labor organizations by another name: he worker center movement and its evolution into coverage under...
TRANSCRIPT
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Labor & Employment LawLabor Organizations by Another Name: he Worker Center Movement
and its Evolution into Coverage under the NLRA and LMRDA
Stean J. Marculewicz, Esquire and Jennier Tomas, Esquire
.....................................................................
*Stean Marculewicz is a Shareholder in the Washington, DC oce o LittlerMendelson, P.C., and ocuses his legal practice on traditional labor law matters,international labor law and standards, and non-traditional worker representation.
Jennier Tomas is an Associate in the Washington, DC oce o Littler Mendelson,P.C. where she concentrates her practice in the areas o labor and employmentlaw.
I. Introduction
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II. Previous work in this areaA continuation of the dialogue
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III. Te Legal Framework Governing the Rights of WorkersVis a Vistheir Representatives.
A. Te Origins o the Statutory Regulation o Labor Organizations
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Engage: Volume 13, Issue 3
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B. Te Labor Organization under the NLRA and LMRDA
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IV. Te Worker Center Movement
A. Te History o the Worker Center Movement
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B. Profles o Several Prominent Worker Centers
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q 2(5) NLRA. A, RAP .
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. R . W - , j j.29
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. T , KIWA .323 KIWA q .324
N-W KIWA - KIWA , .325 T - KIWA . KIWA - KIWA -.326
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NLRA, , LMRDA.
V. Conclusion
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Endnotes
B L S, U M S 20, J27, 202, available at ://.././2.0.; seealso, S G, Union Membership Rate Fell Again in 2011, N.Yimes, J 27, 202. available at://../202/0/2//------20..
2 J W, Union Members in 2007: A Visual Essay, Monthly Lab. Rev.,O 200, 30. 93 BLS .T . R B,
Article: Te Discord Between Collective Bargaining and Individual EmploymentRights: Teoretical Origins and a Proposed Reconciliation, 77 B.U.L. R. 67,694-702 (O 997) ( U S).
3 J F, Workers Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge o theDream, 50 N.Y.L. Sch L. Rev. 47, 420 (2006) [ F, WorkersCenters].
4 Id.
5 F x, OUR W NLRA . ://./-/-/. (T N LR A . T , . Id.
6 29 U.S.C. 5-69 (2006).
7 29 USC 4-44, 67, 727 (2006).
SeeD L O L-M S - , available at://..////. ( S. 6, 202) (x L-MR D A 959, (LMRDA), . T LMRDA : B R ; q ,
, , - , ; ; .).
9 SeeE N-W, Te Worker Center Movement and raditionalLabor Law, 30 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L. 232, 23 (2009) [N-W, Worker Center Movement].
0 A H, New Institutions or Worker Representation in the United State:Teoretical Issues, 50 N.Y.L. Sch L. Rev. 35, 393 (2006) [ H,New Institutions].
Id.
2 Id.
3 F, Workers Centers, supra 3, 49.
4 D R, Worker Centers: Emerging Labor Organizations - Until
Tey Conront the National Labor Relations Act, 27 Berkeley J. Emp. & Lab. L.469 (2006) [ R, Emerging Labor Organizations].
5 Id.
6 N-W, Worker Center Movement,supra 9, 232.
7 Id. 23.
P. L. N. 74-9, 49 S. 449-50 (935).
9 M J. N, Comment: Slowing Union Corruption: Reorming theLandrum-Grin Act to Better Combat Union Embezzlement, 8 Geo. Mason L.Rev. 527, 530 (2000) [ N, Slowing Union Corruption].
20 Id.
2 Id.
22 Id.
23 Id.
24 P. L. N. 74-9, 49 S. 449-50 (935).
25 T D L L, 3233(BNA 200) ( Millis & Brown,From he Wagner Act to aft-Hartley, U C P, 24(950)).
26 Id.
27 Id.
2 Id.
29 Id.
30 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 530.
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3 Id. 53. T [] , , , L-M R A, 29 U.S.C 4 (947).
32 S. Rep. No. 06, S V, reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 456.
33 Id.
34 H.R. Rep. No. 245 H.R. 300 , reprinted in Legislative Historyof the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 295.
35 See29 U.S.C. 5().S () .
36 See29 U.S.C. 5()().
37 H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 547; ee29 U.S.C. 5()(2).
3 Id.
39 S ()(4) .
40 29 U.S.C. 5()(5).
