rdghn grtd`gttn: kiidttn ausk an ul pkpkhk ghndlk k kpdrd agrtd nl gttdsg an dssdrdbkoprdsd, sdiln nl gttdsg an sniln`nbgtn; Tlg bkppng spksgtg an rnbdrbgtkrn, Dhsy dIdkrid, nlvntgtg agh Onlnstdrk adhhd Grtn d adhhg Buhturg g stnhgrd ul nlvdltgrnkadh ousdk, nlbgrlg d pdr`krog n aughnson bmd Muyimd tdltg an rnskhvdrd og bmdldh tdstk sklk hgsbngtn pgrghhdhn d ogn sn nlbkltrdrgllk: qudstg bklbdznkld adnoglu`gttn bkod adsnil, gppgrtdldltn ghhg s`drg adhhg `ulznkld, qunlan g qudhhgadhhg vntg, kppkstg g ulg vnsnkld sgbrghd bmd hn bkhhkbg ldhhk spgznk adhhgrtd, ogglbmd hg an``drdlzg ldhhgpprkbbnk adn aud ghhg rnbdrbg (bmd, rnbkrak, dsgttgodltdhg onssnkld drktnbg), qudhhg an Dhsy nltdrrkttg - k bkltnlugtg pdr sdoprd - ldhhgvntg vdidtgtnvg bmd gvdvg sdoprd skilgtk, qudhhg an Idkrid adstnlgtg g rnpdtdrsn`nlk gh `ghhnodltk `nlghd. Nh pgrgakssk bmd Qrgjdtsodttd nl sbdlg qudhhk an ulg

pdrbdznkld adhhg lgturg bkod vntghd d anlgonbg og bmd nl`nld rnsuhtn nl ulg stgsn,bkltrgppkstk g ulg bkltdophgznkld adhhgrtd, nlkriglnbg, bmd nlldsbmn ul oktkpdrpdtuk. G `grd ag sbdlkirg`ng g qudstg tdlsnkld, bmd hk stdssk pultk an pgrtdl-zg pdr hd kpdrd subbdssnvd an Muyimd, ul hukik nldsphkrgcnhd pdr hg sug nhhnon-tgtdzzg: odtg`krg adhhg bklanznkld pkst-stkrnbg bkltdopkrgldg.Tl ghtrk pgssk adh hncrk okstrg nlvdbd nh pgssgiink an Muyimd aghhgttntuanld an-agttnbg g `nln pkhntnbk-pkdtnbn adhhd prnod kpdrd g qudstg lukvg `gsd bmd ogltdlignh onstdrk adhhkpdrg agrtd gttnvk g``nlbm bgtghnzzn gznkld. Tlg adhhd nlbklbdpncnhnsghd adh ousdk nooginlgtk ag Crusskhk bkltndld ul buck an bdrg5 hdiidlag vukhdbmd ghhnltdrlk an qudstg sn bdhn ulg stgtug, glbmdssg an bdrg, an strgkranlgrng ognlvnsncnhd cdhhdzzg. Nh qudsntk bmd nopdilg hd odltn an stkrnbn adhhgrtd d burnksn bkod rnoukvdrd nh chkbbk bmd prktdiid nh bgpkhgvkrk sdlzg anstruiidrhk k`kladrhk. Rgr Dhsy, lkl Idkrid, rd`rgttgrng ghhgttrgznkld adhhnlutnhd, ga grrnvgrdg rnskhvdrd nh prkchdog, og bgar nl uluhtdrnkrd nopgssd: hncdrglak hg stgtug, dssg

4Rdrid Crusskhk, Qrgjdts dt ntnlrgnrds ad hkuchn, Ighhnogra, Vgrnin 36620Jkrid Huns Ckrids, Hg cnchnktdbg an Cgcdhdd Nh ingranlk adn sdltndrn bmd sn nlbrkbnglknl @nlznkln, Dnl-guan, Qkrnlk 3664


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anvdltdr skhk ulg stgtug trg onhnkln d pdradr hg sug suiidstnkld. Adbnadr anprdsdrvgrd nh suk sdirdtk: hdsnstdlzg adhhkpdrg agrtd inustn`nbgtg aghhg `gsbnlg-znkld bmd dsdrbntg, oukvdlak ghhgznkld (nltdsg glbmd d skprgttuttk bkod rnbdrbgan bklksbdlzg), lkl ghhg purg bkltdophgznkld, nh suk spdttgtkrd-spgsnogltd.

Nl Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkuaqudstn rn`drnodltn sklk gppdlg gbbdllgtn g bgusg adhhgsug strutturg nladtdronlgtg d bghdnaksbkpnbg bmd pu prdvdadrd skhk nh anlgonsokadhhg sug rdtd an lgrrgznkln, bkltnlugodltd nlnzngtd d nltdrrkttd, nl okak agogltdldrld gttnvg hg vntghnt, bmd mg bkod `krzg oktrnbd skhk hg vkihng an rgb-bkltgrd, agbbuouhgrd stkrnd su stkrnd, sdlzg prdtdladrd anopkrtn ulg vnsnkld adhoklak, og skhk an `grtn gssnstdrd ghhg prkprng brdsbntg.9Nl oglndrg odlk hdttdrghdan Qrgjdts dt ntnlrgnrds ad hkuchn, ulghtrg stkrng agokrd rnbmngogtg ghhg odltd agulg sbdlg subbdssnvg. G ulg akllg vdliklk skoonlnstrgtd adhhd pnhhkhd, gpphnbgtnadihn dhdttrkan suhhd tdopnd, `gttg nlakssgrd ulg ogsbmdrg d, odltrd akrod, rgb-bkltgtg hg stkrng adn `klagtkrn an Gpphd, nh akppnk Rtdvd, Ykzlnge d Jkcs, skrtgqugsn ga grbmdtnpk bkltdopkrgldk adhhg brdgznkld pdr nlbkltrk an kppkstn - nl

qudstk bgsk an bgrgttdrd d gcnhnt, lkl kltkhkinbn. Iugraglak hg sbdlg nopks-sncnhd lkl pdlsgrd g ulghtrg stkrng agokrd, Hg jdtdan Bmrns Ogredr (7>03),bkrtkodtrgiink spdrnodltghd anopkrtglzg bgpntghd pdr hg stkrng nltdhhdttughd`rglbdsd, nh bun gutkrd lkl lukvk ghhd bntgznkln an Muyimd.=Ldh bkrtk an `gltgs-bndlzg nh prktgiklnstg vndld utnhnzzgtk bkod bgvng pdr dspdrnodltn brklklgutnbnbmd ldbdssntglk struodltn snonhn g qudhhn okstrgtn ldhhg sdqudlzg an Qmd Mkstgla tmd Bhkua. Ldn sukn vngiin ldh pgssgtk sn nllgokrg an ulg akllg, gppgrnznkldag ul suk rnbkrak nl`gltnhd. Dvdry hkvd stkry ns g imkst stkry bn rnbkrag Agvna@kstdr Yghhgbd>, d lkl ul bgsk bmd glbmd qudstg gccng bkod hukik adh suk gc-cglaklk ul ousdk, dtdrktkpng adh tdopk bmd sn gbbuouhg ghhnl`nlntk.76

Nh tdrzk gbbdllk sniln`nbgltd g spdbuhgrd su drktnsok, nl`glzng d okrtd, d gutnhnzzgrd hg vkbd bkod odanuo an bkoulnbgznkld, hg an``usnkld, nl ulg stglzg

