(labour markets and employment) - shivaji university 2015/m. a. ii sem... · ^m§s>dbxmam§mm...

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AZwH«$_{UH$m …

1.0. C{ÔîQ²> o

1.1 àmñVm{dH$

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ

1.2.1 ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eï>ço - l_~mOma noR>oÀ`m

Mm¡H$Q>rMo {díbofU - gZmVZdmXr - Zd gZmVZdmXr Am{U Û¡VdmXr AW©ì`dñWm.

1.2.2 Jw§VdUyH$sMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U aMZm `mg§~§{YV l_mMr _mJUr; V§ÌkmZmMr {ZdS> Am{U

H$m_Jma YmoaUo; l_Xb d¥Õrer g§~§{YV l_nwadR>m.

1.2.3 l_~mOmanoR>oMo YmoaU, H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm; aVr Am{U ñWmZ{ZpíMVrÀ`m

nÕVr, ^maVmVrb amoOJma godm g§KQ>Zm

1.3 gmam§e

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX

1.5 ñd §AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ

1.6 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CÎmao

1.7 gamdmgmR>r ñdmÜ`m`

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

1.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

gXa KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{Ôï>ço Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) `m KQ>H$mV AmnUmg ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eï>ço g_OyZ

KoVm oVrb.

2) gZmVZdmXr, ZdgZmVZdmXr Am{U Û¡VdmXr AW©ì`dñWoVrb l_~mOmamMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oB©b.

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....1

KQ>H$ - 1

l_ ~mOmanoR>m Am{U amoOJma(Labour Markets and Employment)

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3) l_mMr _mJUr Am{U l_mMm nwadR>m `m§À`mer g§~§YrV {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

4) l_~mOmanoR>oÀ`m YmoaUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

5) H$m_Jmam§À`m amoOJmamg§~§YrMo {d{dY n¡by§ OmUyZ KoVm oB©b.

1…1 àñVmdZm :

`m KQ>H$mV AnmU l_~mOmanoR> Am{U amoOJma, l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eï>ço, {d{dY AW©ì`dñWm§_Yrb

l_ ~mOmanoR>m, H$m_Jmam§Mr _mJUr d nwadR>m m§gr g§~§YrV ~m~r, H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm, CËnmXZj_Vm m

{d{dY ~m~tMm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.2 {df` {ddoMZ :

H$moUË`mhr dñVyMr qH$_V hr Ë`mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oVrb _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aV AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo

l_mMr qH$_Vhr l_~mOmanoR>oVrb l_mÀ`m _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aV AgVo. {d{dY AW©ì`dñWm§_Ü o

l_mMr ~mOmanoR>hr {^Þ AgVo. maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb amï´>mV XoIrb l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oMr AZoH$ d¡{eï>ço

AmhoV `m KQ>H$mV AmnU Ë`mMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ H$aUma AmhmoV.

1.2.1 l_ ~mOmanoR>oMo ñdê$n Am{U d¡{eï>ço :

B l_~mOmanooMr ì`m»`m :

""{d{eï> àH$maÀ`m l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr d Ë`m l_mMm nwadR>m `m§À`mV g_Vmob àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo Ë`mbm l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVmV.''

A_o[aHo$À`m l_ImË`mMr ì`m»`m _mÌ ~arMer {^Þ Amho. Ë`m§Zr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ

{Xbo Amho.

""Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU Z ~XbVm H$m_Jma amoOJma ghO ~Xby eH$VmV Aem

Am{W©H$Ñï>çm EH$mË_ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemg l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVmV.''

^Jmobrdmb `m§À`m _Vo ""l_ ~mOmanoR> hr CÚmoJjoÌ, ì`mnmaH|$Ð Am{U Ë`mM~amo~a eoVr joÌmer.gwÕm

g§~§{YV Amho. Ë`mMr ì`mßVr H$er Amho, `mdê$Z H$moUVr ì`m»`m {dMmamV ¿`md`mMr ho R>admdo bmJVo.

àË`jmV ì`dhm[aH$ nmVirda l_mMr ~mOmanoR> hr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§da Adb§~yZ AgVo. l_ hm KQ>H$

J{Verb Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmÀ`m ~m~VrV ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmÀ`m _`m©Xm CaV ZmhrV.

AmYw{ZH$ OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m Am{U CXmarH$aUmÀ`m H$mimV Va `m ~mOmanoR>oZo ^m¡Jmo{bH$M H$m` nU

Xoem§À`mhr gr_m nma Ho$ë`m AmhoV. {d{dY àH$maÀ`m Hw$eb l{_H$m§Mr _mJUr hr Á`m {R>H$mUr Vo

CnbãY AmhoV Aem {d{dY {R>H$mUm§hÿZ hmoV AgVo. CXm. ^maVmVrb AZoH$ Hw$eb l{_H$ ho A_o[aHo$gma»`m

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{dH$gZerb XoemV A{^`m§{ÌH$s joÌmV H$m ©aV AmhoV. Va D$gVmoS>Ur _Oya amÁ`m§_Yë`m AZoH$ _mJmg

^mJmVyZ emoYyZ AmUmdo bmJVmV.

B l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n :

A) l_mda l{_H$m§Mr _mbH$s AgVo :

l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV l_mMo CËnmXZ H$aUmam l{_H$M Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZmMm _mbH$ AgVmo. dñVy§À`m

~mOmanoR>oV dñVy§À`m CËnmXZmda ^m§S>dbXmamMr H$maImZXmamMr qH$dm CËnmXH$mMr _mbH$s AgVo. Ë`m_wio

dñVwMm nwadR>m {H$Vr H$amd`mMm, CËnmXZ {H$Vr H$amd`mMo, _mbmMr H$moUË`m ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$s H$amd`mMr

`mg§~§YrMo {ZU© ñdV: dñVy KoV ZmhrV, Va CËnmXH$, _mbH$, ì`mnmar Agm H$moUrVar KoV AgVmo.

