labor midterms magic notes

8/9/2019 Labor Midterms Magic Notes

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LABOR MIDTERMS MAGIC NOTES! by: OWEN AND RACH 1

ART 1: INTRODUCTORY MATERIALS

Section 1: Labor Law in General

1.1 LA!OR LA" DE#INED

!o$%ier&' Law Dictionar(LA!OR. Contin$e) o*eration+ wor,.-. Te labor an) ',ill o/ one 0an i' /re$entl( $'e) in a *artner'i*2an) %al$e) a' e$al to te ca*ital o/ anoter.3. "en b$'ine'' a' been )one /or anoter2 an) '$it i' bro$4t toreco%er a 5$'t rewar)2 tere i' 4enerall( containe) in te )eclaration2a co$nt /or wor, an) labor.6. "ere *enitentiarie' e7i't2 *er'on' wo a%e co00itte) cri0e'are con)e0ne) to be i0*ri'one) terein at labor.

1.- LA" CLASSI#ICATION 8 LA!OR STANDARDS2 LA!ORRELATIONS2 AND "EL#ARE LA"S!oo,' an) Title' LA!OR CODE O# T9E P9ILIPPINES PD 66- a'a0en)e)

Labor Stan)ar)'

Penaran)a % !a4an4a Pl(woo) Cor*Article - o/ te Labor Co)e e7e0*t' 0ana4erial

e0*lo(ee' /ro0 te co%era4e o/ labor 'tan)ar)'. Labor 'tan)ar)'*ro%i)e te wor,in4 con)ition' o/ e0*lo(ee'2 incl$)in4 entitle0ent too%erti0e *a( an) *re0i$0 *a( /or wor,in4 on re't )a('.

!aton4 !$a( Gol)0ine' Inc % )ela SernaLabor 'tan)ar)' re/er' to te 0ini0$0 re$ire0ent'

*re'cribe) b( e7i'tin4 law'2 r$le' an) re4$lation' relatin4 to wa4e'2o$r' o/ wor,2 co't o/ li%in4 allowance an) oter 0onetar( an)wel/are bene/it'2 incl$)in4 occ$*ational2 'a/et( an) ealt 'tan)ar)'.

Labor 'tan)ar)' ca'e' are 4o%erne) b( Article 1-;b< o/ te LaborCo)e.Te '$b5ect labor 'tan)ar)' ca'e o/ te *etition aro'e

/ro0 te %i'itorial an) en/orce0ent *ower' b( te Re4ional Directoro/ DOLE. E%en in te ab'ence o/ E.O. 1112 Re4ional Director'alrea)( a) en/orce0ent *ower' o%er 0one( clai0'2 e//ecti%e $n)erP.D. =2 i''$e) on Dece0ber 1>2 1?@=2 wic tran'/erre) labor'tan)ar)' ca'e' /ro0 te arbitration '('te0 to te en/orce0ent'('te0.

1.3 !ASIS #OR ENACTMENT

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I SEC = Te 0aintenance o/ *eacean) or)er2 te *rotection o/ li/e2 libert(2 an) *ro*ert(2 an) *ro0otion

o/ te 4eneral wel/are are e''ential /or te en5o(0ent b( all te*eo*le o/ te ble''in4' o/ )e0ocrac(.

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I SEC 1: Te State a//ir0' labor a'a *ri0ar( 'ocial econo0ic /orce. It 'all *rotect te ri4t' o/ wor,er'an) *ro0ote teir wel/are.

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I I SEC 1 Te Con4re'' 'all 4i%ei4e't *riorit( to te enact0ent o/ 0ea'$re' tat *rotect an)enance te ri4t o/ all te *eo*le to $0an )i4nit(2 re)$ce 'ocial2econo0ic2 an) *olitical ine$alitie'2 an) re0o%e c$lt$ral ine$itie'b( e$itabl( )i//$'in4 wealt an) *olitical *ower /or te co00on4oo).To ti' en)2 te State 'all re4$late te ac$i'ition2 owner'i*2 $'e2an) )i'*o'ition o/ *ro*ert( an) it' incre0ent'.

Police Power

CMS E'tate Inc % Social Sec$rit( S('te0

Te Social Sec$rit( Law wa' enacte) *$r'$ant to te*olic( o/ te 4o%ern0ent Bto )e%elo*2 e'tabli' 4ra)$all( an) *er/ecta 'ocial 'ec$rit( '('te0 wic 'all be '$itable to te nee)' o/ te*eo*le tro$4o$t te Pili**ine'2 an) 'all *ro%i)e *rotectiona4ain't te aar)' o/ )i'abilit(2 'ic,ne''2 ol) a4e an) )eatB ;Sec.-2 RA 11>12 a' a0en)e)@-@2 tat

'in4le in'tance 0a( not be con'i)ere) an e'tabli'e) co0*an(*ractice.

A0erican "ire an) Cable Dail( Rate) E0*lo(ee' Union % A0erican"ire an) Cable Co Inc

#or a bon$' to be en/orceable2 it a' to be *ro0i'e) b(te e0*lo(er an) e7*re''l( a4ree) $*on b( te *artie' or it 0$'ta%e a /i7e) a0o$nt an) a) been a lon4 an) re4$lar *ractice onte *art o/ te e0*lo(er. To be con'i)ere) re4$lar *racticeH te4i%in4 o/ te bon$' 'o$l) a%e been )one o%er a lon4 *erio) o/ti0e an) 0$'t be 'own to a%e been con'i'tent an) )eliberate.

Tere wa' a )owntren) in te a0o$nt 4i%en /or 'er%iceawar)'. Tere wa' al'o a )owntren) wit re'*ect to te ol)in4 o/Cri't0a' *artie' a' te location' were can4e) /ro0 *ai) %en$e'to /ree one'. Te a))itional 3= *re0i$0 *a( /or wor, )$rin4 9ol("ee, an) Cri't0a' 'ea'on cannot be el) to a%e ri*ene) into a


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co0*an( *ractice tat te *etitioner' a%e a ri4t to )e0an). Ti'*ractice wa' onl( 4rante) /or two (ear' an) wit te e7*re''re'er%ation /ro0 re'*on)ent cor*oration&' owner tat it cannotcontin$e te 'a0e in %iew o/ te co0*an(&' c$rrent /inancialcon)ition.

Pa4a'a Steel "or,' Inc % CA

To ri*en into a co0*an( *ractice tat i' )e0an)able a' a0atter o/ ri4t2 te 4i%in4 o/ te increa'e 'o$l) not be b( rea'on o/a 'trict le4al or contract$al obli4ation2 b$t b( rea'on o/ an act o/liberalit( on te *art o/ te e0*lo(er.

Te onl( in'tance wen *etit ioner a)0itte)l(i0*le0ente) a wa4e or)er )e'*ite te /act tat te e0*lo(ee' werenot recei%in4 'alarie' below te 0ini0$0 wa4e wa' $n)er "a4eOr)er No. NCR@. Petitioner2 owe%er2 e7*lain' tat it )i) 'obeca$'e it wa' a4ree) $*on in te C!A tat 'o$l) a wa4e increa'ebe or)ere) witin 'i7 0ont' /ro0 it' 'i4nin42 *etitioner wo$l) 4i%ete increa'e to te e0*lo(ee' in a))ition to te C!A0an)ate)increa'e'. Re'*on)ent&' i'olate) act co$l) ar)l( be cla''i/ie) a' aBco0*an( *racticeB or co0*an( $'a4e tat 0a( be con'i)ere) an

en/orceable obli4ation.

E. Co0*an( Policie'

Cina !an,in4 Cor* % !orro0eo#or/eit$re o/ bene/it'J*ri%ile4e' 0a( al'o be e//ecte) in

ca'e' were in/raction' or %iolation' were inc$rre) in connectionwit or ari'in4 /ro0 te a**licationJa%ail0ent tereo/.

It i' well reco4nie) tat co0*an( *olicie' an)re4$lation' are2 $nle'' 'own to be 4ro''l( o**re''i%e or contrar( tolaw2 4enerall( bin)in4 an) %ali) on te *artie' an) 0$'t be co0*lie)wit $ntil /inall( re%i'e) or a0en)e) $nilaterall( or *re/erabl( tro$4ne4otiation or b( co0*etent a$torit(.

1.= LA" AND "ORER

Ceb$ Ro(al Plant % Min'ter o/ LaborSec. 2 R$le I2 !oo, KI2 o/ te R$le' an) Re4$lation'

i0*le0entin4 te Labor Co)e: Di'ea'e a' a 4ro$n) /or )i'0i''al. "ere te e0*lo(ee '$//er' /ro0 a )i'ea'e an) i' contin$e)e0*lo(0ent i' *roibite) b( law or *re5$)icial to i' ealt or to teealt o/ i' coe0*lo(ee'2 te e0*lo(er 'all not ter0inate i'e0*lo(0ent $nle'' tere i' a certi/ication b( a co0*etent *$blicealt a$torit( tat te )i'ea'e i' o/ '$c nat$re or at '$c a 'ta4etat it cannot be c$re) witin a *erio) o/ 'i7 ;>< 0ont' e%en wit*ro*er 0e)ical treat0ent. I/ te )i'ea'e or ail0ent can be c$re)witin te *erio)2 te e0*lo(er 'all not ter0inate te e0*lo(ee b$t

'all a', te e0*lo(ee to ta,e a lea%e. Te e0*lo(er 'all rein'tate

'$c e0*lo(ee to i' /or0er *o'ition i00e)iatel( $*on tere'toration o/ i' nor0al ealt.

"e a4ree tat tere wa' ere an atte0*t to circ$0%entte law b( 'e*aratin4 te e0*lo(ee a/ter /i%e 0ont'F 'er%ice to*re%ent i0 /ro0 beco0in4 a re4$lar e0*lo(ee2 an) ten reirin4i0 on *robation2 a4ain wito$t 'ec$rit( o/ ten$re. "e cannot *er0itti' '$bter/$4e i/ we are to be tr$e to te '*irit an) 0an)ate o/ 'ocial

5$'tice. On te oter an)2 we a%e al'o te ealt o/ te *$blic an)o/ te )i'0i''e) e0*lo(ee i0'el/ to con'i)er. 9ence2 alto$4 we0$'t r$le in /a%or o/ i' rein'tate0ent2 ti' 0$'t be con)itione) oni' /itne'' to re'$0e i' wor,2 a' certi/ie) b( co0*etent a$torit(.

Sinco 8 Pili**ine Con'tit$tional Law **13136

!erna' 8 1?@ Con'tit$tion o/ te Pili**ine': A Co00entar( **66166=

1.> LA!OR CASE

La*an)a( A4ric$lt$ral De%elo*0ent Cor* % CATe en/orce0ent o/ te written contract )oe' not /all $n)er

te 5$ri')iction o/ te NLRC beca$'e te 0one( clai0' in%ol%e)terein )i) not ari'e /ro0 e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation' between te*artie' an) i' intrin'icall( a ci%il )i'*$te. T$'2 5$ri')iction lie' witte re4$lar co$rt'. Te RTC a' 5$ri')iction o%er te '$b5ect 0attero/ te *re'ent ca'e. It i' well 'ettle) in law an) 5$ri'*r$)ence tatwere no e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i* e7i't' between te *artie'an) no i''$e i' in%ol%e) wic 0a( be re'ol%e) b( re/erence to teLabor Co)e2 oter labor 'tat$te' or an( collecti%e bar4ainin4a4ree0ent2 it i' te Re4ional Trial Co$rt tat a' 5$ri')iction. "ilete re'ol$tion o/ te i''$e in%ol%e' te a**lication o/ labor law'2re/erence to te labor co)e wa' onl( /or te )eter0ination o/ te'oli)ar( liabilit( o/ te *etitioner to te re'*on)ent were no

e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation e7i't'. Article -1@ o/ te Labor Co)e a'a0en)e) %e't' $*on te labor arbiter' e7cl$'i%e ori4inal 5$ri')ictiononl( o%er te /ollowin4:

1. Un/air labor *ractice'+-. Ter0ination )i'*$te'+3. I/ acco0*anie) wit a clai0 /or rein'tate0ent2 to'e

ca'e' tat wor,er' 0a( /ile in%ol%in4 wa4e'2 rate' o/ *a(2o$r' o/ wor, an) oter ter0' an) con)ition' o/e0*lo(0ent+

6. Clai0' /or act$al2 0oral e7e0*lar( an) oter /or0 o/)a0a4e' ari'in4 /ro0 e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'+

=. Ca'e' ari'in4 /ro0 an( %iolation o/ Article ->6 o/ ti'Co)e2 incl$)in4 $e'tion' in%ol%in4 le4alit( o/ 'tri,e' an)

loc,o$t'+ an)

>. E7ce*t clai0' /or E0*lo(ee' Co0*en'ation2 SocialSec$rit(2 Me)icare an) 0aternit( bene/it'2 all oter clai0'2ari'in4 /ro0 e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'2 incl$)in4 to'e o/*er'on' in )o0e'tic or o$'eol) 'er%ice2 in%ol%in4 ana0o$nt e7cee)in4 /i%e to$'an) *e'o' ;P=2.3;4


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Te 0ere /act tat te e0*lo(ee' were not *('icall(coerce) or inti0i)ate) )oe' not nece''aril( i0*l( tat te( /reel( or%ol$ntaril( con'ente) to te ter0' tereo/.

Te cor*oration2 an) not it' e0*lo(ee'2 a' te b$r)en o/*ro%in4 tat te $itclai0' were %ol$ntaril( entere) into. !eca$'ete retrenc0ent wa' ille4al an) o/ no e//ect2 te $itclai0' weretere/ore not %ol$ntaril( entere) into b( re'*on)ent'. Con'ent wa'

'i0ilarl( %itiate) b( 0i'ta,e or /ra$).

Saroca0 % Interorient Mariti0e"ile *etitioner 0a( be correct in 'tatin4 tat $itclai0'

are /rowne) $*on /or bein4 contrar( to *$blic *olic(2 te Co$rt a'2li,ewi'e2 reco4nie) le4iti0ate wai%er' tat re*re'ent a %ol$ntar(an) rea'onable 'ettle0ent o/ a wor,er&' clai0 wic 'o$l) bere'*ecte) a' te law between te *artie'. "ere te *er'on 0a,in4te wai%er a' )one 'o %ol$ntaril(2 wit a /$ll $n)er'tan)in4 tereo/2an) te con'i)eration /or te $itclai0 i' cre)ible an) rea'onable2te tran'action 0$'t be reco4nie) a' bein4 a %ali) an) bin)in4$n)erta,in4.

In te in'tant ca'e2 *etitioner wrote te relea'e an)

$itclai0 wit i' own an). #ro0 te )oc$0ent it'el/2 te ele0ento/ %ol$ntarine'' in it' e7ec$tion i' e%i)ent. Petitioner al'o a**ear'to a%e /$ll( $n)er'too) te content' o/ te )oc$0ent e wa''i4nin42 a' te i0*ortant *ro%i'ion tereo/ a) been rela(e) to i0in #ili*ino.