9Ntghk Bghvnlk, kp. bnt.=Nh tntkhk bkl nh qughd `u anstrncuntk ldhhd grdd glihk`kld nh suk akbuodltgrnk adh 7>99 Hd `kla adhgnr dst rkuid(G Irnl Yntmkut g Bgt) bntgtk nl ul inkbk an pgrkhd pdr nh tntkhk adhhgttk `nlghd an LkImkst Just g Rmdhh, G Ronhd Yntmkut g Bgt(3664), g sug vkhtg bntglak Hdwns Bgrrkhh.>b`r. A.Q. Ogx, Dvdry hkvd stkry ns g imkst stkry: G hn`d k` Agvna @kstdr Yghhgbd, Vdliunl, Hklarg 367276Onbmdh @kubguht, Ttkpnd Dtdrktkpnd, Brklkpnk, Lgpkhn 3677


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nhhuonlgtg ag hubd rkssg, an Yutmdrnli Mdnimts an Egtd Cusm. Nh tdstk adhhg bdhd-crd bglzkld bntg ulkpdrg bmd mg sdilgtk ulg tgppg `klagodltghd ldh ansbkrskpkdtnbk su qudstn tdon, hkoklnok Yutmdrnli Mdnimts(Bnod tdopdstksd) an DonhyCrklt.77Nl qudstk rkoglzk iktnbk, hgokrd okrcksk trg Mdgtmbhn`` d Bgtmdrnldpkrtg nh prnok ghhg vnkhdlzg d hg sdbklag ghhg okrtd. Vdr Idkrids Cgtgnhhd73hd an`-

`nbkht bmd qudstk gokrd nlbkltrg sklk qudhhd bgusgtd ag ulg okrghd nopkstg, bmdn aud rnskhvklk adbnadlak an sbmndrgrsn aghhg pgrtd adh Oghd. Lklkstgltd rnogstgnlbklsuogtg, hg hkrk rdhgznkld bgrgttdrnzzgtg aghhg trgsirdssnkld trginbg adhhghdiid72, gttg ghhg prdsdrvgznkld an qudhhg vntghnt sdhvgiing d prd-okrghd bmd ncgocnln mgllk vnssutk nlsndod `ukrn agh oklak71, ag `glbnuhhn.Gh bkltrgrnk, Cgtgnhhd bmngog okrtd qudstg dldring bmd vdad ldhhdstgsn sdlsu-ghd, ldhhk sakppngodltk bmd mg bkod bklanznkld husbntg ag R, ldh okrnrd g sdstdssn suh qughd pkiinglk onstnbg brnstnglg d nlaunsok, nh suk ogssnok bkopn-odltk. Nl kiln bgsk, g nltdrdssgrd Muyimd nh okak nl bun hgophdssk d hg hdtturgsgsskonihnglk an pn () gh hkrk nltdrlk sgprklk tdopn d spgzn anvdrsn agh tdopkd aghhk spgznk onsurgcnhn74d n tdltgtnvn an tdldrd nl vntg qudstn okodltn-pkrtghn.Wudstg tdlsnkld rnskhtg nl Yutmdrnli Mdnimts`nlk ghhd sud dstrdod bklsdiu-dlzd prkprnk g bgusg adh rn`nutk an ul oklak bmd prdvdag bkoprkodssn, skbnghdqunlan okrghd, skvrgnopkstk nhhuskrngodltd gh prkprnk oklak nl`gltnhd nadghnz-zgtk da dstdtnzzgltd, ldhhg ldigznkld `nlk ghhkchnk an ulg `drntg lgrbnsnstnbg bmd

vdad bkod ulnbg skhuznkld nh rn`uink nl bkopkrtgodltn pdrvdrsn.70

Cusm a vkbdghhk spdttrk an Bgtmdrnld cgocnlg bmd ldh tdrzk bgpntkhk adh rkoglzk cussg ghhg`nldstrg adhhg bgsg adhhgogtk, h g tdstnoklnglzg, trg nh vnvdltd d nh lkl vnvdltd, anqudstnadg pdr hg qughd ihn ghtrn rnsuhtgtn (adn qughn hg lkstrg rdght skhk ulk adnpkssncnhn) lkl vdliklk sdophnbdodltd dhnonlgtn og bkltnluglk g pdrsdiuntgrd hglkstrg rdght (...) nl qugltk spdttrn an bn bmd sgrdccd pktutk subbdadrd.79Bn bmdsgrdccd pktutk subbdadrd prdbnsgodltd nh tdrrntkrnk tdopkrghd adhhg vnrtughnt,bmd Vndrrd Muyimd bklbdpnsbd bkod `klagodltghodltd gpdrtk g bkltnlun sbgocnbkl nh lkstrk spgznk-tdopk, qudhhk adhhgttughnt. Hd sbnltnhhd an sdlsk bmd drglkn rgbbkltn gokrksn adhhd sdqudlzd prdbdadltn bn hgsbnglk d, akpk ghbuld sbdld nl

77Donhy Crklt, Bnod tdopdstksd, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 366073Idkrids Cgtgnhhd, Hg hdttdrgturg d nh oghd, RD, Onhglk 366>72Ncna.71Ncna.74Ntghk Bghvnlk, kp. bnt.70Jglnld Bmgssdiudt-Ronridh, kp. bnt.79Rhgvkj nde, Mntbmbkbe: pkssncnhd inrgrd nh rdoged an ul `nho;, Onodsns, Rdstk Rgl Inkvglln 3676


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bun adhhd kpdrd prdbdadltn an Muyimd7=vdliklk nlsbgtkhgtd agn bdrnoklndrn nl ulgskrtg an bgtdlg an okltgiink, ul ghtrk nlirglgiink lgrrgtnvk vndld gvvngtk.Ldhhg sghg bmd ldhhg prnog sntugznkld (Mghhkwddl) gvdvg kspntgtk nh prkbdsskga Gbtnkl Anrdbtd krg sn rgaulglk n bdrnoklndrn ogsbmdrgtn. Tlk an qudstn, bmdnlakssg nh ogltdhhk adh rd, sn sndad gh cglbk adh inuanbd d bkonlbng g rgbbkltgrd

ulg stkrng. Rn trgttg an `gttn rdghodltd gbbgautn, rnpkrtgtn nl ul grtnbkhk adh Pnh-hgid Pknbd7>agh qughd hk stkrytdhhdrhdiid. Hg stkrng - vdrg - sn svkhid sun aud pnglncnlgrn an rdghd d vnrtughd bmd nlbnaklk trg an hkrk skttnhodltd: rgbbkltg an ulk adnprnon ulnvdrsn vnrtughn OTA (Ouhtn-Tsdr Anodlsnkl) bmngogtk HgocagOKK.Hglbngtg ldh 7>>6, qudstg bkoulnt klhnld rntrkvk an onihngng an inkbgtkrn mginkbgtk ul rukhk `klagodltghd ldhhgpdrturg adhhg pdrbdznkld adh wdc ghhg sugbgrgttdrnstnbg nltrnlsdbg an nlbucgtkrd pdr hg rnprkauznkld an anlgonbmd skbnghnbklksbnutd d ghhk stdssk tdopk an pkrtk `rglbk pdr hg spdrnodltgznkld an lukvd.Nh hukik an qudstg rnvkhuznkld bklbdttughd stgtk qudhhk spgznk nlad`nlncnhd nltds-sutk aghhd rdhgznkln trg ghbuln utdltn adhhg rdtd, odltrd hg adtdronlgznkld an ultdopk pu dssdrd pn prdbnsg: nh 7>>2, trg rgopgltd pkpkhgrnzzgznkld adh pksn-tnvnsok anintghd d strnsbngltd nlsnlugznkld adhhg pgrglkng an `nld onhhdllnk ldhhgpsnbks`drg bkhhdttnvg.Hgrtnbkhk, d nh lgrrgtkrd adh vnadk, rgbbkltglk hg stkrng an vnkhdlzd d stuprnvnrtughn ga kpdrg an ul utdltd an HgocagOKK, Or. Culihd, gn aglln an ghtrn in-

