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Department of Mechanical,Kulliyyah of Engineering,

International Islamic University, Malaysia

FLUID MECHAIC!LA"#$A%#$&'UIDELIE!

MEC ()**+MEC (**

2ndEdition (December 2006)Syed Noh Syed Abu Bakar Al-Saggof

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Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual 3

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LABORATORY & REPORTS: AN OVERVIEW

All experiments in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory reuire a preliminary laboratory reportand a inal laboratory report! unless it is stated other"ise# The reports should be !imple an"#learly $ritten by yo%r o$n $or" NOT COPY FRO' BOO(S) # Preliminary report! are"%e on t*e e+periment i! perorm ',ST BE S,B'ITTE- WIT.IN T.E FIRST / .O,R

01 'IN,TES)! unless it is stated other"ise# Final report! !*o%l" be !%bmitte" a $ee2 atert*e e+periment3! "ay! unless it is stated other"ise# Any late !%bmi!!ion $ill not beentertaine"4unless there are concrete and una$oidable reasons#

The report! should be in *an" $ritin5 and any 5rap*! needed should be "ra$n in anappropriate 5rap* paper# %o computer use is allo"ed! unless it is stated other"ise#

The reports should be submitted at t*e Fl%i" 'e#*ani#! Laboratory beore t*e e+periment!tart!# The reports $ill not be ret%rne"to the students# Any students "ant to chec& their report!can do so "ith the instructor at his o''ice#

Each experiment "rite(up contains a number o' uestions# These are to be ans"ered in your

Introduction or Theory or )iscussion section or it mi*ht appear in all three sections +Introduction!Theory and )iscussion,# Particularly the uestion about relation the ans"ers o' the uestions andob-ecti$es should be included only in Introduction section# Any %nan!$ere" 6%e!tion mi5*tre!%lt a "e"%#tion o mar2! in yo%r report!7

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8,I-ELINES FOR PRELI'INARY REPORT WRITIN8

All experiments in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory reuire a preliminary laboratory reportunless speci'ied other"ise# The report should be "ritten in such a "ay that anyone can understandand con$inced "ith "hat the experimenter "ill do in the experiments# The 'ollo"in* 'ormats areproposed as a *uide# The students may add or delete sections as needed 'or each speci'ic

experiment in order to obtain a lo*ical! sel'(contained document#

Title pa5eSpeci'y the experiment/s number and its title# Include names o' all experimenters! experimenters/matric numbers! experimenter/s pro*ramme +Aerospace or Automoti$e,! date o' submission! anddates "hen experiments "ere carried out# At top o' this pa*e must bear the subtitle0 1PreliminaryLaboratory eport1# e'er to Appendix A 'or the example o' this title pa*e#T*i! pa5e !*o%l" be type" in #omp%ter an" printe"7

Table o Content!Lists each ma-or section and subsection and their pa*e numbers# ou may re'er this lab manualTable of Contentsas a 'ormat re'erence#

Ob9e#tie!The ob-ecti$es are a clear concise statement explainin* the purpose o' the experiment# This is oneo' the most important parts o' the laboratory report because e$erythin* included in the reportmust someho" relate to the stated ob-ect# The ob-ecti$es can be as short as one sentence and it isusually "ritten in the past tense#4o"e$er! 'or this course you -ust ha$e to copy 'rom lab manual and re"rite it in your reports#

Intro"%#tionIndicate "hat the o$erall plan o' the experiment is0 "hat "ill be done and ho"! "hich $ariables"ill be manipulated and measured# 5learly indicate "hat the reader should expect to 'ind in eacho' the subseuent sections# T.IS SECTION S.O,L- NOT CONTAIN ANY E;,ATIONS4FI8,RES4 AN- 8RAP.S AN- S.O,L- NOT E

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8,I-ELINES FOR FINAL REPORT WRITIN8

All 'inal reports in the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory reuire a inal laboratory report unlessspeci'ied other"ise# The report should be "ritten in such a "ay that anyone can duplicate theper'ormed experiment and 'ind the same results as the ori*inator# The reports should be !implean" #learly $ritten#

The report should communicate se$eral ideas to the reader# Fir!t4 the report should be neatlydone# The experimenter is in e''ect tryin* to con$ince the reader that the experiment "asper'ormed in a strai*ht'or"ard manner "ith *reat care and "ith 'ull attention to detail# A poorly"ritten report mi*ht instead lead the reader to thin& that -ust as little care "ent into per'ormin*the experiment# Se#on"4the report should be "ell or*ani@ed# The reader should be able to easily'ollo" each step discussed in the text# T*ir"4the report should contain accurate results# This "illreuire chec&in* and rechec&in* the calculations until accuracy can be *uaranteed# Fo%rt*4 thereport should be 'ree o' spellin* and *rammatical errors#The 'ollo"in* 'ormat is to be used 'or 'ormal Laboratory eports0

