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Page 1: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)
Page 2: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Laboratory diagnosis

Specimens 

Fresh stool, mucus flecks and rectal swabs for culture

Serum specimens, if desired, must be taken 10 days apart to demonstrate a rise               in titer of agglutinating antibodies

8/12/2016 2Prof WWM

Page 3: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Laboratory diagnosis

Stool RE

Macroscopic examination

color, form and consistency

only blood and mucous ­ present

no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool) 

odour ­ odourless 8/12/2016 3Prof WWM

Page 4: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Laboratory diagnosis

Stool RE

Microscopic examination

Large numbers of fecal leukocytes and somered blood cells often are seen  microscopically

8/12/2016 4Prof WWM

Page 5: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Culture

Specimens are inoculated onto 

nutrient agar, 

blood agar

8/12/2016 5Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 6: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Culture

Differential media 

MacConkey agar

EMB agar

8/12/2016 6Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 7: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Culture

Selective media 

Hektoen enteric agar or Salmonella­Shigella agar), which suppress other Enterobacteriaceae and gram positive organisms

8/12/2016 7Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 8: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Culture

Colourless (lactose­negative) colonies are inoculated into TSI agar

Organisms that fail to produce H2S, that produce acid but not gas in the butt and an alkaline slant in TSI agar medium

8/12/2016 8Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 9: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Culture

Colonies that are non­motile should be subjected to slide agglutination by specific Shigella antisera

8/12/2016 9Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 10: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Identification

Gram stain smear shows gram negative bacilli 

Motility test shows non­motile bacilli

8/12/2016 1 0Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 11: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Sugar fermentation test

Lactose, Glucose, Mannitol, Sucrose 

Other biochemical tests

IMViC U

8/12/2016 1 1Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 12: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

1 2

Page 13: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

K

N

K

Agas

H2S

A

A

K

A

Triple Sugar Iron agar slant (TSI slant)

Shigella A = acidicK = alkalineN = neutral

Page 14: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Voges-Proskauer testpositivenegative

Voges-Proskauer test negative

Page 15: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Urease test

positivenegative

urease test negative

Page 16: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Citrate utilization test

positivenegative

no citrate utilization

Page 17: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Serological identification

Slide agglutination by specific shigella antisera (against S. dysenteriae, S.                flexneri, S. boydii,  S. sonnei)

8/12/2016 1 7Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 18: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Serology (Antibody detection)

Serology is not used to diagnose shigella infections

Shiga toxin can be tested for by Vera and HeLa cell tests

8/12/2016 1 8Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 19: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Molecular methods

PCR targeting 

1 . Invasion plasmid antigen H (ipaH)

2 .Gene for Shigella enterotoxin 2 (ShET­2 ) 

3 .Gene encoding aerobactin­mediated iron uptake system

8/12/2016 1 9Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 20: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Molecular methods

Typing

Plasmid profile

Colicine typing

8/12/2016 2 0Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 21: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Character Bacillary dysentery

Amoebic dysentery

Incubation period

Short (<7 days) Long

Onset Acute Insidious

8/12/2016 Prof WWM 2 1

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 22: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

• Symptoms

• Bacillary dysentery

• Amoebic dysentery

• Tenesmus

• Generalized abdominal tenderness

Severe

• Localized over sigmoid,

caecum, colon).

Moderate

• Stool • mucus and blood

• Feces, mucusand blood

• Volume • small • Copious

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 23: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

• Microscopic examination

• Bacillary dysentery

• Amoebic dysentery

• RBC • discreate • clumps

• Pus cells • numerous • few

• Eosinophils • (-) • (+)• Charcott

leyden crystal • (-) • (+)

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 24: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Character Bacillary Dysentery Amoebic Dysentery

incubation periodonset  SymptomsTenesmus StoolVolume Microscopic examination: RBC pus cells, Eosinophils Charcott leyden crystal

Short (<7 days)Acute  Generalized  abdominal  tenderness Severemucus and bloodsmall   discreatenumerous(­)(­)