Section -: Labor an) te Con'tit$tion

STATUTORY RE#ERENCE 8 1?3=2 1?@3 AND 1?@CONSTITUTIONS

-.1 9ISTORICAL !ACGROUNDJRATIONALE

Anta0oc Gol)/iel)' Minin4 Co % CIRIn Co00onwealt Act No. 132 an) b( it2 o$r Go%ern0ent

no lon4er *er/or0' te role o/ a 0ere 0e)iator or inter%enor b$t tato/ te '$*re0e arbiter. Te *olic( o/ lai''e /airea' to 'o0e e7tent4i%en wa( to te a''$0*tion b( te 4o%ern0ent o/ te ri4t o/inter%ention e%en in contract$al relation' a//ecte) wit *$blicintere't'. Q$'tice La$rel in An4 Tiba(2 an) National "or,er'!roteroo) % Co$rt o/ In)$'trial Relation'2 an) National LaborUnion2 Inc.'tate' tat o$r Con'tit$tion wa' a)o*te) in te 0i)'t o/'$r4in4 $nre't an) )i''ati'/action re'$ltin4 /ro0 econo0ic an) 'ocial)i'tre'' wic wa' treatenin4 te 'tabilit( o/ 4o%ern0ent' te worl)o%er. E0bo)(in4 te '*irit o/ te *re'ent e*oc2 4eneral *ro%i'ion'were in'erte) in te Con'tit$tion wic are inten)e) to brin4 abo$tte nee)e) 'ocial an) econo0ic e$ilibri$0 between co0*onent

ele0ent' o/ 'ociet( tro$4 te a**lication o/ wat 0a( be ter0e)a' te5$'titia co00$ni' a)%ocate) b( Groti$' an) Leibnit' 0an(

(ear' a4o to be 'ec$re) tro$4 te co$nterbalancin4 o/ econo0ican) 'ocial /orce' an) o**ort$nitie' wic 'o$l) be re4$late)2 i/ notcontrolle)2 b( te State or *lace)2 a' it were2 in c$'to)ia 'ocietati'.FTe *ro0otion o/ 'ocial 5$'tice to in '$re te wellbein4 an)econo0ic 'ec$rit( o/ all te *eo*leF wa' t$' in'erte) a' %ital*rinci*le in o$r Con'tit$tion. ;Sec. =2 Art. II2 Con'tit$tion Te State 'all a//or)*rotection to labor2 e'*eciall( to wor,in4 wo0en2 an) 0inor'2 an)'all re4$late te relation' between te lan)owner an) tenant2 an)between labor an) ca*ital in in)$'tr( an) in a4ric$lt$re. Te State0a( *ro%i)e /or co0*$l'or( arbitration.

1 ? @3 C O N ST I TU T IO N A R T I I S e c ? Te State 'all a//or)*rotection to labor2 *ro0ote /$ll e0*lo(0ent an) e$alit( ine0*lo(0ent2 en'$re e$al wor, o**ort$nitie' re4ar)le'' o/ 'e72

race2 or cree)2 an) re4$late te relation between wor,er' an)e0*lo(er'. Te State 'all a''$re te ri4t' o/ wor,er' to 'el/or4aniation2 collecti%e bar4ainin42 'ec$rit( o/ ten$re2 an) 5$'t an)$0ane con)ition' o/ wor,. Te State 0a( *ro%i)e /or co0*$l'or(arbitration.

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I I Sec 1 Te Con4re'' 'all 4i%ei4e't *riorit( to te enact0ent o/ 0ea'$re' tat *rotect an)enance te ri4t o/ all te *eo*le to $0an )i4nit(2 re)$ce 'ocial2econo0ic2 an) *olitical ine$alitie'2 an) re0o%e c$lt$ral ine$itie'b( e$itabl( )i//$'in4 wealt an) *olitical *ower /or te co00on4oo).

To ti' en)2 te State 'all re4$late te ac$i'ition2 owner'i*2 $'e2an) )i'*o'ition o/ *ro*ert( an) it' incre0ent'.

1 ? : @ C O N S T I TU T I O N A R T I I S e c 1 Te State 'all *ro0ote'ocial 5$'tice in all *a'e' o/ national )e%elo*0ent.

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I Sec 1: Te State a//ir0' labor a' a*ri0ar( 'ocial econo0ic /orce. It 'all *rotect te ri4t' o/ wor,er'an) *ro0ote teir wel/are.

!erna' Te Con'tit$tion o/ te Re*$blic o/ te Pili**ine' **. 11?611?@

C. Social Q$'tice


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1 ? @ 3 C O N S T I TU T I O N A R T I I S e c > Te State 'all *ro0ote'ocial 5$'tice to en'$re te )i4nit(2 wel/are2 an) 'ec$rit( o/ all te*eo*le. Towar)' ti' en)2 te State 'all re4$late te ac$i'ition2owner'i*2 $'e2 en5o(0ent2 an) )i'*o'ition o/ *ri%ate *ro*ert(2 an)e$itabl( )i//$'e *ro*ert( owner'i* an) *ro/it'.

1 ? 3 = C O N S T I T U T I O N A R T I I S e c = Te *ro0otion o/ 'ocial5$'tice to in'$re te wellbein4 an) econo0ic 'ec$rit( o/ all te*eo*le 'o$l) be te concern o/ te State.

1?:@ CONSTITUT ION ART I I I Sec 1 Te Con4re'' 'all 4i%ei4e't *riorit( to te enact0ent o/ 0ea'$re' tat *rotect an)enance te ri4t o/ all te *eo*le to $0an )i4nit(2 re)$ce 'ocial2econo0ic2 an) *olitical ine$alitie'2 an) re0o%e c$lt$ral ine$itie'b( e$itabl( )i//$'in4 wealt an) *olitical *ower /or te co00on4oo).

To ti' en)2 te State 'all re4$late te ac$i'ition2 owner'i*2 $'e2an) )i'*o'ition o/ *ro*ert( an) it' incre0ent'.

1 ? : @ C O N S T IT U T I O N A R T I I I S e c - Te *ro0otion o/ 'ocial5$'tice 'all incl$)e te co00it0ent to create econo0ico**ort$nitie' ba'e) on /ree)o0 o/ initiati%e an) 'el/reliance.

De/inition 8 Social Q$'tice

Calalan4 % "illia0'Social Q$'tice i' neiter co00$ni'02 nor )e'*oti'02 nor

ato0i'02 nor anarc(2H b$t te $0aniation o/ law' an) tee$aliation o/ 'ocial an) econo0ic /orce' b( te State 'o tat

5$'tice in it' rational an) ob5ecti%el( 'ec$lar conce*tion 0a( a t lea'tbe a**ro7i0ate).

Li0it' o/ U'e

PLDT % NLRCTe *olic( o/ 'ocial 5$'tice i' not inten)e) to co$ntenance

wron4)oin4 'i0*l( beca$'e it i' co00itte) b( te $n)er*ri%ile4e).At be't it 0a( 0iti4ate te *enalt( b$t it certainl( will not con)onete o//en'e. Social 5$'tice cannot be *er0itte) to be re/$4e o/'co$n)rel' an( 0ore tan can e$it( be an i0*e)i0ent to te*$ni'0ent o/ te 4$ilt(. To'e wo in%o,e 'ocial 5$'tice 0a( )o 'oonl( i/ teir an)' are clean an) 0oti%e' bla0ele'' an) not 'i0*l(beca$'e te( a**en to be *oor. Ti' 4reat *olic( o/ o$rCon'tit$tion i' not 0eant /or te *rotection o/ to'e wo a%e *ro%e)te( are not wort( o/ it2 li,e te wor,er' wo a%e tainte) te ca$'e

o/ labor wit te ble0i'e' o/ teir own caracter.

A4abon % NLRCPrior to 1?? te r$le wa' tat a )i'0i''al or

ter0ination i' ille4al i/ te e0*lo(ee wa' not 4i%en an( notice .In te 1?? ca'e o/ "en*il Cor*. %. National Labor

Relation' Co00i''ion were te e0*lo(er a) a %ali) rea'on to)i'0i'' an e0*lo(ee b$t )i) not /ollow te )$e *roce'' re$ire0ent2te )i'0i''al 0a( be $*el) b$t te e0*lo(er will be *enalie) to

*a( an in)e0nit( to te e0*lo(ee. Ti' beca0e ,nown a' te"en*il or !elate) D$e Proce'' R$le.

On Qan$ar( -@2 -2 in Serrano %iolation b( tee0*lo(er o/ te notice re$ire0ent in ter0ination /or 5$'t ora$torie) ca$'e' wa' not a )enial o/ )$e *roce'' tat will n$lli/(te ter0ination. 9owe%er2 te )i'0i''al i' ine//ect$al an) tee0*lo(er 0$'t *a( /$ll bac,wa4e' /ro0 te ti0e o/ ter0ination $ntilit i' 5$)iciall( )eclare) tat te )i'0i''al wa' /or a 5$'t or a$torie)ca$'e.

Te ca'e at bar: "ere te )i'0i''al i' /or a 5$'t ca$'e2a' in te in'tant ca'e2 te lac, o/ 'tat$tor( )$e *roce'' 'o$l) notn$lli/( te )i'0i''al2 or ren)er it ille4al2 or ine//ect$al. 9owe%er2 tee0*lo(er 'o$l) in)e0ni/( te e0*lo(ee /or te %iolation o/ i'

'tat$tor( ri4t'.

-.6 CONSTITUIONAL RIG9TS AND LA!OR LA"

Mana4e0ent an) te Con'tit$tion

Da(an % !a(er o/ te Pil I'lan)'Te - notice an) earin4 r$le i' in)i'*en'able /or a

)i'0i''al to be %ali)l( e//ecte)2 b$t i/ it i' /or a 5$'t an) %ali) ca$'e2te /ail$re to ob'er%e *roce)$ral re$ire0ent' )oe' not in%ali)atete )i'0i''al o/ te e0*lo(ee. In'tea)2 e 0$'t be 4rante)'e*aration *a(. "eter rein'tate) or 4i%en 'e*aration *a(2 e'o$l) be *ai) bac,wa4e' i/ e a' been lai) o// wito$t writtennotice 3 )a(' in a)%ance. #or te o0i''ion2 an a**ro*riate 'anction'o$l) be i0*o'e) )e*en)in4 on te /act an) 4ra%it( o/ te 'it$ation.

Manila Electric Co0*an( % $i'$0bin4A))itionall(2 we reco4nie tat contractin4 o$t i' not

$nli0ite)+ rater it i' a *rero4ati%e tat 0ana4e0ent en5o(' '$b5ectto well)e/ine) le4al li0itation'. A' we a%e *re%io$'l( el)2 teco0*an( can )eter0ine in it' be't b$'ine'' 5$)40ent weter it'o$l) contract o$t *er/or0ance o/ 'o0e i/ it' wor, /or a' lon4 a'te e0*lo(er i' 0oti%ate) b( 4oo) /ait2 an) te contractin4 o$t0$'t not a%e been re'orte) to circ$0%ent te law or 0$'t not a%ebeen te re'$lt o/ 0alicio$' or arbitrar( action.

Gi%en te'e realitie'2 we reco4nie tat a balance alrea)(e7i't' in te *artie'& relation'i* wit re'*ect to contractin4 o$t+

MERALCO a' it' le4all( )e/ine) an) *rotecte) 0ana4e0ent*rero4ati%e' wile wor,er' are 4$arantee) teir own *rotection

tro$4 '*eci/ic labor *ro%i'ion' an) te reco4nition o/ li0it' to tee7erci'e o/ 0ana4e0ent *rero4ati%e'.

A4abon % NLRC

Saroca0 % Interorient Mariti0e

Labor a' Pro*ert(

A'$ncion % NLRCA wor,er&' e0*lo(0ent i' *ro*ert( in te con'tit$tional

'en'e. 9e cannot be )e*ri%e) o/ i' wor, wito$t )$e *roce''. Inor)er /or te )i'0i''al to be %ali)2 not onl( 0$'t it be ba'e) on 5$'tca$'e '$**orte) b( clear an) con%incin4 e%i)ence2 te e0*lo(ee0$'t al'o be 4i%en an o**ort$nit( to be ear) an) )e/en) i0'el/. Iti' te e0*lo(er wo a' te b$r)en o/ *ro%in4 tat te )i'0i''alwa' wit 5$'t or a$torie) ca$'e. Te /ail$re o/ te e0*lo(er to)i'car4e ti' b$r)en 0ean' tat te )i'0i''al i' not 5$'ti/ie) an)tat te e0*lo(ee i' entitle) to rein'tate0ent an) bac,wa4e'.

E7ec$ti%e Secretar( % CA

D$e Proce'' Re$ire0ent'

An4 Tiba( % CIRPri0ar( ri4t';1< te ri4t to a earin42 wic incl$)e' te ri4t o/ te *art(intere'te) or a//ecte) to *re'ent i' own ca'e an) '$b0it e%i)encein '$**ort tereo/.;-< Not onl( 0$'t te *art( be 4i%en an o**ort$nit( to *re'ent i'ca'e an) to a))$ce e%i)ence ten)in4 to e'tabli' te ri4t' wic ea''ert' b$t te trib$nal 0$'t con'i)er te e%i)ence *re'ente).;3< "ile te )$t( to )eliberate )oe' not i0*o'e te obli4ation to)eci)e ri4t2 it )oe' i0*l( a nece''it( wic cannot be )i're4ar)e)2na0el(2 tat o/ a%in4 'o0etin4 to '$**ort it i' a n$llit(2 a *lacewen )irectl( attace).;6< Not onl( 0$'t tere be 'o0e e%i)ence to '$**ort a /in)in4 b$tte e%i)ence 0$'t be B'$b'tantial.;=< Te )eci'ion 0$'t be ren)ere) on te e%i)ence *re'ente) at teearin42 or at lea't containe) in te recor) an) )i'clo'e) to te*artie' a//ecte).;>< Te Co$rt o/ In)$'trial Relation' or an( o/ it' 5$)4e'2 tere/ore20$'t act on it' or i' own in)e*en)ent con'i)eration o/ te law an)/act' o/ te contro%er'(2 an) not 'i0*l( acce*t te %iew' o/ a'$bor)inate in arri%in4 at a )eci'ion.;@< Te Co$rt o/ In)$'trial Relation' 'o$l)2 in all contro%er'ial$e'tion'2 ren)er it' )eci'ion in '$c a 0anner tat te *artie' to

te *rocee)in4 can ,now te %ario$' i''$e' in%ol%e)2 an) terea'on' /or te )eci'ion ren)ere).


6/50


Air Manila Inc % !alatbatAn) ti' a)0ini'trati%e )$e *roce'' i' reco4nie) to

incl$)e ;a< te ri4t to notice2 be it act$al or con'tr$cti%e2 o/ tein'tit$tion o/ te *rocee)in4' tat 0a( a//ect a *er'onF' le4al ri4t'+;b< rea'onable o**ort$nit( to a**ear an) )e/en) i' ri4t'2 intro)$cewitne''e' an) rele%ant e%i)ence in i' /a%or2 ;c< a trib$nal 'o

con'tit$te) a' to 4i%e i0 rea'onable a''$rance o/ one't( an)i0*artialit(2 an) one o/ co0*etent 5$ri')iction+ an) ;)< a /in)in4 or)eci'ion b( tat trib$nal '$**orte) b( '$b'tantial e%i)ence*re'ente) at te earin42 or at lea't containe) in te recor)' or)i'clo'e) to te *artie' a//ecte).

Cent$r( Te7tile Mill' % NLRCTe twin re$ire0ent' /or notice an) earin4 con'tit$te

e''ential ele0ent' o/ )$e *roce'' in ca'e' o/ e0*lo(ee )i'0i''al:te re$ire0ent o/ notice i' inten)e) to in/or0 te e0*lo(eeconcerne) o/ te e0*lo(er&' intent an) te rea'on /or te *ro*o'e))i'0i''al+ $*on te oter an)2 te re$ire0ent o/ earin4 a//or)'te e0*lo(ee te o**ort$nit( to an'wer i' e0*lo(er&' car4e'

a4ain't i0 an) accor)in4l( to )e/en) i0'el/.

Libert( o/ Contract an) State Inter/erence

Le(te Lan) Tran'*ortation % Le(te #ar0er' an) "or,er' UnionTe re$i'ite' o/ a %ali) )i'0i''al are ;1< te )i'0i''al

0$'t be /or na( o/ te ca$'e' e7*re''e) in Art -- LC2 an) ;-< tee0*lo(ee 0$'t be 4i%en an o**ort$nit( to be ear) an) to )e/en)i0'el/. Te '$b'tanti%e an) *roce)$ral law' 0$'t be 'trictl(co0*lie) wit be/ore a wor,er can be )i'0i''e) /ro0 i'e0*lo(0ent beca$'e wat i' at 'ta,e i' not onl( te e0*lo(ee&'*o'ition b$t i' li%elioo).