åhUOoM l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV CËnmXZ Am{U CËnmXH$ EH$M AgVmo. Ë`m_wio l_mda l{_H$m§MrM _mbH$s

AgVo.

~) dñVy ~mOmamnojm l_mMr ~mOmanoR> {^Þ AgVo :

dñVy `m {Z{O©d Agë`m_wio _mbH$ Ë`m ghOJË`m EH$m ~mOmamVyZ Xþgè`m ~mOamV KoD$Z OmD$

eH$Vmo. _mÌ l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV l{_H$ gOrd Agë`m_wio BVa ^mJmVrb l{_H$ ZdrZ l{_H$m§Zm

Amnë`m ~mOmanoR>oV àdoe XoVrbM Ago Zmhr. H$maU l_mMm nwadR>m dmTy>Z àñWm{nV l{_H$m§da doVZXa

H$_r hmoÊ`mMm YmoH$m CX² dy eH$Vmo.

H$) l_mMr ~mOmanoR> hr doVZ g§doXZerb AgVo :

doVZ qH$dm _Owar hr H$_r Pmë`mg Ë`mMm _Owam§da Vm~S>Vmo~ n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Am{U _Owa doVZ

KQ>rbm g§K{Q>VnUo {damoY H$aVmV. _mbH$m§~amo~a g§Kf© H$ê$Z doVZ dmT>dyZ KoVmV. g§n, {ZXe©Zo, _moM},

CnmofU Ago doJdoJio Am§XmobZmMo _mJ© dmnê$Z doVZ {Z §{ÌV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV. dñVy {ZOr©d

Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m qH$_Vr {df`r Ë`m§Zm H$mhrhr XoUo KoUo ZgVo.

S>) l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oMr J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo :

l_mÀ`m ~m~VrV ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVm, ^m¡JmobrH$ J{VerbVm `m Jmoï>r _hÎdmÀ`m R>aVmV. EH$

ì`dgm` gmoSy>Z l{_H$ Xþgè`m ì`dgm`mV OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm \$maM H$_r AgVo. H$maU Ë`m {d{eï>

àH$maMo H$m¡eë` Vm~S>Vmo~ AmË_gmV H$aVm oUo eŠ` ZgVo. VgoM EImÚm {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ {R>H$mUmMo

hdm_mZ, gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr, n`m©daU, l{_H$mMr _mZ{gH$Vm `m Jmoï>tMm l{_H$m§da n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

åhUyZ l{_H$ EH$m {R>H$mUmdê$Z Xþgè`m {R>H$mUr Om`bm ghOJË`m V`ma hmoV Zmhr. dñVy§À`m ~m~VrV

_mÌ Vgo ZgVo. CËnmXH$, ì`mnmar qH$dm {dH«o$Vm Á`m {R>H$mUr Amnë`m dñVy§Zm OmñV qH$_V {_iob d

AmnUmbm OmñV _mo~Xbm {_idVm oB©b Aem ~mOmanoR>oV dñVy VmËH$mi KoD$Z OmV AgVmo. ^maVmÀ`m

~mOmanoR>oV CXmarH$aUmZ§Va MrZÀ`m ^a_gmR> dñVy ^maVr` ~mOmamV Amë`m _mÌ MrZr H$m_Jma Ambo

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ZmhrV. dñVy§Zm Oer ~mOmanoR> Vm~S>Vmo~ Iybr H$aVm oVo Ver ì`ŠVtZm H$aVm oV Zmhr. åhUyZ

l{_H$m§À`m l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo.

B) dñVyÀ`m _mbH$s à_mUoM l_mda XoIrb ^m§S>dbXmambm qH$dm _mbH$mbm _mbH$s

àñWm{nV H$aVm òVo :

OJmVrb Odi Odi gd©M Xoem§_Ü o doR>{~Jmar _wŠV H$m`Xm Pmë`m_wio AmVm l_mÀ`m _mbH$sdarb,

^m§S>dbXmam§Mm hŠH$ OJâ g§nwï>mV Ambm. ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV OJmV AZoH$ Xoem§_Ü o Jwbm_{JarMr nÕVr

ApñVËdmV hmoVr. Ooìhm l_m~amo~aM l{_H$mda XoIrb _mbH$mMr _mbH$s AgVo Voìhm Ë`mg doR>{~Jmar

Ago åhUVmV. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV ~è`mM {R>H$mUr Aem àH$maMr doR>{~JmarMr nÕVr

ApñVËdmV hmoVr. Aemdoir l_mMr qH$_V ñdV: l{_H$ Z R>adVm Vr _mbH$ R>adVmo. Am{U l_mÀ`m

~mOmanoR>oV IaoXrXmamMr _ŠVoXmar àñWm{nV hmoVo.

B ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb AW©ì`dñWoVrb ~mOmanoR>oMr d¡{eï>ço :

A) {d{dY joÌm§_Üò AY©amoOJma AgVmo :

^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoV ~hþg§»` H$m_Jma dJ© hm eoVr joÌmV H$m_ H$aV Agë`m_wio VgoM `m joÌmV

Nw>ß`m ~oH$marMo à_mU OmñV Agë`m_wio eoVr joÌ ho H$m_Jmam§À`m nwadR>çmMo CJ_ñWmZ Amho. Á`m

H$m_Jmam§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` Amho Aem H$m_Jmam§Zm Nw>no ~oH$ma qH$dm àN>Þ ~oamoOJma Ago

åhUVmV. åhUOoM CKS> CKS> Oar Vo H$m_ H$aVm§Zm {XgV Agbo Var àË`j CËnmXZdmT>r_Ü o Ë`m§Mm

gh^mJ ZgVmo. Ë`m§Zm BVa joÌmH$S>o di{dbo Var eoVr joÌmMo CËnmXZ H$_r hmoUma Zmhr. H$mhr doim

KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$bmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmà_mUo CËnmXZmÀ`m {Vgè`m Q>ß`mV {g_m§V CËnmXZ CUo hmoVo. ì`mdhm[aH$

nmVirda XoIrb ^maVmVrb ghH$ma joÌ d gaH$mar joÌm_Ü o Aem àH$maMr n[apñWVr AmT>iyZ oVo.

