1

LAB FILE

ON

“Research Methodology”

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Pg Department of Commerce Name : Sukhchain Aggarwal

Class : B.A.F. 3rd

Roll No. : 9007

2

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the Workshop on “Research Methodology” is bonafide work done

by ‘Sukhchain Aggarwal’ a student of B.com (Accounting & Finance) 3 rd and is submitted to

“Prof. Harjeet Kaur” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree.

This work has never been submitted to any Educational Institution as per good of my

knowledge.

Sukhchain Aggarwal

B.com (Accounting & Finance) 3rd

9007

3

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

With great pleasure we are presenting this file on the basis of the “Research Methodology”.

We are highly grateful to “Prof. Bikramjit Singh Sandhu” & “Prof. Harjeet Kaur” for

giving us the time, encouragement and guidance for the report. Their critical and detailed

comments and full support helped and benefited us in carrying out the report.

Thanking you,

Sukhchain Aggarwal

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CONTENTS

Serial No. Headings Page No.

1 Creating Charts in MS Excel 5

2 Benefits of learning about MS Excel 5

3 Line Chart 7

4 Bar Chart 9

5 Pie Chart 11

6 Bibliography 14

5

Creating Charts in M.S. Excel:

A chart is a visual representation of data, in which the data are represented by symbols

such as bars in a bar chart or lines in a line chart. A chart can represent tabular numeric data,

functions or some kinds of qualitative structures. Microsoft Excel, you can produce charts with a

consistent look by creating a user-defined chart format. This article contains steps you can follow

to create a sample chart, to use that sample chart as the basis for a user-defined chart format, and

to apply that user-defined format to a sample chart.

Benefits of learning about Excel charts:

Whether you deal with scientific or business data, Microsoft Excel is a valuable tool for

storing your information in powerful spreadsheets. When you need to communicate your data or

extrapolate trends, Microsoft Excel has the ability to display your results in a variety of graphical

formats. The user can select a chart type, a chart style and a chart layout. However, there is an art

to achieving maximal visual impact which requires you to choose the format that is best suited to

your needs.

A chart is a graphical representation of your data. If you are new to Microsoft Excel, you

may be unaware of the different chart types and subtypes that are available for use. Available

options include the following:

Column charts - subtypes include clustered column, stacked column, 3-D column and

cylinder, cone, and pyramid charts.

Line charts - subtypes include line with markers, stacked line and stacked line with

markers and 3-D line charts.

Pie charts - subtypes include pie in 3-D, pie of pie, bar of pie and exploded pie charts.

Bar charts - subtypes include clustered bar, stacked bar in 3-D and horizontal cylinder,

cone and pyramid pie charts.

Area charts - subtypes include 2-D area, 3-D area and stacked area charts.

6

XY (scatter) charts - subtypes include scatter with markers, smooth lines or straight

lines.

Stock charts - subtypes include high- low-close, open-high- low-close and volume-high-

low-close charts.

Surface charts - subtypes include 3-D surface, wireframe 3-D surface, and contour and

wireframe contour charts.

Bubble charts - subtypes include bubble and bubble with 3-D effect.

Radar charts - subtypes include radar with markers and filled radar charts.

Training will enable you understand the differences between these various

formats and therefore allow to select the appropriate graph for displaying your data,

whether you are dealing with product inventories, financial figures or scientific research

data. The goal is to create a high impact chart that effectively communicates data to your

intended audience.

Having selected a chart type, modifications may be required to highlight

particular trends, for example. Charts can be customized with pictures, graphics, shapes,

colours, additional shortcuts, fills and labels. There are different options for viewing your

charts whether on paper or on screen. Excel courses will cover ways of manipulating

graphs and how to use these features to best effect.

7

1. LINE CHART

A line chart or line graph is a type of chart which displays information as a series of data

points connected by straight line segments. It is a basic type of chart common in many fields. It

is an extension of a scatter graph, and is created by connecting a series of points that represent

individual measurements with line segments. The Line Chart is equally effective in displaying

trends for multiple series as shown in our chart at right. As you will notice, each line is a

different color. A line chart is often used to visualize a trend in data over intervals of time – a

time series – thus the line is often drawn chronologically. A line chart is typically drawn

bordered by two perpendicular lines, called axes. The horizontal axis is ca lled the x-axis and the

vertical axis is called the y-axis. Typically the y-axis represents the dependent variable and the x-

axis represents the independent variable.. In a Line Chart, the vertical axis (Y-axis) always

displays numeric values and the horizontal axis (X-axis) displays time or other category.

