lab study notes

8/7/2019 Lab Study Notes

1/13

Lab 1 Introduction to Microscopy

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

y Plase (cell) membrane:

All living cells, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a plasma membrane that encloses their

contents and serves as a semi-porous barrier to the outside environment. The membrane

acts as a boundary, holding the cell constituents together and keeping other substances

from entering. The plasma membrane is permeable to specific molecules, however, and

allows nutrients and other essential elements to enter the cell and waste materials to leave

the cell. Small molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, are able to pass

freely across the membrane, but the passage of larger molecules, such as amino acids and

sugars, is carefully regulated.

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plasmamembrane/plasmamembrane.html

y Cell wall:

One of the most important distinguishing features of plant cells is the presence of a cell

wall. The relative rigidity of the cell wall renders plants sedentary, unlike animals, whose

lack of this type of structure allows their cells more flexibility, which is necessary for

locomotion. The plant cell wall serves a variety of functions. Along with protecting the

intracellular contents, the structure bestows rigidity to the plant, provides a porous

medium for the circulation and distribution of water, minerals, and other nutrients, and

houses specialized molecules that regulate growth and protect the plant from disease.http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/plants/cellwall.html

y Protoplast:

y Cytoplasm:

y Vacuoles:

A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and therelease of cellular waste products. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small.

Vacuoles tend to be large in plant cells and play a role in turgor pressure. When a plant is

well-watered, water collects in cell vacuoles producing rigidity in the plant. Without


2/13

sufficient water, pressure in the vacuole is reduced and the plant wilts.

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/vacuole.htm

y Nucleus:

The nucleus is the most obvious organelle in any eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound

organelle and is surrounded by a double membrane. It communicates with thesurrounding cytosol via numerous nuclear pores.

y Nucleolus:

The prominent structure in the nucleus is the nucleolus. The nucleolus produces

ribosomes, which move out of the nucleus to positions on the rough endoplasmic

reticulum where they are critical in protein synthesis.

y

Chloroplast:

The organelle in which photosynthesis occurs (in the leaves and green stems of plants) is

called the chloroplast. Chloroplasts are relatively large organelles, containing a watery,

protein-rich fluid calledstroma. The stroma contains many small structures composed ofmembranes that resemble stacks of coins. Each stack is agranum (the plural form

isgrana). Each membrane in the stack is a thylakoid. Within the thylakoid membranes(orthylakoids) of the granum, many of the reactions of photosynthesis take place. The

thylakoids are somewhat similar to the cristae of mitochondria.

http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Chloroplast.topicArticleId-8741,articleId-

8597.html

Prokaryotic Cells Cyanobacteria

Lyngbya, a Cyanobacteria with unbranchedfilaments similar to Oscillatoria and

Phormidium, but with thick and definitivemucilaginous sheaths


3/13

Eukaryotic Cells Elodea cell

Cells in Elodea leaf, showing plastids.

Elodea leaf


4/13

Plasmolyzed Elodea


5/13

Lab 2 Premeability of the Red Blood Cell


6/13

Lab 3 Cellular Processes in Amoeba proteus


7/13

Lab 4 Mitosis


8/13

Figure 10.2 Four mitotic stages are visible in this squash preparation of a rapidly dividing root apical meristem ofVicia

faba: prophase (P), metaphase (M), anaphase (A) and telophase (T)


9/13

Magnification40x400x - View 1400x - View 2

Key1. Sertoli cells2. Spermatogonia3. Primary spermatocyte4. Early spermatids5. Late spermatids6. Spermatozoa7. Lumen


10/13


11/13


12/13


13/13

lab study notes

Documents