åhUyZM Ago CÚmoJ VmoQ>çmV MmbVmV d eodQ>r Ë`m CÚmoJmMo {Xdmio {ZKVo CÚmoJ ~§X nS>VmV. AZoH$

gmIa H$maImZo «ï>mMmam~amo~aM A{V[aŠV H$m_Jmam§_wio CUo {g_m§V CËnmXZ hmoD$Z ~§X nS>bo.

~) l_ ~mOmanoR>oVrb h§Jm_r amoOJmamMo ñdê$n :

^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm hr eoVr àYmZ AW©ì`dñWm Amho. qg{MV Am{U H$moaS>dmhÿ Ago eoVrMo XmoZ

^mJ nS>VmV. H$moaS>dmhÿ O{_ZrVrb amoOJma Ho$di df© amV Mma Vo ghm _{hZoM AgVmo. Ë`m_wio `m ghm

_{hÝ`m§À`m h§Jm_mnwaVmM H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma {_iVmo.

VgoM Oo eoVr_mbmda AmYmarV à{H«$`m CÚmoJ AmhoV, gmh{OH$M Aem H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o XoIrb Omo

n ªV h§Jm_ MmbVmo Vmon ªVM amoOJma CnbãY hmoVmo. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV _Owam§Zm _OwargmR>r BVaÌ H$m_

emoYmdo bmJVo. CXm. H$mOy à{H«$`m CÚmoJ, gmIa H$maImZo, H$mngmda à{H«$`m H$aUmao CÚmoJ Ago AZoH$

CÚmoJ g§nyU© df© a Mmby eH$V Zgë`m_wio VoWo h§Jm_r amoOJmaM CnbãY hmoVo. Cd©[aV doioV H$m_Jmam§Zm

BVaÌ H$m_ emoYmdo bmJVo qH$dm ~oH$ma amhmdo bmJVo.

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H$) H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm H$_r :

_mZdàmÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV Xe©Zr n[aUm_ à^mdr AgVmo. Xe©Zr n[aUm_ åhUOo AmOy~mOyÀ`m ^m¡{VH$

dmVmdaUmZwgma, gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d _mZ{gH$ dmVmdaUmZwgma H$m_Jmam§Mr dV©UyH$ R>aV AgVo.

^maVmVrb ho dmVmdaU J{VerbVobm \$mago nmofH$ Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ^maVmVrb ~hþg§»` H$m_Jma ho ^md{ZH$

Ñï>çm Jmdm§er OmoS>bo Jobobo AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm Amnbo Jm§d, Amnbo Hw$Qw>§~, Amnbo amÁ`, Amnbm Xoe ho

gJio gmoSy>Z Hw$R>oVar AZmoiIr joÌm_Ü o Omd`mg ZH$mogo AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm n[aUm_ Ë`mÀ`m

J{VerbVoda hmoVmo.

Á`m à_mUo {d^mJr` J{VerbVm H$_r Amho Ë`m à_mUmV ^maVr` l_~mOmamV joÌr` J{VerbVm

XoIrb H$_r Amho. joÌr` J{VerbVm åhUOo eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z CÚmoJ joÌmH$S>o, ~m§YH$m_ joÌmH$S>o, godm

joÌmH$S>o qH$dm AemM àH$maÀ`m AZoH$ joÌm§_Ü o g§Yr emoYyZ {VH$S>o amoOJma {_idUo. _mÌ ^maVr`

H$m_Jma AemàH$mao EH$ joÌ gmoSy>Z Xþgè`m joÌmH$S>o dimd`mg V`ma ZgVmo. YmoH$m nËH$aÊ`mMr Ë`mMr

V`mar ZgVo åhUyZ {d^mJr` d joÌr` XmoÝhr nmViçm§darb ^maVr` H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo.

_mÌ {dgmì`m eVH$mV hr n[apñWVr ~XbV Amho. OJmVrb gd© Xoem§_Ü o gd© {d^mJm§_Ü o ^maVr`

H$m_Jma nmohmoMbm Amho. AZoH$ joÌm§_Ü o CÎmw§J H$m_{Jar H$aV Amho. CÎm_ àH$maMr godm ~OmdV Amho.

J«m_rU ^mJmVrb _Owa eoVr joÌmH$Sy>Z ehar ^mJmVrb CÚmoJ joÌm§H$S>o d godm joÌm§H$S>o diV Amho.

S>) l_~mOmamVrb Ag_Vmob :

^maVr` l_ ~mOmamV AZoH$ joÌm§_Ü o Hw$eb H$m_Jma CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV. åhUOoM {d{eï>

H$m_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m¡eë` H$m_Jmam_Ü o ZgVo. H$maU Aem àH$maMr H$m¡eë o AmË_gmV

H$aÊ`mgmR>r nwaoer à{ejUmMr gw{dYm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio H$mhr ì`dgm`m§_Ü o H$m_Jmam§Mr Q>§MmB© Va H$mhr

ì`dgm`m§_Ü o A{V[aŠV H$m_Jma Aem àH$maMr Ag§VwbZmMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXm. dmhZ CÚmoJ

joÌmV, dmhZ XþéñVrÀ`m joÌmV H$m_Jmam§Mr Q>§MmB© OmUdVo. Va Ho$di _hm{dÚmb`rZ {ejU KoVbobo

Vê$U amoOJma Zmhr åhUyZ ~oH$ma {\$aVm§Zm {XgVmV. AmQ>©g², H$m°_g© d gm`Ýg `m VrZhr nXdr narjoÀ`m

CÎmrU© C_oXdmam§Mr ~mOmanoR>oVrb nwadR>çmMr n[apñWVr qMVmOZH$ Amho. H$maU Ë`m§Zr Ho$di Am¡nMm[aH$

{ejU KoVbo Amho. na§Vw Vo amoOJma {_idyZ XoÊ`mgmR>r \$mago Cn wŠV Zmhr Am{U Ë`m§À`mH$S>o {d{eï> Ago

amoOJmam{^_wI H$m¡eë` Zmhr.