kbgtkrn. Dssdlak qudstg pngttg`krog tdxt-cgsdaghhg stdssg oglndrg nl bun ul inkbkan rukhk bkod Aulidkls & Argikls cgsgtk suhhg vkbd, qunlan akvd hd gznklnadn inkbgtkrn sklk adsbrnttd aghhg hkrk dlulbngznkld d luhhg pn, hgcusk mg bkodulnbk hukik hg psnbmd adhhd sud vnttnod, bkstrdttd aghhg hkinbg adh inkbk g vnsu-ghnzzgrhk odltghodltd. Hd vnttnod an Or. Culihd rnbmndaklk hg sug dspuhsnkld,skstdldlak an dssdrd stgtd prk`klagodltd turcgtd aghhg vnkhdlzg, lklkstgltd dssgsng gvvdlutg dsbhusnvgodltd ldhhg hkrk psnbmd. Og pkssncnhd kcndttgrd bmd hd bkl-sdiudlzd an ul snonhd gttk rdstnlk bkl`nlgtd ghhnltdrlk adh oklak pgrghhdhk ldhqughd gvvdliklk glbmd akpk hnltrkauznkld ldn bkanbn pdlghn an okhtn Rtgtn adhrdgtk an bycdrcuhhnsok; Hd nophnbgznkln adn `gttn an HgocagOKK, sd lkl mgllkan pdr s bkstntuntk ul prdbdadltd pdlghd, mgllk ad`nlntnvgodltd adbrdtgtk hg `nldadhhglgrbmng bkod `krog an gutkikvdrlk adhhg bkoulnt, kcchniglakhg g adbnsnklndtnbmd suhhg spdrnodltgznkld an lukvn kranln. Hgbbkult an Or. Culihd `u bmnuskd ul snstdog an vktk trgontd pdtnznkln nltrkakttk, odltrd nh ancgttntk sun pktdrn an

7=Hd ogsbmdrd anHg tknskl akr(7>>2) d Ad Mkry Okanihngln(3669).7>Juhngl Anccdhh, G rgpd nl bycdrspgbdnl Qmd Pnhhgid Pknbd, 32 anbdocrd 7>>2, anspklncnhd ghhTSH8mttp://www.vnhhgidvknbd.bko/3664-76-7=/spdbnghs/g-rgpd-nl-bycdrspgbd


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ul kriglk an pkhnzng nltdrlk susbnt pdrphdssnt trg okhtn utdltn.Muyimd utnhnzzg qudstg vnbdlag pdr rn`hdttdrd glbkrg suhhd pktdlznghnt an gznkldadh vnrtughd ldh rdghd d hg hkrk pkssncnhd nlbnadlzg: hd sbdld adhhg vnkhdlzg sklkpdr`krogtd ag aud gttkrn (lkl ogsbmdrgtn), ul ukok bmd oglnpkhg ulg ogrnkldttgrg``niurgltd hg akllg bmd ihn stg agvgltn, bmd snlbrklnbgodltd onog pgssnvg-

odltd hd oglnpkhgznkln ghhd qughn skttkpkstg, bkod nl bkoulnbgznkld tdhdbn-ldtnbg bkl hgutkog. @krsd pdr hg prnog vkhtg pdr, Muyimd vg khtrd hg vnsnkldrkogltnbg adhhg pkssncnhd snltdsn an rdghd d suk bkltrgrnk d nltrkaubd ul auccnksuhhg `dhnbd bkdsnstdlzg an qudstn kppkstn, odantglak suhhg rdhgznkld rkvdsbngtgtrg n aud stgtn: sdlzg bmd bn sng cnskilk an ulg Pdrwnrruli(bkl`usnkld) adhhkranldbkstntuntk prkprnk pdrbm hg vnrtughnt utkpng nl vntrk adhhglgrbmng, g `rkltd anuldodridlzg, nh rdghd d hg tdladlzg uoglg ghhnstntuznkld an Kraluli(kranld)dodriklk glbmd nl ulg strutturg krnzzkltghd d gltn-bhgssnstg bkod hg rdtd.

Lklkstgltd nh skiidttk krg dsphnbntgodltd sganglk adhhd uhtnod aud lgrrgznkln,dodrid ul Muyimd skspdttksk vdrsk hg vnkhdlzg bkod vkhklt uln`nbgtrnbd,

sdocrg vkhdrbn anrd bmd hg tdladlzg vdrsk hghtrk, nh adsnadrnk an bklvnvdlzg d hgrnprkauznkld an ul tdrzk snltdtnbk advklk dssdrd bklanvnsd ag dltrgocn ihn kppks-tn anghdttnbn, bmd snglk dssn pdrskld k oklan, pdr ulg `ulznklgltd bkkpdrgznkld.Hg pkssncnhnt stdssg adh okvnodltk nl anrdznkld rdbnprkbg sgr g``rkltgtgaghhgrtnstg ldhhg `gsd sucntk subbdssnvg g Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkuautnhnzzglak sns-tdon trg s nlan``drdltn, bkod pdr kssdrvgrd hd bklanznkln bmd sn adccglk `krogrdpdr hg anlgonbg an ul bkltgttk5 qudstk lkl glbkrg nh hukik pdr adh `rdaakansnlbgltk bmd sdiunr: hg sntugznkld an Rgl Pghdltnlk sn bklbhuad bkl sdqudlzdnltnod d tuttk skoogtk g``drogtnvd.Tl ukok vdstntk bkl ul skoogrnk bkstuod ag rkcktan bgrtkld sn giinrg pdr hdstglzd adh ousdk: Hkliokl Ygli, ul gttkrd prk`dssnklnstg, bmd bn rgbbkltghg sug stkrng - k odihnk, bkod pdr tuttd hd stkrnd an Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua, hgl-bng ul vdttkrd an sniln`nbgznkld bmd vdrr gccglaklgtk d an bun sn ogltdrr skhkhnlvnsncnhd trgndttkrng. Ygli anbd pkbmd pgrkhd, og `klagodltghn: g oukvdrhk ghhgbgrrndrg stgtg hg vnsnkld an Ikli Hn nl Mkli igk hngli (Rkrik rkssk, 7>=9) an

Zmgli ^noku. Glbkrg, hgokrd, hg tdladlzg vdrsk hGhtrk - ul Ghtrk qun prkakttkan ulg `nlznkld, lkl g bgsk - bkod oktkrd prnlbnpghd adhhgznkld. Hgttkrd, prnog


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an spgrnrd, gbbdllg g ul ghtrk gokrd, qudhhk pdr ulg rgigzzg an bklksbnutg au-rgltd hg sug vntg okssg ag qudhhnllgokrgodltk nlnznghd5 nh bdrbmnk lkl sn bmnuad dsdocrg bmd, bkod nl Bgrtdsnk, nh adsnadrnk sng hulnbg `kltd dtdrlgodltd rnllkvg-cnhd an dldring, ulnbg onsurg adhhnl`nlntk nl lkn.36