4 29 U.S.C. 5()(6).
42 H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in LegislativeHistory of the Labor Management Relations Act of 1, 570; see29 U.S.C. 6().
43 See H.R. Rep. No. 50 H.R. 3020 (C. R.), reprinted in L H L M R A 947 57.
44 S 9() LMRA, 6 S. 45 (947).
45 S 9( )()-(6) LMRA, 6 S. 45 (947).
46 R H R H A. M, CR, H, A 24, 947, reprinted in Legislative History of theLabor Management Relations Act of 1, 69 (E , .).
47 SeeS. 302 LMRDA, 29 U.S.C. 43.
4 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 53532.
49 T L R L, B N A: W, D.C.(959).
50 Id.
5 Id.
52 N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 53334. T B C
W, A U, I U O E,U x W U I B .
53 Id.
54 See2 NRLB Legislative History of the Labor-Management Record-ing and Disclosure Act of 1, 04, 56.
55 T MC C .
56 Rinku Sen and Fekkak Mamdouh, he Accidental American:Immigration and Citizenship in the Age of Globalization23 (200)[ he Accidental American) (T , . . . .).
57 L M, Te Right to Democratic Participation in Labor Unions andthe Use o the Hobbs Act to Combat Organized Crime, 7 Fordham Urb. L. J.9, 96 (99) [ M, Te Right to Democratic Participation];S. REP. N. 7, 6 C., S. 5 NRLB LH L-M R D A 959 397.
5 Id. 97.
59 Id.
60 29 USC 4-44, 67, 72-7 (2006).
6 S 2 NRLB Legislative History of the Labor-ManagementRecording and Disclosure Act of 1, 09 (T j C U S.).
62 Id.
63 Id.
64 R L. L, Due Process and the LMRDA: An Analysis o DemocraticRights in the Union and at the Workplace, 29 B.C.L. Rev. 2, 34 (97). I LMRDA : SEC. 0. ()() EQUALRIGHS.-- E q , , , j .
(2) FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND ASSEMBLY.-- E ; x , , ; x
, ,j : P, T .
(3) DUES, INIIAION FEES, AND ASSESSMENS.-- Ex , A , , x-
(A) , () j ,
q, () j ;
(B) , , () j , , () j , () j x , x :P, T x x
.(4) PROECION OF HE RIGH O SUE.-- N , ,
, j, , ,
: P, T q x ( x - ) , : A , T , , , x ,
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, , , .
(5) SAFEGUARDS AGAINS IMPROPER DISCIPLINARY ACION.--N , , x, x (A) ; (B) ; (C) .
() A .
SEC. 02. C E
A U S ( j) . A U S , .
SEC. 03. R Ex R
N S F ,
.SEC. 04. R C C B A
I , , q , , ; , . T 20 . 29 U.S.C. 4-45.
65 Id.
66 29 U.S.C. 4()().
67 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(2).
6 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(3).
69 29 U.S.C. 4 ()(5).
70 29 U.S.C. 42.
7 29 U.S.C. 44.
72 29 USC 43(); Id. 99. M S 9() H A. See6 S. 45 (947).
73 M, Te Right to Democratic Participation, supra 57, 99;N, Slowing Union Corruption, supra 9, 55.
74 Id. 527, 55.
75 M, Te Right to Democratic Participation, supra 57, 97.
76 Id.
77 U.S. Dept of Lab., O L S, O P DR, ://../////. ( S. 6, 202).
7 Id.
79 29 U.S.C. 43() (E q q to all o its members, S j
U S , j x , , . T , , j , , . ( ))
0 29 U.S.C. 4. O , j , III LMRDA . 29 U.S.C. 46.
29 USC 50.
2 29 U.S.C. 50().
3 See29 USC 5()(7).
4 See, e.g., 2 Leg. History of the Labor Management Reporting andDisclosure Act, 97576, 993, 99495, 029, 7493 (959). SE , 05 C. R. 6656, 2 Leg. Hist. LMRDA 3 (959):R ,
j .
5 29 U.S.C. 52(5).
6 SeeNLRB . C C C., 360 US 203, 23 (959) ( S.R N. 573, 74 C. S. 7(935) (T S x
, , , , , . T -.)). T q . NLRB O G C - A O L P R C, 5 (2005) ( M B C., 2 NLRB 623 (970)).
