laboratoire de physique des lasers photonique organique et nanostructures support de thèse : anr...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS
Photonique Organique et Photonique Organique et NanostructuresNanostructures
Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEADirection de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine Boudrioua Encadrement : Mahmoud ChakarounAssistance technologique Jeanne Solard
Collaboration: Chii-Chang Chen ,National Central University , Taiwan
Investigation of photonic properties of Investigation of photonic properties of self organized nanoparticles self organized nanoparticles
monolayers : application to photonic monolayers : application to photonic crystal cavities and patterned organic crystal cavities and patterned organic
light emitting diodeslight emitting diodesGetachew T. AYENEW
PhD defence : July 8th, 2014
![Page 2: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
1. Introduction► Context
► State of the art
► Our approach
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals► Numerical study of photonic band gaps
► Numerical study of microcavities
► Experimental approach of characterizing monolayer of opals
3. Nanoparticle based 2D patterning of OLED► 2D pattering of surfaces
► 2D patterning of OLEDs
4. Conclusion and perspectives
2
![Page 3: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
1D Vertical confinement
Top down Bottom up
Small Mode
volume
High Q
Extended cavity
1. Introduction
Context :ANR OLD-TEA 2010-2013
Axe 1
Organic Laser Diode : A Threshold-Less Experimental Approach
Axe 2
2D lateral confinement
Photonic Crystal Opals - Inverse Opals
Low threshold organic diode laser
2D DFB lasers
Light extraction in OLED
Potential Applications
![Page 4: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
► Photonic properties of monolayer of nanoparticles and microcavities
► New patterning technique using nanoparticles 4
1. Introduction
Objectives of the study
Self-organized Nanoparticles
Photonic crystals OLED Nanostructuration
Photonic crystal laserwith defect microcavity
2D-DFB OLD Light extraction in OLED
![Page 5: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
► Photonic properties of monolayer of nanoparticles and microcavities
► Making nanostructures using nanoparticles 5
1. Introduction
Objectives of the study
Self-organized Nanoparticles
Photonic crystals OLED Nanostructuration
Photonic crystal laserwith defect microcavity
2D-DFB OLD Light extraction in OLED
![Page 6: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
State of the artPolymeric solid-state dye lasers resonator
Shi et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 093304 (2011)
Random lasingDye doped photonic crystal
Kim et al Chem. Mater., 2009, 21 (20), pp 4993–4999 Murai et al, Chemistry LettersVol. 39 (2010) , No. 6 p.532
porous photonic film enhanced stimulated emission Lasing by randomly dispersing nanoparticles into a gain material• multiple scattering
highly-efficient low threshold laser
Emission spectra of the resonator cavity below and above lasing threshold
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals
![Page 7: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
►General objective► Optimal design of planar photonic
crystal using nanoparticles ?► Microcavity ?
►Methodology
► Investigate numerically photonic band gaps in monolayer of dielectric spheres
► Investigate numerically quality factors of microcavities
► Experimental investigation of in-Plane propagation 7
glass
General objective/Methodology
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Transmission spectrum
Cavity response
Normalized Frequency(a/)
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
Inte
ns
ity
(a.u
.)