Title pa5eSpeci'y the experiment/s number and its title# Include names o' all experimenters! experimenters/

matric numbers! experimenter/s pro*ramme +Aerospace or Automoti$e,! laboratory section! dateo' submission! and dates "hen experiments "ere carried out# At top o' this pa*e must bear thesubtitle0 1Final Laboratory eport1# e'er to Appendix A 'or the example o' this title pa*e#T*i! pa5e !*o%l" be type" in #omp%ter an" printe"7

Table o Content!Lists each ma-or section and subsection and their pa*e numbers# ou may re'er this lab manualTable of Contentsas a 'ormat re'erence#This pa*e could be typed in computer and printed#

Ob9e#tie!The ob-ecti$es are a clear concise statement explainin* the purpose o' the experiment# Theob-ecti$es ser$e as a *uide to the results# This is one o' the most important parts o' the laboratory

report because e$erythin* included in the report must someho" relate to the stated ob-ecti$es#The ob-ecti$es can be as short as one sentence and it is usually "ritten in the past tense# )o notexceed one pa*e#4o"e$er! 'or this course you -ust ha$e to copy 'rom lab manual and re"rite it in your reports#

Ab!tra#t=Intro"%#tionSummari@e the important results# The abstract must be sel'(contained0 do not re'er to 'i*ures andtables located in other sections o' the report# )o not include tables! 'i*ures! and euations! unlessabsolutely necessary# )o not assume that the reader "ill unambi*uously identi'y unde'inedsymbols# 7e precise and succinct# -o not e+#ee" one pa5e7The Abstract should be "ritten "ith*reat care because it is a mo!t important part o t*e Final Report and "ill ha$e a $ery lar*eimpact on the *rade assi*ned to the "or

Pro#e"%reThe procedure section should contain a schematic dra"in* o' the experimental setup includin* alleuipment used in a parts list "ith manu'acturer serial numbers! i' any# Sho" the 'unction o' eachpart "hen necessary 'or clarity# utline exactly step(by(step ho" the experiment "as per'ormedas there is someone desires to duplicate it# I' it cannot be duplicated! the experiment sho"snothin*#Re!%lt!Include all tables and *raphs that document your 'inal results# Include all rele$ant in'ormation so

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that you can later re'er to these 'i*ures in the )iscussion section to support your conclusions# I'possible! present the results in the same order that you listed the ob-ecti$es# )o not discuss thesi*ni'icance o' the results# Include only 'inal results that satis'y the ob-ecti$es o' the experiment6len*thier tables and intermediate 'i*ures should be included in the Appendix# Introduce the readerto each 'i*ure and table "ith a brie' para*raph indicatin* "hat $ariables are plotted or tabulated#Each 'i*ure and table must ha$e a uniue number and a title or caption#

Sample Cal#%lation!Gi$e one example o' each calculation that leads to a result reported in the document# Include onecalculation 'or each 'i*ure or table reported in the esults section# Introduce each calculation "itha brie' para*raph indicatin* to the reader "hich speci'ic point in a 'i*ure or entry in a table isbein* calculated# These calculations are samples only and must be annotated# Extensi$ecalculations should be included in the Appendix6 the Sample 5alculations section can theninclude appropriate re'erences to the Appendix#

-i!#%!!ionThis section should *i$e an interpretation o' the results explainin* ho" the ob-ect +Theb-ecti$es, o' the experiment "as accomplished# I' any analytical expression is to be $eri'ied!calculate B error and account 'or the sources# +B error C An analysis expressin* ho" 'a$orablythe empirical data approximate theoretical in'ormation# There are many "ays to 'ind B error! butone method is introduced here 'or consistency# Ta&e the di''erence bet"een the empirical andtheoretical results and di$ide by the theoretical result# Multiplyin* by :

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E;,IP'ENT:4ydraulic 7enchFlo" Meter Apparatus

;,ESTIONS

:# Ohat is the principle behind the obstruction 'lo" meter2# 4o" to measure theoretical 'lo" rate 'rom obstruction 'lo" meter3# )eri$e theoretical 'lo" rate euation 'or obstruction 'lo" meter#.# Explain "hat is the coe''icient o' dischar*e! 5d?# 4o" "e can calculate the coe''icient o' dischar*e experimentally># Explain "hat the 'unction o' pie@ometer is and ho" to use it# Illustrate the pie@ometer#D# Ohat is loss coe''icientJ# 4o" to determine loss coe''icient 'or sudden enlar*ement and < elbo" experimentally# Explain ho" rotameter "or&s#:

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E;,IP'ENT:4ydraulic 7ench7ernoulli Experiment/s Apparatus

Se#on" Part: Friction Losses in Strai*ht Pipes! 7ends and Elbo"s

{More in textbook [1] section 5-& until 5-%' -4' and -&!A pipe system usually consists o' strai*ht pipes! bends! elbo"s! $al$e and 'ittin*s# The existent o'these parts "ill contribute to a loss +due to 'riction,# A loss "ill lead to a pressure drop# In pumpselections! there are needs to &no" about the pressure drop#