7 29 U.S.C. 52(5); Y N H H, 309 NLRB 363 (992)( x , , D L); seeB H U, 23 NLRB 369, 375 (97) ( D L); B M. C., 67NLRB 30 ( , , , ); E D,94 NLRB 266 ( ); see also NLRB . K,I., 2 F.2 7 (3 C. 950) (
S 2(5)).
29 U.S.C. 52(5)
9 O , . SeeE, I., 309N.L.R.B. 994.
90 T x , , , j R L A. 29 U.S.C. 52(3)
9 A , inra, C I W, .
92 Id.
93 29 U.S.C. 203(); see also NLRB R C L R
D 200, 205, available at://..// ( S. 6, 202).
94 29 U.S.C. 203().
95 A L.P., 325 NLRB 972 (99).
96 B E . NLRB, 429 U.S. 29 (977).
97 T , , q LMRDA . See29 CFR 45.3()(3) x NLRA LMRDA.
9 T U F W 960
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970. , - .SeeJ G, Law, Lawyers, and Labor: Te United Farm Workers Le-
gal Strategy in the 1960s and 1970s and the Role o Law in Union Organizingoday, U. PA. J. Lab. & Emp. L. , 5, . 45 (2005) [ G,Law, Lawyers, and Labor].
99 29 U.S.C. 52(5). T x RL A, 29 U.S.C. 52(2).
00 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 25.N-W R H q NLRA - .
0 Id.; S. 95, 74 C., S. 6667.
02 Id.
03 360 U.S. 203 (959).
04 Id.
05 S U, 350 NLRB 755 (2007) ( 2(5) j x ).
06 See e.g., E, I., 309 NLRB 990 (992); E.I. P C., 3 NLRB 93 (993); K B C., 37 NLRB 0 (995).
07 29 U.S.C. 5()(2).
0 C C S C., 334 NLRB 699, 700 (q E,I., 309 NLRB 990, 995 . 2 (992)).
09 K B C., 37 NLRB 0 (995)
0 S C., 320 NLRB (995); V A S, I., 334NLRB 965, 969970 (200), . , 352 F.3 3(6 C. 2003). But seeP M, I., 49 NLRB 454 (964) ( ).
C L, 337 NLRB 26 (2002); E CI, 95 NLRB 67.
2 ICoinmach Laundry
, 337 NLRB 26 (2002), AL J , , , 2(5) purpose . ( ). See also E C I,95 NLRB 67, 674 (972) ( purpose , , ).
3 B H U, 23 NLRB 369 (97).
4 P M, I., 49 NLRB 454, 47 (964).
5 Seesupra 9900.
6 C U L A, 29 NLRB 73 (975); see alsoProtestGroups and Labor Disputes oward a Defnition o Labor Organization:Center or United Labor Action, 7 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 796 (976).
7 Id.
Id.
9 Id. ( ).
20 Id.
2 N U, 235 NLRB 5 (97).
22 Id. 59.
23 I NLRB A M NLRB G C O, A R O
. SeeP R, N L R B, J S D A G C D A (F, 202), available at://..//j-------- (F , 202) ( S.6, 202). A , A M . SeeD. R. H, I. M C, 202 NLRB Lx , *2.4, ( NLRB , x -G C BR O, B).
24 SeeA/A S C, C N. 2-CB-63, A
M A 25, 97; P C A EW, C 5-CC-6, A M A 30, 977;C A M E P, A M N 30, 977; M E. D, A L L 49(.E. I), C -CC-35, -CB-3229 A M D 30, 976.
25 B B W C, 92 NLRB GCM Lx *0.
26 Id. *.
27 Id. ( ).
2 A/A S C, C N. 2-CB-63, D A M A 25, 97, 6 AMR 4,025, 5033.
29 Id. 5034.
30 Id. ( P M, I., 49 NLRB 454, 47-72 (964)).
3 P C A E W, C 5-CC-6, AM A 30, 977.
32 Id.
33 Id.
34 M E. D, A L L 498 (.E.I),C -CC-35, -CB-3229 A M D 30, 976, 4 AMR 0,0, 502.
35 R, Emerging Labor Organizations, supra 4, 493494.
36 Id. 494.
37 R O C NY, C 2-CP-067, 2-CP-20643, 2-CP-07, 2-CB-20705, 2-CP-073 2-CB-2077, AM N 30, 2006 [ ROC AM].
3 Id.
39 Id.
40 SeeBoulud settles discrimination suit, N R G, J 30,2007, available at://.//---( S. 6, 202); see also T A A 6.
4 Id.
42 Id.
43 Id.
44 Id.
45 SeeROC A M, supra 37, 3.
46 Id.
47 Id. T D A ROC-NY
q ROC-NY , . AM 3. A , , .M, Electromation A , ,
q .