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals
![Page 8: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Opal without substrate
8
Structures
glass
air
air
air
2r
air
air r
air
glass
a
Inverse opal without substrate
Opal with substrate Inverse opal with substrate
r
a
a = period r = radius
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
![Page 9: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Control parameters
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
ra
9
2__
33
4
___
__
a
r
cellun ito fV o lum
sphereso fV o lum eff ce llun itinspheres
Refractive index (n)• n of spheres in opals• n of infiltrated material in inverse-
opals
Compactness of spheres , r/a ratio ( for n = 2.5, anatase TiO2)
• r/a=0.5, compact spheres• r/a < 0.5 non- compact spheres• r/a ratio determines the filling factor
(ff)
Filling factor
Effective refractive indexneffective=√ϵ effective=√ff spheres ϵ spheres+(1−ff spheres)ϵ voidsUnit cell
![Page 10: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Parameters
► Direction of propagation of the incident field with respect to the crystal
► M ( TE, TM polarisations)
► ( TE, TM polarisations)► Symetries and rotation
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
K
M K
![Page 11: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
► Boundary conditions► Perfectly matched layer (PML)► Periodic
11
2.1 Introduction to simulation Simulation condition► 3D finite-difference time-domain(3D-FDTD) method
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
Top view
Cross section
![Page 12: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
► Photonic band gap ► Gap maps
12
Photonic band gap(PBG) and construction of gap maps
PBG
n=3
n=2.1PBG
n=1.5
Photonic gapmap
Transmission spectra
n=2.2
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
M direction , TE polarization
direction , TE polarization
(intersection) 'complete' bandgap
![Page 13: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
► Gap maps►Different
polarizations►TE►TM
►Different directions of propagation►M►K
13
Photonic band gap(PBG) and construction of gap maps
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
![Page 14: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PBG
14
Inverse-opals without substrate
Region for TE polarization
r/a=0.5
TiO2(n=2.5)
► PBG exists for a wide range of refractive indices► PBG exists for a wide range of compactnesses► For n=2.5, Largest gap to mid-gap ratio for
r/a=0.4, (TE)
Δf
fwidth of PBG = gap-mid-gap ratio= Δf/f
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
n=2.5
r/a
![Page 15: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
► Opals without substrate exhibit PBGs for different compactness
► PBG appears narrower15
n=2.5, TiO2
Opals without substrate
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50r/
a
Normalized Frequency(a/)
![Page 16: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
► First conclusion- monolayer of inverse opal offers larger gap-to-midgap ratio
16
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.000.330.660.99
0.0000.0550.1100.165
0.000.330.660.990.000.080.160.24
0.0000.0860.1720.258
0.000.330.660.99
0.0000.0610.1220.183
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
Normalized frequency (a/)
r/a = 0.25
r/a = 0.29
r/a = 0.33
r/a = 0.37
r/a = 0.41
r/a = 0.45
r/a = 0.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
0.000.330.660.99
0.0000.0250.0500.0750.1000.00
0.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.99
Normalized Frequency (a)
r/a = 0.25
r/a = 0.29
r/a = 0.33
r/a = 0.37
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
r/a = 0.41
r/a = 0.45
r/a = 0.5
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
f/f
r/a
GMTE width-opal GMTE width-inverse opal
гM-TE гM-TE
Opal or inverse-opal ?
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
Opals Inverse-Opals
![Page 17: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
► Losses to glass substrate► No PBG for low ref. index materials► Higher refractive index materials
required17
r/a=0.5
► PBG observed with non-compact spheres
► Overlap of TE mode for non-compact spheres
Substrate effect: inverse-opal with substrate
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
TiO2(n=2.5)
TiO2(n=2.5)
r/a
![Page 18: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.90.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
r/a
Normalized Frequency(a/)
► Losses to glass substrate as r/a is lower► More compact spheres favorable
18
n=2.5
Lossy region
glass
Substrate effect : opal with substrate
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
![Page 19: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
► Opals: as the spheres are more compact neff increases less loss ► Inverse opals: as the spheres are more compact neff decreases more
loss 19
n=2.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
0.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.250.500.750.000.250.500.75
Normalized frequency (a/)
Tra
nsm
issi
on
r/a = 0.5
r/a = 0.45
r/a = 0.41
r/a = 0.37
r/a = 0.33
r/a = 0.29
r/a = 0.25
n=2.5
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.000.330.660.990.000.250.500.75
0.000.280.560.840.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.990.000.330.660.99
Normalized Frequency (a)
r/a = 0.5
r/a = 0.45
r/a = 0.41
r/a = 0.37
r/a = 0.33
r/a = 0.29
r/a = 0.25
Tra
nsm
issi
on
Substrate effect : effect of compactness on losses
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
compacthigh neff
non-compactlow neff
Less compactMore losses
compactlow neff
non-compact high neff
Morecompact
More losseslarger filling factor
smaller filling factor
Opals Inverse-opals
![Page 20: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
air
opal, r/a = 0.5
glass
zy
x
glass
air
opal, r/a = 0.31
glass
air
inverse opal, r/a = 0.31
glass
air
opal, r/a = 0.31
20
Substrate effect : effect of compactness on losses
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
Compact opalshigh neff
Non compactlow neff
More losses
compactlow neff
Non compactInverse-opal
high neff
More losses
![Page 21: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
►General objective► Optimal design of planar photonic
crystal using nanoparticles ?► Microcavity ?
►Methodology
► Investigate numerically photonic band gaps in monolayer of dielectric spheres
► Investigate numerically quality factors of microcavities
► Experimental investigation of in-Plane propagation 21
glass
General objective/Methodology
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Transmission spectrum
Cavity response
Normalized Frequency(a/)
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
Inte
ns
ity
(a.u
.)