Kictoriano % Elial)e Ro*e "or,er' Union

Te *roibition on i0*air0ent o/ obli4ation' b( Stat$te i'not $n$ali/ie). It *roibit' onl( $nrea'onable i0*air0ent. In '*iteo/ te con'tit$tional *roibition2 te State contin$e' to *o''e''a$torit( to 'a/e4$ar) te %ital intere't' o/ te *eo*le. Tere'er%ation o/ e''ential attrib$te' o/ 'o%erei4n *ower i' rea) intocontract' a' a *o't$late to te *re'er%ation o/ te le4al or)er. Tecontract cla$'e o/ te Con'tit$tion 0$'t tere/ore be not onl( inar0on( wit2 b$t al'o in '$bor)ination to te re'er%e) *ower o/ te'tate to 'a/e4$ar) %ital intere't' o/ te *eo*le. Ti' a' '*eciala**lication to contract re4$latin4 relation' between ca*ital an) laborwic are not 0erel( contract$al2 an) 'ai) labor contract'2 /or bein4i0*re''e) wit *$blic intere't2 0$'t (iel) to te co00on 4oo).

"el/are State

Alala(an % NPCTe wel/are 'tate conce*t i' not alien to te *ilo'o*(

o$r Con'tit$tion. It i' i0*licit in $ite a /ew o/ it' *ro%i'ion'. Tere i'te cla$'e on te *ro0otion o/ 'ocial 5$'tice to en'$re te wellbein4an) econo0ic 'ec$rit( o/ all te *eo*le2 a' well a' te *le)4e o/*rotection to labor wit te '*eci/ic a$torit( to re4$late te relation'between lan)owner' an) tenant' an) between labor an) ca*ital.

Lai''e/aire

E0*lo(ee' Con/e)eration o/ te Pil' % National "a4e' an)Pro)$cti%it( Co00i''ion

A**arentl(2 ECOP i' o/ te 0i'ta,en i0*re''ion tatRe*$blic Act No. >@-@ i' 0eant to B4et te Go%ern0ent o$t o/ tein)$'tr(B an) lea%e labor an) 0ana4e0ent alone in )eci)in4 wa4e'.Te Co$rt )oe' not tin, tat te law inten)e) to )ere4$late terelation between labor an) ca*ital /or 'e%eral rea'on': ;1 < TeCon'tit$tion call' $*on te State to *rotect te ri4t' o/ wor,er' an)*ro0ote teir wel/are+ ;-< te Con'tit$tion al'o 0a,e' it a )$t( o/te State Bto inter%ene wen te co00on 4oal 'o )e0an)'B in

re4$latin4 *ro*ert( an) *ro*ert( relation'+ ;3< te Carter $r4e'Con4re'' to 4i%e *riorit( to te enact0ent o/ 0ea'$re'2 a0on4 otertin4'2 to )i//$'e te wealt o/ te nation an) to re4$late te $'e o/*ro*ert(+ ;6< te Carter reco4nie' te B5$'t 'are o/ labor in te/r$it' o/ *ro)$ction+B ;=< $n)er te Labor Co)e2 te State 'allre4$late te relation' between labor an) 0ana4e0ent+ ;>< $n)erRe*$blic Act No. >@-@ it'el/2 te State i' intere'te) in 'eein4 tatwor,er' recei%e /air an) e$itable wa4e'+ an) ;@< te Con'tit$tion i'*ri0aril( a )oc$0ent o/ 'ocial 5$'tice2 an) alto$4 it a' reco4nie)te i0*ortance o/ te *ri%ate 'ector2 it a' not e0brace) /$ll( teconce*t o/ lai''e /aire or oterwi'e2 relie) on *$re 0ar,et /orce' to4o%ern te econo0(+ "e can not 4i%e to te Act a 0eanin4 or intenttat will con/lict wit te'e ba'ic *rinci*le'.

Partici*ation in Deci'ion Ma,in4 Proce''

PAL K NLRCIn)ee)2 in)$'trial *eace cannot be acie%e) i/ te

e0*lo(ee' are )enie) teir 5$'t *artici*ation in te )i'c$''ion o/0atter' a//ectin4 teir ri4t'. T$'2 e%en be/ore Article -11 o/ teLabor Co)e ;P.D. 66-< wa' a0en)e) b( Re*$blic Act No. >@1=2 itwa' alrea)( )eclare) a *olic( o/ te State: B;)< To *ro0ote teenli4ten0ent o/ wor,er' concernin4 teir ri4t' an) obli4ation' . ..a' e0*lo(ee'.B Ti' wa'2 o/ co$r'e2 a0*li/ie) b( Re*$blic Act No.>@1= wen it )ecree) te B*artici*ation o/ wor,er' in )eci'ion an)*olic( 0a,in4 *roce''e' a//ectin4 teir ri4t'2 )$tie' an) wel/are.BPALF' *o'ition tat it cannot be 'a))le) wit te Bobli4ationB o/

'arin4 0ana4e0ent *rero4ati%e' a' )$rin4 te /or0$lation o/ teCo)e2 Re*$blic Act No. >@1= a) not (et been enacte) ;PetitionerF'

Me0oran)$02 *. 66+ Rollo2 *. -1-


7/50


#air Treat0ent

General !an, an) Tr$'t Co % CA!a'icall(2 te ri4t o/ an e0*lo(er to )i'0i'' an e0*lo(ee )i//er'/ro0 an) 'o$l) not be con/$'e) wit te 0anner in wic '$c ri4ti' e7erci'e). It 0$'t not be o**re''i%e an) ab$'i%e 'ince it a//ect'

one&' *er'on an) *ro*ert(.Star Pa*er Cor* % Si0bol

Te ab'ence o/ a 'tat$te e7*re''l( *roibitin4 0arital)i'cri0ination in o$r 5$ri')iction cannot bene/it te *etitioner'. Te *rotection4i%en to labor in o$r 5$ri')iction i' %a't an) e7ten'i%e tat we cannot*r$)entl( )raw in/erence' /ro0 te le4i'lat$re&' 'ilence tat 0arrie) *er'on'are not *rotecte) $n)er o$r Con'tit$tion an) )eclare %ali) a *olic( ba'e) ona *re5$)ice or 'tereot(*e. T$'2 /or /ail$re o/ *etitioner' to *re'ent$n)i'*$te) *roo/ o/ a rea'onable b$'ine'' nece''it(2 we r$le tat te$e'tione) *olic( i' an in%ali) e7erci'e o/ 0ana4e0ent *rero4ati%e.

M$t$al Obli4ation

Star Pa*er Cor* % Si0bol

#ire'tone tire an) R$bber Co % Lario'aTe e0*lo(er&' obli4ation to 4i%e i0 wor,er' 5$'t

co0*en'ation an) treat0ent carrie' wit it te corollar( ri4t toe7*ect /or0 te wor,er' a)e$ate wor,2 )ili4ence an) 4oo) con)$ct.

Law Co0*liance

Sar0iento % T$icoIt i' al'o i0*ortant to e0*a'ie tat te ret$rntowor,

or)er not 'o 0$c con/er' a ri4t a' it i0*o'e' a )$t(+ an) wile a'a ri4t it 0a( be wai%e)2 it 0$'t be )i'car4e) a' a )$t( e%ena4ain't te wor,erF' will. Ret$rnin4 to wor, in ti' 'it$ation i' not a0atter o/ o*tion or %ol$ntarine'' b$t o/ obli4ation

E0*lo(ee Obe)ience an) Co0*liance E0*lo(er Or)er'

PCI! % QacintoAn( e0*lo(ee wo i' entr$'te) wit re'*on'ibilit( b( i'

e0*lo(er 'o$l) *er/or0 te ta', a''i4ne) to i0 wit care an))e)ication. Te lac, o/ a written or /or0al )e'i4nation 'o$l) not bean e7c$'e to )i'clai0 an( re'*on'ibilit( /or an( )a0a4e '$//ere) b(te e0*lo(er )$e to i' ne4li4ence. Te 0ea'$re o/ tere'*on'ibilit( o/ an e0*lo(ee i' tat i/ e *er/or0e) i' a''i4ne)ta', e//icientl( an) accor)in4 to te $'$al 'tan)ar)'2 ten e 0a(not be el) *er'onall( liable /or an( )a0a4e ari'in4 tere/ro0.

#ailin4 in ti'2 te e0*lo(ee 0$'t '$//er te con'e$ence' o/ i'ne4li4ence i/ not lac, o/ )$e care in te *er/or0ance o/ i' )$tie'.

GTE Directorie' Cor* % SanceTo 'anction )i're4ar) or )i'obe)ience b( e0*lo(ee' o/ a

r$le or or)er lai) )own b( 0ana4e0ent2 on te *lea)e) teor( tatte r$le or or)er i' $nrea'onable2 ille4al2 or oterwi'e irre4$lar /orone rea'on or anoter2 wo$l) be )i'a'tro$' to te )i'ci*line an)or)er tat it i' in te intere't o/ bot te e0*lo(er an) i'

e0*lo(ee'. Deliberate )i're4ar) or )i'obe)ience o/ r$le'2 )e/ianceo/ 0ana4e0ent a$torit( cannot be co$ntenance).

G$'tilo % "(et Pili**ine'

E0*lo(er Obli4ation

La4niton % NLRCTe )a(' are 4one wen te e0*lo(ee wa' at te 0erc(

o/ i' e0*lo(er an) co$l) be )i'0i''e) /or te /li0'ie't rea'on' or/or no rea'on at all. Te t(rannical e0*lo(er i' an anacroni'0 inti' enli4tene) era. Te e0*lo(ee to)a(2 once )e/en'ele'' an)o/ten o**re''e)2 a' /o$n) new 'tren4t in te *rotection o/ te law

an) te *ro$) realiation tat e *er/or0' a '(0bolic role wit tee0*lo(er in teir co00on enter*ri'e. A' '$c2 e 0$'t be treate)not a' a )i')aine) '$bor)inate b$t wit te re'*ect an) /airne''2 i/not a//ection an) 4ratit$)e2 tat i' )$e to an e$al *artner.

Mane4a % NLRCAn e0*lo(er can ter0ina te te 'er%ice' o/ an e0*lo(ee

onl( /or %ali) an) 5$'t ca$'e' wic 0$'t be '$**orte) b( clear an)con%incin4 e%i)ence. Te e0*lo(er a' te b$r)en o/ *ro%in4 tatte )i'0i''al wa' in)ee) /or a %ali) an) 5$'t ca$'e. #ail$re to )o 'ore'$lt' in a /in)in4 tat te )i'0i''al wa' $n5$'ti/ie).

S*ecial Steel Pro)$ct' % KillareaART. 11>. "itol)in4 o/ wa4e' an) ,ic,bac,'

*roibite).8 It 'all be $nlaw/$l /or an( *er'on2 )irectl( or in)irectl(2to witol) an( a0o$nt /ro0 te wa4e' ;an) bene/it'< o/ a wor,er orin)$ce i0 to 4i%e $* an( *art o/ i' wa4e' b( /orce2 'tealt2inti0i)ation2 treat or b( an( oter 0ean' wat'oe%er wito$t tewor,er&' con'ent.

An e0*lo(er cannot 'i0*l( re/$'e to *a( te wa4e' orbene/it' o/ it' e0*lo(ee beca$'e e a' eiter )e/a$lte) in *a(in4 aloan 4$arantee) b( i' e0*lo(er+ or %iolate) teir 0e0oran)$0 o/a4ree0ent+ or /aile) to ren)er an acco$ntin4 o/ i' e0*lo(er&'*ro*ert(.

lSection 6: Labor an) International Co%enant' ;Labor

Stan)ar)' an) "el/are Law ;6 < LC Tere i' Blaboronl(B contractin4 were te *er'on'$**l(in4 wor,er' to an e0*lo(er )oe' not a%e '$b'tantial ca*italor in%e't0ent in te /or0 o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent2 0acinerie'2 wor,*re0i'e'2 a0on4 oter'2 an) te wor,er' recr$ite) an) *lace) b('$c *er'on are *er/or0in4 acti%itie' wic are )irectl( relate) to te*rinci*al b$'ine'' o/ '$c e0*lo(er. In '$c ca'e'2 te *er'on orinter0e)iar( 'all be con'i)ere) 0erel( a' an a4ent o/ te e0*lo(erwo 'all be re'*on'ible to te wor,er' in te 'a0e 0anner an)e7tent a' i/ te latter were )irectl( e0*lo(e) b( i0.

Ar t 1@ LC

In)irect e0*lo(er.

Te *ro%i'ion' o/ te i00e)iatel(*rece)in4 article 'all li,ewi'e a**l( to an( *er'on2 *artner'i*2a''ociation or cor*oration wic2 not bein4 an e0*lo(er2 contract'wit an in)e*en)ent contractor /or te *er/or0ance o/ an( wor,2ta',2 5ob or *ro5ect.

A r t 1 ? L C

Soli)ar( liabilit(. Te *ro%i'ion' o/ e7i'tin4 law' tote contrar( notwit'tan)in42 e%er( e0*lo(er or in)irect e0*lo(er'all be el) re'*on'ible wit i' contractor or '$bcontractor /or an(%iolation o/ an( *ro%i'ion o/ ti' Co)e. #or *$r*o'e' o/ )eter0inin4te e7tent o/ teir ci%il liabilit( $n)er ti' Ca*ter2 te( 'all becon'i)ere) a' )irect e0*lo(er'.

>.1 "OR RELATIONS9IP

A. De/inition'

Ar t ?@ LC a. BPer'onB 0ean' an in)i%i)$al2 *artner'i*2 a''ociation2

cor*oration2 b$'ine'' tr$'t2 le4al re*re'entati%e'2 or an( or4anie)4ro$* o/ *er'on'.

b. BE0*lo(erB incl$)e' an( *er'on actin4 )irectl( or in)irectl( in teintere't o/ an e0*lo(er in relation to an e0*lo(ee an) 'all incl$)ete 4o%ern0ent an) all it' brance'2 '$b)i%i'ion' an)in'tr$0entalitie'2 all 4o%ern0entowne) or controlle) cor*oration'an) in'tit$tion'2 a' well a' non*ro/it *ri%ate in'tit$tion'2 oror4aniation'.

c. BE0*lo(eeB incl$)e' an( in)i%i)$al e0*lo(e) b( an e0*lo(er.

A r t 1 > @ L C /. BE0*lo(erB 0ean' an( *er'on2 nat$ral or 5$ri)ical2

e0*lo(in4 te 'er%ice' o/ te e0*lo(ee.

4. BE0*lo(eeB 0ean' an( *er'on co0*$l'oril( co%ere) b( te GSIS$n)er Co00onwealt Act N$0bere) One $n)re) ei4t('i72 a'a0en)e)2 incl$)in4 te 0e0ber' o/ te Ar0e) #orce' o/ tePili**ine'2 an) an( *er'on e0*lo(e) a' ca'$al2 e0er4enc(2te0*orar(2 '$b'tit$te or contract$al2 or an( *er'on co0*$l'oril(co%ere) b( te SSS $n)er Re*$blic Act N$0bere) Ele%en $n)re)'i7t(one2 a' a0en)e).

Ar t -1- LC e. BE0*lo(erB incl$)e' an( *er'on actin4 in te intere'to/ an e0*lo(er2 )irectl( or in)irectl(. Te ter0 'all not incl$)e an(labor or4aniation or an( o/ it' o//icer' or a4ent' e7ce*t wen actin4a' e0*lo(er.

/. BE0*lo(eeB incl$)e' an( *er'on in te e0*lo( o/ an e0*lo(er. Teter0 'all not be li0ite) to te e0*lo(ee' o/ a *artic$lar e0*lo(er2$nle'' te Co)e 'o e7*licitl( 'tate'. It 'all incl$)e an( in)i%i)$alwo'e wor, a' cea'e) a' a re'$lt o/ or in connection wit an(c$rrent labor )i'*$te or beca$'e o/ an( $n/air labor *ractice i/ e a'not obtaine) an( oter '$b'tantiall( e$i%alent an) re4$lar

e0*lo(0ent.

o l i c ( In' tr$c t ion No . 6 ;1?@? < 8 E0* lo( 0en t in ! roa)c a' t

In)$'tr( Pro4ra0 e0*lo(ee' are to'e wo'e ',ill'2 talent' or'er%ice' are en4a4e) b( te 'tation /or a *artic$lar or '*eci/ic*ro4ra0 or $n)erta,in4 an) wo are not re$ire) to ob'er%e nor0alwor,in4 o$r' '$c tat on 'o0e )a(' te( wor, /or le'' tan ei4t;< o$r' an) on oter )a(' be(on) te nor0al wor, o$r' ob'er%e)b( 'tation e0*lo(ee' an) are allowe) to enter into e0*lo(0entcontract' wit oter *er'on'2 'tation'2 a)%erti'in4 a4encie' or'*on'orin4 co0*anie'. Te

en4a4e0ent o/ *ro4ra0 e0*lo(ee'2

incl$)in4 to'e ire) b( a)%erti'in4 or '*on'orin4 co0*anie'2 'allbe

$n)er a written contract '*eci/(in42

a0on4 oter tin4'2 te

nat$re o/ te wor, to be *er/or0e)2 rate' o/ *a(2 an) te*ro4ra0' in wic te( will wor,.