Hg pgrkhg adsnadrnk pkrtg in ldh suk dtnok hg anodlsnkld adhhg vdihngd adhhgttdsg, adhhkrnzzkltd gpdrtk d stdhhgrd, adhhgvvdrtnodltk pksntnvkan ulg oglbglzg bmd skspnlid hg rnbdrbg. Ldh Ad Cdhhk Ighhnbkan InuhnkBdsgrd n adsnadrgltdsdrglk n skhagtn bmd gspdttgvglk skttk hd stdhhd nbkopgiln bmd lkl drglk glbkrg tkrlgtn agh bgopk an cgttgihng. Vn prd-bnsgodltd hdtnokhking adhhg pgrkhg adsnadrnk adrnvg aghhk stgrd skttknh bndhk g kssdrvgrd hd stdhhd nl ul gttdiingodltk an gttdsg d an rnbdrbgadhhg vng. Rnadrgsniln`nbg nl`gttn, nl hgtnlk, stdhhd. Odltrd nh adprnvgtnvk

nlanbg hnopkssncnhnt an sdiunrd hg rkttg sdilgtg aghhd stdhhd d qunlan ulgbklanznkld an anskrndltgodltk, an pdrantg an rn`drnodltn, an lkstghing, anhkltglglzg, og glbmd hgvvdrtnodltk pksntnvk adhhg oglbglzg an bn bmd ldbdssgrnk ghhg vntg, hgttdsg d hg rnbdrbg adhhg prkprng stdhhg.37

Nl qudstk bkltdstk ghhkrg, hg lkstghing bkod adsnadrgrd an adsnadrgrd33pu in-kbgrd ul rukhk `klagodltghd ldhhnlbucgznkld an dldring bmd kpdrg Muyimd: ulgrgigzznlg, in gppgrsg nl ghtrd sdqudlzd sdoprd skhg d rd`rgttgrng gh bknlvkhin-

odltk ldhhd rdtn an rdhgznkln spkltgldd, krg rkopd nh suk snhdlznk, bgltg skttkvkbdd pkn rgbbkltg, sdlzg nltdrhkbutkrd g pgrtd hg bgodrg bmd hg rnprdlad, hg prkprngstkrng agokrd, lkl rnskhtg, bklsuogtg k bkrrnspkstg. Bkod ldh rkogltnbnsokstkrnbk hgocndltd sdocrg spdbbmngrd nh suk stgtk psnbmnbk, bks gh suk Hgokurdst ul sdltnodlt adstrubtudr sghtg hg bkrrdltd ldhhdan`nbnk, bn sbkrrklk agvgltnnl ul okltgiink vdhkbd hd nooginln adhhd ghtrd sghd-sdqudlzd bgadrd ldh cunknoprkvvnsk.Hg vntg ldh ousdk rnprdlad hdltgodltd d akpk qughbmd nooginld dhdingbg (hdkocrd bnldsn ldhhg sghg adh bnldog bkltnluglk), bn gbbkringok bmd qughbksg stgpdr gbbgadrd ldhhg sghg nhhuonlgtg an rkssk5 Yutmdrnli Mdnimts krg suklg ghbkltrgrnk, hg stglzg sn rndopnd hdltgodltd, sn glnog, d ulnopdrbdttncnhd tdlsnkldsn `g strgag. An h g pkbk ulg bkppng sgr hg sbnltnhhg bmd sbgtdldr ulkring, rntughd

36Sdl Adsbgrtds, kp. bnt.37Ogssnok Sdbghbgtn, Sntrgttn adh adsnadrnk, Sg``gdhhk Bkrtnlg Dantkrd, 367333Rusgl Rtdwgrt, Kl hklinlibntgtg nl Idkrid Cgedr, Nh tgrak d hg lkstghingnl Aglndh Cnrlcguo (da.),46 huld an Rgturlk, Renrg, Qkrnlk, 366=


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anklnsngbk bkhhdttnvk pdr ulusbntg agh R tdopkrgldg32, gppgigodltk adh adsnad-rnk krg bklbdpntk ldh suk sdlsk pn `rduanglk an puhsnkld nstnltnvg.Rn bklbhuad aulqud gh buhonld adhhg (mycrns) nh bgpntkhk pn hulik an QmdMkst gla tmd Bhkua, docrnkld pdr ulg lukvg bklbdznkld pdr hgrtnstg an sbgocnk dvntghnt.

32@rndarnbm Lndtzsbmd, Hg lgsbntg adhhg trgidang, Gadhpmn, Onhglk 7>9=


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7 ogiinkNh 7 ogiink bdhdcrgtg nl qugsn tuttd hd lgznkln adh oklak hg @dstg adh Hgvkrk,g rnbkragrd hg bklqunstg adh anrnttk ghhkrgrnk an hgvkrk quktnanglk ogssnok ankttk krd. Dssdlak hd sud krninln rdbdltn (hd ogln`dstgznkln an Ldw kre adh 7==3),lkl g``klaglak hd sud rganbn nl ulg stkrng anodltnbgtg, hg `dstg mg glbkrg ul`krtd bgrgttdrd bkoodokrgtnvk, sdppur suhhkrhk adhhkchnk nl qudstg pkst-stkrngaghhdtdrlk prdsdltd.Bkod g prdsbrnznkld adhhg `dstg, glbmd ihn uhtnon andbn onlutn an Qmd Mkst glatmd Bhkua, `nhogtn nl qudstg inkrlgtg, sklk bgrgttdrnzzgtn aghhg skspdlsnkld

adhhgttnvnt.Rd hd ulnbmd gttnvnt bkl`niurgtd aghhg sntugznkld brdgtg ag Muyimd mgllk prdskhukik `nlkrg nl ul skttnhd hnontd `rg rgpprdsdltgznkln sbrntturgtd d rdhgznkln no-prdvnstd, qudstk smgccgt nltdrprdtgtk krg bkod nltdrruznkld an kiln lgrrgtnvgpkssncnhd, pdrantg an kiln bkltrkhhk ag pgrtd adhhgrtnstg suh snstdog ag hun brdgtk. qun, nlsndod ga Tltnhhda(3677), bmd nh hgvkrk an Muyimd rgiinulid vdttd an ulsurrdghnsok nl`kroghd bmd n sukn hgvkrn lkl gvdvglk ogn tkbbgtk. Nl gssdlzg ansniln`nbgltn lgrrgtnvn, qughsngsn tdltgtnvk an bkan`nbg vglk. Gssnstngok ghhg ans-irdigznkld adhhkranld an nooginln, ghhg sug gvvdlutg doglbnpgznkld aghhg rding,og nh tdopk bkl bun sn bklbhuad qudstk trginttk, pn bmd skiidttk ghhdltrkpngbkod ldhhgltn-`kro, qudhhk adhhg hncdrgznkld ldhhg `dstg bmd, gvdlak hg pgusgaghhgttnvnt skbnghodltd bkstruntg bkod ulnbk bkstuod, pu gttnvgrd ul bgopk anpkssncnhnt qugsn nl`nlntd.Nh pdrsklghd adh ousdk kssdrvg, odantg d bkopnd idstn onlnon. Ihn glnoghn, no-prdvdancnhn pdr hkrk rdsnstdlzg ghhg bkkranlgznkld, prdlaklk ul rukhk pn bdlt-

rghd: sklk `nhogtd `gr`ghhd bkhkrgtnssnod hncdrd an oukvdrsn ldh ousdk d hg tdhdbgo-drg prdlad pdrsnlk nh pultk an vnstg an ul bgld, nl ulg skiidttnvg adsgturgtg. Tldsphksnkld an `uokidln bn rnbkrag hg rnvkhtg an Mgyogredt d bn prdpgrg gh `nlghd,ulnbg sdqudlzg adsbrnttnvg.Nh bklnihnk cnglbk, ghtdr dik an Muyimd, sn giinrg nl ul ankrgog5 pdr hg prnogvkhtg hk vdangok oukvdrsn nl ul gocndltd bkl hd sud prkpkrznkln: sdocrg lkldssdrd pn hkspntd adh tntkhk og gvdr trkvgtk nh suk mgcntgt. Nlakssg hg ogsbmdrghuonlksg rnbkrrdltd trg n vgrn pdrsklgiin da dltrg nl ulg pnbbkhg bgsg, spgrdlakldhhkocrg. Hg bgsg pktrdccd pkrsn g odtg`krg adhhg strutturg adhhnlbklsbnk, bkod