4 M C. D, Days Without Immigrants: Analysis and Implicationso the reatment o Immigration Rallies Under the National Labor Relations Act,5 Denv. U. L. R. 93, 3435 (2007) [ D, Days Without
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Immigrants].
49 Id. 34.
50 Id. 35 ( ).
5 Id.
52 Id. A supra, 2(5) . SeePorto Mills, supra 0.
53 Id. 36.
54 T F L S A , q . See29 USC 26. VII . See29 USC 9.
55 B , ROC-NY .
56 A N-W , ROC-NY D , q ROC-NY
ROC-NY . SeeN-W, Te Worker Center
Movement, supra 9, 254. S .
57 Id.
5 S ROC-NY ://../-- ( S. 6, 202).
59 D, Days without Immigrants, supra 4, 36 ( ( q [ NLRB]). N-W, Te Worker Center Movement,supra 9, 255 ( ROC-NY .)
60 H, New Institutions, supra 0, 40.
6 D, Days without Immigrants, supra 4, 35.
62 29 U.S.C. 402() (j).
63 29 U.S.C. 402().
64 29 U.S.C. 402(j).
65 29 U.S.C. 402(j).
66 D . N D, 736 F.2 6 (0 C. 94)( S. R. N. 7, 6 C., S. 53, reprinted in 959 U.S. CC. A. N 23, 2370).
67 Id.; see also B . U M W, 475 F.2 293, 29596(D.C. C. 973).
6 Donovan, 736 F.2 6 (0 C. 94).
69 Id. 6222 ( , , , j A x ).
70 Id.
7 Id; see also D . ND, 542 F. S. 957, 95 (D. K. 92)(x ND
, A A ND . T , , .).
72 R . U U, 479 F. S. 57, 60 (N.D. A.979); see also 29 C.F.R. 45.2.
73 See29 CFR 45.3()(3).
74 See29 U.S.C. 402().
75 560 F.2 46 ( C. 977).
76 Id. 490; see also 29 C.F.R. 03.3 NLRB
j .
77 Id.
7 Id.
79 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 2729.
0 Id.
Id.
2 475 F.2 293 (D.C. C. 973).3 Id. 295.
4 Id. ( 05 CONG. REC. 656 (959) ( SG K); H.R. REP. N. 74, 6 C., S. 2).
5 F, Worker Centers, supra 3, 430.
6 Id.
7 Corey Kurtz, Worker Centers: Vehicles for Building Low-wageWorker Power 30 (200).
Id. 33.
9 J F, Worker Centers: Organizing Communities at the Edge o theDream, E P I B P #59 (2005, D 4),available at://..///59/ [ F,B P #59] ( S. 6, 202).
90 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 240.
9 J H, Symposium: Whither the Board? Te National LaborRelations Board at 75: Can Unions Use Worker Center Strategies?: In an Ageo Doing More With Less, Unions ShouldConsider Tinking Locally but ActingGlobally, 5 FIU L. Rev. 55, 556 (200); J G, We Make theRoad by Walking: Immigrant Workers, Te Workplace Project, and the Struggle
or Social Change, 30 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 407 (995); see also Los AngelesBlack Worker Center, A New Sense o Power o the People: Fighting or Equity,ransparency, Accountability and Justice in the 21st Century Labor Market,UCLA C L R E R P B,F 7, 20.
92 F, B P #59, supra 9.
93 S A. C, A R-S D I: 2000 200, T C I S, O 20.
94 T F-B P U S: 200, T USC B, available at://../// ( S. 6, 202).
95 I 2005, 23 N Y, 29 C, 6 F 7 x. SeeF, B P #59, supra 9.
96 Id.
97 F, Worker Centers, supra 3, 430.
9 M W C . ROC-NY W C S , 200 W W . ://../--.KIWA 992 L A , RK , 53 , 2,000 j, ,00 , . See Jared Sanchezet al., Koreatown: A Contested Community at a Crossroads (A202), available at ://..///K_C_C_C_..