A loss in o$erall pipin* system is called ma-or loss "hile loss in bends! elbo"s! $al$e and 'ittin*is called as minor loss#

This experiment is to study about the 'riction losses in strai*ht pipes! bends and elbo"s#For all studies! measure the losses as a 'unction o' $olumetric 'lo" rate#For losses in strai*ht pipes +Dmm and :

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deri$ation! state all assumption and consideration clearly#2# Ohat are the 4ydraulic Grade Line and Ener*y Grade Line 4o" the t"o lines relates to

each other 4o" the t"o lines relates "ith 7ernoulli Euation3# Ohat is the restriction o' 7ernoulli Euation.# 7y usin* all ans"ers 'or the uestions abo$e! explain "hat you should do in the

experiments in order to achie$e the ob-ecti$es#

Part II:# )eri$e Extended 7ernoulli Euation and Modi'ied 7ernoulli Euation 'rom the First La"

o' Thermodynamics# Ohat are the di''erent bet"een the t"o euations2# Ohat are ma-or losses! minor losses and head loss3# Ohat is the euation to determine head loss 'or strai*ht pipe.# For a system "ith a constant diameter o' strai*ht pipe and not in$ol$in* any pump "or&!

ho" can "e determine the head loss?# Ohat is the 'riction 'actor 4o" "e can determine it experimentally 4o" it chan*e "ith

eynolds %umber># Ohat is Moody )ia*ram Ohat "e can obtain 'rom itD# Ohat is euation to determine head loss 'or minor lossesJ# For a system "ith one bend and not in$ol$in* any pump "or&! ho" "e can determine the

head loss 'or the bend# Ohat is loss coe''icient Ohat is eui$alent len*th 4o" the t"o relates:

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Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual :D

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;,ESTIONS:# )escribe "hat is laminar! transition and turbulent 'lo"# Illustrate the 'lo"s#2# Ohat is eynolds %umber Ohat is the critical eynolds %umber3# 4o" "e can classi'y the 'lo" re*imes by usin* eynolds %umber.# Ohat is the critical eynolds %umber that eynolds sborne obtained 'rom his

experiment 'or circular pipe?# 7y usin* all ans"ers 'or the uestions abo$e! explain "hat you should do in the

experiments in order to achie$e the ob-ecti$es#

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For this experiment!:# )etermine0

a# A$era*e $elocity o' the air 'lo"b# Holumetric 'lo" ratec# euired net head by sol$in* ener*y euationd# Pump e''iciency

2# Plot on the same set o' axes the *raph o' a$ailable net head! pump e''iciency and reuirednet head as a 'unction o' capacity +$olumetric 'lo" rate,#

3# From the *raph! determine +i' possible,a# Free deli$eryb# 7est e''iciency pointc# peratin* point

E;,IP'ENT:Air Flo" 7enchPitot tubeInclined Manometer

;,ESTIONS:# Explain brie'ly the 'ollo"in* terms

i# 'ree deli$eryii# shut o'' headiii# bra&e horsepo"eri$# "ater horsepo"er$# pump and turbines +Gi$e examples,

2# Ohat is pump per'ormance cur$es! a$ailable net head cur$e! reuired net head cur$e ande''iciency cur$e Illustrate all cur$es#

3# 4o" to obtain a$ailable net head cur$e and reuired net head cur$e.# )escribe and illustrate Pitot(static tube#?# Explain ho" to determine $olumetric 'lo" rate by usin* Pitot(static tube#># Ohat is $elocity pro'ile

D# )escribe and illustrate $elocity pro'ile o' 'ully de$eloped laminar 'lo" and 'ullyde$eloped turbulent 'lo" in a circular cross(section pipe#

J# Oater is to be pumped 'rom one lar*e!open tan& to a second lar*e! open tan& assho"n in Fi*# E?#. +a,# The pipe diameterthrou*hout is > in# and the total len*th o' thepipe bet"een the pipe entrance and exit is 2

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;,ESTIONS:# Explain the purpose to connect pump in series and parallel#2# 4o" "ould the per'ormance cur$e 'or pump in series or parallel di''er "ith sin*le pump3# Illustrate the per'ormance cur$e 'or pumps in series and sin*le pump in one 'i*ure and

pumps in parallel and sin*le pump in another 'i*ure#.# Ohat is shut o'' point Ohat should "e do at shut o'' point

?# 4o" "e can determine shut o'' point># T"o reser$oirs A and 7 are connected "ith a lon* pipe that has a characteristics such that

the head loss throu*h the pipe is expressible as hLK2

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Appendix A:$eports %itle 3age

FINAL LABORATORY REPORT

A,TO'OTIVE EN8INEERIN8 LAB

SECTION /

E

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Appendix B: !peci;cation for Flo0 Meter Apparatus

Fluid Mechanics Lab Manual 2?

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Appendix C:!peci;cation for Friction Losses Apparatus