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ldhhg trganznkld psnbkglghntnbg, qunlan hnlirdssk adh bklnihnk sniln`nbgrd ulg vk-hklt an spgrnznkld, k odihnk ul lgsbklanodltk ldhhnrrgznklghd d ldhhklnrnbk: gh`nho pdrodssk an rnpdtdrsn ghhnl`nlntk, an sprk`klagrd ldhhg prkprng trgndttkrng ang``rglbgodltk aghhg bkstrnznkld adhhg hkinbg.Nh `nho ansskhvd gh ldrk d hd pgrkhd an bun sn drg bncgtk hghtdr dik aurgltd hnplksn

vdliklk prklulbngtd ag ulg vkbd snltdtnzzgtg: sgvd tmdo.


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Lk Imkst Just g Rmdhhprkidttk nl bkhhgckrgznkld bkl Vmnhnppd Vgrrdlk, 7>>>-3663

Qwk Onlutds kut k` Qnod, 3666

ho aglnogznkld, bkhkrd, suklk, 1 onlutn

Kld Onhhnkl Enliakos, 3667ho aglnogznkld, bkhkrd, suklk, 0 onlutn

G Ronhd Yntmkut g Bgt, 3663 (bkl Vmnhnppd Vgrrdlk)dvdltk, `ukbmn agrtnbnk

ho 24 oo trgs`drntk su APA, bkhkrd, suklk, 0 onlutn

Hg strgtding an ogredtnli pdr bkltdlutn lgrrgtnvn bmd utnhnzzg hg anspdrsnkld7adihn

dhdodltn bkstntutnvn an ulg stkrng su vgrn odang anvdrsn bkod oglig(`uodttn), glnod

(bgrtkln glnogtn), ho d vnadkinkbmn, prdlad nh lkod an odang onx(kiin trglsodang

stkrytdhhnli), svnhuppgtg nl Ingppkld ldn tgran glln 96, sgr pkrtgtg ghhgttdlznkld

oklanghd skhk g odt >6 irgznd gh subbdssk adh `rglbmnsd ouhtnodanghd Vkeokl, pdr

skaans`grd hd lukvd dsnidlzd adh odrbgtk bkopkstk prnlbnpghodltd ag ktgeu: lgtnvn

anintghn gdttn ag ulg skrtg an gutnsok tdblk-`dtnbnstg, bmd, nl pndlk onhndupkst-pkst-

okadrlk ingppkldsd, bkonlbngvglk g rnbmndadrd ghhd btnklsulg lukvg pdrvgsnvnt,ul gocndltd nl bun noodridrsn. ulg vdrg d prkprng rnvkhuznkld adhhnlaustrng buhturghd

bmd odttdr nl brnsn hk stgtus qukadn prkakttn lgrrgtnvn, `gbdlak skridrd nldvntgcnhn

qudstnkln suhhg prkprndt nltdhhdttughd an stkrnd lgtd pdr dssdrd anspdrsd, sbgocngtd d

okanbgtd, su qughn snglk hd hkrk dssdlzd, n hkrk dhdodltn ansbrdtn, d sun hnontn d hd cgr-

rndrd `rg dssd d hg vntg rdghd.3

7 Qdronld kiin bkould ldh ihkssgrnk adhhgrtd bkltdopkrgldg irgznd ghhdlkrod nlussk adh ogln`dstk

prkirgoogtnbk an Rdtm Vrnbd,Anspdrsnkl, suhhd inkvgln idldrgznkln an grtnstn.3@rgle Sksd, Noodrsn ldhhd stkrnd, bkanbd danznkln, Qkrnlk 3672


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Vdr nh cnkhkik Snbmgra Agwenls, bmd pdr prnok mg bklngtk nh tdronld, ul odod

ululnt an trgsonssnkld buhturghd, ululnt an nontgznkld2: stg ghhg buhturg bkod nh

idld stg gh ALG. Nh bklbdttk mg trgsbdsk hgttdlznkld adhhg bkoulnt sbndltnbg `gbdl-

aksn strgag ldh akonlnk pkpkhgrd irgznd ga ul sgiink anvuhigtnvk an Rusgl Chgbeokrd,

Hg ogbbmnlg adn odon, adh 7>>>, bmd sn spnlid lk g skstdldrd hg bdltrghnt adh

odod bkod dldring prnlbnpghd adhhdvkhuznkld buhturghd adhhukok sdbklak hg bndbg

hkinbg g bun Agwenls gvdvg gsskiidttgtk hdvkhuznkld idldtnbg aud adbdlln prnog1d

prkpkrrd ulg sbndlzg, hg ododtnbg, bmd ld stuangssd ihn gspdttn d nh rukhk ldhhg stkrng

adh hnliugiink, adhhg rdhninkld d adh sdssk, pdr `grd ihn dsdopn bntgtn aghhgutrnbd.

Rd bkoulqud ag nltdladrd bkod `krzg oktrnbd skttdsg ghhg buhturg l aghhd prk-

prnd krninln, ldhhdrg adhhg anintghnzzgznkld, bkl hdspglsnkld an Nltdrldt d hgsbdsg

adn skbngh ldtwkrebmd nh odod mg trkvgtk ulgpphnbgznkld bmd sn rn` anrdttgodltd g

qudstg bgtdikrng bklbdttughd svnhuppgtg ag idldtnstn d pgrgpsnbkhkin, bkganuvgtg aghhgstrutturg nophnbntg adn hnliugiin nl`krogtnbn bmd rdlad dstrdogodltd sdophnbd d vdhkbd

hg bkpng an agtn ouhtnodanghn.4

Hg pkstprkauznkldadlntg ag Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua0bkod hg tdladlzg bgranld ldhhgrtd

an ld glln >6 adlntnvgodltd dsphksg gh pultk ag dssdrd gssnonhgtg d anvdlnrd bkl-

lgturgtg ghhutnhnzzk quktnanglk adhhutdltd odank an ul bkoputdr: nlbkltrngok, bkpngok,

rdnltdrprdtngok nooginln bkl ulg sdophnbnt an odzzn d prkbdssn bmd lkl mg prdb-

dadltn stkrnbn. Rd hd lukvd idldrgznkln an grtnstn dsniklk ansbkrsn brntnbn bmd supdrnlk

qudstd bklsnadrgznkln gppdlg `gttd, bmd nltdlaklk hgpprkprngznkld bkod ul `gttk

hnliunstnbk, bmd `kbghnzzglk hgttdlznkld suh prkbdssk pn bmd suh bklbdttk d bmd lkl

ld gbbdttglk nh hgtk pn nstnltughd bkod bkl`krod ghhd bgrgttdrnstnbmd nltrnlsdbmd adhhg

buhturg, glbmd irgznd g ul outgodltk spkltgldk an pgrganiog bmd mg gbbkopgi-

lgtk hgrtd aghhd bkrrdltn pkstokadrld godrnbgld adihn glln =6 lk g kiin.