The Line chart is shown with the following example:

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1. To verify whether a course in accounting improve performance, a similar test was

given to 12 participants, both before & after the course. The original marks are given below:

Table: 1.1 Year

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Before 44 40 61 52 32 44 70 41 67 72 53 72

After 53 38 69 57 46 39 73 48 73 74 60 78

Figures: 1.1

According to this chart, we find that, there is no significance difference in the marks

obtained before and after the course.

4440

61

52

32

44

70

41

6772

53

72

53

38

69

57

46

39

73

48

73 74

60

78

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

No

. of S

tud

en

ts

Year

Students Data

Before

After

9

2. BAR CHART

The Bar Chart is like a Column Chart lying on its side. The horizontal axis of a Bar Chart

contains the numeric values. The first chart below is the Bar Chart for our single series, Flowers.

When to use a Bar Chart versus a Column Chart depends on the type of data and user preference.

Sometimes it is worth the time to create both charts and compare the results. However, Bar

Charts do tend to display and compare a large number of series better than the other chart types.

A bar chart or bar graph is a chart with rectangular bars with lengths proportional to the

values that they represent. The bars can be plotted vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar chart

is sometimes called a column bar chart. Bar charts provide a visual presentation of categorical

data. Categorical data is a grouping of data into discrete groups, such as months of the year, age

group, shoe sizes, and animals. In a column bar chart, the categories appear along the horizontal

axis; the height of the bar corresponds to the value of each category.

Bar charts can also be used for more complex comparisons of data with grouped bar charts

and stacked bar charts. In a grouped bar chart, for each categorical group there are two or more

bars. These bars are color coded to represent a particular grouping. A bar chart is very useful for

recording certain information whether it is continuous or not continuous data. Bar charts also

look a lot like a histogram; however bar charts have spaces between columns (unlike histograms)

as values are independent of each other.

The Line chart is shown with the following example:

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2. 12 students were given intensive couching and 2 tests were conducted in a different

years. This course of test English & Accounts are given below:

Table: 1.2 Year 2001

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

English 35 56 42 35 61 76 48 83 86 93

Accounts 42 65 75 84 64 81 73 63 86 95

Figure: 1.2

According to this chart we find that there is a significance difference between both tests

i.e. English & accounts.

0 20 40 60 80 100

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

35

56

42

35

61

76

48

83

86

93

42

65

75

84

64

81

73

63

86

95

Marks

Ye

ar

Students Data

Accounts

English

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3. PIE CHART

A Pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors. In a pie chart, the arc length of each

sector is proportional to the quantity it represents. The earliest known pie chart is generally

credited to William Playfair's Statistical Breviary of 1801. A Pie Chart can only display one

series of data. There are sub-types of the Pie Chart available.

The pie chart is perhaps the most widely used statistical chart in the business world and

the mass media. Pie charts can be an effective way of displaying information in some cases, in

particular if the intent is to compare the size of a slice with the whole pie, rather than comparing

the slices among them. Pie charts work particularly well when the slices represent 25 to 50% of

the data, but in general, other plots such as the bar chart or the dot plot, or non-graphical methods

such as tables, may be more adapted for representing certain information.

Pie charts are a very common chart type. They appear in newspapers and magazines, on

television, all over the internet, and in many business publications and presentations. They are

easy to make and easy to understand. I'll start with a simple How-To lesson, then discuss

advantages and disadvantages of pie charts, and finally show some advanced pie charting topics,

including VBA techniques.

The Line chart is shown with the following example:

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3. Numbers in account of different students were found to be given below:

Table: 1.3

Year 2001

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Accounts 45 65 35 75 81 67 86 56 71 91

Figure: 1.3

This chart shows that there is significance difference between the no. of students in every

year.

4565

35

75

81

67

86

56

71

91

Accounts2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

13

4. Numbers of accounts of different students were found to be given in different years.

With the help of MS Excel formulas we find the Average number, maximum number &

minimum no. of different students. Which are shown as below:

Table: 1.4

Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Average

Accounts 52 36 64 75 48 81 79 89 42 95 =66.1

Table: 1.5 Year

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Maximum

Accounts 63 56 46 84 32 45 95 75 35 85 =95

Table: 1.6

Year 2001

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Maximum

Accounts 48 55 45 64 26 46 35 86 59 94 =26

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BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Lab File of Workshop on Research Methodology.

“Research Methodology”, “Kothari C.R.”, “NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL

PUBLISHERS”, “2012-2013”.

M.S. Excel.

Websites:

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Define_Chart_in_Excel#ixzz4OhECToBP

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_line_chart#ixzz4OhEgQ9tw

http://www.answers.com/topic/pie-chart#ixzz4OhD9zaVK

http://www.ehow.com/facts_5001665_definition-pie-charts.html#ixzz4OhDKvJPm