B) dmñVì` {R>H$mUr àdmg àd¥Îmr :

^maVmVrb ~hþVoH$ l{_H$ ho Á`m {R>H$mUr godog AgVmV Ë`m{R>H$mUr amhmV ZmhrV H$maU Ë`m§Mo

H$m`_ñdê$nr dmñVì` BVaÌ AgVo. Ë`mVrb _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`m§Zm _moR>çm eham§_Ü o ZmoH$ar H$amdr

bmJVo. _mÌ Ë`m{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Zm {Zdmam CnbãY hmoB©bM `mMr emídVr ZgVo. Ë`m§À`m doVZmÀ`m VwbZoZo

Ë`m§Zm Úmdo bmJUmao Ka^mS>o OmñV AgVo. J«_mrU ^mJmVyZ Am`.Q>r.Am`. gmaIo H$mog© Ho$ë`mZ§Va ~aoMgo

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H$m_Jma H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o H$m_mg bmJVmV. Voìhm Ë`m§Mr gm_m{OH$ d ^md{ZH$ Jw§VdUyH$ Jmdm§H$S>o AgVo.

Ë`m§Mo Am{W©H$ {hVg§~§Y XoIrb JmdmH$S>o AgVmV. H$maU JmdmH$S>o WmoS>r \$ma O{_Z AgVo, Ka AgVo.

Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ JmdmH$S>oM AgVo. åhUyZ Oa ehamnmgyZ Jmd Vmg XrS> Vmg àdmgmÀ`m A§VamZo Agob

Va Vo XaamoO Jmd Vo H$m_mMo {R>H$mU Aer XmoZ Vo VrZ Vmg àdmgmV KmbdyZ o-Om H$aVmV. qH$dm Vo

eŠ` Zgë`mg AmR>dS>çmVyZ, n§Yam {XdgmVyZ Ë`m§Zm Oo d Ogo eŠ` Agob Ë`mà_mUo Ë`m§À`m gmo rZwgma,

A°S>OoñQ>_|Q> H$aVmV. `mVyZ ^maVmVrb ~è`mMem H$m_Jmam§Mo bj H$m_m~amo~a JmdmH$S>o dmQ>bo OmD$Z

Ë`mMm Ë`mÀ`m CËnmXZj_Voda n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

\$) H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmVrb Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm :

^maVmgma»`m AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m {d{dYVm Agboë`m XoemV H$mhr Agwa{jVVoMo àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

{d{dY OmVr, {d{dY Y_©, {d{dY ^mfm, {d{dY g§ñH¥$Vr, àmXo{eH$ A{^_mZ, àm§Vr` {d{dYVm Aem

AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m nañna {damoYmV ^maVr` {d{dYVoV EH$Vm AmT>iyZ oVo. _mÌ H$mhr doim `m {d{dYVoVyZM

VmU VUmdmMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoVo. H$Yr àm§Vr`, H$Yr OmVr`, H$Yr Ym{_©H$, H$Yr dm§{eH$ Aem

dM©ñddmXmVyZ gm_m{OH$ VUmd {Z_m©U hmVomV. g_mOmVrb H$mhr Anàd¥Îmr Ë`m§Zm IVnmUr KmbyZ g_mOmV

H$m_Jmam§_Ü o Aem§VVm, Agwa{jVVm {Z_m©U H$aVmV. Ogo _w§~B©_Ü o H$mhr àm§VdmXmda AmYmarV g§KQ>Zm

{~hmar d CÎmaàXoemVrb H$m_Jmam§da hëbo H$aVmV. ~|Jbmoa_Ü o B©emÝ` ^maVmVrb H$m_Jmam§da hëbo Ho$bo

OmVmV. {Xëbr_Ü o XoIrb AemM àH$maMr àd¥Îmr dmT>Vm§Zm {XgVo. VoWo XoIrb B©emÝ` ^maVmVrb

H$m_Jmam§da hëbo Ho$bo OmVmV. `m gd© ~m~tMm n[aUm_ H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXZ j_Voda hmoVmo Ë`m§À`m _ZmV

H$m`_ ñdê$nmMr EH$ {^Vr AgVo. AmnU naàm§Vr` AmhmoV, Aëng§»`m§H$ AmhmoV Aer ^mdZm {Z_m©U

hmoVo. gmh{OH$M l_ ~mOmanoR>oda Ë`mMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

J) l_~mOmanoR>oVrb àmXo{eH$Vm :

^maVmVrb AZoH$ amÁ`m§_Ü o {d{dY Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr Amho. Ë`m~amo~aM EH$mM amÁ`m_Ü o XoIrb

àmXo{eH$Vm Amho. Ogo _hmamï´>mV npíM_ _hmamï´>mÀ`m VwbZoZo H$moH$U, _amR>dmS>m d {dX © ho _mJgbobo

àXoe AmhoV. npíM_ _hmamï´>mV gdm©V OmñV gmIa H$maImZo Agë`m_wio D$gmMr eoVr _moR>çm à_mUmV

Amho Ë`mVyZ oUmao CËnmXZhr OmñV Amho. åhUyZ BVa ^mJmVrb eoVH$è`m§nojm `m ^mJmVrb eoVH$è`m§Mr

d eoV_Oyam§Mr n[apñWVr Mm§Jbr Amho. gmh{OH$M OmñV gmIa H$maImZo d D$g eoVr `m_wio `mda

H$m_mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmao H$m_Jma `m ^mJmV nwaoem à_mUmV CnbãY hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. D$gVmoS>UrgmR>r