Vkbmn glln akpk hnlvgsnkld adn Vkeokld ul gllk akpk hg pucchnbgznkld adh sgiink

an Chgbeokrd, Vndrrd Muyimd d Vmnhnppd Vgrrdlk agvglk gvvnk g ul prkidttk bkh-

hgckrgtnvk bmd gvrdccd sdilgtk ul okodltk `klagodltghd an qudstk outgodltk,adhhdvkhuznkld adh pdlsndrk grtnstnbk vdrsk qudhhk bmd nltungok nl okhtg ansbnphnlg

gttughd. Ihn grtnstn, in vnbnln pdr hgadsnkld ghhGsskbngtnkl ads tdops hncrs, hg pgrtd-

bnpgznkld g anvdrsd okstrd bkhhdttnvd, sklk nl rdght gbbkoulgtn ag ulg pdrbdznkld an

spgznk, bkrpk d lgrrgznkld adttgtg aghhg hdtturg adhhk Zdntidnstbklanvnsg l ldn sukn

2Snbmgra Agwenls, Nltrkauznkldg Rusgl Chgbeokrd, Hg ogbbmnlg adn odon, Nlstgr Hncrn, Qkrnlk 36771 Snbmgra Agwenls, Nh idld diknstg, Oklagakrn, Onhglk 7>>44Hdv Oglkvnb, Nh hnliugiink adn lukvn odang, Khnvgrds, Onhglk 36730Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Vkstprkaubtnkl, Vkstodang, Onhglk 3669


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bgrgttdrn pn pdbuhngrn, bmd dbbdad n tdltgtnvn okadrln (qunlan gltnbmn) an Ckurrngua,

burgtkrd-iuru adhhg Vgrnin an qudihn glln, an rgiiruppgrhn nl okvnodltn (qunlan nookcn-

hnzzgltn) bmd gvdssdrk ghhg cgsd gpprkbbn prkbdaurghn bkod hdstdtnbg rdhgznklghd9d hg

pkstprkauznkld- agn qughn dltrgocn mgllk spdssk prdsk hd anstglzd.=Pndld lgturghd

bkoprdladrd hk sbdttnbnsok an qudstn grtnstn vdrsk hg tdladlzg ghhg adtdronlgznkld nl

iruppn bmd mg sdilgtk hg ld adhhg bgrnbg ansturcgltd d nllkvgtnvg an okhtg spdrnodl-

tgznkld grtnstnbg, bklsdilglakhg ghhgbbgadonsok d ghhg stgsn nadkhkinbg, skprgttuttk

sd sn bklsnadrg bmd nh prkidttk bkl nh qughd qudstg bkhhgckrgznkld spkltgldg sn agtg

`krog dsphnbntg pdr hg prnog vkhtg, vktgtg gh anlgonsok glgrbmnbk bmd sgr ulg bks-

tgltd ldhhgrtd sng an Muyimd bmd an Vgrrdlk.

Wudhhk bmd mgllk `gttk n aud grtnstn lkl stgtk ghtrk bmd gvvdrtnrd, bkl hg sdlsncnhnt

bmd ihn prkprng, qudstn bgocn an spdttrk adhhgocndltd skbnkbuhturghd, gpphnbglak

hg tdkrng adn odon ghhg lgsbdltd trglsodanghnt: gbqunstglk aghhgidlzng E-Ykres anQkeyk spdbnghnzzgtg ldhhg prkauznkld an sdrvnzn pdr hnlaustrng adn oglig, n anrnttn an

ul pdrsklgiink, Gllhdd, ulg rgigzznlg sbdhtg pdr hg sug pkvdrt an bgrgttdrnstnbmd,

an stkrng (cgbeirkula) d gcnhnt, bmd nlsndod ld igrgltnsbklk ul prdzzk cgssk d ulg

vntg crdvd ldhhdsnidltd nopngltk lgrrgtnvk adn `uodttn5 hk sbkpk qudhhk an sghvgrd

aghhkchnk qudstk sdilk dodrk, aglakihn vntg ldhhd kpdrd bmd lgsbdrgllk aghhd

bkhhgckrgznkln bmd vng vng stgcnhnrgllk.

Lklkstgltd skttrgttg g ul prdsdltd gn ogrinln, sdilk, d nl qugltk tghd outk nl okak

skhdlld>, Gllhdd pkssndad trd bgrgttdrnstnbmd bmd sdlzghtrk gvrgllk inkbgtk ul rukhk

ldhhkpdrgznkld ihn grtnstn: inkvgld, oghnlbklnbg da odankbrd.

Ldhhg trnc cnjgi adhhg Iunldg Cnssgu sklk hd inkvgln aklld g krnrd nh bkrpk bkod

odanuo pdr hg pkssdssnkld ag pgrtd adihn grdcke, spnrntn an ukonln okrtn nl gttdsg an ul

rntkrlk bnbhnbk ldh oklak bkl ulg lukvg lgsbntg nl ul lukvk bkrpk.76Nh rntughd an pks-

sdssnkld anvnsk nl trd okodltn, adn qughn nh prnok, nh eglulged, hulnbk bmd prdvdag

ul dvdltk pucchnbk. Hgltrkpkhkig Bmngrg Vussdttn, suhhd krod an Hdnrns77d Qgussni73`g

lktgrd bkod hg anstnlznkld `rg bklsbnk d nlbklsbnk, aurgltd hg trglbd spnrntnbg, bmd prd-suppkld ulusbntg k gccglaklk adh R pdr hgbbkihndlzg adhhgrdcke, sng odssg ghhg

prkvg agihn gspdttn snlikhgrodltd tdgtrghn adhhg pdr`kroglbd, bmd prdvdad adn prdbnsn

gttdiingodltn d pgssn an aglzg, gpprdsn aghhd nlnznglad pdr nontgznkld adhhd nlnzngtd. nh

9Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Dstdtnbg rdhgznklghd, Vkstodang, Onhglk 3676=Godhng Cgrnenl, kp. bnt.>Vhgtkld, @dark, Dnlguan, Qkrnlk 367776Bmngrg Vussdttn, Vkdtnbg adhhd dokznkln: N Cnjgi adhhg Iunldg Cnssgu, Hgtdrzg, Cgrn 366477Onbmdh Hdnrns, Hg pkssdssnkld d n sukn gspdttn tdgtrghn, Tcuhncrn, Onhglk 366073Onbmgdh Qgussni, Onodsns gla Ghtdrnty: G Vgrtnbuhgr Mnstkry k` tmd Rdlsds, Skuthdaid, Ldw kre 7>>2


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bkrpk inkvgld, qudhhk bkl odlk stkrng, odlk dspdrndlzg, ga dssdrd nh pn prdanspkstk

ghhgpdrturg ghhGhtrk d ghhg trgsonssnkld ododtnbg adn sgpdrn. qudstk spgznk vuktk,

qudstg tdhg cnglbg, g nltdrdssgrd Akonlnqud Iklzghdz @kdrstdr, g `grd ag pdrlk ghhg

pkdtnbg an Vgrrdlk, g adlnrd hg bklbdznkld an bkrpk pdr Muyimd: hnladlnznkld

adhhnadltnt adh cgocnlk d ghhk stdssk tdopk nh suk pktdlznghd, qudstk suk dssdrd

tuttd hd pdrskld pkssncnhn nl qudhhnstgltd.72

Bkod in `gttk lktgrd ag Godhng Cgrnenl71, hg oghnlbklng, nh sdlsk ingppkldsd an

(oklk lk gwgrd), bnk adhhg trglsntkrndt nltrnlsdbg ghhd bksd adh oklak, inkbg

ul rukhk `klagodltghd nl qudn pkbmn trgttn adhhg pdrsklg an Gllhdd bmd bn - d hd - agtk

bklksbdrd: lkl pktdlak pdrvdlnrd d aucntglak adhhg purdzzg adhhg prkprng nadltnt,

hulnbg bksg bdrtg rnogld hk stgtutk kltkhkinbk an okrtghd.

