lab manual mechanical lab

8/12/2019 LAB MANUAL Mechanical Lab

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PENSKY MARTIN CLOSED CUP APPARATUS

AIM:To determine the flash and fire point of given oil sample using pensky martins closed cupapparatus.

APPARARTUS REQUIRED:

Pen sky martin’s apparatus

Rheostat

Thermometers (0 C - 400 C)

THEORY:

FLASH POINT:It is the lowest temperature at which the fuel will flash when an external source of fire is brought

in contact with the vapors over its surface.FIRE POINT:

Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the formation of combustible gases from the oil isenough to maintain a steady combustible gas fire after it is ignited.

PRECAUTIONS:1Using a rheostat regulate the heating range to sufficiently low rate to avoid errors.

2. Provide adequate heating.

PROCEDURE: Note down the name and serial number of oil sample.

The closed cup is filled with the given sample of oil up to the standard filling mark in the cup. Athermometer is held in the oil such that it does not touch the metallic parts.

When the sample of oil is kept stirred and heated it gives out a vapour. A test flame using aglowing splinter is applied at a short distance over the surface of the oil, while watching for a

flickering sound and a flash.The minimum temperature at which the momentary flash is obtained is called the flash point. The

flash point is noted from the thermometer. Heating is continued further. As done earlier a test

flame is applied but watching for the continuous burning of the vapour.The lowest temperature at which the ignited vapors continuously burns is called the fire point thefire point is noted from the thermometer

Repeat the procedure for different sample

˚



TABULATION:

S. NO. NAME OF THE OIL SAMPLE TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS

1 SAE 40oil Initial 31˚c

2 35˚c No flash point3 45˚c No flash point

4 50˚c No flash point

5 55 ˚c flash point

6 56˚c No fire point

7 58˚c No fire point

8 60˚c fire point

9

RESULT:

The flash point of the given sample of oil is found to be 55 ˚c

The fire point of the given sample of oil is found to be 60˚c



REDWOOD VISCOMETER

AIM:To determine the kinematic viscosity of the given oil sample at various temperatures and to draw

the following graph.1.

Redwoods viscosity Vs temperature.

2. kinematics’ viscosity Vs temperature .

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

Redwood viscometerThermometers - 2 Nos.

Stop watch50 cc collecting flask.

THEORY:

VISCOSITY:

Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layerof fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:

It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and the density of the fluid. It is denoted by

( ).

DESCRIPTION:

The redwood viscometer consists of a cylindrical oil cup and it has an orifice at the centre of its base. The orifice can be opened and closed by a ball valve.

A hook pointing upward serves as a guide for the oil in the cup, the cup is place inside a water bath, which can be heated electrically. A stirrer with radial vanes is provided to keep the

temperature uniform. Thermometers are held in the holders provided for reading the temperature ofwater bath and oil.

FORMULA:

Dynamic viscosity = A t - (B/ t) centistokes.Where

A & B are constant, A=0.26, B=170.5. t= time taken to collect 50 cc of oil in the flask inseconds.

Kinematics viscosity = dynamic viscosity / density



PROCEDURE:i) Clean the cup and move the jet is free from distance close to the orifice with help of ball

valve and fill the cup with the given oil up to the tip of the hook gauge.

ii) Insert the thermometer in the holder, one in oil cup and other in the stirrer mouth and readthe room temperature of oil.

iii) Place the cleaned standard collecting flask of 50cc capacity just below the opening of theorifice and adjust the flask such that the stream oil coming out of orifice strikes the mouth

of the flask.iv) The oil is heated by switching on the heater and the water is stirred continuously .the input

to the heater is varied by adjusting the rheostat regulator. Ensure the temperature reading issame in the oil and water before opening the ball vale.

v) Opening the ball valve and then the time taken for collecting 50cc oil is measured by stopwatch. After collecting 50 cc of oil in the flask close the ball valve.

vi) Repeat the experiment different temperature. And tabulate the reading

TABULATION:

S.NO TEMPERATURE

OF OIL

TIME TAKEN

FORCOLLECTING50cc OIL IN FLASK

KINEMATIC

VISCOSITY INCENTISTOKES

1 40 161 40.79

2 50 112.48 27.72

3 60 73 16.63

4 70 40.48 6.28

5 80 32.88 3.33

Model CalculationKinematic viscosity==KV=A t (B/ t)

0.26×1.61 -(171.5/161)

K.V = 40.99 centistokes.