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals
![Page 22: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
► Investigation with respect to► Various cavity geometries► The r/a ratio► with and without substrate (effect of the losses)
H1 L5L3H2
Microcavities
► Fixed refractive index n= 2.5► Defects in the periodicity
monitor source
2. Numerical study of microcavities
22
![Page 23: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
► Without substrate:► Cavity resonance in the
PBG
► With substrate► Significant resonant peaks
observed for non-compact arrangement
Microcavities in inverse-opals
2. Numerical study of microcavities
23
![Page 24: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
► Quality factor increases when r/a < 0.40► The presence of glass substrate reduces the quality factor► The maximum of the Q-factor is obtained for 0.3 < r/a < 0.35
24
Microcavities in inverse-opals with and without
2. Numerical study of microcavities
![Page 25: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4-5.00E+012
0.00E+000
5.00E+012
1.00E+013
1.50E+013
2.00E+013
2.50E+013
3.00E+013
3.50E+013
Inte
ns
ity
(a
.u.)
n=3,2 air resonance r/a=0,5 n=3,2 glass resonance r/a=0,5n=4, glass r/a=0,5
Normalized wavelength ( a/)
Inte
ns
ity
(a
.u.)
0.00E+000
2.00E+009
4.00E+009
6.00E+009
8.00E+009
1.00E+010
25
H2
Higher refractive index values needed in opals to achieve a resonance: (n~4 realistic?)
► The inverse-opal arrangement is more favorable to microcavities
Microcavities in opals
2. Numerical study of microcavities
n=4
n=3.2
n=3.2
![Page 26: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
►General objective► Optimal design of planar photonic
crystal using nanoparticles ?► Microcavity ?
►Methodology
► Investigate numerically photonic band gaps in monolayer of dielectric spheres
► Investigate numerically quality factors of microcavities
► Experimental investigation of in-Plane propagation 26
glass
General objective/Methodology
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Transmission spectrum
Cavity response
Normalized Frequency(a/)
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n
0
20
40
60
80
100
Inte
ns
ity
(a.u
.)
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals
![Page 27: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
► Objectives► Measure of the In-Plane
transmission spectra as a function of
► Polarization (TE, TM)
► Crystal direction (M, K)
► Problem ► Arrangement of spheres –
presence of multiple domains► Several directions are probed at
the same time
► Method► Fabrication of a single domain
monolayers ?► Characterization of single
domain ?27
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation in opal monolayers
Problem and method
transmittedtransmitted
Direction of propagation
![Page 28: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Light ΓM
ΓK
Reference
waveguide
nanoparticlesmicro-
hexagon
► Single domain fabrication► Fabrication of micro-hexagons
► force nanoparticles organizaton in ordered manner
► Orientation of hexagons to fixe the direction of propagation
► Dimension calculated for given nanoparticle diameter
► Single domain characterization► Waveguides
• Polymer waveguide on a glass substrate
• In- and out-coupling• Single domain probing
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation in opal monolayers Approach: single domain samples and characterization
28
![Page 29: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
10µm
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation of opal monolayers
Preliminary experimental results: Fabricated waveguides
micro-hexagon
waveguide
► Clearly defined waveguide structure and micro-hexagon
► Different orientations of the micro-hexagons
![Page 30: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
► The diameter of the microneedle is too large as compared to the size of the micro-hexagon► Nanoparticles not in the target area
30
► 1.5µm spheres used for optimization of the process
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation of opal monolayers
Preliminary experimental results: Deposition of nanoparticles
![Page 31: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation of opal monolayers
Conclusion and perspectives on experiments part 1
► Conclusion► Method of micro-hexagon
promising to make single-domain monolayers
► Waveguides can enable in- and out- coupling from the nanoparticles
► Deposition by micro-needles not successful
► Perspective► Deposition by microfluidic channels
– easy to deliver the nanoparticle solution to micro-hexagon
Adv. Funct. Mater., Vol.19, 1247–1253(2009)
![Page 32: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
Conclusion and perspectives part 1
► Numerical investigation on opals and Inverse opals► Photonics bandgap exist in Opals and Inverse-Opals ► The inverse-opal structure exhibits larger PBG than the
opal structure► Non-compact inverse-opal structure has highest Q-factor ► Opal micro-cavities require high refractive index to have
cavity resonances► Experimental study of propagation in opals
► In-plane propagation experiment of single domain opals►Micro-hexagons►Waveguide
► Perspectives :► Simulation: Mode volume calculation► Experiment: nanoparticle self-organization by micro-
channels
2. Photonic properties of monolayer of opals and inverse-opals
![Page 33: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
► Photonic properties of monolayer of nanoparticles and microcavities
► Making nanostructures using nanoparticles 33
3. OLED Nanostruturation
Objectives of the study
Self-organized Nanoparticles
Photonic crystals OLED Nanostructuration
Photonic crystal laserwith defect microcavity
2D-DFB OLD Light extraction in OLED
![Page 34: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
► Objectives► Patterning OLEDs
► Light extraction : requires period of lattice ~1-2.5 µm.