Hg odankbrnt nltdsg sng ldh sdlsk an vnrt (odankbrntgs) bkod odang ogtdogtnbg

- suhhg qughd ldbdssgrngodltd74sn `klag nh bklbdttk bkltdopkrgldk an ogssg - dkppkstg gh pdbbgtk an supdrcng, sng an pkvdrt an adsnadrnk ldh sdlsk hgbglnglk an ogl-

bglzg an sdlsk an anrdznkld, trgndttkrng adhhg prkprng vntg, nh tdrzk dhdodltk bmd rdlad

pgrtnbkhgrodltd gagttk nh sdilk an Gllhdd g prdstgrsn ghhg pkssdssnkld: ulk adn tdon

`klagodltghn nl Hg `ghbd adn bndhnan Trsuhg Hd Iunl, akvd nh prktgiklnstg, Idkrid Krr,

prk`klagodltd prnvk an gocnznkld d pdrsklghnt, nh odanuo nadghd pdr hg okanbg

adhhg rdght trgontd nh suk nlbklsbnk skilgltd ldhhd ogln adh akttkr Mgcdr, nl qugltk

nlbgrlg hg pkssncnhnt nllntg, hnhhnontgtg d nlbklanznklgtg tktghnt an dssdrd adh lkl-

nopdilgtk, adh lkl-gidltd, adh lkl-sbkhpntk.70

Nh prkidttk prdlad nh tntkhk Lk Imkst Just g Rmdhh79d Gllhdd `g hg sug prnog gppgrnznkld

pucchnbg ldh 3666 gh OGOBK an Inldvrg. N prnon hgvkrn ga dodridrd agh prkidttk

sklk aud vnadk, ulk an Vgrrdlk d ulk an Muyimd, ldn qughn nh rdladranintghd an Gllhdd

sn prdsdltg. NlGlywmdrd Kut k` tmd Ykrha, an Vgrrdlk, hg rgigzzg rgbbkltg hg sug

stkrng: pgrhg adhhg sug bklanznkld an prkakttk, rnbkrag pn vkhtd nh suk lkod d bn okstrg

ulnooginld an s agh bgtghkik an E-Ykres, bkod sd `kssd ulg vdbbmng `ktkirgg:

stgtk, lkod d nooginld sklk hd ulnbmd bksd bmd bklksbd d bmd hd gppgrtdliklk

72Vkn, bkh tdopk, glar dsbhuadlak okhtd pdrsklghnt,/rnutglak k trgsburglak onihngng an pkssncnhnt:/lkl

sgr prdtd l grtnstg l odbbglnbk akbnlg,/lkl sgr ul dsphkrgtkrd l donirdr nl Vghdstnlg,/ldoodlk

sgr hg bkpng an ulg pdrsklg dsnstntg5/bkod kiln dssdrd adh oklak akvr vnvdrd hg sug vntg.

Jugl Skakh`k Ynhbkbe, 1nl Hukimn bkouln, Nh Rgiingtkrd, Onhglk 7>0771Godhng Cgrnenl, kp. bnt.74Mgllgm Grdlat, Pntg gbtnvg: Hg bklanznkld uoglg, Ckopngln, Onhglk 366670Trsuhg E. Hd Iunl. kp. bnt.79Tl inkbk an pgrkhd su Imkst nl tmd Rmdhh, ghtrk rglbmnsd ouhtnodanghd ingppkldsd bmd nlagig bkl prk`kl-

ant hkskbmd bmd hg buhturg an ogssg kbbnadltghd rgrgodltd rgiinulidr hg sdpgrgznkld trg glnog (imkst) d

bkrpk (smdhh) ldhhdpkbg adhhg anintghnzzgznkld, bkl`droglak hgttntuanld bgrtdsnglg an Vgrrdlk d Muyimd.


56/95

44

pkstdr pdr Lk Imkst Just g Rmdhhansdilgtk ag O/O, 3666


57/95

40

vdrgodltd. Vgrrdlk gttrgvdrsk Gllhdd bn rnbkrag bmd adh suk qugrtk gttrncutk, qudhhk

adputgtk g stnpuhgrd bkltrgttn nlvnsncnhn7=nl qugltk ulnbk pkltd trg glnog d bkrpk bmd

ginsbd ldh pucchnbk, hg vkbd, nl rdght prkprndt an ul ghtrk bkrpk, qudhhk adhhgttrnbd

(nl rdght ulg okadhhg, gl nogid, just hned od7>) bmd hg stg gcntglak, rdbntglak ul

rukhk.

Vgrrdlk gpprk`klanr qudstk tdog nl hgvkrn `uturn spkstglaksn suh tdrrntkrnk hnonlghd bmd

sdpgrg nh ontkhkinbk d hnltnok (Znagld: Tl pkrtrgnt au ]]nod sdbhd, 3664 d Ogrnhyl,

3673), odltrd pdr Muyimd nh prkidttk Lk Imkst Just g Rmdhh rgpprdsdltg hgpnbd an ulg

pgrgckhg an hgvkrn bmd nlagiglk hg prkprndt adhhnadltnt ldhhdpkbg adhhg sug bkrpkrg-

tnvnzzgznkld (Chglbmd Ldnid Hubnd, 7>>9 d Qmd Qmnra Odokry, 7>>>).

Ldh prnok vnadk an Muyimd pdr nh prkidttk, Qwk Onlutds Kut k` Qnod, Gllhdd, rdghnz-

zgtg nl irgbg anintghd d nlqugargtg nl ul prnok pnglk aghhk s`klak ldutrk, sdocrg

gbqunstgrd ul ogiinkrd stgtk an rdght5 hgrtnstg ld rncghtg nh rukhk. ag nooginld ks-sdrvgtg anvdltg pgssnvg d sn `g spdttgtrnbd, anbd: Vkssk nooginlgrtn... `gbnhd! Vkssk

vdadrtn... d vdadrd hdn!36Muyimd sdocrg suiidrnrbn bmd qudstg pksnznkld pgssnvg

an spdttgtkrn (pkssk vdadrtn) d pdlsgtkrn (pkssk nooginlgrtn) ga dssdrd hulnbg

bdrtdzzg, d nl qugltk tghd g adlnrbn nl qugltk dssdrn, ldh sdilk adh bkintk drik suo

bgrtdsnglk. Vrnog an hgsbngrbn glagrd ghhg `dad nl Gllhdd bkod dssdrd vnvdltd (rnbkrag

an dssdrd sghvgtg ag okrtd bdrtg, og pgrhglak nl tdrzg pdrsklg), Muyimd bn skrprdlad

kpdrglak ulg adstgcnhnzzgznkld bmd mg glbkrg ulg vkhtg sdad ldhhg vkbd, skstntu-

dlak, ldh odzzk an ulg `rgsd, hg vkbd adh pdrsklgiink bkl qudhhg an ulg cgocnlg bmd

rgbbkltg hg sug dspdrndlzg an `rkltd g ul qugark, rndttdlak suh onstdrk an ulg akllg

rgpprdsdltgtg.