LongInsidious  Localized    over  sigmoid,  caecum, colon). ModerateFeces, mucus and bloodCopious  ClumpsFew(+)(+)

8/12/2016 2 4Prof WWM

Laboratory diagnosis

Page 25: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Infection is followed by a type­specific antibody response

Serum antibodies fails to protect against infection

8/12/2016 2 5Prof WWM

Immunity

Page 26: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

IgA antibodies in the gut may be important inlimiting reinfection

Live attenuated strains given orally as experimental vaccines

8/12/2016 2 6Prof WWM

Immunity

Page 27: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Treatment

Ciprofloxacin, ampicillin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim­sulfamethoxazole 

­ suppress acute clinical attacks of 

  dysentery

­ shorten the duration of symptoms

­ fail to eradicate the organisms from 

  the intestinal tract8/12/2016 2 7Prof WWM

Page 28: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Treatment

Multiple drug resistance can be transmitted by plasmids and resistant infections are widespread

Many cases are self­limited

Opioids should be avoided in Shigella dysentery

8/12/2016 2 8Prof WWM

Page 29: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Epidemiology

Shigellae are transmitted person­to­person

Most cases of shigella infection (S. dysenteriae can spread widely

8/12/2016 2 9Prof WWM

Page 30: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Epidemiology

Epidemic outbreaks of disease occur in daycare centers, nurseries and custodial institutions

Disease occurs worldwide with no seasonal incidence (consistent with person­to­person spread involving a low inoculum)

8/12/2016 3 0Prof WWM

Page 31: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

8/12/2016 Prof WWM 3 1

Page 32: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Epidemiology

S. sonnei  ­ the U.S. infections

S. flexneri predominates in developing countries

Epidemics of S. dysenteriae occur in Africa and Central America, with case fatality rates of 5% to 15%

8/12/2016 3 2Prof WWM

Page 33: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Epidemiology

Highest risk for disease

young children in daycare centers, nurseries and custodial institutions

siblings and parents of these children

male homosexuals

60% of all infections occur in children under 10 years of age                  

8/12/2016 3 3Prof WWM

Page 34: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Prevention and control

 Mass chemoprophylaxis for limited periods of time (e.g. in military personnel) has been tried

Resistant strains of shigellae tend to emerge rapidly

8/12/2016 3 4Prof WWM

Page 35: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Prevention and control

General measures

Sanitary control of water, food and milk

sewage disposal

Fly control

Isolation of patients and disinfection of excreta

8/12/2016 3 5Prof WWM

Page 36: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Prevention and control

General measures

Detection of subclinical cases and carriers, particularly food handlers

Antibiotic treatment of infected individuals 

8/12/2016 3 6Prof WWM

Page 37: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Prevention and control

Specific measures

Vaccines

Live attenuated strains rational attenuation

Oral route » mucosal vaccine »

One dose, Induction of anti­LPS S­IgA 

8/12/2016 3 7Prof WWM

Page 38: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Subunit vaccines 

Based on the use of  detoxified LPS

Systemic route (IM, SC)

Induction of anti­ LPS IgG 

8/12/2016 3 8Prof WWM

Prevention and control

Page 39: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Subunit vaccines 

*Efficient in young children 

*Pentavalent 

­ S.dysenteriae 1, S.sonnei, 

  S.flexneri 2a, S.flexneri 3a, S.flexneri 6

8/12/2016 3 9Prof WWM

Prevention and control

Page 40: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

Vaccine: SC602 

A Shigella flexneri 2a specifically attenuated specifically attenuated  vaccine strain 

8/12/2016 4 0Prof WWM

Prevention and control

Page 41: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIA

Page 42: Laboratory diagnosis€¦Laboratory diagnosis Stool RE Macroscopic examination color, form and consistency only blood and mucous present no faecal matter (red currant jelly stool)

RHINOSCLEROMA