► 2D DFB laser : requires period of lattice < 500 nm.
► Issues► E-beam
► Time consuming
► Expensive
► Method► Principle of photolithography using nanoparticles► Simulations► Experiments► Analysis
34
3. OLED Nanostruturation
Objectives of the study
(Journal of Nanoscience, Volume 2014 (2014))
![Page 35: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
State of the art: Microsphere based patterning and OLED patterning
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
► Laser ablation
Optical Engineering 491, 014201
Laser exposure
► Micro-lens focusing
Nanoscale Res Lett., Vol. 3, 123–127(2008)
OPTICS EXPRESS / 2005 / Vol. 13, No. 5
► Electron-beam lithography
► Nanosphere lithography Nano Letters, 2002, 2 (4), pp 333–335
![Page 36: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Our approach : self-organized nanoparticle photolithography
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
Monolayer of nanoparticles
UV
development
► Nanoparticle based reusable photolithographic mask► Photomask made with
nanoparticles
► Light exposure
► Development and reproducing close-packed microsphere pattern on photoresist
► Process advantages• Reusable mask
• Simple
• Cheap
• Large area
to OLED processing
patternedphotoresist
patternedOLED
![Page 37: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Experiment : The process
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
► Process parameters► Spin coating: 6000rpm► Soft bake: @100°C, 90 sec.► UV exposure: @405nm,
0.9sec► Developmenet: 9 sec
► Materials used► Size and type of microspheres:► SiO2- 800nm, 1µm, 1.25µm,
1.53µm, 1.68µm, 1.96µm, 2.34µm
► Polystyrene- 1.68µm► Photoresist, Az-1505► Developer- MF-319
![Page 38: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
► Large area microsphere thin-film on the substrate
38
2.5cm
1.7cm
► SEM: Periodically arranged monolayer of micro nanoparticles – presence of defects in the crystal
Results: photomask made with self-organized nanoparticles
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 39: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
1µmMade by 2.34 µmsize microspheres microspheres mask
Result: Patterned photoresist
39
►Homogenous pattern made by self-organized nanoparticles
photolithography
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 40: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
On the same sample
40
Results: 2 kinds of patterns on the same sample !
UV
half of the period of the monolayer mask
the period of the monolayer mask reproduced
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 41: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
► Period of lattice less than 750nm
► hole diameter less than 405 nm
► Reduced-Period not observed for microsphere sizes of 800nm and 1μm
41
Results: Different size of micro nanoparticles
► Different size of microspheres: 800nm, 1µm, 1.25µm, 1.53µm, 1.68µm, 1.96µm, 2.34µm
► Two contact modes of the mask aligner: hard contact and soft contact
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 42: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
Micro-ball Lens effect Phase-mask effect
Simulation: 2 kinds of patterns
► Hard-contact and soft-contact modes of the mask
aligner
period of pattern = ½ * (period of microspheres)
period of pattern = period of microspheres
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 43: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
► Micro ball-lens► focal length► Numerical aperture
max 43
Phase-mask► Fundamental low of
grating► Transmitted angle 1
Analysis : self-oganized microparticles
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
The array of self-organized micro nanoparticles is both a collection of ball-lenses and a 2D-phase mask
1
![Page 44: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
Red OLED
Green OLED
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
glassITO
patterned photoresist
Micro-OLEDS: Organic hetero-structures - band diagram
![Page 45: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
Micro-OLEDs: Images
► Micro-OLED sizes = 1.27µm
► Method compatible with OLED operation
![Page 46: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
Micro-OLEDs: Spectra
► Emission under normal incidence► Small spectral modification of
emitted light as compared to large area OLED
► Perspectives► Measurements for other angles of
emission► Edge emission► Smaller period of pattern
glass
![Page 47: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
► Conclusion► Cheap, simple method to pattern 2D surfaces on large area► The patterning method is compatible with OLED deposition
47
Conclusion and perspective part 2
► Perspective► Characterization of the emission
• Measurement of the emission diagram• Edge emission
► Towards 2D-DFB laser :• Smaller lattices : 200-300 nm• Lower exposure wavelength (<405nm) to increase the