Graph1. Temperature Vs Redwood seconds.

2. Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity.

RESULT:

The kinematics viscosity of the given sample was determined for the different temperatures. Thetemperature Vs kinematics viscosity graphs were drawn.



SAYBOLTVISCOMETER

AIM:

To determine the kinematic viscosity of the given oil sample at various temperatures and to drawthe following graph.

3. Say Bolt viscosity Vs temperature.4. kinematics’ viscosity Vs temperature

.APPRATUS REQUIRED:

Say Bolt viscometer

Thermometers - 2 Nos.Stop watch

50 cc collecting flask.

THEORY:

VISCOSITY:Viscosity is defined as the property of a fluid which offers resistance to the movement of one layer

of fluid over another adjacent layer of the fluid

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY:It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic viscosity and the density of the fluid. It is denoted by

( ).

DESCRIPTION:The redwood viscometer consists of a cylindrical oil cup and it has an orifice at the centre of its

base. The orifice can be opened and closed by a ball valve.A hook pointing upward serves as a guide for the oil in the cup, the cup is place inside a water

bath, which can be heated electrically. A stirrer with radial vanes is provided to keep thetemperature uniform. Thermometers are held in the holders provided for reading the temperature of

water bath and oil.

FORMULA:Dynamic viscosity = A t - (B/ t) centistokes.

WhereA & B are constant, A=0.26, B=170.5. t= time taken to collect 50 cc of oil in the flask in

seconds.Kinematics viscosity = dynamic viscosity / density



PROCEDURE:vii) Clean the cup and move the jet is free from distance close to the orifice with help of ball

valve and fill the cup with the given oil up to the tip of the hook gauge.viii) Insert the thermometer in the holder, one in oil cup and other in the stirrer mouth and read

the room temperature of oil.ix)

Place the cleaned standard collecting flask of 50cc capacity just below the opening of the

orifice and adjust the flask such that the stream oil coming out of orifice strikes the mouthof the flask.

x) The oil is heated by switching on the heater and the water is stirred continuously .the inputto the heater is varied by adjusting the rheostat regulator. Ensure the temperature reading is

same in the oil and water before opening the ball vale.xi) Opening the ball valve and then the time taken for collecting 50cc oil is measured by stop

watch. After collecting 50 cc of oil in the flask close the ball valve.xii) Repeat the experiment different temperature. And tabulate the reading

TABULATION:

S.NO TEMPERATUREOF OIL

TIME TAKENFORCOLLECTING

50cc OIL IN FLASK

KINEMATICVISCOSITY IN

CENTISTOKES

1 34 70.35 13.12

2 45 65.75 12.80

3 54 55.10 10.0

4 64 40.0 7.46

5 72 30.6 2.50

Model CalculationKinematic viscosity==KV=A t (B/ t)

0.226×70.35 -(195/70.35)

K.V = 13.12 centistokes.

Graph

3. Temperature Vs se Say Bolt seconds.4. Temperature Vs Kinematic viscosity.

RESULT:

The kinematics viscosity of the given sample was determined for the different temperatures. Thetemperature Vs kinematics viscosity graphs were drawn.



VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM OF FOUR STROKE ENGINE

Ex.No:1

AIM:

To draw the valve timing diagram for the given four stroke engine

EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED:

1. Measuring tape

2. Scale3. Thread

4. feeler gauge

FORMULA:

Required angle = Distance x 360

Circumference of the flywheel Where,

Distance = Distance of the valve opening or closing position marked on flywheel withrespect to their dead centre

PROCEDURE:

1. First the TDC and BDC of the engine are found correctly by rotating the flywheel

and the positions are marked on the flywheel.

2. Now the circumference of the flywheel is found by using the measuring tape.

3. The flywheel is rotated and the point at which the inlet valve starts opening is found

out and its position is marked on the flywheel.

4. Similarly the position at which it closes is also found out.

5. The distances are measured by using thread with respect to their dead centre and

converted into angles.6. The same procedure is repeated for the exhaust valves also.



TABULATION:

Event Distance from their

respective dead centers in

“cm”

Valve opening period in

degrees

Inlet valve opens 35 6˚48’

Inlet valve closes 95 18˚28’

Exhaust valve opens 140 27˚14’

Exhaust valve closes 50 9˚48’

Angular calculation;

Diameter of the flywheel D = mmCircumference of the flywheel X = II D

Angle θ = ×360

calculation;

1. I.V.O θ =

RESULT:

Thus the valve timing for the given four stroke engine is found out and is drawn.

