Stuyvesant High School Department of Biology & Geo-Science

LABORATORY EXERCISE #12

EXTERNAL FEATURES ANDLEG MUSCULOSKELETON OF THE FROG

INTRODUCTIONWe share a pedigree with the frog. Both of us are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, animals with backbones. Although we are mammals and frogs are amphibians, we are close enough to share many anatomical and physiological characteristics. This laboratory exercise is the first in a series that will help you discover many of these similarities but also many of the differences between the frog and ourselves. In this exercise you will examine various external features and relate them to how they help the frog in its environment.

STUDENT OBJECTIVES1 Observe the external features of the frog. 2 Relate the external structures to their functions. 3 Observe the structure of a leg muscle and leg bone of the frog.4 Compare amphibious structures with those of a human.5 Demonstrate a mature and responsible attitude when using preserved specimens for biological study.

PRE-LAB QUESTION(S)1. Describe three characteristics of a typical mammal and three characteristics of a typical amphibian.2. Describe three similarities and three differences between a mammal and an amphibian. MATERIALSPreserved frog, dissecting pan lined with a paper towel, dissection kit, toothpick, hand lens, dissection manual, charts or pictures of various types of frogs, liter-size plastic bag with twist-tie, plastic gloves, safety glasses or goggles, and video of frog dissection.

PROCEDUREWork in pairs. If the smell of the preservative is very strong, rinse the frog under running water at the sink and pat it dry. Lay the frog in the dissecting pan, belly side (ventral) side down.

I. Examination of External Features1. Review with your teacher the terms which relate to body orientation: dorsal, ventral, anterior,

posterior, lateral, proximal and distal. 2. Touch the surface of the frog’s skin. In life it is covered with a mucous secretion, which keeps the skin

moist. Try to determine if a fat layer is present.3. Observe the coloration on the frog’s dorsal side. Flip the frog over and note the difference in

coloration on the ventral side. 4. Observe the frog’s fore legs and hind legs. Note the differences in their sizes, and the function of

each skeletal muscle. Examine a picture of a live frog and note how its legs are folded up. 5. Observe the fore legs and hind legs. Note the differences in their structure, and the differences in the

size of the digits and the webbing between the digits. 6. Contrast the shape of the “hands” of your frog with those of other frogs in the room. Male frogs can

sometimes be distinguished from female frogs by the pads on the male “thumbs”. These pads are used in the mating process. The body of the frog can be divided into the head and trunk region. Note that it has no neck. Observe how the eyeball bulges at the top of the head. Note the two outer eyelids and the movable, translucent NICTITATING membrane (“Nictitating” comes from the latin word meaning “to wink”).

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Stuyvesant High School Department of Biology & Geo-Science

7. Observe the oval TYMPANIC MEMBRANES on each side of the head. These act as external eardrums. The males have larger membranes than the females. Observe the EXTERNAL NARES (nostrils).

II. Examination of the Mouth1. Carefully force open the mouth of the frog. The jaws should be stiff due to rigor mortis in the muscles.

It might be necessary to break the jaw joint. Your teacher will demonstrate this. Prop the mouth open with a toothpick which has been broken in half.

2. Observe how the forked tongue is attached to the anterior of the mouth. It is usually covered with a sticky secretion. The tongue is thrust out only in the presence of moving objects. The frog does not respond to non-moving prey!

3. With your finger, feel along the edges of the jaws for the small conical

TEETH, and on the upper part of the mouth find the two additional teeth, the VOMERINES. In frogs, teeth are replaced as needed.

4. Use your finger or your probe to find the soft opening to the esophagus at the back of the mouth. Distinguish this from the slit-like, cartilaginous GLOTTIS, the opening to the respiratory system.

5. Use your probe to fine the EUSTACHIAN TUBE openings located on the sides of the upper jaw. These lead to the tympanic membrane. Find the internal opening of the NARES. Note the bulge of the eyeballs on the roof of the mouth. When the frog swallows, it closes its eyelids. This causes the eyeballs to press down into the mouth and thus helps to push the food into the esophagus.

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Stuyvesant High School Department of Biology & Geo-Science

III. Examination of the Thigh Muscles and Calf Muscles1. Carefully strip the skin off the frog. (Your

teacher will demonstrate this procedure.)2. Study the pictures of the frog musculature

during the dissection. Gently separate each muscle of the thigh with a blunt probe. Be careful not to shred the muscles with the teasing needle. If you have to cut a muscle to see the underlying deeper muscles, cut cleanly across the belly (the middle) of the muscle. Identify as many muscles as possible.

3. Continue separating and identifying the muscles of the calf.

IV. Observation on the Sciatic Nerves and Bones of the Leg1. On the other leg, you will find the sciatic nerve.

The sciatic nerve is a nerve that comes from the dorsal spinal cord. One SCIATIC NERVE, innervates or goes into each leg. It is quite easy to locate one sciatic nerve. Separate the muscles of the thigh from the dorsal side. The sciatic nerve runs near the bone. After you have found the nerve, carefully remove the muscles from this

second leg. Continue removing the muscles from the calf and follow the nerve.2. Identify the bones of the leg using charts and the manual.

NOTE: Please save the used frog for the second lab on the frog.

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MUSCLES OF FROG HIND LEG