resolution of the nanoparticles lithography process• Deep UV (DUV) lithography and DUV photoresist
► Use negative photoresist to make periodic pattern of micro nano-pillars
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 48: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Photonic properties of opal and inverse-opal monolayers► Monolayers of O and I-O do exhibit photonic bandgap► The inverse-opal structure exhibits larger PBG► Non-compact (r/a=0.4) TiO2 inverse-opals exhibit the largest PBG► Highest Q-factor is obtained in inverse –opals for r/a ratio ~ 0.32.► Opal micro-cavities require high refractive index to exhibits cavity
resonances
► Nanoparticle photolithography► Monolayers of nanoparticles used to make periodic pattern on
photoresist• Lattice down to 750 nm• Holes down to 450 nm
► Array of micro-OLEDs (size = 1.27µm) fabricated ► Perspectives :
• 2D-DFB organic laser fabrication requires Deep-UV photolithography (193 nm)• Applications of the nanoparticle photolithography technique : Patterning
surface with metal (SERS, Molecules detection, OLED efficiency increases via Surface Enhanced Plasmon Resonance.
4. General Conclusion
![Page 49: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Thank you for your attention
49
![Page 50: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
► Conclusion ► Structures without substrate exhibit PBGs for wide range of
refractive indices and compactness► Generally inverse opals have larger photonic bandgap
width► Structures with substrate have losses for lower refractive index
materials► Considering n=2.5, lower compactness in inverse opals
and higher compactness in opals result in lower losses to glass substrate
► Inverse-opal with lower compactness on glass substrate seems to be a good compromise between the losses and the width of PBG
► Thus microcavities designed in non-compact sphere inverse-opals are expected to have better confinement► Calculation of quality factors is necessary to optimize the
optimum r/a value for a given refractive index50
Conclusion
2. Numerical study of photonic band gaps
![Page 51: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
► Highest Q-factor(~300) obtained for non-compact spheres in inverse-opals.
► With a glass substrate the Q factor is limited to Q~200
► Glass substrate reduces Q-factors
► Micro-cavities in opals require refractive index larger than n=3.2 which is hardly feasible
► The literature presents much higher Q-factor in conventional Phc Slabs.
51
Conclusion on Microcavities
2. Numerical study of microcavities
![Page 52: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
sample
2. Towards experimental study of in-plane propagation of opal monolayers
Preliminary experimental results: Deposition of nanoparticles
Micro-needle and micro-syringe
![Page 53: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
► Light extraction
(lattice ~ 1-2.5 µm)
► Light extraction
► DFB lasing ► DFB lasing
Deep UV litho.Smaller lattice(<500 nm)
Etching ITO
Etching glass substrate
Etching glass substrate
Conclusion and perspectives
3. 2D nanostructuration of OLED
![Page 54: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
Conferences and papers
► Papers► Getachew T. Ayenew, Alexis P.A. Fischer, Chia-Hua Chan, Chii-Chang Chen, Mahmoud Chakaroun, Jeanne Solard, Azzedine Boudrioua,”Two-dimensional patterning of organic light
emitting diode based on self-organized nanoparticles photolithography” Submitted to optics Express (may 2014)
► F. Gourdon, A.P.A. Fischer, M. Chakaroun, G. Ayenew and Azzedine Boudrioua “Study of the organic layer thickness effect in a hybrid photonic crystal L3 nanocavity under optical
pumping”, Accepted in Journal of Nanophotonics, 5 may 2014
► Min Won Lee, Siegfried Chicot, Chii-Chang Chen, Mahmoud Chakaroun, Getachew Ayenew, Alexis Fischer, and Azzedine Boudrioua, Study of the Light Coupling Efficiency of OLEDs Using
a Nanostructured Glass Substrate , Journal of Nanoscience, Volume 2014 (2014)
► Getachew T. Ayenew ; Mahmoud Chakaroun ; Nathalie Fabre ; Jean Solard ; Alexis Fischer ; Chii-Chang Chen ; Azzedine Boudrioua ; Chia-Hua Chan Photonic properties
of two-dimensional photonic crystals based on monolayer of dielectric microspheres , Proc. SPIE 8424, Nanophotonics IV, 84242X (April 30, 2012);
► Sokha Khiev, Lionel Derue, Getachew Ayenew, Hussein Medlej, Ross Brown, Laurent Rubatat, Roger C. Hiorns, Guillaume Wantz and Christine Dagron-
Lartigau,"Enhanced thermal stability of organic solar cells byusing photolinkable end-capped polythiophenes", Polym. Chem., 2013,volume 4, 4145-4150 (2013)
► Conference
► Getachew T. Ayenew, Mahmoud Chakaroun, Nathalie Fabre, Jeanne Solard, Alexis Fischer, Azzedine Boudrioua, Chii-Chang Chen, Chia-Hua Chan, « Photonic properties
of two-dimensional photonic crystals based on monolayer of dielectric nanospheres » Poster SPIE 16 - 19 April 2012, Square Brussels Meeting Centre Brussels, Belgium.