Inlet valve opens …. …..6˚48’

Inlet valve closes……..18˚28

Exhaust valve opens… 27˚14’

Exhaust valve closes …..9˚48’



TABULATION:

Event Distance from their

respective dead centers in

“cm”

Port opening period in

degrees

Inlet port opens 80 45˚50

Inlet port closes 80 45˚50

Transfer port opens 130 74˚29

Transfer port closes 130 74˚29

Exhaust port opens 90 51˚33

Exhaust port closes 90 51˚33

calculation;

1. I.P.O θ =

RESULT:

Thus the port time for the given two stroke engine is found out and the port timing

diagram is drawn.

Inlet port opens = …………...... 45˚50

Inlet port closes = ……………. 45˚50

Transfer port opens = 74˚29

Transfer port closes = 74˚29

Exhaust Port opens = 51˚33

Exhaust port closes = 51˚33



Calculation:1. Total fuel consumption

mf

mf

2. Heat input

H.I

H.I

3.Break power

B.p ×(w – s )Rb

×(3 )×0.16

B.P

4.Specific fuel consumption S.F.C

=

S.F.C = 1.16kg/kw.h



FORMULA USED:V x I

1). Brake power = -----------------

generator

10 x specific gravity of fuel x 3600

2). Total fuel consumption ( TFC) = ----- --------- kg / hrt 1000

Where,

Specific gravity of diesel fuel =0.835

3) Heat supplied (Qs) = TFC x CV kJ /S

Where,

TFC= Total Fuel consumption in kg/ s

CV= calorific value of diesel =44100 kJ/S

TFC4) Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = ------- kg / kWh

BP

5) Indicated power = BP + FPWhere,

FP = Friction power (measured from TFC Vs BP)BP

6) Brake thermal efficiency = --------

TFC x CV

IP

7). Indicated thermal efficiency = ------------TFC x CV

BP8). Mechanical efficiency = ------------------

IP

Procedure:

1). Start the engine at no load condition2).Apply loads on the engine and then adjust the rated speed of the engine. Allow

The engine to attain steady state.3). Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption is measured.

4). Repeat the procedure for loads.



TABULATION:

GRAPHS:

1. BP Vs TFC

2. BP Vs SFC

3. BP Vs MECH

4. BP Vs BTH

RESULT:

The performance test was conducted on the single cylinder diesel engine and the performancecurves were drawn.

s.no Load(W)

Kgf

Speed(N)

rpm

Time

taken for

10 cc of

fuel (sec)

TFC kg

/ hr

HI

Kg /kWh

BP

kW

SFC

kW

IP

kWmech

% BTH

%

1 0 646 13 22.98 274.48 0 0 23 0 0

2 3 614 6 49.80 594.83 30.86 1.61 53.86 57.29 5.18

3 4 605 5.5 54.32 648.82 40.54 1.34 63.54 63.8 6.25

4 6 593 4.3 69.48 829.90 59.61 1.16 82.61 72.15 7.18



RETARDATION TEST ON SINGLE CYLINDER FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:

To conduct a retardation test on engine and determine the frictional power loss and hencedetermine the mechanical efficiency. .

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

1. Stop watch

2. Tachometer

TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE ENGINE:

Four stroke diesel water-cooled brake drum loading:

1. Brea k power. :2. Lubrication. oil:

3. Rated speed. :

PROCEDURE:

1. Start the engine by hand cracking with the decompression lever pressing down the exhaust

value.2. Tack out the hand crank release the decompression lever to run at no load for about 5-10

mines to warm up and attain steady state condition at rated speed.3. Adjust the rate of cooling water flow.

4By pulling the control rod cut off the diesel supply to the engine and simultaneously start thestop watch.

5.Record the time for crankshaft speed to reduce 560,460,360,rpm by running the stopwatch.

MODEL CALCULATION:Effective radius, Re = Brake drum radius + Radius of rope

1. Brake torque B.T = W x 9.81 x Re in N-m2. Frictional Torque T.F = Tf1 + Tf2 + Tf3 in N-m

Tf1 = BT – (T1/ (Tm-T1) in N-m

t1=time taken for fall of speed at no load conditiont2=time taken for fall of speed at no load condition

3. Break Power B.P = (2π x W x Re x g) / (60x1000) in KW

4. Frictional Power Loss FP = (2 x N x Tf ) / 60000 in KW

5. Mechanical Efficiency mech = (B.P /(BP + FP) x 100 in %



Where, g = Acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m / sec

Calculation:

1.