Va H$moëhmnya, gm§Jbr `m {Oëhçm§_Ü o _amR>dmS>çmVyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm AmUmdo bmJVo. ~aoMgo H$m_Jma

D$ñ_mZm~mX, {~S>, bmVya `m ^mJmVyZ amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV npíM_ _hmamï´>mV oVmV. H$mhtZm D$g

VmoS>UrgmR>r R>oHo$Xmar nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z D$gVmoS>Ur H$m_Jma AmUmdo bmJVmV. Ë`m§Zm H$mhr CMb

XoD$Z H$_r _mo~Xë`mV am~dbo OmVo. VgoM H$moH$UmVrb ~aoM H$m_Jma _w§~B©, nwÊ`mH$S>o OmVmV. Á`m

àXoemVrb Am{W©H$ n[apñWVr Mm§Jbr Amho, Ë`m àXoemV Ka~m§YUrÀ`m H$m_mbm doJ oVmo. Ë`mgmR>r

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~m§YH$m_ _Owa åhUyZ `m _mJmg àXoemVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm {dH${gV àXoemV Omdo bmJVo. ho EH$ ^maVr`

l_~mOmanooR>oMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho.

h) l_ ~mOmanoR>oVrb H§$ÌmQ>Xmar nÕVrMm dmT>Vm à^md :

^maVr` l_~mOmanoR>oV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV H$m_Jma H$m`_ Pmë`mg Ë`mbm H$m`Úmà_mUo AZoH$

àH$maÀ`m gmo r, gw{dYm d doVZ Úmdo bmJVo. VgoM H$maImZXmam§À`m _Vmà_mUo Oa H$m_Jma H$maImÝ`mV

H$m`_ Pmbm Va Ë`mMo H$m_mnojm gmo rgw{dYm§H$S>o OmñV bj AgVo. Vmo _mbH$m~amo~a g§Kf© H$aÊ`mÀ`m

V`marV AgVmo. g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ~m§YUrV OmñV doi IMu KmbVmo. Ë`m_mZmZo O~m~XmarMo ^mZ R>odV Zmhr.

åhUOoM H$m`_ H$m_Jma H$_rV H$_r H$m_ d OmñVrV OmñV Xm_ Aem àH$mao Amnbo YmoaU R>a{dVmo.

`mCbQ> H§$ÌmQ>XmamMm AñWm`r, A{ZpíMV H$m_Jma Amnbr ZmoH$ar {Q>Hy$Z amhmdr åhUyZ Mm§Jbo H$m_ H$aVmo.

OmñV H$m_ H$aVmo. Ë`mbm g§KQ>Zm ~m§YUrgmR>r doi Z {_imë`m_wio Ë`mMr gm¡XmeŠVr doVZdmT>rÀ`m

_mJUrgmR>r H$_r nS>Vo. åhUyZ H$_rVH$_r Xm_m_Ü o Ë`mÀ`mH$Sy>Z OmñVrV OmñV H$m_ H$ê$Z KoVm oUo

eŠ` hmoVo. åhUyZ H$maImÝ`mVrb _mbH$ H§$ÌmQ>Xmam§H$Sy>Z H$m_Jma _mJdyZ KoÊ`mg àmYmÝ` XoVmV Ë`m_wio

H§$ÌmQ>Xmar nÕVrMm ^maVr` l_~mOmamVrb à^md dmT>V OmVmo.

O) l_~mOmamVrb H$amanÕVrMo dmT>Vo à_mU :

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m YmoaUmZ§Va H$m`_ ñdê$nr EH$mM _mbH$mH$S>o, H$maImZXmamH$S>o, CÚmoJmV amhÊ`mEodOr

H$m_Jmam§Zm CnbãY qH$dm àñWm{nV amoOJmamnojm BVaÌ OmñV doVZ {_iV Agob Va Vmo {VH$S>o Ho$ìhm§hr

OmD$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r _mbH$mMr H$mhr {Xdgm§gmR>r J¡agmo hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ H$amanÕVrMm Adb§~

H$aÊ`mV oVmo. EH$ df©, XmoZ df}, nmM df} Aem H$mbmdYrMm amoOJma XoUmam d amoOJma ñdrH$maUmam `m

XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§_Ü o AmnmngmVrb gmo rZwgma H$ama Ho$bm OmVmo. åhUOoM _mbH$mbm Ho$ìhmhr ZmoH$ardê$Z

H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Vm oV Zmhr. VgoM godH$mbm Ho$ìhm§hr BVaÌ Mm§Jbr g§Yr d Mm§Jbo doVZ {_imbo Var

_mbH$mMr J¡agmo H$ê$Z BVaÌ OmVm oV Zmhr. XmoÝhr ~mOy§Zr H$amamÀ`m {ZpíMV H$mbmdYr n ªV

EH$_oH$m§Zm gmoSy>Z OmUo hm H$m`ÚmZwgma {Z`_ §J R>aVmo. Ë`m_wio H$amamà_mUo XmoÝhr njm§Mr ~m§{YbH$s

AgVo. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZmÀ`m joÌmV VgoM A{^`m§{ÌH$sÀ`m joÌmV Aem CÀM àH$maÀ`m g_Oë`m OmUmè`m

l_~mOmamV H$amanÕVrMm Adb§~ OmñV à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVmo. CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`, {dH«$s {d^mJ, E_.~r.E.

Pmë`mZ§Va Aem àH$maÀ`m godm joÌmV ZmoH$ar ñdrH$maV AgVm§Zm XoIrb H$ama nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bm

OmVmo. `m~amo~aM H$maImÝ`m§Vrb H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m`_ñdê$nr godoV gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mnojm _mbH$m§Mm XoIrb H$b

df© XmoZ dfmªÀ`m H$amamH$S>o diVm§Zm {XgVmo. `mVyZM A{bH$S>o H$amanÕVrMo _hÎd dmT>V Amho.