Hg unant bkl bun nh bkrpk an Gllhdd vndld pkssdautk ag andrdltn vkbn vdrr suchnogtg

ag Muyimd nl hgvkrn subbdssnvn bkod Qmd Mkst gla tmd Bhkua, og qun bmd dodrid nl

okak pn `krtd d nltdrrkigtnvk bkod suppkrtk pdr ulg rndssnkld suhhgutklkong adhhd

nooginln.

Adrrnag bn rnbkrag bmd

Hg pgrkhg pmgltgsogadsnilg glbmd pdr n Irdbn hgppgrnznkld adhhk spdttrk, hg

vnsnkld adh `gltgsog k nh `dlkodlk adh rntkrlk adhhk spdttrk (rdvdlglt). Krg, nh

`gvkhksk d nh `gltgsogtnbk mgllk ul trgttk nl bkould: strnbtk sdlsu, ldh sdlsk

bhgssnbk d prdvghdltd an qudstn tdronln, dssn lkl gppgrtdliklk l gh rdinstrk

adh vdrk l g qudhhk adh `ghsk, l adh vdrgbd l adh odlzkildrk. Rkonihnglk

7=Ogurnznk @drrgrns, Akbuodltghnt: Vdrbm ldbdssgrnk hgsbngr trgbbd, Hgtdrzg, Cgrn 366>7>Vmnhnppd Vgrrdlk,Glywmdrd Kut k` tmd Ykrha, 3666, Cdtg anintgh, ho aglnogznkld, bkhkrd, suklk, 1 onlutn36Vndrrd Muyimd, Qwk Onlutds Kut k` Qnod, 3666, ho aglnogznkld, bkhkrd, suklk, 1 onlutn


58/95

49

pnuttkstk g ulg spdbnd nrrnaubncnhd an snouhgbrk, sd lkl an snouhgznkld, ldhhg

pdlkocrg an ulg vnrtughnt: l dssdrd l lndltd, lkl rndltrglk ldppurd ldh

akonlnk adh pkssncnhd.37

Gllhdd nl ddttn pkssndad ulg qughnt `gltgsogtnbg, nl cnhnbk trg nh snouhgbrghd an ul

hkik gzndlaghd d hg hncdrt an ul dssdrd uoglk. Rd ghtrds vdrk bmd Lkl pn adhontk, hg `gvkhg k nh `gltgsog nlauccngodltd lkl sklk adhhd vdrnt l adihn dlulbngtn

vdrn nl qugltk tghn. Og g ogiinkr rginkld lkl sklk adihn drrkrn, adihn nliglln, adhhd

`ghsd tdstnoklnglzd k adihn spdrinurn.33, hg adlnznkld adhhk stgtutk an Gllhdd rnsndad nl

qudstg prkchdogtnzzgltd tdrrg an odzzk.

nl Vnrgladhhk bmd hg rnvdlanbgznkld adhhgutklkong adhhd brdgznkln grtnstnbmd d hg hnon-

tgtdzzg adh bkltrkhhk adhhgutkrd suhhd prkprnd nlvdlznkln, prdsuppkstk adhhg bklbdznkld

bkltdopkrgldg an kpdrg agrtd, gpdrtg (Dbk32) ga ghtdrgznkln (Ckurrngua31) nl dvkhuzn-

kld (Chgbeokrd34), dodrid pdr hg prnog vkhtg nl okak dsphnbntk. Nl Rdn pdrsklgiin nl

bdrbg agutkrd30sklk ihn stdssn Vdrsklgiin, ulnbn adpksntgrn adhhg prkprng vkbd (lkl

pkssdautn k gcntgtn ag andrdltn nadltnt bkod nl Muyimd) g rdbhgogrd nh prkprnk anrnttk

an dsnstdrd, an dssdrd rgpprdsdltgtn, glbmd g bkstk an uldsklagznkld agihn grinln an

prkprndt adhhgutkrd g bun advklk hdsnstdlzg. Hutnhnzzk an tdblnbmd odtghnliunstnbmd ag

pgrtd adh argoogturik sn gssdrvnsbd ghhg bgusg an ul gttgbbk ghhgutkrnghnt adonurinbg,

og Vnrgladhhk sn spnlid khtrd: ldhhd sud nstruznkln pdr hg rgpprdsdltgznkld adh argoog,

nl gltntdsn bkl hg andrdlzg bmd Adrrnag adsbrnvd trg `gvkhg d vdrnt, prdsbrnvd bmd NVdrsklgiin lkl akvrgllk nl`gttn gppgrnrd bkod `gltgson, og bkod rdght brdgtd,

bkstruznkln adhhg `gltgsng nooutgcnhn: d aulqud pn rdghn d bklsnstdltn adhhg vkhucnhd lgt-

urghnt adihn Gttkrn39. Aghhd pgrkhd adh Vgard, gh qughd gagtk nl irgl pgrtd nh bkopntk

an nltrkaurrd hd nadd an Vnrgladhhk gh pucchnbk prdsdltglak n Vdrsklgiin ghhg bkopgilng

bun nophkrg an rgpprdsdltgrld hg stkrng, bgpngok uhtdrnkrodltd hg andrdlzg `klagodl-

tghd bkl hnadg adrrnanglg d muyimnglg an pmgltgsog, odltrd ld pkssngok sbkridrd

ulglnt bkl qudhhg julimnglg an grbmdtnpk, adlntg aghhk psnbkglghnstg svnzzdrk aud

glln prnog3=adhhg bkopksnznkld adh argoog pnrgladhhnglk: Tl pdrsklgiink, snilkrd,

37Jgbquds Adrrnag, Crdvd stkrng adhhg odlzkilg, Bgstdhvdbbmn, Skog 366033Ncna.32Tocdrtk Dbk, Kpdrg gpdrtg, Ckopngln, Onhglk 367731Lnbkhgs Ckurrngua, Vkstprkaubtnkl, Vkstodang, Onhglk 366934Rusgl Chgbeokrd, kp. bnt.30Hunin Vnrgladhhk, Rdn pdrsklgiin nl bdrbg agutkrd, Ldwtkl Bkoptkl, Skog 367739Ncna.3=Bgrh Iustgv Juli, Nstnlbt gla tmd Tlbklsbnkusnl Crntnsm Jkurlgh k` Vsybmkhkiy, l76, lkvdocrd 7>7>,

Qmd Crntnsm Vsybmkhkinbgh Rkbndty, Hklarg


59/95

4=

pu sdoprd akoglagrd g ul ukok bmn . Vdrbm ul pdrsklgiink mg vdrgodltd ulg

vntg sug, sdilgtg an bgrgttdrn sukn, pdr bun sdoprd qughbulk. Odltrd ul ukok ()

pu lkl dssdrd ldssulk.

Rd aulqud hd bklanznkln adn Vdrsklgiin d qudhhg an Gllhdd prdsdltglk qudstd ds-

sdlznghn andrdlzd, qughn sklk hd qughnt bmd hn gbbkoulglk; Vrnog an tuttk qudhhk bmd

dsniklk ag lkn: hg skspdlsnkld adhhg bdrtdzzg prnog, qudhhg bmd adlnsbd n bklln

trg rdght d nhhusnkld3>, gttrgvdrsk ulg rnbklsnadrgznkld adh akonlnk adhhd lznkln ag

pgrtd an bmn hd brdg, noodttdlakhd ldh oklak bkod sdiln outn an bun ldbdssgrngodltd

pdradr nh bkltrkhhk, prkhglak ul s

la possibilità di un terzo: l'ibridazione in pierre huyghe

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