Blood

Blood and Blood vesselsLaboratory Session 111Blood Components2PlasmaStraw colouredViscous90% water10% solutes respiratory gases, salts, hormones, proteins.

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/blood_plasma.jpg3ErythrocytesDisc shapedBiconcaveAnucleate120 days

http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Notes/images/rbc.jpg4ErythrocytesTransports oxygen and carbon dioxideHemoglobinHeme + globinBinds easily and reversibly with O2Molecules can transport four O2

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19510.jpg5LeukocyteLarge nucleiDefend against diseasesWrights stain used to differentiate blood cellsTwo types:GranulocyteAgranulocyte

http://www.righthealth.com/adam/graphics/images/en/15216.jpg6GranulocytesGranules are visible , that is, they stain with Wrights stain7NeutrophilMost numerous (50-70%)Nucleus multi lobedClear granulesCells engage in phagocytosis

http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Images/mo103le_neutrophil.jpg8Eosinophil2-4% of WBCNucleus bilobedRed granules Kill parasitic worms release enzymes

http://www.cytochemistry.net/microanatomy/blood/eosinophil4.JPG9Basophil< 1%Nucleus bilobedPurple granulesContain histamine inflammatory chemical

http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Images/ba103le_basophil.jpg10AgranulocytesLack visible granules 11LymphocyteSecond most numerous WBC (>25%)Nucleus - sphericalSmall amount in the blood streamDirect attack on cells or via antibodies

http://www.tcd.ie/Genetics/staff/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Miguel_DeArce_GE3095/Images/ly100le_lymphocyte.jpg12Monocyte3-8% of WBCNucleus U shapedPhagocytosis - macrophages

http://education.vetmed.vt.edu/Curriculum/VM8054/Labs/Lab6/IMAGES/MONOCYTE%20IN%20SMEAR.JPG13ThrombocytesFragments of megakaryocytesEngage in hemostasis

14Blood smear

http://www2.victoriacollege.edu/dept/bio/Belltutorials/Histology%20Tutorial/Basic%20Tissues/imageNB2.JPG15Histology of Blood vessels16Arteries and veinsTunica externaConnective tissueCollagen fibresTunica mediaSmooth muscleElastic fibresTunica intimaEndothelium

http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat2/histology/artery.jpg17

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P203/Circulatory_System/Artery_Vein_400x_P4043315lbd.JPG18CapillariesBasement membraneEndothelial cells single layer

http://www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au/mb140/corepages/vascular/Images/cap100wp.jpg19Major blood vessels20Great vessels

http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas/ex/graphics/startimage.jpg21Parts of the aorta

Ascending aortaArch of the aortaDescending thoracic aortaDiaphragm point of reference Abdominal aortahttp://my.clevelandclinic.org/PublishingImages/heart/aortaLG.jpg22Branches of the aorta

23Systemic arteries ad veins

http://www.worldinvisible.com/images/apolog/body/bloodjci.gif24PulseArterial palpation of the heartbeatPalpated where an artery can be compressed against boneCommon areas include:Carotid arteryRadial arteryPopliteal arteryBrachial artery

http://sashiimii.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/1116_pulse-palpablesites_1.jpg?w=458&h=59925Blood pressureBlood flow volume of blood flowing through a vessel in a given period (ml/min)Equivalent to cardiac outputBlood pressure force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall (mm Hg)

26Blood pressureResistance opposition to flowViscosity: greater viscosity, greater resistanceLength of vessel: longer vessel, greater resistanceDiameter of vessel: smaller diameter, greater resistance

Pressure results when blood flow is opposed by resistance

27Systemic blood pressureArterialSystolic pressure 120 mm Hg: contraction of left ventricle; stretching of arteriesDiastolic pressure 70 t0 80 mm Hg: recoil of arteriesBrachial a.Capillary35 mm HgVeins15 mm Hg

http://ultimate-maqui-berry.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/03/bp.jpg28Clinical applicationAtherosclerosis29

AtherosclerosisFatty material collects along the walls of arteriesWalls of arteries become thicker and stifferhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH000122430AtherosclerosisMost often affected are the aorta, carotid and coronary arteriesResults in hypertension, stroke and heart attack

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/18050.jpg31Transfusion CompatibilityBlood type is determined by red cell antigens.Antigen: molecule capable of provoking a defensive reactionAntibody: specialized blood protein generated specifically to attack and antigenAgglutination: process of forming interlocking chains of RBCs in blood32Notes:If mismatched red cells are transfused, agglutination will occur. When the agglutinated RBCs are destroyed (hemolysis), their hemoglobin will be released into plasma in an acute hemolytic reaction, which can cause kidney failure. In addition, even a small amount of agglutinated RBCs can clog blood vessels.Common Blood Groups

A. ABO blood groups. An individuals plasma contains antibodies against A or B antigens not present on his/her erythrocytes. B. Rh blood groups. Antibodies against antigen D are only present in Rh-negative people that have been exposed to Rh-positive blood (perhaps from a transfusion). Question: If you wanted plasma with both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in it, which blood group would you use?Answer: Group O

Notes:Both the ABO group and the Rh group are inheritable.In Americans, the most common blood type is O, followed by A, B, and AB.A person may be type O, Rh-positive; or O, Rh-negative.Common Blood Groups

Cross Matching

Donor blood cells are mixed with the recipients plasma to check for compatibility. A compatible transfusion combination will not result in an agglutination reaction. In this example, someone with type A blood can receive a transfusion with type O blood, but not vice versa. Question: In the incompatible transfusion, would the anti-B antibody of the recipient participate in the agglutination reaction? Answer: NoReferencesCohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.Martini, F. H. (2006). Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.

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