B gZmVZdmXr, ZdgZmVZdmXr Am{U Û¡VdmXr AW©ì`dñVoVrb l_ ~mOmanoR>oMo {díbofU :

àñVmdZm :

BVa dñVy§À`m ~mOmanoR>oà_mUoM l_~mOmanoR>oÀ`m XoIrb XmoZ ~mOy AgVmV. EH$ åhUOo _mJUrMr

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~mOy d Xþgar åhUOo nwadR>çmMr ~mOy l_~mOmanoR>oVrb EHy$U l_mMr _mJUr d EHy$U l_mMm nwadR>m `mVyZ

doVZ Xa {ZpíMV hmoV AgVmV.

B l_mMr _mJUr :

l_mMr _mJUr hr ì wËnÞ _mJUr Amho. åhUOoM AmnU Ooìhm EImÚm dñVyMr _mJUr H$aVmo. Voìhm

Ë`m dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$amd`mMo Agë`mg Ë`mgmR>r g§ moOH$ y_r,

l_ d ^m§S>db `m {VÝhr dñVy§Mr _mJUr H$aVmo. åhUOoM l_mMr _mJUr hr BVa dñVy§À`m _mJUrda

Adb~yZ AgVo. `mbmM ì wËnÞ (derived) _mJUr, AàË`j _mJUr qH$dm namoj _mJUr Ago åhUVmV.

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr `m Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. gmh{OH$M doVZ qH$dm _Owar

XoIrb l_mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. `mg§X^m©V AZoH$ gZmVZdmXr d ZdgZmVZdmXr

AW©VÁkm§Zr AmnAmnbo {^Þ{^Þ {gÕm§V _m§S>bo AmhoV.

Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$ `m A_o[aH$Z AW©VkmZo AZoH$ boIm§_YyZ Amnbm gr_m§V CËnmXZ{df`rMm {gÕm§V

{dH${gV Ho$bm Amho. Z§Va Ë`m§Zr ho CËnmXZj_VoMo {gÕm§V Amnë`m 'The Distribution of Wealth' `m

nwñVH$mVyZ àH$m{eV Ho$bo AmhoV. Amnë`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o Ë`m§Zr nyU©nUo pñWVrerb g_mO J¥hrV Yabm Amho.

BVa H$moUË`mhr Am{W©H$ ~Xbm§Mm Ë`m§À`m {gÕm§Vmda à^md nS>V Zmhr Ago Ë`m§Zm dmQ>Vo. åhUOoM Ë`m§Zr

bmoH$g§»`m hr pñWa Amho, ^m§S>db pñWa Amho. CËnmXZV§ÌmV H$moUVmhr ~Xb hmoV Zmhr, H$moUË`mhr

Am{W©H$ ~Xbm§nmgyZ Am{U {dH$mgm§nmgyZ Ë`m§Mm {gÕm§V A{bßV Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo doVZXa ho Z¡g{J©H$

_wë`m§da AmYmarV AgVmV. gmh{OH$M CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ~mOmanoR>oV nyU© ñnYm© AgVo Ago Vo _mZVmV.

Ë`mMà_mUo l_~mOmamV nyU©nUo J{VerbVm AgVo Ago Ë`mZ§m dmQ>Vo.

gZmVZdmÚm§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZmÀ`m {gÕm§VmZwgma CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m

gr_m§V CËnmXZ j_Voda Adb§~yZ AgVmV. ŠbmH©$ `m§À`m {gÕm§VmZwgma VrZ KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AmhoV.

1) {H$Vr H$m_Jma H$m_mda R>odmdoV ho Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZj_VoÀ`m {gÕm§Vmdê$Z CËnmXH$mbm

_mJ©Xe©H$ R>ê$ eH$Vo. Ë`m§Mm {gÕm§V àm_w»`mZo KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ \$bmÀ`m {gÕm§Vmda AmYmarV

Amho.

2) ~mOmanoR>oV nyU© ñnYm© AgVo. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV AmnmoAmn _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmZwgma gd©

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m ~mOmanoR>oV g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo.

3) gd© ~mOmanoR>m§_Ü o XrK©H$mimV gd©gmYmaU g_Vmob àñWm{nV hmoVmo.

S>m°. Aë\o«$S> _me©b Am{U àm. Oo. Ama. {hŠg `m§Zr ŠbmH©$À`m {gÕm§Vmnojm Amnbo {^Þ _V _m§S>bo

Amho. _me©b `m§Mm {gÕm§V gr_m§V CËnmXZj_Vm {gÕm§V åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. doVZXa Ho$di

H$m_Jmam§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXZ j_Voda R>adbo OmVmV Ago ZgyZ doVZXa ho XmoÝhr ~mOy§da Adb§~yZ AgVmV.

EH$ åhUOo _mJUrMr ~mOy Am{U Xþgar åhUOo nwadR>çmMr ~mOy. Á`m {R>H$mUr _mJUr d nwadR>m ho XmoÝhr

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l_mMr CÚmoJg§ñWoVrb _mJUr l_mMr CÚmoJY§ÚmMr _mJUr

(A) (B)

(AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 1)

AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 1 _Yrb (A) `m AmH¥$VrV CÚmoJg§ñWoMm _mJUr dH«$ Xe©{dbm Amho Va (B) `m

AmH¥$Vr _Ü o CÚmoJY§ÚmMm l_mMm _mJUr dH«$ Xe©{dbm Amho. nyU© ñnY}À`m ~mOmanoR>o_Ü o gr_m§V àmßVr

CËnmXZ (Marginal Revenue Product (MRP) dH«$ hm CÚmoJg§ñWoMm l_mMm _mJUr dH«$ AgVmo.