Tecontract 'all be )$l(

re4i'tere) b( te 'tation wit te !roa)ca't Me)ia Co$ncil

witin tree )a(' /ro0 it' con'$00ation.

E0*lo(ee

Unite) Pe*'iCola S$*er%i'or( Union % La4$e'0aTe ter0 0ana4erH 4enerall( re/er' to an(one wo i'

re'*on'ible /or '$bor)inate' an) oter or4aniation re'o$rce'.H A' acla''2 0ana4er' con'tit$te tree le%el' o/ a *(ra0i).

"at )i'tin4$i'e' te0 /ro0 te ran,an) /ilee0*lo(ee' i' tat te( act in te intere't o/ te e0*lo(er in

'$*er%i'in4 '$c ran,an)/ile e0*lo(ee'


12/50


Mana4erial e0*lo(ee'H 0a( tere/ore be 'ai) to /all intotwo )i'tinct cate4orie': te 0ana4er'H *er 'e2 wo co0*o'e te/or0er 4ro$* )e'cribe) abo%e2 an) te '$*er%i'or'H wo /or0 telatter 4ro$*. "eter te( belon4 to te /ir't or 'econ) cate4or(20ana4er'2 %i'%i' e0*lo(er'2 are2 li,ewi'e2 e0*lo(ee'

!. E0*lo(erE0*lo(ee Relation'i*

#act$al Te't

Sona % A!SC!NTere are 6 ele0ent' o/ e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i*:

1. Selection o/ e0*lo(ee i/ Sona )i)n&t *o''e'' i' ',ill'2 talent' an) celebrit( 'tat$'2

A!SC!N wo$l) not a%e entere) into a4ree0ent wit i0 b$two$l) a%e ire) i0 tro$4 *er'onnel )e*art0ent

-. Pa(0ent o/ wa4e' wate%er Sona recei%e) aro'e /ro0 te contract an) not/ro0 te e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation te talent /ee i' 'o $4e tat it in)icate' 0ore a contract$al

tan an e0*lo(0ent relation'i*3. Power to )i'0i'' A!SC!N co$ln&t retrenc Sona beca$'e it i' obli4ate) to*a( talent /ee' /or )$ration o/ contract

6. Control on e0*lo(ee on 0ean' an) 0eto)' al'o calle) control te't+ 0o't i0*t to )eter0ine relation'i* Sona conten)' A!S e7erci'e) control o%er 0ean' an)0eto)' o/ i' wor,. Co$rt 'ai) A!S 0erel( re'er%e) te ri4tto 0o)i/( te *ro4ra0 /or0at an) airti0e 'ce)$le. It' 'oleconcern wa' te $alit( o/ te 'ow an) te ratin4'. 9owSona a**eare)2 'o$n)e)2 etc. i' o$t'i)e control o/ A!S. Sona conten)' tat A!S e7erci'e) control in *ro%i)in4e$i*0ent an) crew. Co$rt 'ai) te'e are not tool' nee)e) b(Sona. "at e nee)e) were i' talent2 ',ill'2 co't$0e.

Sona conten)' tat A!S '$b5ecte) i0 to r$le' an)'tan)ar)'. Co$rt 'ai) tat te r$le' are te TK an) Ra)ioCo)e o/ te a*i'anan n4 !roa)ca'ter 'a Pili*ina'2 0erel(a)o*te) b( A!S a' it' co)e o/ etic'. It a**lie' tobroa)ca'ter'2 not 5$'t to A!S e0*lo(ee'. !e'i)e'2 te'e r$le'are 0erel( 4$i)eline'. Sona 'ai) i' e7cl$'i%it( i' a /or0 o/ control b( A!S. Co$rt'ai) e7cl$'i%it( i' a wi)e'*rea) *ractice in entertain0entin)$'tr(2 a' *rotection o/ in%e't0ent in b$il)in4 $*H a talent.!e'i)e'2 te $4e talent /ee' o/ an e7cl$'i%e talentco0*en'ate' /or e7cl$'i%it(.

A'iatic De%elo*0ent Cor* % !ro4a)a

Te $e'tion o/ "ON an e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i*e7i't' i' a $e'tion o/ /act. In *etition' /or re%iew on certiorari $n)er

R$le 6=2 onl( $e'tion' o/ law 0a( be rai'e) b( te *artie' an)*a''e) $*on b( ti' Co$rt. #act$al /in)in4' o/ $a'i5$)icial bo)ie'2wen a)o*te) an) con/ir0e) b( te CA an) i/ '$**orte) b('$b'tantial e%i)ence2 are accor)e) re'*ect an) e%en /inalit( b( ti'Co$rt.

Killa%illa % CATe recor)' )i'clo'e tat te relation'i* between

Merca)o an) te crew 0e0ber' o/ te 'i* ea)e) b( it' ',i**er2Ca*t. Pe)ro Matiba42 i' one *o'iti%el( 'owin4 te e7i'tence o/ a

5oint %ent$re. Ti' i' clearl( re%eale) in te te'ti0onie' o/ Ca*t.Pe)ro Matiba4 an) Gil C$a2 a crew 0e0ber2 bot witne''e' /or*etitioner'.

It 0a( not be a0i'' to 0ention tat wile *etitioner'0erel( rai'e /act$al $e'tion' wic are not *ro*er $n)er R$le 6= o/te R$le' o/ Co$rt2 "e ne%ertele'' went to 4reat len4t' in)i''ectin4 te /act' o/ ti' ca'e i/ onl( to con%ince U' tat*etitioner'2 wo are *a$*er liti4ant' an) 'ee,in4 clai0' $n)er a'ocial le4i'lation2 a%e not been )enie) it' bene/it'. #or2 "e are not$naware tat in ti' 5$ri')iction all )o$bt' in te i0*le0entation an)inter*retation o/ *ro%i'ion' o/ 'ocial le4i'lation' 'o$l) be re'ol%e)

in /a%or o/ te wor,in4 cla''. !$t2 ala'2 5$'tice i' not /$ll( 'er%e) b('$'tainin4 te contention o/ te *oor 'i0*l( beca$'e e i' *oor.Q$'tice i' )one b( *ro*erl( a**l(in4 te law re4ar)le'' o/ te 'tationin li/e o/ te conten)in4 *artie'.

E'tabli'e)

Mi4$el % QCT Gro$* IncTe te't /or )eter0inin4 an e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee

relation'i* in4e' on re'ol%in4 wo a' te *ower to 'electe0*lo(ee'2 wo *a(' /or teir wa4e'2 wo a' te *ower to )i'0i''te02 an) wo e7erci'e' control in te 0eto)' an) te re'$lt' b(wic te wor, i' acco0*li'e).H

"ac,"ac, Gol/ an) Co$ntr( Cl$bAn in)e*en)ent contractor i' one wo $n)erta,e' 5ob

contractin42H i.e.2 a *er'on wo: ;a< carrie' on an in)e*en)entb$'ine'' an) $n)erta,e' te contract wor, on i' own acco$nt$n)er i' own re'*on'ibilit( accor)in4 to i' own 0anner an)0eto)2 /ree /ro0 te control an) )irection o/ i' e0*lo(er or*rinci*al in all 0atter' connecte) wit te *er/or0ance o/ te wor,e7ce*t a' to te re'$lt' tereo/+ an) ;b< a' '$b'tantial ca*ital orin%e't0ent in te /or0 o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent'2 0acinerie'2 wor,*re0i'e' an) oter 0aterial' wic are nece''ar( in te con)$ct o/te b$'ine''. Q$ri'*r$)ence 'ow' tat )eter0inin4 te e7i'tenceo/ an in)e*en)ent contractor relation'i*2 'e%eral /actor' 0a( becon'i)ere)2 '$c a'2 b$t not nece''aril( con/ine) to2 weter or not

te contractor i' carr(in4 on an in)e*en)ent b$'ine''+ te nat$rean) e7tent o/ te wor,+ te ',ill re$ire)+ te ter0 an) )$ration o/ te

relation'i*+ te ri4t to a''i4n te *er/or0ance o/ '*eci/ie) *iece'o/ wor,+ te control an) '$*er%i'ion o/ te wor, to anoter+ tee0*lo(er&' *ower wit re'*ect to te irin42 /irin42 an) *a(0ent o/te contractor&' wor,er'+ te control o/ te *re0i'e'+ te )$t( to'$**l( *re0i'e'2 tool'2 a**liance'2 0aterial' an) labor+ an) te0o)e2 0anner an) ter0' o/ *a(0ent.

#actor'

Pili**ine Global Co00$nicator' % De KeraIn a lon4 line o/ )eci'ion'2 te Co$rt2 in )eter0inin4

te e7i'tence o/ an e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i*2 a' in%ariabl(a)ere) to te /o$r/ol) te't2 to wit: te 'election an) en4a4e0ent o/te e0*lo(ee+ te *a(0ent o/ wa4e'+ te *ower o/ )i'0i''al+ an)te *ower to control te e0*lo(ee&' con)$ct2 or te 'ocalle)control te'tH2 con'i)ere) to be te 0o't i0*ortant ele0ent.

Sona % A!SC!NTere are 6 ele0ent' o/ e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i*:1. Selection o/ e0*lo(ee

-. Pa(0ent o/ wa4e'3. Power to )i'0i''6. Control on e0*lo(ee on 0ean' an) 0eto)'

Qar)in % NLRC#o$r/ol) te't /or e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation':;1< te 'election an) en4a4e0ent o/ te e0*lo(ee+;-< te *a(0ent o/ wa4e'+;3< te *ower o/ )i'0i''al+ an);6< te *ower o/ control te e0*lo(ee' con)$ct.&

NLRC /o$n) tat te bo$n)ar( '('te0 i' a lea'eol)'('te0 wic ta,e' it o$t o/ te or)inar( notion o/ controlH o%ere0*lo(ee' con)$ct.

Te SC iterate) it' r$lin4 tat te relation'i* between

5ee*ne( owner'Jo*erator' on one an) an) 5ee*ne( )ri%er' on teoter $n)er te bo$n)ar( '('te0 i' tat o/ e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee an)not o/ le''orle''ee.

Manila Gol/ % IACTe Co$rt )oe' not a4ree tat 'ai) /act' nece''aril( or

lo4icall( *oint to an e0*lo(eee0*lo(er relation'i*2 an) to tee7cl$'ion o/ an( /or0 o/ arran4e0ent'2 oter tan o/ e0*lo(0ent2tat wo$l) 0a,e te re'*on)entF' 'er%ice' a%ailable to te 0e0ber'an) 4$e't o/ te *etitioner. A' lon4 a' it i'2 te li't 0a)e in tea**eale) )eci'ion )etailin4 te %ario$' 0atter' o/ con)$ct2 )re''2lan4$a4e2 etc. co%ere) b( te *etitionerF' re4$lation'2 )oe' not2 inte 0in) o/ te Co$rt2 'o circ$0'cribe te action' or 5$)40ent o/ te

ca))ie' concerne) a' to lea%e te0 little or no /ree)o0 o/ coicewat'oe%er in te 0anner o/ carr(in4 o$t teir 'er%ice'.


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Control Te't

UERMMMC 8 RDU % La4$e'0a in #eli7 % !$en'a)aA re'i)enc( or re'i)ent *('ician *o'ition in a 0e)ical

'*ecialt( i' ne%er a *er0anent one. Re'i)enc( connote' trainin4an) te0*orar( 'tat$'. Pro0otion to te ne7t *o't4ra)$ate (ear i'

ba'e) on 0erit an) *er/or0ance )eter0ine) b( *erio)ic e%al$ation'an) e7a0ination' o/ ,nowle)4e2 ',ill' an) be)'i)e 0anner. Un)erti' '('te02 re'i)ent'2 e'*eciall( to'e in $ni%er'it( teacin4o'*ital' en5o( teir ri4t to 'ec$rit( o/ ten$re onl( to te e7tent tatte( *erio)icall( 0a,e te 4ra)e. "ile *('ician' ;or con'$ltant'.- INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR AND LA!OR CONTRACTORONLY

Ar t 1> LC

Contractor or ' $bcontractor.

"ene%er an e0*lo(erenter' into a contract wit anoter *er'on /or te *er/or0ance o/ te/or0er&' wor,2 te e0*lo(ee' o/ te contractor an) o/ te latter&''$bcontractor2 i/ an(2 'all be *ai) in accor)ance wit te *ro%i'ion'o/ ti' Co)e.

In te e%ent tat te contractor or '$bcontractor /ail' to *a( tewa4e' o/ i' e0*lo(ee' in accor)ance wit ti' Co)e2 te e0*lo(er'all be 5ointl( an) 'e%erall( liable wit i' contractor or'$bcontractor to '$c e0*lo(ee' to te e7tent o/ te wor, *er/or0e)$n)er te contract2 in te 'a0e 0anner an) e7tent tat e i' liable toe0*lo(ee' )irectl( e0*lo(e) b( i0.

Te Secretar( o/ Labor an) E0*lo(0ent 0a(2 b( a**ro*riatere4$lation'2 re'trict or *roibit te contractin4o$t o/ labor to *rotectte ri4t' o/ wor,er' e'tabli'e) $n)er ti' Co)e. In 'o *roibitin4 orre'trictin42 e 0a( 0a,e a**ro*riate )i'tinction' between laboronl(contractin4 an) 5ob contractin4 a' well a' )i//erentiation' witinte'e t(*e' o/ contractin4 an) )eter0ine wo a0on4 te *artie'in%ol%e) 'all be con'i)ere) te e0*lo(er /or *$r*o'e' o/ ti' Co)e2to *re%ent an( %iolation or circ$0%ention o/ an( *ro%i'ion o/ ti'Co)e.

Tere i' Blaboronl(B contractin4 were te *er'on '$**l(in4 wor,er'

to an e0*lo(er )oe' not a%e '$b'tantial ca*ital or in%e't0ent in te/or0 o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent2 0acinerie'2 wor, *re0i'e'2 a0on4

oter'2 an) te wor,er' recr$ite) an) *lace) b( '$c *er'on are*er/or0in4 acti%itie' wic are )irectl( relate) to te *rinci*alb$'ine'' o/ '$c e0*lo(er. In '$c ca'e'2 te *er'on orinter0e)iar( 'all be con'i)ere) 0erel( a' an a4ent o/ te e0*lo(erwo 'all be re'*on'ible to te wor,er' in te 'a0e 0anner an)e7tent a' i/ te latter were )irectl( e0*lo(e) b( i0.

Ar t 1@ LC

In)irect e0*lo(er.

Te *ro%i'ion' o/ te i00e)iatel(*rece)in4 article 'all li,ewi'e a**l( to an( *er'on2 *artner'i*2a''ociation or cor*oration wic2 not bein4 an e0*lo(er2 contract'wit an in)e*en)ent contractor /or te *er/or0ance o/ an( wor,2ta',2 5ob or *ro5ect.

Ar t 1? LC

Soli)ar( liabilit(.

Te *ro%i'ion' o/ e7i'tin4 law' tote contrar( notwit'tan)in42 e%er( e0*lo(er or in)irect e0*lo(er'all be el) re'*on'ible wit i' contractor or '$bcontractor /or an(%iolation o/ an( *ro%i'ion o/ ti' Co)e. #or *$r*o'e' o/ )eter0inin4te e7tent o/ teir ci%il liabilit( $n)er ti' Ca*ter2 te( 'all becon'i)ere) a' )irect e0*lo(er'.