99 SeeOUR Walmart, FAQ, ://./-/q/ ( S. 6, 202).
200 T R O C N Y j . S ROC-NY, ://../--/j----j- ( S. 6, 202).T C I W , , , , , - , , . See
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://.-./C_C. ( S. 6,202). T C H I R L A . See ://../ ( S. 6, 202).
20 T R A Pj N Y , . See://j.//( S. 6, 202) ://j.//--/ ( S. 6, 202). KIWA - - K L A. See ://./-/-/# ( S. 6, 202).
202 OUR W W-M . See://./-/-/.ROC U , -. See ://./-/-j/ ( S. 6, 202). KIWA - . See://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).
203 A J F x M , , .T , , , . F, Workers Centers, supra 3, 442; see also N A A F E (NAFFE) W P
W C S, available at://.j.///-//. (T ; ; ; ) ( S. 6, 202); J Y R, Building Power Among Low-Wage ImmigrantWorkers: Some Legal Considerations or Organizing Structures and Strategies, 2N.Y.U. Rev. L. & Soc. Change 397, 43 (2004) ( ) [ R, Building Power].
204 R, Building Power, 203, 46.
205 Id.
206 Retail Action Proect, A, ://j.//( S. 6, 202).
207 Id.
20 Retail Action Proect, A: A, ://j.// ( S. 6, 202).
209 A , RAP NYC MW C N Y S $ 7.25 $.50 , NYCP S D C, - - . See://j.//.
20 S RWDSU ://./ ( S. 6,202).
2 See RWDSU, ://.///7/-----7909. ( S. 6, 202). F S NYC j RWDSU itsR A Pj (RAP), , 2000-200. ( .)
22 SeeL A, Cornered, Yellow Rat Bastard must cough up greento workers, he Villager, V 77 N. 37, F. 3-9, 200, available at://./_250/. ( S.6, 202).
23 Id.; ://..//2006/0/___. ( S. 6, 202).
24 SeeD 20 Y R B M H VL L available at ://j./2006/2/-------/ ( S. 6, 202) J2007 Y R B S $2 available at://j./2007/0/-----2/ ( S. 6, 202).
25 See ://..//2006/0/___. ( S. 6, 202).
26 SeeClothing Store Workers RAP to the une o $1.4 Million, Brandworkers
International, available at ://..//9075 ( S. 6, 202).
27 Id.
2 SeeM S, . . S M, LLC, 09--0406-LS,D N. 25; see also M G, NY Boutique Boss Arrested, Faces 4Years in Jail or Stealing Wages, Labor Notes, D 25, 200, availableat ://./200/02/-q----4--
j-- ( S. 6, 202).
29 RAP . See Protesters rally in ront o Qns. Center, QueensChron., N 4, 200, available at://.q.///-----q-/_32929-2-54-2-72206779. ( S. 6, 202).
220 RAP
. S ://j.// ( S. 6, 202).22 See C I W, RO C, K I W A, inra.
222 S RAP x -. Retail Action Proect, ://j./200/06/-------/ ( S. 6, 202); see also Pam
Whitefield, Sally Alvarez, Yasmin Emrani, Is here A Womens WayOf Organizing Gender, Unions, and Effective Organizing, CU D Ex O S I LR R 3 (2009) (x RAP RWDSU NYC , , - ) [Is there a Womens Way of Organizing].
223 RAP Q C N Y
. SeeProtesters rally in ront o Qns. Center,supra 29.
224 RWDSU RAP : W MV O , RAP . W . [W ] , , , x, , . SeeIs there a Womens Way of Organizing, 222, 26.
225 S G, Wal-Mart Workers ry the Nonunion Route, N.Y.imes, J 4, 20, available at ://../20/06/5//5.?= ( S. 6, 202).
226 Id.
227 See OUR Walmart, FAQ, ://./-/q/ ( S. 6, 202).
22 See UFCW N Hq 20 LM-2 D L, Q () (T UFCW W DC O UF R W - W-M S, I., S 50()(5) IR C, W-M . T 2/3/ LM2.), available at://.-./q/OQ. ( S. 6, 202).
229 See Making Chance at WalMart, ://.
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/ ( S. 6, 202).
230 See W-M W N R, x UFCW , j, W-M j OUR W, supra 74; see alsoL S, he Walmart Problem: Uncovering Labors Place in an Era o
Joblessness, Huffington Post, D 2, 20, available at://../20/2/2/---__43527. ( S. 6, 202). A P M,
UFCW W OURW.