Brake Torque :B.T = W x 9.81 x Re

= 13 x 9.81 x 0.473B.T = 60.32 N-m

GRAPH:

Thgraph drawn by B.P Vs mech

TABULATION:

S.NO

LOAD(kgf)Time taken to reach

from 660 rpm to (sec)

BreakTorque

N-m

AverageFrictionTorque

N-m

BreakPower

KW

FrictionPower

KWmec

%

W1 W2 WW1-W2

560

rpm

460

rpm

360

rpm

1. 0 00

5.16 9 13 0 0 0 0 0

2. 15 2 133 5 7 60.32 59.05 4.169 4.08 50.53

3. 22 418 3 7 8 83.52 81.35 5.77 5.62 50.65

4. 23 518 3 6 7 83.52 82.00 5.78 5.66 50.62

RESULT:

Thus the Retardation test on engine in conducted and the. Frictional power loss mechanicalefficiency at about three loads are found out.



HEAT BALANCE TEST ON FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

AIM:

To determine the percentage of heat converted into useful work, heat carried away by coolingwater, heat carried away by exhaust gas, and unaccounted losses.

APPRATUS REQUIRED:

1. Temperature Indicator,

2. Stopwatch,3. Tachometer.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

1.

Type: TEX-V-ISP2. Rated speed: 1500rpm3. Brake power: 3.7 KW

4. No. of cylinder: 4 cylinder5. Fuel: Diesel

6. Cooling system: Water cooling7. Type of loading device: Mechanical load

PRECAUTIONS:

1

Check the fuel level in the fuel tank and open the fuel knob.2 Check lubrication oil level in the crankcase

3 Ensure cooling water supply to engine before starting the engine.4 Ensure cooling water supply to brake drum before loading the engine.

5 Engine should be started on no load condition.6 Load should be added or removed gradually by adjusting the speed of the engine to its

rated value by screwing in or out of the governor nut.7 Engine should stopped only on no load condition

8 During starting the engine the handle used on the crank shaft to start the engine, should beremoved immediately once the engine is started

9 Decompression lever should not be used to stop the engine.10 Do not over load the engine beyond ten percent more than the full load capacity.

FORMULA USED:

1) Heat supplied Qs =TFC x CV kJ / S

Where,



TFC=Total fuel consumption in kg/ s

CV= calorific value of diesel =44100 kJ/S

2 NW(R+ r) x 9.812) Heat equivalent to useful work (BP)= ------------------------ kJ/S

60

x 1000

Where,

N = speed of the engine.W = load

R = radius of the brake drumr = radius of rope

3) Heat carried away by cooling water Q w = Mw C v ( T 1-T2 ) kJ/S

Where

Mw = Mass of cooling water.CV = specific heat of cooling water

T1 = cooling water inlet temperature.

T2= cooling water outlet temperature.

4) Heat carried away by exhaust gas Q g = Mg Cg (T g-Ta) kJ/S

Where,

Mg = Mass of exhaust gas.

Cg = specific heat of exhaust gas

Tg = temperature of exhaust gas.

Ta=ambient temperature of air.

PROCEDURE:

1) Start the engine at no load condition2) After steady state is reached note down the following

i) Speed of the engine.ii) The time for 10 cc of fuel consumption

iii)

Time for 1 let of cooling water collection.iv) Air inlet temperature.

v) Exhaust gas temperaturevi) Cooling water inlet and outlet temperature.

vii) Manometer reading.Repeat the above procedure for various loads.



TABULATION:

Sl.NoLoad

(w) in Kgf

Time for 10 ccFuel

Consumption

Temperature (˚C) T.F.C(kg /

hr)T1 T2 T3 T4 T5

1. 0 70.8 26 35 131 143 27 0.432

2. 2 65 24 34 138 147 26 0.4713. 4 60 26 35 156 164 24 0.510

4. 6 50 26 37 196 205 27 0.612

5. 8 45 23 38 206 216 25 0.680

HEAT BALANCE SHEET:

S.no Load

(kgf)

Heat

inout(kw)

B.P P water P exhaust P unacc

KW % KW % KW % KW %

1.0 5.16 0 0

0.06961.14 0.0683 1.4 5.026 97.3

2.2 5.62

0.49318.8

0.06191.8

0.09711.8 4.968

88.4

3. 4

6.09

0.9862

16.2

0.0696

1.14 0.1267 2.0 4.489 73.8

4. 6 7.30 1.4793 20.3

0.0851 1.16 0.1470 2.1 5.589 76.5

5. 8 8.12 1.9724 24.3 0.0928 1.13 0.1400 1.7 5.915 72.8,

Calculation:

1. T.F.C :

= = =

T.F.C = 0.471 kg/hr

2. Brake power :

= ×

=

+ BP = 0.4931 kwResult:

Thus the heat balance test was conducted in the single cylinder engine 4-stroke diesel engineand the heat balance sheet is drawn.