DOLE Or)e r No . 1: - Se rie' o / --

RULES IM LEMENTING ARTICLES 1> TO 1?

O# T9E LA!OR CODE2 AS AMENDED

!( %irt$e o/ te *ower %e'te) in te Secretar( o/ Labor an)E0*lo(0ent $n)er Article' = ;R$le0a,in4< an) 1> ;Contractor orS$bcontractor< o/ te Labor Co)e o/ te Pili**ine'2 a' a0en)e)2te /ollowin4 re4$lation' 4o%ernin4 contractin4 an) '$bcontractin4arran4e0ent' are ereb( i''$e):

Sec t ion 1 . G$ i) in4 * r inc i* le'

.

Contractin4 an) '$bcontractin4arran4e0ent' are e7*re''l( allowe) b( law an) are '$b5ect tore4$lation /or te *ro0otion o/ e0*lo(0ent an) te ob'er%ance o/

te ri4t' o/ wor,er' to 5$'t an) $0ane con)ition' o/ wor,2 'ec$rit(o/ ten$re2 'el/or4aniation2 an) collecti%e bar4ainin4. Laboronl(contractin4 a' )e/ine) erein 'all be *roibite).

Sec t ion - . Co% e ra4e . Te'e R$le' 'all a**l( to all *artie' o/contractin4 an) '$bcontractin4 arran4e0ent' were e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'i* e7i't'. Place0ent acti%itie' tro$4 *ri%aterecr$it0ent an) *lace0ent a4encie' a' 4o%erne) b( Article' -= to3? o/ te Labor Co)e are not co%ere) b( te'e R$le'.

S ec ti on 3 . T ri la te ra l R el at io n' i * i n C on tr ac ti n4

Ar ran4e0en t'

. In le4iti0ate contractin42 tere e7i't' a trilateralrelation'i* $n)er wic tere i' a contract /or a '*eci/ic 5ob2 wor, or

'er%ice between te *rinci*al an) te contractor or '$bcontractor2an) a contract o/ e0*lo(0ent between te contractor or


15/50


16/50


ti' 'all be wito$t *re5$)ice to co0*letion bon$'e' or otere0ol$0ent'2 incl$)in4 retire0ent *a( a' 0a( be *ro%i)e) b( law orin te contract between te *rinci*al an) te contractor or'$bcontractor.

Sec t ion 11 . Re4 i' t ra t ion o / Con t rac tor' o r S$bc on t rac to r'

.

Con'i'tent wit te a$torit( o/ te Secretar( o/ Labor an)

E0*lo(0ent to re'trict or *roibit te contractin4 o$t o/ labor tro$4a**ro*riate re4$lation'2 a re4i'tration '('te0 to 4o%ern contractin4arran4e0ent' an) to be i0*le0ente) b( te Re4ional O//ice' i'ereb( e'tabli'e). Te re4i'tration o/ contractor' an)'$bcontractor' 'all be nece''ar( /or *$r*o'e' o/ e'tabli'in4 ane//ecti%e labor 0ar,et in/or0ation an) 0onitorin4. #ail$re to re4i'ter'all 4i%e ri'e to te *re'$0*tion tat te contractor i' en4a4e) inlaboronl( contractin4.

Sec t ion 1- . Re$ i re0en t' /o r re4 i' t ra t ion. A contractor or'$bcontractor 'all be li'te) in te re4i'tr( o/ contractor' an)'$bcontractor' $*on co0*letion o/ an a**lication /or0 to be*ro%i)e) b( te DOLE. Te a**licant contractor or '$bcontractor

'all *ro%i)e in te a**lication /or0 te /ollowin4 in/or0ation:;a< e na0e an) b$'ine'' a))re'' o/ te a**licant an) te area orarea' were it 'ee,' to o*erate+;b< e na0e' an) a))re''e' o/ o//icer'2 i/ te a**licant i' acor*oration2 *artner'i*2 coo*erati%e or $nion+;c< Te nat$re o/ te a**licantF' b$'ine'' an) te in)$'tr( orin)$'trie' were te a**licant 'ee,' to o*erate+;)< Te n$0ber o/ re4$lar wor,er'+ te li't o/ client'2 i/ an(+ ten$0ber o/ *er'onnel a''i4ne) to eac client2 i/ an( an) te 'er%ice'*ro%i)e) to te client+;e< Te )e'cri*tion o/ te *a'e' o/ te contract an) te n$0ber o/e0*lo(ee' co%ere) in eac *a'e2 were a**ro*riate+ an);/< A co*( o/ a$)ite) /inancial 'tate0ent' i/ te a**licant i' acor*oration2 *artner'i*2 coo*erati%e or a $nion2 or co*( o/ te late'tITR i/ te a**licant i' a 'ole *ro*rietor'i*.Te a**lication 'all be '$**orte) b(:;a< A certi/ie) co*( o/ a certi/icate o/ re4i'tration o/ /ir0 or b$'ine''na0e /ro0 te Sec$ritie' an) E7can4e Co00i''ion ;SEC. Del i' t in4 o/ contractor' or '$bcontractor'

.

S$b5ectto )$e *roce''2 te Re4ional Director 'all cancel te re4i'tration o/

contractor' or '$bcontractor' ba'e) on an( o/ te /ollowin4 4ro$n)':

;a< Non'$b0i''ion o/ contract' between te *rinci*al an) tecontractor or '$bcontractor wen re$ire) to )o 'o+;b< Non'$b0i''ion o/ ann$al re*ort+;c< #in)in4' tro$4 arbitration tat te contractor or '$bcontractora' en4a4e)in laboronl( contractin4 an) te *roibite) acti%itie' a' *ro%i)e) inSection > ;Proibition'< ereo/+ an)

;)< Nonco0*liance wit labor 'tan)ar)' an) wor,in4 con)ition'.

S e c ti o n 1 @ . R e n e w a l o / r e 4 i' t r at i on o / c o n tr a ct o r ' o r

'$bcontractor'

.

All re4i'tere) contractor' or '$bcontractor' 0a(a**l( /or renewal o/ re4i'tration e%er( tree (ear'. #or ti' *$r*o'e2te Tri*artite In)$'trial Peace Co$ncil ;TIPC< a' create) $n)erE7ec$ti%e Or)er No. 6?2 'all 'er%e a' te o%er'i4t co00ittee to%eri/( an) 0onitor te /ollowin4:;a< En4a4in4 in allowable contractin4 acti%itie'+ an);b< Co0*liance wit a)0ini'trati%e re*ortin4 re$ire0ent'.

Sec t ion 1: . En /o rc e0en t o / Labo r S tan)a r)' an) "or, in4

Con)it ion'

.Con'i'tent wit Article 1- ;Ki'itorial an) En/orce0ent

Power< o/ te Labor Co)e2 a' a0en)e)2 te Re4ional Directortro$4 i' )$l( a$torie) re*re'entati%e'2 incl$)in4 laborre4$lation o//icer' 'all a%e te a$torit( to con)$ct ro$tinein'*ection o/ e'tabli'0ent' en4a4e) in contractin4 or'$bcontractin4 an) 'all a%e acce'' to e0*lo(erF' recor)' an)*re0i'e' at an( ti0e o/ te )a( or ni4t wene%er wor, i' bein4$n)erta,en terein2 an) te ri4t to co*( tere/ro02 to $e'tion an(e0*lo(ee an) in%e'ti4ate an( /act2 con)ition or 0atter wic 0a( benece''ar( to )eter0ine %iolation' or wic 0a( ai) in teen/orce0ent o/ te Labor Co)e an) o/ an( labor law2 wa4e or)er2 orr$le' an) re4$lation' i''$e) *$r'$ant tereto.Te /in)in4' o/ te )$l( a$torie) re*re'entati%e 'all be re/erre) tote Re4ional Director /or a**ro*riate action a' *ro%i)e) /or in Article1-2 an) 'all be /$rni'e) te collecti%e bar4ainin4 a4ent2 i/ an(.!a'e) on te %i'itorial an) en/orce0ent *ower o/ te Secretar( o/Labor an) E0*lo(0ent in Article 1- ;a


17/50


rea'on' not attrib$table to te /a$lt o/ te contractor or'$bcontractor.

Section -. S$*er'e'' ion

. All r$le' an) re4$lation' i''$e) b( teSecretar( o/ Labor an) E0*lo(0ent incon'i'tent wit te *ro%i'ion'o/ ti' R$le are ereb( '$*er'e)e). Contractin4 or '$bcontractin4arran4e0ent' in te con'tr$ction in)$'tr(2 $n)er te licen'in4

co%era4e o/ te PCA! an) 'all not incl$)e 'i*b$il)in4 an) 'i*re*airin4 wor,'2 owe%er2 'all contin$e to be 4o%erne) b(De*art0ent Or)er No. 1?2 'erie' o/ 1??3.

Sec t ion -1 . E / /ec ti % i t (. Ti' Or)er 'all be e//ecti%e /i/teen ;1=36>3=

A. In)e*en)ent Contractor

Mana4e0ent #$nction 8 Deter0ination Nee)

Manila Electric % $i'$0bin4A))itionall(2 we reco4nie tat contractin4 o$t i' not

$nli0ite)+ rater it i' a *rero4ati%e tat 0ana4e0ent en5o(' '$b5ectto well)e/ine) le4al li0itation'. A' we a%e *re%io$'l( el)2 teco0*an( can )eter0ine in it' be't b$'ine'' 5$)40ent weter it'o$l) contract o$t *er/or0ance o/ 'o0e i/ it' wor, /or a' lon4 a'te e0*lo(er i' 0oti%ate) b( 4oo) /ait2 an) te contractin4 o$t0$'t not a%e been re'orte) to circ$0%ent te law or 0$'t not a%ebeen te re'$lt o/ 0alicio$' or arbitrar( action.

Re$ire0ent' 8 In)e*en)ent Conctractor

Manila Electric % !ena0iraMoreo%er2 ASDAI an) A#SISI are not laboronl(H

contractor'. Tere i' labor onl(H contract wen te *er'on actin4 a'contractor i' con'i)ere) 0erel( a' an a4ent or inter0e)iar( o/ te*rinci*al wo i' re'*on'ible to te wor,er' in te 'a0e 0anner an)to te 'a0e e7tent a' i/ te( a) been )irectl( e0*lo(e) b( i0. Onte oter an)2 5ob ;in)e*en)ent< contractin4H i' *re'ent i/ te/ollowin4 con)ition' are 0et: ;a< te contractor carrie' on anin)e*en)ent b$'ine'' an) $n)erta,e' te contract wor, on i' ownacco$nt $n)er i' own re'*on'ibilit( accor)in4 to i' own 0anneran) 0eto)2 /ree /ro0 te control an) )irection o/ i' e0*lo(er or*rinci*al in all 0atter' connecte) wit te *er/or0ance o/ te wor,e7ce*t to te re'$lt tereo/+ an) ;b< te contractor a' '$b'tantialca*ital or in%e't0ent' in te /or0 o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent2 0acinerie'2

wor, *re0i'e' an) oter 0aterial' wic are nece''ar( in tecon)$ct o/ i' b$'ine''.-? Gi%en te abo%e )i'tinction an) te*ro%i'ion' o/ te 'ec$rit( 'er%ice a4ree0ent' entere) into b(*etitioner wit ASDAI an) A#SISI2 we are con%ince) tat ASDAI an)

A#SISI were en4a4e) in 5ob contractin4.

San Mi4$el % Abella

Te te't to )eter0ine te e7i'tence o/ in)e*en)entcontractor'i* i' weter one clai0in4 to be an in)e*en)entcontractor a' contracte) to )o te wor, accor)in4 to i' own0eto)' an) wito$t bein4 '$b5ect to te control o/ te e0*lo(er2e7ce*t onl( a' to te re'$lt' o/ te wor,. A' /or to'e o/ *ri%atere'*on)ent' wo were en4a4e) in 5anitorial an) 0e''en4erial ta','2te( /all $n)er te 'econ) cate4or( an) are t$' entitle) to)i//erential *a( an) bene/it' e7ten)e) to oter SMC re4$lare0*lo(ee' /ro0 te )a( i00e)iatel( /ollowin4 teir /ir't (ear o/'er%ice.

!i4 AA Man$/act$rin4 % AntonioRe$ire0ent' /or an In)e*en)ent contractor: a < e

carrie' a )i'tinct an) in)e*en)ent b$'ine''2 b< *o''e''e''$b'tantial ca*ital or in%e't0ent in tool'2 e$i*0ent2 0aciner( orwor, *re0i'e'2 c < e )oe' not wor, witin anoter e0*lo(erJco0*an(&' *re0i'e' $'in4 te latter&' tool' an) 0aterial'2an) )< e i' not $n)er te control an) '$*er%i'ion o/ an e0*lo(er orco0*an(

De'irable 8 Unnece''ar(

CocaCola bottler' Pil % NLRCIn i0berl( In)e*en)ent Labor Union %. Drilonwere te

Co$rt too, 5$)icial notice o/ te *ractice a)o*te) in 'e%eral4o%ern0ent an) *ri%ate in'tit$tion' an) in)$'trie' o/ irin4 5anitorial'er%ice' on an Bin)e*en)ent contractor ba'i'.B In ti' re'*ect2

alto$4 5anitorial 'er%ice' 0a( be con'i)ere) )irectl( relate) to te*rinci*al b$'ine'' o/ an e0*lo(er2 a' wit e%er( b$'ine''2 we)ee0e) te0 $nnece''ar( in te con)$ct o/ te e0*lo(erF' *rinci*alb$'ine''.

Ti' 5$)icial notice2 o/ co$r'e2 re't' on te a''$0*tiontat te in)e*en)ent contractor i' a le4iti0ate 5ob contractor 'o tattere can be no )o$bt a' to te e7i'tence o/ an e0*lo(ere0*lo(eerelation'i* between contractor an) te wor,er. In ti' 'it$ation2 teonl( *ertinent $e'tion tat 0a( ari'e will no lon4er )eal witweter tere e7i't' an e0*lo(0ent bon) b$t weter te e0*lo(ee0a( be con'i)ere) re4$lar or ca'$al a' to )e'er%e te a**lication o/

Art. - o/ te Labor Co)e.

E0*lo(erE0*lo(ee

PAL % NLRCQanitorial 'er%ice a4ree0ent i' not laboronl( contactin4

an) e7ten'ion o/ 'er%ice contract i' not a 'o$rce o/ e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation.

Proibite) laboronl( contractin4 i' )e/ine) in Article 1>

o/ te Labor Co)e a' /ollow': Tere i' Blaboronl(B contractin4 werete *er'on '$**l(in4 wor,er' to an e0*lo(er )oe' not a%e'$b'tantial ca*ital or in%e't0ent in te /or0 o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent20acinerie'2 wor, *re0i'e'2 a0on4 oter'2 an) te wor,er'recr$ite) an) *lace) b( '$c *er'on' are *er/or0in4 acti%itie' wicare )irectl( relate) to te *rinci*al b$'ine'' o/ '$c e0*lo(er. In'$c ca'e'2 te *er'on or inter0e)iar( 'all be con'i)ere) 0erel(a' an a4ent o/ te e0*lo(er wo 'all be re'*on'ible to te wor,er'in te 'a0e 0anner an) e7tent a' i/ te latter were )irectl(e0*lo(e) b( i0.