23 Our Walmart, ://../__ ( S. 6, 202).
232 Id.
233 Id.
234 Id.
235 Id.
236 Id.
237 Id.
23 See M C W S W W A B, A, UFCW N, V 0, I , J
2, 20, available at.400./-//20/06/OP0.. ( S. 6, 202).
239 Id.
240 United Food and Commercial Workers Union, R DC,OUR W V W B M, M 27, 202, ://.400./202/03/-------/( S. 6, 202).
24 SeeP F, Rockers Rally Against Low Wages and New WalmartStore in Los Angeles, Rolling Stone Magazine, J 30, 202, availableat://..///------------2020630#x204x6 ( S. 6, 202).
242 SeeS W, Labor akes Aim at WalmartAgain, he Nation,J 4, 202, available at://..//65437/-
--- ( S. 6, 202).243 M $5.00 . SeeOUR Walmart, B M, ://../__ ( S. 6, 202).
244 W- j NLRB A . See e.g., W-M S, I., 352NLRB 5 (200).
245 T OUR W V M : W , A W,
. W , , , W A . OUR Walmart,
A , ://./-/-/ ( S. 6,202).
246 M, OUR W , W- .
247 Supra 05.
24 T UFCW 20 LM-2 O L-MS (OLMS) x T UFCW W, DC O U F R W - W-M S,I., S 50()(5) I R C, W-M . T UFCW LM-2
OMLS ://.-./q/OQ. .
249 29 U.S.C. 402(j)
250 See Coalition of Immokalee Workers, A CIW, ://-./. ( S. 6, 202).
25 Id.
252 SeeMajor Grower to Join Wage Plan, Wall St. J., O 3, 200,available at://.j.//SB00042405274704763904575550550065426..
253 Coalition of Immokalee Workers, FAQ, ://.-./FFP_FAQ. ( S. 6, 202).
254 Id.
255 Id.
256 See B A M C, C C S S, A 24, 2009, available at ://../--/- ( S. 6,202). A CIW , C C : ) A P B ; 2) C C C, ; 3) W-- CIW ; 4) A - , , , , P G , P B; 5) A H S ; 6) S , - ( 0% ), , ; 7) O
F F P. SeeCoalition of ImmokaleeWorkers, F F P, Fq A Q, ://-./FFP_FAQ. ( S. 6, 202).
257 SeeL L, asty deal: Farmworkers get raise, agreement with to-mato growers, Naples Daily News, N. 6, 200, available at://.
.//200//6/------/ ( S. 6, 202).
25 Id.
259 P G, L. C C CIW .-.///A4653603.PDF ( S. 6,202).
260 T F F S C CIW C C .://./. ( S. 6, 202).
26 Id.
262 ://./. ( S. 6, 202).
263 SeePacific omato Growers, Ltd., C C, available at.-.///A4653603.PDF ( S.
6, 202). T C C q CIW -
.
264 Id.
265 See Coalition of Immokalee Workers, ://.-./0. ( S. 6, 202).
266 SeeCIW 200 F 990 50()(3) x x . T F 990 ://.//990/ .
267 Id.
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26 S supra C C CIW G Ex, , .
269 SeePacific omato Growers, Ltd., C C, available at.-.///A4653603.PDF ( S. 6,202).
270 Id.
27 Id.
272 Id.
273 I U F W . I, UFW - NLRA. S J G,Law, Lawyers, and Labor, U. PA. J. Lab. & Emp. L. , 5, . 45 (2005).SeeL L, : F , , supra 257.
274 Supra 9293 x.
275 SeeROC United, A U, available at://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).
276 SeeImmigrant Restaurant Workers Hope to Rock New York, Dollars andSense, F 2004, available at..//2004/004. ( S. 6, 202).
277 U 2004, HERE J M LM-2 D L. SeeU HEREL 00 LM-2 D L 2002, 2003, 2004, available at://.-./q/OQ. ( S 7, 202).
27 See ROC United, O W, ://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).
279 See ROC United, ://.//23 ( S. 6,202).
20 ROC-NY, W , ://../-- ( S. 6, 202).
2 SeeROC United, O W: W J, available at://./-/-j/ ( S. 6, 202).
22 A ROC W J C
ROC U . See Dignity at Darden, ://../----. ( S. 6,202).