`mdê$ZM AmnUmg CÚmoJY§ÚmMm _mJUr dH«$ H$mT>Vm oVmo. Ooìhm ~mOmanoR>oVrb _OwarMm Xa OP BVH$m

Agob Voìhm CÚmoJg§ñWm ON BVŠ`m l_mMr _mJUr H$aob. g_Om AemàH$maÀ`m 200 CÚmoJg§ñWm `m

CÚmoJY§Ú>mV AmhoV Va OP `m doVZXamda EHy$U _mJUr 200 x ON {H$§dm 200 ON BVŠ`m l{_H$m§Mr

_mJUr {Z_m©U hmoB©b. g_Om doVZXa OP1 BVH$m Imbr Ambm Va CÚmoJ§ñWoMr _mJUr ON1 BVH$s

dmT>ob. åhUOoM, OP1 BVŠ`m doVZXmambm 200 ON1 BVH$s CÚmoJY§ÚmMr l{_H$m§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr

hmoB©b. OP2 BVŠ`m doVZXamda CÚmoJg§ñWoMr ON2 Va CÚmoJY§ÚmMr l_mMr _mJUr 200 ON2 BVH$s

hmoB©b. K, L, G, H `m q~Xÿdê$ZM AmnUmg CÚmoJY§ÚmgmR>rÀ`m EHy$U H$m_Jmam§À`m _mJUrMm _mJUr dH«$

H$mT>Vm oB©b. DD hm EHy$U _mJUr dH«$ hmo .

dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr doVZXa {ZpíMV hmoVmo d amoOJmanmVir XoIrb {ZpíMV hmoVo.

åhUOoM Á`m q~Xÿda l_mMr _mJUr = l_mMm nwadR>m = gr_m§V CËnmXZ {ZpíMV hmoVo. Ë`mM q~Xÿda doVZ

XoIrb {ZpíMV hmoVo. `mbmM doVZ {gÕm§V Ago åhUVmV.

ho AmnUmg nwT>rb à_mUo AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

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B l_mMm nwadR>m :

l_mMm nwadR>m hm gZmVZdmXr {gÕm§Vmà_mUo doVZmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Oa doVZ OmñV Agob Val_nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. åhUOoM doVZXa d l_nwadR>m `m§_Ü o YZ g§~§Y AgVmo. _mëWg `m§Zr Va bmoH$g§»`mdmT>rMm g§~§Y hm doVZXamer OmoS>bm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo _Owam§Zm {_iUmao dmñVd doVZ Oa {Zdm©h doVZmnojmOmñV Agob Va bmoH$g§»`m dmT>Vo. `mCbQ> dmñVd doVZ {Zdm©h nmVirdarb doVZmnojm H$_r Agob VabmoH$g§»`m H$_r hmoVo. Ooìhm dmñVd doVZ ho {Zdm©hnmVirdarb doVZm~amo~a Agob Voìhm bmoH$g§»`m dmT>hr pñWa hmoB©b.

_mÌ l_nwadR>m hm Zoh_rM doVZXam~amo~a YZ AgVmoM Ago Zmhr. l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmda XoIrb CËnÞn[aUm_, n`m© Vm n[aUm_ `m§Mm à^md nS>V AgVmo. l_ Am{U l_mbm n`m© {dlm§Vr. H$mhr {d{eï>nmVir n ªV H$m_Jma doVZ dmT>ë`mg H$m_mMo Vmg dmT>dVmo. _mÌ EH$m {d{eï> nmVirZ§Va gr_m§VCn`mo{JVoÀ`m àd¥ÎmrZwgma Ë`mMr n¡emMr, doVZmMr gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo Am{U {dlm§VrMrAmam_mMr gr_m§V Cn`mo{JVm dmT>V OmVo. åhUOoM EH$m {d{eï> _`m©XoZ§Va doVZmV dmT> Pmë`mg l{_H$Amnë`m l_mMm nwadR>m dmT>{dÊ`mEodOr H$_r H$aVmo Va Amam_mbm àmYmÝ` XoVmo. `mVyZM, doVZXa dl_mMm nwadR>m `m_Ü o ì`ñV g§~§Y qH$dm F$U g§~§Y àñWm{nV hmoVmo. Am{U AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUol_mMm _mJo diUmam SS1 hm l_nwadR>m dH«$ V`ma hmoVmo.

AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 2B l_~mOmanoR>oVrb g_Vmob :

BVa dñVy§À`m ~mOmanoR>oà_mUoM l_~mOmanoR>oV XoIrb doVZXa ho l_mMo _mJUr d l_mMm nwadR>m

`mZwgma R>aVmV. Á`m {R>H$mUr l_mMm _mJUr dH«$ d l_mMm nwadR>m dH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV Ë`m {R>H$mUr

g_Vmob àñWm{nV hmoD$Z doVZXa XoIrb {ZpíMV hmoVmo. AmH¥$Vr H«$. 3 _Ü o DD hm l_mMm _mJUr dH«$

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l_mMr _mJUr d nwadR>m

AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 3

l_~mOmanoR>o {df`r àm. Oo. E_. Ho$Ýg `m§Mo Am{W©H$ {díbofU : 1929 Vo 33 À`m

_hm_§XrZ§Va àm. Oo. E_. Ho$Ýg `m§Mm The General Theory of Employment, Interest and

Money hm J«§W àH$m{eV Pmbm. Ë`m J«§Wm_Ü o Ë`m§Zr gZmVZdmÚm§Mm l_~mOmanoR>oMm {gÕm§V hm AnyU©

Amho. Am{U ~mOmanoR>oV nyU© amoOJmamMr n[apñWVr ZgVo, Ago _V _m§S>bo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo {OVHo$ àXmZ OmñV

{VVH$m amoOJma OmñV. amoOJma hm à^mdr _mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgVmo Va à^mdr _mJUr hr Cn^mo½`

dñVy§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr Am{U Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr `mdê$Z R>aVo. gmh{OH$M ~oamoOJmarMr

n[apñWVr hr n[aUm_H$maH$ _mJUrÀ`m H$_VaVo_wio CX² dVo. ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoVrb ~oamoOJmarMr

n[apñWVr hr gd©gm_mÝ` AdñWm Amho. hr AdñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo Á`m à_mUmV

bmoH$m§Mo CËnÞ dmT>Vo Ë`m à_mUmV Ë`m§Mm Cn^moJ dmT>V Zmhr. Cn^moJmMo à_mU dmT>Vo na§Vw Vo