Merc$r( Dr$4 Cor* % Lib$nao"ere te 'ec$rit( a4enc( recr$it'2 ire' an) a''i4n' te

wor,' o/ it' watc0en or 'ec$rit( 4$ar)' to a client2 te e0*lo(er o/'$c 4$ar)' or watc0en i' '$c a4enc(2 an) not te client2 'incete latter a' no an) in 'electin4 te 'ec$rit( 4$ar)'. T$'2 te)$t( to ob'er%e te )ili4ence o/ a 4oo) /ater o/ a /a0il( cannot be)e0an)e) /ro0 te 'ai) client

Te *et it ioner a) a''i4ne) Si)o to el* te0ana4e0ent o*en an) clo'e te )oor o/ te )r$4 'tore+ in'*ect teba4' o/ c$'to0er' a' te( enter te 'tore+ an)2 cec, te recei*t'i''$e) b( te ca'ier to 'ai) c$'to0er' /or teir *$rca'e'. S$ccirc$0'tance' )o not a$to0aticall( 0a,e te 'ec$rit( 4$ar) tee0*lo(ee o/ te *etitioner2 an)2 a' '$c2 liable /or te 4$ar)F'tortio$' act'. Te /act tat a client co0*an( 0a( 4i%e in'tr$ction' or)irection' to te 'ec$rit( 4$ar)' a''i4ne) to it2 )oe' not2 b( it'el/2ren)er te client re'*on'ible a' an e0*lo(er o/ te 'ec$rit( 4$ar)'

concerne) an) liable /or teir wron4/$l act' or o0i''ion'.

Liabilit(

Manila Si*(ar) Cor* % CAPetitioner&' liabilit( i' 5oint an) 'e%eral wit tat o/

Lon4e't #orce2 *$r'$ant to Article' 1>2 1@ an) 1? o/ te LaborCo)e. In ti' ca'e2 wen *etitioner contracte) /or 'ec$rit( 'er%ice'wit Lon4e't #orce a' te 'ec$rit( a4enc( tat ire) *ri%atere'*on)ent' to wor, a' 4$ar)' /or te 'i*(ar) cor*oration2*etitioner beca0e an in)irect e0*lo(er o/ *ri%ate re'*on)ent'*$r'$ant to Article 1@. #ollowin4 Article 1>2 wen te a4enc( a'contractor /aile) to *a( te 4$ar)'2 te cor*oration a' *rinci*al

beco0e' 5ointl( an) 'e%erall( liable /or te 4$ar)'& wa4e'. Ti' i'0an)ate) b( te Labor Co)e to en'$re co0*liance wit it'


18/50


*ro%i'ion'2 incl$)in4 *a(0ent o/ 'tat$tor( 0ini0$0 wa4e. Te'ec$rit( a4enc( i' el) liable b( %irt$e o/ it' 'tat$' a' )irecte0*lo(er2 wile te cor*oration i' )ee0e) te in)irect e0*lo(er o/te 4$ar)' /or te *$r*o'e o/ *a(in4 teir wa4e' in te e%ent o//ail$re o/ te a4enc( to *a( te0. Ti' 'tat$tor( 'ce0e 4i%e' tewor,er' te a0*le *rotection con'onant wit labor an) 'ocial 5$'tice*ro%i'ion' o/ te 1?@ Con'tit$tion.

New Gol)en Cit( !$il)er' % CAIn le4iti0ate 5ob contractin42 te law create' an e0*lo(er

e0*lo(ee relation'i* /or a li0ite) *$r*o'e2 i.e.2 to en'$re tat tee0*lo(ee' are *ai) teir wa4e'. Te *rinci*al e0*lo(er beco0e'

5ointl( an) 'e%erall( liable wit te 5ob contractor onl( /or te*a(0ent o/ te e0*lo(ee'& wa4e' wene%er te contractor /ail' to*a( te 'a0e. Oter tan tat2 te *rinci*al e0*lo(er i' notre'*on'ible /or an( clai0 0a)e b( te e0*lo(ee'.

!. Labor Contractor Onl(

Re$i'ite' an) Proibition

Kino(a % NLRCLaboronl( contractin42 a *roibite) act2 i' an

arran4e0ent were te contractor or '$bcontractor 0erel( recr$it'2'$**lie' or *lace' wor,er' to *er/or0 a 5ob2 wor, or 'er%ice /or a*rinci*al. Te /ollowin4 ele0ent' are *re'ent: ;a< Te contractor or'$bcontractor )oe' not a%e '$b'tantial ca*ital or in%e't0ent toact$all( *er/or0 te 5ob2 wor, or 'er%ice $n)er it' own acco$nt an)re'*on'ibilit(+ ;b< Te e0*lo(ee' recr$ite)2 '$**lie) or *lace) b('$c contractor or '$bcontractor are *er/or0in4 acti%itie' wic are)irectl( relate) to te 0ain b$'ine'' o/ te *rinci*al.

Manila "ater % PenaLaboronl( contractin4 re/er' to arran4e0ent were

contractor 0erel( recr$it' an) *lace' wor,er' /or a *rinci*al.Ele0ent' ;1< contractor )oe'n&t a%e '$b'tantial ca*ital an) ;- LC a' a0en)e)2 *ro%i)e' tat tere i'laboronl(& contractin4 were te *er'on '$**l(in4 wor,er' to ane0*lo(er )oe' not a%e '$b'tantial ca*ital or in%e't0ent in te /or0o/ tool'2 e$i*0ent2 0acinerie'2 wor, *re0i'e'2 a0on4 oter'2 an)te wor,er' recr$ite) an) *lace) b( '$c *er'on are *er/or0in4acti%itie' wic are )irectl( relate) to te *rinci*al b$'ine'' o/ '$ce0*lo(er. 7 7 7.H Q. Nara4 Con'tr$ction i' in)ee) a laboronl(

contractor. Te'e are te rea'on':;1< it i' not re4i'tere) a' a b$il)in4 contractor wit te SEC+

;-< it a' no contract wit *etitioner+ an);3< tere i' no *roo/ o/ it' /inancial ca*abilit( an) a' no li't o/e$i*0ent2 tool'2 0acinerie' an) i0*le0ent' $'e) in teb$'ine''.

E//ect o/ #in)in4

PAL % NLRCTe onl( e//ect o/ laboronl( contractin4 i' tat te *er'on

or inter0e)iar( 'all be con'i)ere) 0erel( a' an a4ent o/ tee0*lo(er wo 'all be re'*on'ible to te wor,er' in te 'a0e0anner an) e7tent a' i/ te latter were )irectl( e0*lo(e) b( i0&;Art. 1>2 Labor Co)e< 0ont' /ro0 te )ate te e0*lo(ee 'tarte)wor,in42 $nle'' it i' co%ere) b( an a**rentice'i* a4ree0ent'ti*$latin4 a lon4er *erio). Te 'er%ice' o/ an e0*lo(ee wo a'been en4a4e) on a *robationar( ba'i' 0a( be ter0inate) /or a 5$'tca$'e or wen e /ail' to $ali/( a' a re4$lar e0*lo(ee inaccor)ance wit rea'onable 'tan)ar)' 0a)e ,nown b( te e0*lo(er

to te e0*lo(ee at te ti0e o/ i' en4a4e0ent. An e0*lo(ee wo i'


19/50


allowe) to wor, a/ter a *robationar( *erio) 'all be con'i)ere) are4$lar e0*lo(ee.

Reco4nition an) T(*e'

Pil #e)eration o/ Cre)it Coo* % NLRC 1??Contract 'tate) tat 'e wa' ire) on a contract$al

ba'i'2 on *robationar( 'tat$' /or > 0ont'2 wic wa' '$b5ect torenewal. Renewe) /or one (ear ten 'e wa' ter0inate).

Art. -1 An e0*lo(ee wo i' allowe) to wor, a/ter a*robationar( *erio) 'all be con'i)ere) a re4$lar e0*lo(ee.Probationar( e0*lo(ee i' one wo i' on trial )$rin4 wic tee0*lo(er )eter0ine' weter e i' $ali/ie) /or *er0anente0*lo(0ent.Re4ar)le'' o/ te )e'i4nation te e0*lo(er 0a( a%e con/erre)$*on er e0*lo(0ent 'tat$'2 'ince 'e a) co0*lete) te*robationar( *erio) an) 'e wa' allowe) to wor, terea/ter2 'eten ac$ire) re4$lar 'tat$'.

Pan4ilinan % Gen Millin4 Cor* -6E0*lo(e) a' e0er4enc( wor,er' ;cic,en )re''er'2

*ac,er' an) el*er' in te *lant


20/50


con/ine) 'co*e. Re*eate) reirin4 an) contin$in4 nee) /or teir'er%ice' clearl( atte't to '$c nece''it( an) )e'irabilit(.

9acien)a #ati0a % National #e)eration o/S$4arcane "or,er' #oo) an) Gen Tra)e -3

Te( were a)0itte)l( 'ea'onal wor,er' 8 te(re*eate)l( wor,e) /or te 9acien)a /or 'e%eral (ear'2 b$t onl(

)$rin4 a *artic$lar 'ea'on.Te /act tat te( )i) not wor, contin$o$'l( /or one wole

(ear b$t onl( /or te )$ration o/ te 'ea'on )oe' not )etract /ro0con'i)erin4 te0 in re4$lar e0*lo(0ent. Sea'onal wor,er' woa recalle) to wor, /ro0 ti0e to ti0e an) are te0*oraril( lai) o// )$rin4o//'ea'on are not 'e*arate) /ro 'er%ice in 'ai) *erio)2 b$t 0erel(con'i)ere) on lea%e $ntil ree0*lo(e). To be e7cl$)e) /ro0 re4$lare0*lo(ee'2 it i' not eno$4 tat e0*lo(ee' *er/or0 wor, tat are'ea'onal in nat$re+ te( 0$'t a%e al'o been e0*lo(e) onl( /or te)$ration o/ one 'ea'on.

Milare' % NLRC --"ON 'ea/arer' are contract$al e0*lo(ee' YES. Teir

e0*lo(0ent i' contract$all( /i7e) /or a certain *erio) o/ ti0e. Te(/all $n)er te e7ce*tion o/ Art. -. E%en i/ te( a%e beencontin$all( reire)2 or teir contract' renewe) be/ore te contract'e7*ire)2 te( are 'till not re4$lar. Circ$0'tance o/ contin$o$'reirin4 wa' )ictate) b( *ractical con'i)eration' tat e7*erience)crew 0e0ber' are 0ore *re/erre). Te( were onl( 4i%en *riorit( or*re/erence beca$'e o/ teir $ali/ication' an) e7*erience.

Petrole$0 Si**in4 Lt) % NLRC ->#ir't A''t En4ineer wo wa' *ro0ote) to Cie/ En4ineer

o/ E''o Intl Si**in4. !eca$'e e a) a )i'ea'e2 E''o no lon4er)e*lo(e) i0 b$t o//ere) to *a( i0 bene/it'. 9e acce*te) b$t 'till/ile) co0*laint. 9e i' not a re4$lar e0*lo(ee. Sa0e ratio a' Milare'

Si**er' Unite) % NLRC ->Tir) en4ineer wit Nicola,i' S,i**in4 tro$4 it'

0annin4 a4enc(. Contract wa' /or te *erio) o/ 1 (r be4innin4 Q$l(1. 9e boar)e) MK Na%al on Q$l( 1=2 b$t wa' or)ere) to )i'e0bar,on A$4 @ an) re*atriate) to te Pil'.

E0*lo(er )i) not *ro%i)e $ant$0 o/ e%i)ence nee)e) to*ro%e tat )i'0i''al wa' /or a 5$'t ca$'e. #ail$re to /$rni' 'ea/arerwit notice wo$l) *re5$)ice te 'a/et( o/ te crew an) te %e''el.

Awar) o/ bac,wa4e' an) 'e*aration *a( i' not a**licable 'ince'ea/arer i' a contract$al e0*lo(ee wo'e ri4t' an) obli4ation' are4o%erne) b( te POEA E0*lo(0ent Contract an) RA 6-. Un)erSec 1 o/ RA 6-2 awar) o/ 0one( clai0' /or ille4al )i'0i''al i'allowe).

Penta4on Intl Si**in4 % A)elantar -6

9ire) b( te D$bai Port' A$torit( $n)er a contract wic*ro%i)e) /or an $nli0ite) *erio) o/ e0*lo(0ent. 9e ten entere) intoanoter contract2 POEA 'tan)ar) e0*lo(0ent contract wic*ro%i)e) /or a 1-0ont *erio) o/ wor,.

Sec 1 RA 6-2 an) not A-?@2 a**lie' beca$'e te'econ) contract wic *ro%i)e) /or a /i7e) *erio) o/ e0*lo(0ent i'a**licable in ti' ca'e. Milare' ca'e )octrine i' a**licable

#ili*ino 'ea0en are 4o%erne) b( te R$le' an) Re4$lation' o/ tePOEA. Stan)ar) E0*lo(0ent Contract 4o%ernin4 te e0*lo(0ent o/

All #ili*ino 'ea0en '*eci/icall( *ro%i)e' tat te contract o/ 'ea0en'all be /or a /i7e) *erio) o/ not lon4er tan 1- 0ont'. An(e7ten'ion 'all be '$b5ect to te 0$t$al con'ent o/ *artie'. S$cli0ite) *erio) i' /or teir 0$t$al intere't+ te national2 c$lt$ral2 lin4$al)i%er'it( a0on4 te crew i' a realit( tat nece''itate' te li0itation.

9irin4 E7ten) Perio)

An)on Electric Co % NLRC 1???#abricator /or 13 (ear' an) ren)ere) )i// 'er%ice' a'

el*er tecnician2 'toc,0an an) ti0e,ee*er. 9e ten recei%e) letter

o/ ter0ination."ere te e0*lo(0ent o/ *ro5ect e0*lo(ee' i' e7ten)e)lon4 a/ter te '$**o'e) *ro5ect a' been /ini'e)2 te e0*lo(ee'are re0o%e) /ro0 te co*e o/ *ro5ect e0*lo(ee' an) con'i)ere)re4$lar e0*lo(ee'. 9e wa' a re4$lar non*ro5ect wor,er.H

Contract to Contract

!eta Electric Cor* % NLRC ;1??Cler, t(*i't /or one 0ont2 wic a**oint0ent wa'

e7ten)e) /i%e ti0e' in /i%e 0ont'. Se wa' ten ter0inate) wito$tnoticeJin%e'ti4ation.

Contract' cannot o%erri)e te 0an)ate o/ te law. 9erten$re a) e7cee)e) > 0ont'+ 'e ten attaine) re4$lar 'tat$'. An

e0*lo(0ent 0a( onl( be 'ai) to be te0*orar(H were it a' been/i7e) /or a '*eci/ic $n)erta,in4 te co0*letion or ter0ination' o/wic a' been )eter0ine) at te ti0e o/ te en4a4e0ent o/ tee0*lo(ee or were te wor, or 'er%ice' to be *er/or0e) i' 'ea'onalin nat$re an) te e0*lo(0ent i' /or te )$ration o/ te 'ea'on.

Uni%er'al Pla'tic Cor* % Cata*an4 ;-=9ire) b( URC to wor, at it' )$c, /ar0 in La4$na on

%ario$' )ate' /ro0 ?1?3. E0*lo(0ent contract *ro%i)e) /or a=0ont *erio). A/ter e7*iration2 URC wo$l) renew te contract an)ree0*lo( te0.

Pri0ar( 'tan)ar) i' te rea'onable connection betweente *artic$lar acti%it( *er/or0e) b( te e0*lo(ee in relation to te

$'$al tra)e or b$'ine'' o/ te e0*lo(er. S$c =0ont contract*erio) 'o$l) be 'tr$c, )own a' contrar( to *$blic *olic( or 0oral'.

URC&' act o/ re*eate)l( an) contin$o$'l( irin4 te0 in a '*an o/ 3= (ear' to )o te 'a0e ,in) o/ wor, ne4ate' teir contention tat itwa' /or a '*eci/ic *ro5ect.

Len4t o/ Ti0e

Mara4$inot % NLRC 1??

;1< 9e wa' ire) a' *art o/ te /il0in4 crew o/ Ki%a #il0'.6 0ont' later2 )e'i4nate) a' A''t. Electrician ten Electrician. ;- CONTRACT 8 #IED PERIOD

Te't' Kali)it(

!rent Scool % a0ora 1??

Atletic )irector at !rent an) er contract wa' /or a /i7e)ter0 o/ = (ear'. Gro$n) /or ter0ination wa' co0*letion o/ contract.