► Getachew T. Ayenew, Anthony Coens, Mahmoud Chakaroun, Jean Solard, Alexis P. A. Fischer, Chii-Chang Chen, Chia-Hua Chan, Azzedine Boudrioua, Micro-Oled
fabricated by microsphere based lithography, Optique Paris 13, 8 au 11 juillet 2013, Villetaneuse, Présentation Orale.
► Getachew T. Ayenew, Anthony Coens, Mahmoud Chakaroun, Jeanne Solard, Alexis P. A. Fischer, Chii-Chang Chen, Chia-Hua Chan, Azzedine Boudrioua, Micro-OLED
fabricated by microsphere based photolithography, JNRDM 2013, Journées National du Réseau Doctoral en Micro-Nanotechnologies, 10-12 juin 2013, Minatec Phelma,
Grenoble, Poster
![Page 55: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
30 à 50%
Analyse du problème de l'émission lumineuse
La structure OLED• Interfaces
– ITO / Verre
– Verre /air
Impact sur l'extraction lumineuse• Réflexions aux interfaces :
– 0,8%<R ITO/Verre <19%
– R Verre/air 4%
• Angles limites : lim = Arcsin(n2/n1)
• Réflexion totale interne (TIR)
• Modes guidés dans le verre : 30%
• Modes guidées dans l'ITO : 50%
Taux de couplage : 15 à 20 %
Aluminium
Organiquen=1,7
n=1,8 à 2,2
n=1,5
Verre
2
1
lim
TIR
50 à 30%
Modes guidés
Modes guidés
TIRITO
2
lim
Lumière extraite15% à 20%
R=(n1−n2
n1+n2)2
![Page 56: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Impact des angles limites
A partir de la loi de Descartes• n2sin() = n1sin()
• Angles limites : lim = Arcsin(n2/n1)
• ITO/verre : 43°lim<56°
• Verre/Air : lim 42°
• ITO/air : 27°lim<33° (limpour n=2)
• Au delà de l'angle limite il y a réflexion totale interne (TIR) (onde guidée)
Taux de couplage• Ce qui est transmis : T() r2 sind• T() transmittance en fonction de l'angle
• Couplage externe ITO/Air : 15 %
Transmission au delà des angles limites?• Modification de la géométrie grâce aux
nanoparticules ?
lim
=5
6°
lim
=42
°
Cône d'émission ITO /verre
Cône d'émission verre/air
lim
=30°
Cône d'émission ITO/air
![Page 57: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Organic compounds for OLED
Standard chemical products
Alq3; tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum;copper
phthalocyanines
4,4'-Bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl
2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/Bathocuproine
N,N’-Di(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N’-diphenyl-benzidine
![Page 58: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Organic semiconductors
Photonique Organique
![Page 59: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
DFB lasing
Photonique Organique
![Page 60: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
DFB lasing
Photonique Organique
![Page 61: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Q-factor , mode volume
Photonique Organique
cav=03Q
42V eff
( n)
3
F P=3Q
42V eff
( n)
3
Q=−ω(t−t 0)
( ln (U ( t )
U ( t0)))
![Page 62: LABORATOIRE DE PHYSIQUE DES LASERS Photonique Organique et Nanostructures Support de thèse : ANR OLD-TEA Direction de thèse : Alexis Fischer et Azzedine](https://reader036.vdocuments.net/reader036/viewer/2022062518/56649e7b5503460f94b7cdfa/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Finite difference
Photonique Organique