MORSE TEST ON MULTI-CYLINDER PETROL ENGINE

AIM:To determine the frictional power and mechanical efficiency of the multi-cylinder petrol

engine.

Apparatus required:

Stop watch

Tachometer.

ENGINE SPECIFICATION:

Make: rated speed: brake power:

No. of cylinder: fuel: cooling system:

Type of loading device:

FORMULA USED:

W x NBrake power = ----------------------

CWhere,

W- Load acting on the engine

N-

speed of the engine

C- dynamometer constant

for 4-cylinder engine ,

ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4 = bp1234 + fp ------ (1)

1st cylinder is cut – off, it will not produce any power but it will have friction, then

ip2 + ip3 + ip4 = bp234 + fp --------- (2)

Then subtracting equ - (2) from equ - (1)

ip1 = bp1234 - bp234



Similarly we can find the indicated power of a remaining cylinder, viz., ip2 , ip3 , ip4 .ip2 = bp1234 - bp134

ip3 = bp1234 - bp124

ip4 = bp1234 - bp123

ip1234 = ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4

FRICTION power of the engine is given by

fp = ip1234 – bp1234

bpMechanical efficiency of the engine = --------------

bp+ fp

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the fuel level in the fuel tank and open the fuel knob.2. Check lubrication oil level in the crankcase

3. Ensure cooling water supply to engine before starting the engine.4. Ensure cooling water supply to brake drum before loading the engine.

5. Engine should be started on no load condition.6. Engine should stopped only at no load condition

7. Before starting the engine, condition of battery and battery terminal electricalconnection to be checked

8. Throttle position should be set at minimum level.9.

Do not over load the engine beyond ten percent more than the full load capacity.

Procedures

1.

Disengage the clutch rod before starting.2. The engine is started on no load and engages the clutch.

3. the engine is allowed to run for 2 to 3 minutes for initial warm up4. Apply required load on the dynamometer.

5. Adjust the speed of the engine to at 1500 rpm by throttle valve.6. Adjust the gear wheel, dynamometer water delivery and bring the dynamometer

body into horizontal position.7. Measure the engine speed.

8.

Now cut-off the ignition supply to the cylinder- 1 ( by opening the Morse switch -1)9. Now the speed and output the engine drops.

10. Then the engine speed is brought to its original value by reducing the load . nownote down the value of speed and load

11. Similarly cut-off the cylinders 2, 3 and 4 respectively. And find the correspondingvalue load and speed of the engine.



TABULATION

Si.no Speed(rpm)

No. of thecylindercut off

VoltageV

(volts)

CurrentI

(Amps)

Brake powerB I(k w )

IndicatedPower(kw)

FrictionalPower FP(k w)

mech

1. 1800Allworking 430 4 3.310 17.332 7.132 32.34

2. 04 350

1.5

3. 03 275 1.25

4. 02 250 2

5. 01 215 1

Calculation:

1.

B.P =

=

B.P = 3.310 KW

Result:

Thus Morse test was conducted on multi-cylinder petrol engine.



The friction power of the engine = -----------

Mechanical efficiency of the engine = ----------

STUDY OF BOILER AND STEAM TURBINE

AIM:To study the boiler and steam turbine

BOILER SPECIFICATIONMake: Steam output: fuel: type:

Boiler:

Boiler is a closed vessel made of steel .Its function is to transfer heat to water to produce steam

CONSTRUCTION:The boiler is bolted on a sturdy chassis .the body is a double jacketed casing. Ladder is in the

front, adjacent to the control panel. The coil is at the centre of the boiler and is made of boilerquality carbon steel tubes. The coil is enclosed by a pair if concentric shell, top of the coil is

enclosed by top refractory which is bolted to the inner shell. Outer shell is cover by aninsulated to cover. Blower is connected to the boiler by an air duct at the bottom.