Since te entire *$r*o'e bein) te )e%elo*0ent o/ tele4i'lation c$l0inatin4 in te *re'ent Art. - o/ te LC clearl(a**ear' to a%e been2 a' alrea)( ob'er%e) to *re%ent circ$0%entiono/ te e0*lo(ee&' ri4t to be 'ec$re in i' ten$re2 te cla$'e in 'ai)article in)i'cri0inatel( an) co0*letel( r$lin4 o$t all written or oral

a4ree0ent' con/lictin4 wit te conce*t o/ re4$lar e0*lo(0ent a')e/ine) terein 'o$l) be con'tr$e) to re/er to te '$b'tanti%e e%iltat te Co)e it'el/ a' 'in4le) o$t: a4ree0ent' entere) into*reci'el( to circ$0%ent te 'ec$rit( o/ ten$re. It 'o$l) a%e NOa**lication to in'tance' ;1< were a /i7e) *erio) o/ e0*lo(0ent wa'a4ree) $*on ,nowin4l( an) %ol$ntaril( b( te *artie'2 wito$t an(/orce2 )$re'' or i0*ro*er *re''$re bein4 bro$4t to bear $*on tee0*lo(ee an) ab'ent an( oter circ$0'tance' %itiatin4 i' con'ent;-< were it 'ati'/actoril( a**ear' tat te *artie' )ealt wit eacoter on 0ore or le'' e$al ter0' wit no 0oral )o0inancewate%er bein4 e7erci'e) b( te e0*lo(er o%er te e0*lo(ee.

Cielo % NLRC 1??1

In !rent Scool % a0ora2 SC a//ir0e) te 4eneral*rinci*le tat were /ro0 te circ$0'tance' it i' a**arent tat*erio)' a%e been i0*o'e) to *recl$)e ac$i'ition o/ ten$rial'ec$rit( b( te e0*lo(ee2 te( 'o$l) be 'tr$c, )own or )i're4ar)e)a' contrar( to *$blic *olic(2 0oral'2 etc.H

Millare' % NLRC --

Kierne' % NLRC -3Meter rea)er' o/ !en4$et Electric Coo* /or le'' tan a

0ont&' )$ration2 b$t were 'till allowe) to wor, be(on) '$c *erio)"or, *er/or0e) wa' nece''ar( or )e'irable in te $'$al

b$'ine''2 ence te( are re4$lar. Te /act alone tat te( a)ren)ere) 'er%ice /or a *erio) o/ le'' tan > 0ont' )oe' not 0a,e

teir e0*lo(0ent 'tat$' a' *robationar(. Te *rinci*le in !rentScool a**lie' onl( wit re'*ect to /i7e) ter0 e0*lo(0ent'.

Pili*' Se0icon)$ctor % #a)ri$ela -6

Pan4ilinan % General Millin4 -6

Sea'onal E0*lo(ee'

Ma4alo' % NLRC 1??@Te e0*lo(0ent o/ 'ea'onal e0*lo(ee' le4all( en)'

$*on co0*letion o/ te *ro5ect or te 'ea'on.

Pil Tobacco etc % NLRC 1??


23/50


Sea'onal wor,er' wo are calle) to wor, /ro0 ti0e toti0e an) are te0*oraril( lai) o// )$rin4 o//'ea'on are not 'e*arate)/ro0 'er%ice in 'ai) *erio)2 b$t are 0erel( con'i)ere) on lea%e $ntilree0*lo(e).

San Mi4$el Cor* % NLRC 1??

Manila 9otel % CIR -3Pine' 9otel e0*lo(ee' were )e0an)in4 a))itional *a(

/or o%erti0e 'er%ice ren)ere) )$rin4 e7i4encie' o/ te b$'ine''. Mla9otel an'were) tat o%erti0e wa' not a$torie) b$t wa' ren)ere)%ol$ntaril( bec te( wante) to a%ail o/ ti*'.

Sea'onal e0*lo(ee' calle) to wor, /ro0 ti0e to ti0e an)te0*oraril( lai) o// )$rin4 o// 'ea'on are re4$lar' b$t are on lea%e o/ab'ence wito$t *a( $ntil te( are ree0*lo(e). Teir relation'i* i'ne%er 'e%ere) b$t onl( '$'*en)e). ;Ree0*lo(e) )$rin4 '$00er'ea'on< 0ont'rec,one) /ro0 te )ate te e0*lo(ee act$all( 'tarte) wor,in4.;c< Te 'er%ice' o/ an e0*lo(ee wo a' been en4a4e) on*robationar( ba'i' 0a( be ter0inate) onl( /or a 5$'t ca$'e or wena$torie) b( e7i'tin4 law'2 or wen e /ail' to $ali/( a' a re4$lare0*lo(ee in accor)ance wit rea'onable 'tan)ar)' *re'cribe) b(te e0*lo(er.;)< In all ca'e' in%ol%in4 e0*lo(ee' en4a4e) on *robationar( ba'i'2te e0*lo(er 'all 0a,e ,nown to te e0*lo(ee te 'tan)ar)'$n)er wic e will $ali/( a' a re4$lar e0*lo(ee at te ti0e o/ i'en4a4e0ent.

"ere no 'tan)ar)' are 0a)e ,nown to te e0*lo(ee at tat ti0e2e 'all be )ee0e) a re4$lar e0*lo(ee. ;DO No. 1 Serie' o/ 1??@2E//ecti%e Q$ne --2 1??@< 0ont' /ro0 te )ate te e0*lo(ee 'tarte)wor,in42 $nle'' it i' co%ere) b( an a**rentice'i* a4ree0ent'ti*$latin4 a lon4er *erio). Te 'er%ice' o/ an e0*lo(ee wo a'been en4a4e) on a *robationar( ba'i' 0a( be ter0inate) /or a 5$'t

ca$'e or wen e /ail' to $ali/( a' a re4$lar e0*lo(ee inaccor)ance wit rea'onable 'tan)ar)' 0a)e ,nown b( te e0*lo(erto te e0*lo(ee at te ti0e o/ i' en4a4e0ent. An e0*lo(ee wo i'allowe) to wor, a/ter a *robationar( *erio) 'all be con'i)ere) are4$lar e0*lo(ee.

Art. >1. Content' o/ a**rentice'i* a4ree0ent'.

A**rentice'i*a4ree0ent'2 incl$)in4 te wa4e rate' o/ a**rentice'2 'all con/or0to te r$le' i''$e) b( te Secretar( o/ Labor an) E0*lo(0ent. Te*erio) o/ a**rentice'i* 'all not e7cee) 'i7 0ont'. A**rentice'i*a4ree0ent' *ro%i)in4 /or wa4e rate' below te le4al 0ini0$0 wa4e2wic in no ca'e 'all 'tart below @= *ercent o/ te a**licable0ini0$0 wa4e2 0a( be entere) into onl( in accor)ance wit

a**rentice'i* *ro4ra0' )$l( a**ro%e) b( te Secretar( o/ Laboran) E0*lo(0ent. Te De*art0ent 'all )e%elo* 'tan)ar) 0o)el

*ro4ra0' o/ a**rentice'i*. ;A' a0en)e) b( Section 12 E7ec$ti%eOr)er No. 1112 Dece0ber -62 1?>


24/50


Orient E7*re'' Place0ent' Pil' % NLRC 1??@Un)er Art. -12 te 'er%ice' o/ an e0*lo(ee ire) on a

*robationar( ba'i' 0a( be ter0inate) wen e /ail' to $ali/( a' are4$lar e0*lo(ee in accor)ance wit rea'onable 'tan)ar)' 0a)e,nown b( te e0*lo(er to te e0*lo(ee at te ti0e o/ en4a4e0ent.9owe%er2 te Co$rt cannot '$'tain i' )i'0i''al on ti' 4ro$n)

beca$'e *etitioner /aile) to '*eci/( te rea'onable 'tan)ar)' b(wic re'*on)ent&' alle4e) *oor *er/or0ance wa' e%al$ate)2 0$cle'' to *ro%e tat '$c 'tan)ar)' were 0a)e ,nown to i0 at ti0e o/i' recr$it0ent in Manila.

Mit'$bi'i % Cr('ler Labor Union -6An e0*lo(er2 in te e7erci'e o/ it' 0n40t *rero4ati%e2

0a( ire an e0*lo(ee on a *robationar( ba'i'. Un)er Art. -12 tee0*lo(er 0$'t in/or0 te e0*lo(ee o/ te 'tan)ar)' /or wic i'e0*lo(0ent 0a( be con'i)ere) /or re4$lariation.

D$ration J E7ce*tion

!$i'er % Leo4ar)o 1?6Sale' re* o/ Gen Tele*one Director( Co.+ *robationar(

'tat$' /or 1 0ont'Generall(2 te *robationar( *erio) o/ e0*lo(0ent i'

li0ite) to > 0ont'. Te e7ce*tion to ti' 4eneral r$le i' wen te*artie' to an e0*lo(0ent contract 0a( a4ree oterwi'e2 '$c a'wen te 'a0e i' e'tabli'e) b( co0*an( *olic( or wen te 'a0ei' re$ire) b( te nat$re o/ te wor, to be *er/or0e) b( tee0*lo(ee. Tere i' reco4nition o/ te e7erci'e o/ 0ana4erial*rero4ati%e' in re$irin4 a lon4er *erio)2 e'*. were te e0*lo(ee0$'t learn a *artic$lar ,in) o/ wor, '$c a' 'ellin42 or wen te 5obre$ire' certain $ali/ication'2 ',ill'2 e7*erience or trainin4.

Polic( In'tr$ction V11 o/ Mini'ter o/ Labor: Un)er te LC2

'i7 0ont' i' te 4eneral *robationar( *erio)2 b$t te *robationar(*erio) i' act$all( te *erio) nee)e) to )eter0ine /itne'' /or te 5ob.Ti' *erio)2 /or lac, o/ a better 0ea'$re0ent i' )ee0e) to be te*erio) nee)e) to learn te 5ob.H

9oli)a( Inn Manila % NLRC 1??Probation i' te *erio) )$rin4 wic e0*lo(er 0a(

)eter0ine i/ te e0*lo(ee i' $ali/ie) /or te *o''ible incl$'ion in tere4$lar /orce. In ti' ca'e2 te *erio) wa' /or 3 wee,' )$rin4 tee0*lo(ee&' onte5ob trainin4. "en er 'er%ice' were contin$e)a/ter te trainin42 e0*lo(er in e//ect reco4nie) tat 'e *a''e)*robation2 *re'$0abl( beca$'e te( were acce*table. E%en i/ it be'$**o'e) tat te *robation )i) not en) wit te 3w, OQT2 tere i'

no rea'on w( tat *erio) 'o$l) not be incl$)e) in te 'ti*$late) >0ont *erio) o/ *robation.

!ernar)o % NLRC 1???Dea/0$te' ire) b( #ar Ea't !an, a' 0one( 'orter'

an) co$nter' $n)er e0*lo(0ent contract /or an)ica**e) wor,er'HContract 'i4ne) b( te *etit ioner' i' a,in to a

*robationar( e0*lo(0ent2 )$rin4 wic te ban, )eter0ine) tee0*lo(ee&' /itne'' /or te 5ob. "en te ban, renewe) te contract

a/ter te la*'e o/ te >0ont *robationar( *erio)2 te e0*lo(eetereb( beca0e re4$lar. Teir )i'abilit( )i) not ren)er te0$n$ali/ie) /or te ta',' a''i4ne) to te0. No e0*lo(er i' allowe) to)eter0ine in)e/initel( te /itne'' o/ it' e0*lo(ee'.

Criteria Re4$lariation

Alcira % NLRC -6En4ineerin4 '$**ort 'er%ice' '$*er%i'or

Alto$4 *robationar( e0*lo(ee' are al'o accor)e)'ec$rit( o/ ten$re2 ti' *rotection en)' $*on e7*iration o/ te*robationar( *erio). E%en i/ te( are not *er0anent2 te( areaccor)e) ti' con'tit$tional *rotection in tat te( 0a( onl( beter0inate) /or 5$'t ca$'e or wen te( oterwi'e /ail to $ali/( a're4$lar e0*lo(ee' in accor)ance wit rea'onable 'tan)ar)' 0a)e,nown to i0.

E7ten'ion o/ Contract

Mariwa'a Man$/act$rin4 % Leo4ar)o 1??General $tilit( wor,er+ $n'ati'/actor( wor, )$rin4 *rob(

*erio) o/ >0o'. b$t i' *rob *erio) wa' e7ten)e) /or anoter 3 0o'E7ten'ion wa' e7 4ratia2 an act o/ liberalit( on te *art o/

i' e0*lo(er. !( %ol$ntaril( a4reein4 to an e7ten'ion o/ te*robationar( *erio)2 e in e//ect wai%e) an( bene/it attacin4 to te

co0*letion o/ 'ai) *erio) i/ e 'till /aile) to 0a,e te 4ra)e )$rin4te *erio) o/ e7ten'ion. No *$blic *olic( *rotectin4 te e0*lo(eean) te 'ec$rit( o/ i' ten$re i' 'er%e) b( *ro'cribin4 %ol$ntar(a4ree0ent' wic2 b( rea'onabl( e7ten)in4 te *erio) o/ *robation2act$all( i0*ro%e an) /$rter a *robationar( e0*lo(ee&' *ro'*ect' o/)e0on'tratin4 i' /itne'' /or re4$lariation.

Ab'orbe) E0*lo(ee'

Ceb$ Ste%e)orin4 Co % Re4ional Director 1?#or0er e0*lo(ee' o/ Ceb$ C$'to0' Arra'tre Ser%ice'

beca$'e it wa' aboli'e)+ te( were ten ab'orbe) b( CSCI wit te'a0e *o'ition' te( *re%io$'l( el)+ >0o' later were )i'0i''e)

Te( co$l) not be con'i)ere) *robationar( e0*lo(ee'beca$'e te( were alrea)( welltraine) in teir re'*ecti%e /$nction'.

"ile te( were 'till wit te CCAS2 te( were alrea)( cler,' wit 1(ear' o/ 'er%ice2 on te a%era4e. Te( were tere/ore not no%ice' inteir 5ob'2 b$t e7*erience) wor,er'.

Do$ble Probation

A Pri0e Sec$rit( Ser%ice' % NLRC -

Sec$rit( 4$ar) /or a (ear o/ te 'i'ter co.Tere i' no ba'i' /or '$b5ectin4 an e0*lo(ee to a new

*robationar( or te0*orar( e0*lo(0ent were e a) alrea)(beco0e a re4$lar e0*lo(ee wen e wa' ab'orbe) b( a 'i'terco0*an(. 9e beca0e a re4$lar e0*lo(ee $*on co0*letion o/ i' >0ont *robationar( 'tat$'.

Ter0ination an) Salar(

Intl Catolic Mi4ration Co00i''ion % NLRC 1??I/ te *$r*o'e 'o$4t b( te e0*lo(er i' neiter attaine)

nor attainable witin te 'ai) *erio)2 Art. -1 )oe' not *recl$)e tee0*lo(er /ro0 ter0inatin4 te *robationar( e0*lo(0ent on

5$'ti/iable ca$'e'.

Orient E7*re'' Place0ent Pil % NLRC 1??@Un'ati'/actor( *er/or0ance i' not one o/ te 5$'t ca$'e'

/or )i'0i''al $n)er te Labor Co)e.

Dela Cr$ % NLRC -6

R$le Pri%ate Scool Teacer'

Cian4 ai Se, Colle4e % CA -6

La Con'olacion Colle4e % NLRC -1#or a *ri%ate 'cool teacer to ac$ire *er0anent 'tat$'

in e0*lo(0ent2 te /ollowin4 0$'t conc$r: ;1< Te teacer i' a /$llti0e teacer+ ;-< Te teacer 0$'t a%e ren)ere) 3 con'ec$ti%e(ear' o/ 'er%ice+ ;3< S$c 'er%ice 0$'t a%e been 'ati'/actor(.

