lab biology- chapter 10 honors biology- chapter 9
TRANSCRIPT
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Nucleic Acids
Lab Biology- Chapter 10Honors Biology- Chapter 9
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Found on chromosomes Segment of DNA Codes for a trait
Gene
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Characteristic due to a single gene or multiple genes
Eye color
Hair color
Blood type
What is a trait?
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Deoxyribose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen containing base◦ Four possible bases
Structure of DNA
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2 rings of carbon and nitrogen
Adenine
Guanine
Purines
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1 ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms
Thymine
Cytosine
Pyrimidines
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DNA is composed of 2 nucleotide chains
Nucleotides connected through covalent bonds
The Double Helix
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Each strand has a 5’ and a 3’ end
Each strand runs in an opposite (antiparallel) direction
Antiparallel
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Nucleotide linkage
Covalent bonds
between sugar
and phosphate
molecules
Forms a sugar-
phosphate
backbone
Honors
5’
3’
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Covalent bond Chemical bonding through sharing of
electron pairs
Honors
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Purine Pyrimidine A T – 2 Hydrogen bonds C G – 3 Hydrogen bonds
Complementary Base Pairing
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Hydrogen bonding between base pairs Hydrogen atom - electronegative atom
Honors
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Hydrogen bonds? Covalent bonds?
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Chargaff’s rule The DNA of any given species contains
◦adenine = thymine ◦guanine = cytosine
Honors
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Wilkins and Franklin Used X-ray diffraction
◦ A picture of how X-rays bounced off a DNA molecule
Discovering the double helix model
FranklinWilkinsX-ray diffraction
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X-Ray diffraction Used to determine arrangement of atoms
within a crystal structure Distance between dark spots- distance
between turns of the helix
Honors
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Performed no physical experiments on DNA Spent a lot of time thinking about DNA Focused on creating a model that fit with
the data
Watson and Crick
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Wilkins, Watson, and Crick received the Nobel Prize in 1962
Franklin died in 1958 and was not recognized
Nobel Prize cannot be awarded posthumously
Nobel Prize
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Write a two paragraph reflection on Rosalind Franklin. ◦ One paragraph should detail her contribution to
the discovery of the structure of DNA. ◦ Second paragraph should state your answer to
the questions: Do you think Franklin deserved the Nobel Prize? Why do you think she did not receive more
recognition? ◦ Evidence must be provided to support your
opinions. ◦ Complete this assignment on loose leaf paper.
Homework
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Occurs in all living organism Takes place in the nucleus One double stranded
molecule two identical copies
DNA Replication
Original strand
New strand
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Helicase (enzyme) holds the two strands
apart
◦ Break hydrogen bonds between bases
Step 1: Replication Fork
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Replicates simultaneously
Honors
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DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA by adding nucleotides in a 5’ 3’ direction
Leading strand- continuous◦ Moves in the direction of unwinding
Lagging strand- discontinuous
Step 2: DNA Polymerase
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Lagging Strand Discontinuous Forms in the opposite direction of replication fork Creates Okazaki fragments Must wait for a new primer to be placed
Honors
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DNA Primase- lays down short segments of RNA primer
DNA Polymerase III- adds new nucleotides DNA ligase- bonds Okazaki fragments
together
Honors
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Semiconservative model
Honors
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What happens when DNA Polymerase makes a mistake?
Mutation- Change in nucleotide sequence
Can be repaired through DNA repair mechanisms
Mutations
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One nucleotide is substituted for another Sickle Cell Anemia
Substitution
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A nucleotide is deleted Cystic fibrosis
◦ Deletion of "AT" from the sequence "ATAT" in the CFTR gene
Causes a frameshift
Deletion
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A nucleotide is added
Huntington’s disease
Causes a frameshift
Insertion
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DNA segment is
broken and flipped
No frameshift
No loss of genetic
information
Different order
Hemophilia
Inversion
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Part of the gene is moved◦ Either moved on the same chromosome or moved
to a different chromosome A form of Down syndrome Part of Chromosome 21 is moved to
Chromosome 14
Translocation
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DNA Replication Game http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medi
cine/dna_double_helix/dnahelix.html Honors: DNA Replication http://
www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/student/animations/dna_replication/index.html
DNA Replication: http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/losick/images/t
rombonefinald.swf
Resources