lab 14 principles of structural geology and tectonics · 2016-11-29 · structural geology and...
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GEOLOGICTIME
Lab14principlesof
STRUCTURALGEOLOGYandTECTONICS
AlessandroGrippo,Ph.D
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StructuralGeologyandTectonics
• Branchesofgeologythatdealwiththereconstruc;onofmovementsthathaveoccurredover;meinEarth’sLithosphere
• fromLa;n(struere)andGreek(tektos)=tobuild
• movementsinclude– simplemo;on– bending– breaking
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StructuralGeologyandTectonics
• Ifweknow– underwhatcondi;onsmo;onoccurs– howdeforma;onsareoriginated
• Thenwe– getinforma;onforreconstruc;ngEarth’sHistory
• bigscale:platemo;on(Tectonics)• medium-sizescale:mountainbuilding(Tectonics)• smallscale:localdeforma;on,ascausedforinstancebyearthquakes(StructuralGeology)
• micro-andsubmicroscopicscale:deforma;oninrocksandminerals(StructuralGeology)
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CompressionandTension
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Shear
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HowdowestudyLithosphere’sdeformaHon?
• Qualita;veandquan;ta;veanalysis– con;nuummechanics– laboratorydeforma;ontes;ng– mathema;calmodels– studyofgeophysicaldata
• seismic,gravity,magne;c
– satelliteimages,airborneandspacebornedata– petrologyandgeochemistry– sedimentology,stra;graphy,paleontology
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LithosphericdeformaHonsoriginateStructures
• Aforce(stress)causesadeforma;on(strain)– elas;cdeforma;on
– briOledeforma;on• joints• faults
– duc;ledeforma;on• folds
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ElasHc,BriLle,andDucHleDeformaHon
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ANtudes:strikeanddip
• Inordertounderstandhowtectonicdeforma;onoccursweneedtounderstandtheorienta;onofstructuresinspace
• Thissystemisbasedonthestrikeandthedipofasurface(itsaQtude)
• Mostlyusedforgeologicmapping,strikeanddipareusefulinunderstandingstructures
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TopographicMapvs.GeologicMap
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• TheSTRIKEisalinethatcomesfromtheintersec;onofaninclinedplane(a;ltedlayer,forinstance)withanimaginaryhorizontalsurface
• Itsdirec;oncanbemeasuredinthefieldwithacompass
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• TheDIPisissimplytheangleofmaximuminclina;onofoursurface(layer)
• Thedipisalwaysat90°fromthestrike
• Thedippointsinthedirec;onofthe;lt
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StrikeandDipsymbols
• AQtudeisrepresentedbyaT-shapedsymbol
– thelongarmoftheTrepresentsthestrike
– theshortarmoftheTrepresentsthedip
– anumberisassociatedwiththesymbol,indica;ngtheangleofdip
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Ver;callayers:dipis90°
Duluth,Minnesota
©AlessandroGrippo
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• A:the“normal”symbolforstrikeanddip:alayer;ltedby10°towardsENE
• B:ver;callayers
• C:horizontallayers
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FOLDS
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DomesandBasins
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FRACTURES,orJOINTS
• Fracturesaresurfacesalongwhichrocksormineralshavebroken
• Fracturesgeneratetwofreesurfaceswherenoneexistedbefore
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• Systema;cJoints– planar,parallelto
eachother,regularlyspaced
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JointSets
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• Otherkindsofjoints
Exfolia;onJoints
HalfDome,YosemiteNa;onalPark,California
ColumnarJoints
Devil’sTowerNa;onalPark,Wyoming
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FAULTS
• Faults:fracturesalongwhichmo;onoccurs
• Centuries-oldminingterminologyused– Footwall
• Blockbelowthefaultplane• Minerwouldstandhere
– Hangingwall• Blockabovethefaultplane• Hangalanternhere
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Faulttypes
• Faulttypes– Dis;nguishedbydirec;onofrockdisplacement
• Normaldip-slip• Reversedip-slip
• Strike-slip
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• Dip-slipfaults”– Ver;calmo;on
– NormalFaults• thehangingwallmovesdownwardwithrespecttothefootwall(causedbyextension)
– ReverseFault• thehangingwallmovesupwardwithrespecttothefootwall(causedbycompression)
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• Normal(dip-slip)Fault– Hangingwallmovesdownrela;vetofootwall
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• Reverse(dip-slip)Fault– Hangingwallmovesuprela;vetofootwall
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ThrustFaults
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• Transform(Strike-slip)Fault– Crustmovesinhorizontaldirec;on
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• Someac;vefaultsdonotextendtothesurface– BlindFaults
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StructuralGeologyandTectonics
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