A duct joins the economizer the boiler flue gas outlet. The economizer is a shell and tube heatexchanger having a number of vertical steel tubes welded between the two tube plates. The

chimney duct is bolted above the economizer. It has a flanged opening for the chimneyconnection.



The fuel pump is connected to the blower motor with the coupling and is mounted on acommon base frame bolted to the bottom chassis. the fuel filter the fuel oil preheating tank are

also mounted on the base frame.A burner assembly is on the top plate. Metallic hoses are attached to it for fuel supply. The

control panel houses the electric al controls. Various switches and indicators lamps aremounted on its fronts.

STEAMBEST BOILER:It is an instant steam generator of water tube design. it is a fully automatics , packaged unit

of consisting of the boiler and its accessories mounted on the chassis. Now the fuel is injected by the injector at the top of the boiler. The chemical energy in the fuel is released in the form

of heat during combustion. The product of combustion of the flue gases, transfer this heat tothe coil carrying water by radiation and convection.

Residual heat in the flue gas is absorbed in the economizer, where feed water is heated toexpel the dissolved gases. Air required for the combustion is supplied by the blower which

imparts velocity and pressure to the air centrifugal action of the rotating blades.

The steam best has a reversible flame type furnace. The flame produced by the burner travelsdown in the furnace and the flue gases are in the reverse direction

WATER SYSTEM:

Water softener is used for converting the hard water into soft water. The soft water is stored intank. The soft water from the soft water tank enters the unit. This water then enters into the

economizer .the flue gases passes through the economizer tube bank heat the water. Hot watercomes out of the top of the economizer. The dissolved gasses in the water are released as it

heated and are vented out through the air vent connection.The pump discharges the water at a pressure equal to the steam outlet pressure plus the

pressure required to overcome the coil resistance. A relief valve protects the pump from over pressure. The water passes through the non return valve. The water enters the coil at the

bottom, evaporates and the steam comes out of the top of the coil. The pressure andtemperature sensing connections are provided on the outlet header.

FUEL SYSTEM:The fuel from the service tank is filtered before entering the fuel pump in the unit. The

fuel under pressure is filtered again through a second filter. The filters are self – cleaning typewith a drain plug at the bottom. Fuel pressuregauge indicating the pressure at this point. When

n the burner solenoid coil is energized the fuel enters the burner rod and it is sprayed throughthe nozzle.



AIR SYSTEM:The blower drives air into the bottom of the air jacket and enters the burner. The flame cone

diffuser – plate combination causes vigorous mixing of air with atomized fuel. The flame isshot downward in the furnace. The flue gases passes through the inner coil and outer coil and

travel upward back to top of the coil.The gasses then pass through the gap between coil and inner shell and enter the economizer

from bottom. After passing through the economizer tubes, they are let out of the chimney.

ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:

The boiler operates on 415 V, 50 HZ, 3 phases, 4 wire electric supplies. The controlcircuit voltage is 230 V. Three phase supply is given to blower motor, water pump. The

following safety circuits are available on the control panel, water low level, and electrical lockout, steam temperature high.

STEAM TURBINE

The steam turbine is a single stage impulse turbine, condensing type. The turbine consists of a

wheel manufactured from a single gun metal casting. The turbine blades have a large clearanceat the sides of the wheel. The blades are designed in such a way that there, is negligible end

thrust.the wheel is mounted on the shaft carried on the ball bearing and closed in a pressure

tight casing .The glands between the wheel and bearing , prevent escape of the operatingmedium steam from the shaft. The critical speed of the shaft is well above the operating

speed. The direction of rotation of the shaft is clock wise looking on the turbine shaftextension. The steam enters the casing through valve.

The steam enters in to the nozzle and the steam is directed to the blades. The nozzle angle is 32degree. The exhaust steam from the turbine enters into the condenser.

Specification of steamturbine.

Operating medium: power output:

Inlet pressure: inlet temperature:

STEAM CONDENSER:

The steam leaves from the turbine exhaust enter into the condenser. The steam condenser is adevice which helps the exhaust steam from the turbine to condensate into water by exchanging

the heat to the continuously circulating cooling media.

SEPARATING AND THROTTLING CALORIMETER:



Separating and throttling calorimeter is placed in between boiler and turbine. The quality ofsteam that entering into the turbine is measured by this apparatus

RESULT:

Thus the boiler and steam turbine are studied

.

lab manual mechanical lab

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