23 SeeAndiamo lawyer disputing ROC-MI allegations, Press & Guide, D., 2009, available at ://..//2009/2/0//45573509459629.x;see also O C, U students
protest Andiamo restaurant o Dearborn or workers rights breaches, heMichigan Daily, F , 200, available at://..//----- ( S. 6, 202) (q J P, ROC-MI , A N. 5, .).
24 Id. P x , ROC-MI . A , . See supra 23.
25 Id. ROC-MI U.S. D C E D M J 2, 200. SeeC N. 2:0--00.
26 SeeNLRB C 07-CA-052545, 07-CA-052607, 07-CA-052623, 07-CA-0520.
27 SeeS D, Ex-Andiamo employees protest their treatment, Press& Guide, J 6, 200, available at ://..//200/0/6//456660590046.x (
S. 6, 202); see also Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn andEmployees Finds Resolution, Metro imes, M 9, 20, available at://.//--.626 ( S. 6, 202).
2 See Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn and EmployeesFinds Resolution, supra 27.
29 Id.
290 Id.
29 P A, Restaurant Workers Launch Multi-City Campaign to
ransorm Low-Wage Industry, Labor Notes, F 4, 200, availableat ://./200/0/--------- ( S. 6, 202).
292 Cleared plate: Dispute between Andiamo Dearborn and Employees FindsResolution, supra 27. T ROC-U A M, ROC-ME, F R 200.SeeGroup o Restaurant Workers Sues Front Room, Maine Business, availableat ://..//------_200-0-06.; Employees Deend Owner o Restaurant,Maine Business, available at ://../.?=PH=30296 ( S. 6, 202). A C, CHI-ROC, O O . SeeROC United Blog, ://..///O%20O ( S. 6, 202).
293 Id.
294 ROC United, A , ://./-/ ( S. 6, 202).
295 B P D W-N , supra 233, ROC j NLRA.
296 T K I WA.
297 J S K, Advocates or Immigrant Worker Rights, L.A.imes, J 26, 2002, available at://../2002/j/26//-26 ( S. 6, 202).
29 SeeJared Sanchez et al., Koreatown: A Contested Community ata Crossroads (A 202).
299 J D, Koreatown: Workers Called Hidden Riot Victims, L A, A 24, 2004, available at://../994-04-24//-4992__- ( S. 6, 202).
300 Id.
30 KIWA, A , ://./-/-/# ( S. 6, 202).
302 Id., KIWA V, ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).
303 Koreatown: Workers Called Hidden Riot Victims, supra 299.
304 Aziz Choudry et al., Organize!: Building from the Local forGlobal Justice 302 (202) [ Choudry, et al., Organize!].
305 F, supra 9, 0.
306 Id.
307 Id. 2. O , RWAK - , , .I q- , .
30 Id. 092.
309 Daranee Petsod et al.,Investing in Our Communities: Strategiesfor Immigrant Integration 6, available at://../~//P//S%20I%20A/O/IOC-SI/I%20%20O%20C%20%20%20%20..
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30 Id.
3 T IWU - -,-, AFL-CIO. KIWA IWU - - - K. A S IWU j . A U NLRB A S .SeeY P, Te Immigrant Workers Union: Challenges Facing Low-Wage
Immigrant Workers in Los Angeles, 2 Asian L.J. 67, 790 (2004).32 Id.
33 Id. .
34 Id.
35 Id. T IWU AS .
36 KIWA, KIWA V, ://./-/-/( S. 6, 202); see also Choudry, et al., Organize!, supra 304, 302; Angie Chung, Legacies of Struggle: Conflict andCooperation in Korean American Politics 63 (2007).
37 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 24.
3 ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202);see also Choudry, et al., Organize!, supra 304, 302.
39 S N-W, supra 9, 327 (KIWA, nominally, RWAK IWU . . . .) (E ).
320 See Choudry, et al., Organize!, 304, 302; see alsoY P, Te Immigrant Workers Union: C F L-WI W L A, 2 Asian L.J. 67 (2004) [ P,Te Immigrant Workers Union] (T K I W A (KIWA),
I W U (IWU) . . . .). KWIA , A - KIWA K L - , 50%. T R W A K . available at://./-/-/
( S. 6, 202).
32 P, Te Immigrant Workers Union, 320, .
322 SeeKIWA, ://./ ( S. 6, 202).
323 N-W, Te Worker Center Movement, supra 9, 330.
324 Id.
325 Id. 329.
326 KIWA, V, available at ://./-/-/ ( S. 6, 202).
327 Id.