ART T"O: LA!OR STANDARDS LA"

P$r*o'e

Mari%ele' Si*(ar) Cor* % CA -3Labor 'tan)ar)' are enacte) b( te le4i'lat$re to

alle%iate te *li4t o/ wor,er' wo'e wa4e' barel( 0eet te '*iralin4co't' o/ ba'ic nee)'. Labor law' are con'i)ere) written in e%er(


25/50


contract. Sti*$lation' in %iolation tereo/ are con'i)ere) n$ll.Si0ilarl(2 le4i'late) wa4e increa'e' are )ee0e) a0en)0ent' to tecontract. T$'2 e0*lo(er' cannot i)e bein) teir contract' in or)erto e%a)e teir liabilit( /or nonco0*liance wit te 'tat$tor( 0ini0$0wa4e.

Section 1: E0*lo(0ent olic(

1.1 PREEMPLOYMENT POLICY

Art. 1-. State0ent o/ ob5ecti%e'.

It i' te *olic( o/ te State:a. To *ro0ote an) 0aintain a 'tate o/ /$ll e0*lo(0ent tro$4i0*ro%e) 0an*ower trainin42 allocation an) $tiliation+b. To *rotect e%er( citien )e'irin4 to wor, locall( or o%er'ea' b('ec$rin4 /or i0 te be't *o''ible ter0' an) con)ition' o/e0*lo(0ent+c. To /acilitate a /ree coice o/ a%ailable e0*lo(0ent b( *er'on''ee,in4 wor, in con/or0it( wit te national intere't+). To /acilitate an) re4$late te 0o%e0ent o/ wor,er' in con/or0it(wit te national intere't+

e. To re4$late te e0*lo(0ent o/ alien'2 incl$)in4 te e'tabli'0ento/ a re4i'tration an)Jor wor, *er0it '('te0+/. To 'tren4ten te networ, o/ *$blic e0*lo(0ent o//ice' an)rationalie te *artici*ation o/ te *ri%ate 'ector in te recr$it0entan) *lace0ent o/ wor,er'2 locall( an) o%er'ea'2 to 'er%e national)e%elo*0ent ob5ecti%e'+4. To in'$re care/$l 'election o/ #ili*ino wor,er' /or o%er'ea'e0*lo(0ent in or)er to *rotect te 4oo) na0e o/ te Pili**ine'abroa).

Section -: Recr$it0ent An) lace0ent O/ "or,er'

Stat$tor( Re/erence

Art. 13. De/inition'.

a. B"or,erB 0ean' an( 0e0ber o/ te labor /orce2 wetere0*lo(e) or $ne0*lo(e).b. BRecr$it0ent an) *lace0entB re/er' to an( act o/ can%a''in42enli'tin42 contractin42 tran'*ortin42 $tiliin42 irin4 or *roc$rin4wor,er'2 an) incl$)e' re/erral'2 contract 'er%ice'2 *ro0i'in4 ora)%erti'in4 /or e0*lo(0ent2 locall( or abroa)2 weter /or *ro/it ornot: Pro%i)e)2 Tat an( *er'on or entit( wic2 in an( 0anner2 o//er'or *ro0i'e' /or a /ee2 e0*lo(0ent to two or 0ore *er'on' 'all be)ee0e) en4a4e) in recr$it0ent an) *lace0ent.c. BPri%ate /eecar4in4 e0*lo(0ent a4enc(B 0ean' an( *er'on orentit( en4a4e) in recr$it0ent an) *lace0ent o/ wor,er' /or a /eewic i' car4e)2 )irectl( or in)irectl(2 /ro0 te wor,er' or e0*lo(er'

or bot.

). BLicen'eB 0ean' a )oc$0ent i''$e) b( te De*art0ent o/ Labora$toriin4 a *er'on or entit( to o*erate a *ri%ate e0*lo(0enta4enc(.e. BPri%ate recr$it0ent entit(B 0ean' an( *er'on or a''ociationen4a4e) in te recr$it0ent an) *lace0ent o/ wor,er'2 locall( oro%er'ea'2 wito$t car4in42 )irectl( or in)irectl(2 an( /ee /ro0 tewor,er' or e0*lo(er'.

/. BA$torit(B 0ean' a )oc$0ent i''$e) b( te De*art0ent o/ Labora$toriin4 a *er'on or a''ociation to en4a4e in recr$it0ent an)*lace0ent acti%itie' a' a *ri%ate recr$it0ent entit(.4. BSea0anB 0ean' an( *er'on e0*lo(e) in a %e''el en4a4e) in0ariti0e na%i4ation.. BO%er'ea' e0*lo(0entB 0ean' e0*lo(0ent o/ a wor,er o$t'i)ete Pili**ine'.i. BE0i4rantB 0ean' an( *er'on2 wor,er or oterwi'e2 woe0i4rate' to a /orei4n co$ntr( b( %irt$e o/ an i00i4rant %i'a orre'i)ent *er0it or it' e$i%alent in te co$ntr( o/ )e'tination.

Art. 16. E0*lo(0ent *ro0otion.

Te Secretar( o/ Labor 'alla%e te *ower an) a$torit(:

a. To or4anie an) e'tabli' new e0*lo(0ent o//ice' in a))ition tote e7i'tin4 e0*lo(0ent o//ice' $n)er te De*art0ent o/ Labor a'te nee) ari'e'+b. To or4anie an) e'tabli' a nationwi)e 5ob clearance an)in/or0ation '('te0 to in/or0 a**licant' re4i'terin4 wit a *artic$lare0*lo(0ent o//ice o/ 5ob o**ort$nitie' in oter *art' o/ te co$ntr(a' well a' 5ob o**ort$nitie' abroa)+c. To )e%elo* an) or4anie a *ro4ra0 tat will /acilitateocc$*ational2 in)$'trial an) 4eo4ra*ical 0obilit( o/ labor an)*ro%i)e a''i'tance in te relocation o/ wor,er' /ro0 one area toanoter+ an)). To re$ire an( *er'on2 e'tabli'0ent2 or4aniation or in'tit$tionto '$b0it '$c e0*lo(0ent in/or0ation a' 0a( be *re'cribe) b( teSecretar( o/ Labor.

Art. 1=. !$rea$ o/ E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice'.

a. Te !$rea$ o/ E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice' 'all be *ri0aril(re'*on'ible /or )e%elo*in4 an) 0onitorin4 a co0*reen'i%ee0*lo(0ent *ro4ra0. It 'all a%e te *ower an) )$t(:1. To /or0$late an) )e%elo* *lan' an) *ro4ra0' to i0*le0ent tee0*lo(0ent *ro0otion ob5ecti%e' o/ ti' Title+-. To e'tabli' an) 0aintain a re4i'tration an)Jor licen'in4 '('te0to re4$late *ri%ate 'ector *artici*ation in te recr$it0ent an)*lace0ent o/ wor,er'2 locall( an) o%er'ea'2 an) to 'ec$re te be't*o''ible ter0' an) con)ition' o/ e0*lo(0ent /or #ili*ino contractwor,er' an) co0*liance terewit $n)er '$c r$le' an) re4$lation'a' 0a( be i''$e) b( te Mini'ter o/ Labor+

3. To /or0$late an) )e%elo* e0*lo(0ent *ro4ra0' )e'i4ne) tobene/it )i'a)%anta4e) 4ro$*' an) co00$nitie'+

6. To e'tabli' an) 0aintain a re4i'tration an)Jor wor, *er0it'('te0 to re4$late te e0*lo(0ent o/ alien'+=. To )e%elo* a labor 0ar,et in/or0ation '('te0 in ai) o/ *ro*er0an*ower an) )e%elo*0ent *lannin4+>. To )e%elo* a re'*on'i%e %ocational 4$i)ance an) te'tin4 '('te0in ai) o/ *ro*er $0an re'o$rce' allocation+ an)@. To 0aintain a central re4i'tr( o/ ',ill'2 e7ce*t 'ea0en.

b. Te re4ional o//ice' o/ te Mini'tr( o/ Labor 'all a%e te ori4inalan) e7cl$'i%e 5$ri')iction o%er all 0atter' or ca'e' in%ol%in4e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation' incl$)in4 0one( clai0'2 ari'in4 o$t o/or b( %irt$e o/ an( law or contract' in%ol%in4 #ili*ino wor,er' /oro%er'ea' e0*lo(0ent e7ce*t 'ea0en: Pro%i)e)2 Tat te !$rea$ o/E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice' 0a(2 in te ca'e o/ te National Ca*italRe4ion2 e7erci'e '$c *ower2 wene%er te Mini'ter o/ Labor )ee0'it a**ro*riate. Te )eci'ion' o/ te re4ional o//ice' o/ te !$rea$ o/E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice'2 i/ 'o a$torie) b( te Mini'ter o/ Labor a'*ro%i)e) in ti' Article2 'all be a**ealable to te National LaborRelation' Co00i''ion $*on te 'a0e 4ro$n)' *ro%i)e) in Article--3 ereo/. Te )eci'ion' o/ te National Labor Relation'Co00i''ion 'all be /inal an) ina**ealable. ;S$*er'e)e) b( E7ec.

Or)er @?@2 Ma( 12 1?-


26/50


Art. 1. !an on )irectirin4.

No e0*lo(er 0a( ire a #ili*inowor,er /or o%er'ea' e0*lo(0ent e7ce*t tro$4 te !oar)' an)entitie' a$torie) b( te Secretar( o/ Labor. Directirin4 b(0e0ber' o/ te )i*lo0atic cor*'2 international or4aniation' an)'$c oter e0*lo(er' a' 0a( be allowe) b( te Secretar( o/ Labori' e7e0*te) /ro0 ti' *ro%i'ion.

Art. 1?. O//ice o/ E0i4rant A//air'.

P$r'$ant to te national *olic( to 0aintain clo'e tie' wit #ili*ino0i4rant co00$nitie' an) *ro0ote teir wel/are a' well a' e'tabli'a )ata ban, in ai) o/ national 0an*ower *olic( /or0$lation2 an O//iceo/ E0i4rant A//air' i' ereb( create) in te De*art0ent o/ Labor.a. Te O//ice 'all be a $nit at te O//ice o/ te Secretar( an) 'allinitiall( be 0anne) an) o*erate) b( '$c *er'onnel an) tro$4'$c /$n)in4 a' are a%ailable witin te De*art0ent an) it' attace)a4encie'. Terea/ter2 it' a**ro*riation 'all be 0a)e *art o/ tere4$lar General A**ro*riation' Decree.b. Te o//ice 'all2 a0on4 oter'2 *ro0ote te wellbein4 o/e0i4rant' an) 0aintain teir clo'e lin, to te o0elan) b(:1. 'er%in4 a' a liai'on wit 0i4rant co00$nitie'+

-. *ro%i'ion o/ wel/are an) c$lt$ral 'er%ice'+3. *ro0ote an) /acilitate reinte4ration o/ 0i4rant' into te national0ain'trea0+6. *ro0ote econo0ic+ *olitical an) c$lt$ral t ie' wit teco00$nitie'+ an)=. 4enerall( to $n)erta,e '$c acti%itie' a' 0a( be a**ro*riate toenance '$c coo*erati%e lin,'.

Art. -. National Sea0en !oar).

A National Sea0en !oar) i' ereb( create) wic 'all )e%elo* an)0aintain a co0*reen'i%e *ro4ra0 /or #ili*ino 'ea0en e0*lo(e)o%er'ea'. It 'all a%e te *ower an) )$t(:a. To *ro%i)e /ree *lace0ent 'er%ice' /or 'ea0en+

1. To re4$late an) '$*er%i'e te acti%it ie' o/ a4ent' orre*re'entati%e' o/ 'i**in4 co0*anie' in te irin4 o/ 'ea0en /oro%er'ea' e0*lo(0ent an) 'ec$re te be't *o''ible ter0' o/e0*lo(0ent /or contract 'ea0en wor,er' an) 'ec$re co0*lianceterewit+-. To 0aintain a co0*lete re4i'tr( o/ all #ili*ino 'ea0en.b. Te !oar) 'all a%e ori4inal an) e7cl$'i%e 5$ri')iction o%er all0atter' or ca'e' incl$)in4 0one( clai0'2 in%ol%in4 e0*lo(ere0*lo(ee relation'2 ari'in4 o$t o/ or b( %irt$e o/ an( law or contract'in%ol%in4 #ili*ino 'ea0en /or o%er'ea' e0*lo(0ent. Te )eci'ion' o/te !oar) 'all be a**ealable to te National Labor Relation'Co00i''ion $*on te 'a0e 4ro$n)' *ro%i)e) in Article --3 ereo/.Te )eci'ion' o/ te National Labor Relation' Co00i''ion 'all be/inal an) ina**ealable.

Art. -1. #orei4n 'er%ice role an) *artici*ation.

To *ro%i)e a0*le*rotection to #ili*ino wor,er' abroa)2 te labor attace'2 te laborre*ortin4 o//icer' )$l( )e'i4nate) b( te Secretar( o/ Labor an) tePili**ine )i*lo0atic or con'$lar o//icial' concerne) 'all2 e%enwito$t *rior in'tr$ction or a)%ice /ro0 te o0e o//ice2 e7erci'e te*ower an) )$t(:a. To *ro%i)e all #ili*ino wor,er' witin teir 5$ri')iction a''i'tance

on all 0atter' ari'in4 o$t o/ e0*lo(0ent+b. To in'$re tat #ili*ino wor,er' are not e7*loite) or )i'cri0inate)a4ain't+c. To %eri/( an) certi/( a' re$i'ite to a$tentication tat te ter0'an) con)ition' o/ e0*lo(0ent in contract' in%ol%in4 #ili*ino wor,er'are in accor)ance wit te Labor Co)e an) r$le' an) re4$lation' o/te O%er'ea' E0*lo(0ent De%elo*0ent !oar) an) NationalSea0en !oar)+). To 0a,e contin$in4 't$)ie' or re'earce' an) reco00en)ation'on te %ario$' a'*ect' o/ te e0*lo(0ent 0ar,et witin teir

5$ri')iction+e. To 4ater an) anal(e in/or0ation on te e0*lo(0ent 'it$ationan) it' *robable tren)'2 an) to 0a,e '$c in/or0ation a%ailable+ an)

/. To *er/or0 '$c oter )$tie' a' 0a( be re$ire) o/ te0 /ro0ti0e to ti0e.

Art. --. Man)ator( re0ittance o/ /orei4n e7can4e earnin4'.

It'all be 0an)ator( /or all #ili*ino wor,er' abroa) to re0it a *ortiono/ teir /orei4n e7can4e earnin4' to teir /a0ilie'2 )e*en)ent'2an)Jor bene/iciarie' in te co$ntr( in accor)ance wit r$le' an)re4$lation' *re'cribe) b( te Secretar( o/ Labor.

Art. -3. Co0*o'ition o/ te !oar)'.

a. Te OED! 'all be co0*o'e) o/ te Secretar( o/ Labor an)E0*lo(0ent a' Cair0an2 te Un)er'ecretar( o/ Labor a' KiceCair0an2 an) a re*re'entati%e eac o/ te De*art0ent o/ #orei4n

A//air'2 te De*art0ent o/ National De/en'e2 te Central !an,2 te

De*art0ent o/ E)$cation2 C$lt$re an) S*ort'2 te NationalMan*ower an) Yo$t Co$ncil2 te !$rea$ o/ E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice'2a wor,er'& or4aniation an) an e0*lo(er'& or4aniation an) teE7ec$ti%e Director o/ te OED! a' 0e0ber'.b. Te National Sea0en !oar) 'all be co0*o'e) o/ te Secretar(o/ Labor an) E0*lo(0ent a' Cair0an2 te Un)er'ecretar( o/ Labora' KiceCair0an2 te Co00an)ant o/ te Pili**ine Coa't G$ar)2an) a re*re'entati%e eac o/ te De*art0ent o/ #orei4n A//air'2 teDe*art0ent o/ E)$cation2 C$lt$re an) S*ort'2 te Central !an,2 teMariti0e In)$'tr( A$torit(2 te !$rea$ o/ E0*lo(0ent Ser%ice'2 anational 'i**in4 a''ociation an) te E7ec$ti%e Director o/ te NS!a' 0e0ber'.c. Te 0e0ber' o/ te !oar)' 'all recei%e allowance' to be

)eter0ine) b( te !oar) wic 'all not be

labor midterms magic notes

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