Amho. Va SS hm l_mMm nwadR>m dH«$ Amho. E `m q~Xÿ_Ü o l_mMr _mJUr d nwadR>m g_mZ hmoVmV. H$maU

SS hm nwadR>m dH«$ d DD hm _mJUrdH«$ EH$_oH$m§Zm N>oXVmV. OW `m doVZXmamda OL BVŠ`m

H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma CnbãY hmoB©b. OW1 BVHo$ doVZXa Agë`mg H$m_Jmam§À`m _mJUrnojm SH BVH$m

nwadR>m OmXm hmoB©b Va OW2 `m doVZ Xamda QR BVH$s _mJUr OmñV hmoB©b. gmh{OH$M doVZXa

dmT>ë`mg l_nwadR>çmV ñnYm© hmoD$Z l_nwadR>m dmT>ob d n[aUm_r doVZXa H$_r hmoB©b. `mCbQ> H$_r

doVZXamda H$m_Jmam§Mr _mJUr dmTy>Z doVZXa dmT>Vrb d OW `m doVZXamOdi pñWa hmoVrb. H$maU E

`m q~Xÿda l_mMr _mJUr = l_mMm nwadR>m = doVZ = amoOJma = l_mMr gr_m§V àmßVr CËnmXZ Aer

n[apñWVr {Z_m©U hmoB©b.

Y D S

H

E

R

YS

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H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m

AmH¥$Vr H«$_m§H$ 4

`m AmH¥$Vr_Ü o ADF1 hm dH«$ H$m_Jmam§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr Xe©{dVmo. OW1 BVH$s doVZmMr

nmVir AgVm§Zm OL1 BVH$m amOoJma {Z_m©U hmoVmo. ASF hm dH«$ EHy$U nwadR>m dH«$ Amho. OgOgm

amoOJma dmT>Vmo VgVer _mJUr qH$_V d nwadR>m qH$_V `m XmoÝhrhr dmT>V OmVmV. gwê$dmVrbm EH§$Xa

_mJUr qH$_V hr EH§$Xa nwadR>m qH$_Vrnojm åhUOoM CËnmXZ IMm©nojm A{YH$ doJmZo dmT>Vo. `m_wio

g§ moOH$m§Zm A{YH$ Z\$m {_iVmo d Vo amoOJma dmT>{dVmV. _mÌ hr n[apñVr \$ma H$mi ~mOmanoR>oV {Q>Hy$

eH$V Zmhr. ASF `m EHy$U nwadR>m qH$_VrMr JVr dmTy> bmJyZ ADF1 `m dH«$mà_mUo _mJUr qH$_VrMr

JVr H$_r hmoV OmVo. OL1 BVH$s amoOJmamMr nmVir Am{U OW1 BVH$s doVZ nmVir AgVm§Zm EHy$U

_mJUr Am{U EHy$U nwadR>m g_mZ hmoD$Z AW©ì`dñWoMo g§VwbZ àmßV hmoVo. _mÌ AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo

XoemVrb l{_H$m§Mr EHy$U g§»`m hr OL2 BVH$s Amho. åhUyZ OL1 `m nmVirda Pmbobm g_Vmob hm

nyU© amoOJmanmVirda Pmbobm ZgyZ Ë`mnojm ImbÀ`m nmVirda Pmbm Amho. Voìhm `m n[apñWVrV L1, L2

BVHo$ l{_H$ ~oamoOJma amhVmV. `m _Owam§gmR>r Oa amoOJma {Z_m©U H$amd`mMm Agob Va EHy$U _mJUr dH«$

hm ADF1 dê$Z ADF2 Agm daÀ`m nmVirda Omd`mg hdm `m pñWVrV amï´>r` CËnÞmMr nmVir OW2

CËnÞdmT>rÀ`m n«_mUmnojm H$_r à_mUmV dmT>Vo. åhUyZ Oa ~mOmanoR>oV amoOJma dmT>dm`Mm Agob Va

n[aUm_H$maH$ _mJUr dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r AW©ì`dñWoVrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmT>dbr nm{hOo. gZmVZdmÚm§À`m doVZmÀ`m

{díbofUm~m~V Ho$Ýg åhUVmV H$s, H$m_Jmam§Mm doVZ H$_r H$aÊ`mg {damoY AgVmo. H$maU Ë`m§À`m

_Zm_Ü o MbZ «_ AgVmo. dmñVd doVZmnojm Ë`m§Zm n¡emVrb doVZmMo _hÎd OmñV dmQ>Vo. åhUyZ doVZ H$_r

hmoD$Z amOoJma dmT>V Zmhr. H$maU H$m_Jma Ë`mbm {damoY H$aVmV, Am{U ~oamoOJmarMr n[apñWVr {Z_m©U

hmoVo. Ho$Ýg `m§Mo ~mOmanoR>{df`H$ {díbofU AmnUmg nwT>rbà_mUo AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

W2

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amï´>r` CËnÞ

amï´>r` IM©}

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n ªV dmTy>Z nyU© amoOJmarÀ`m nmVirda ZdrZ g_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoB©b.

`mdê$Z AmnUmg Ago ñnï> hmoVoo H$s, amoOJmarÀ`m àË oH$ nmVirgmR>r EHy$U _mJUr Am{U EHy$U

nwadR>m `m§Mo g§VwbZ Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo, Vmo q~Xÿ åhUOo à^mdr _mJUr hmo . `m à^mdr _mJUrZwgmaM CËnÞ

Am{U amoOJmarMr àË`j nmVir R>aVo. à^mdr _mJUrMm àË oH$ q~Xÿ nyU©amoOJmam~amo~aM amhrb Ago Zmhr.

Va AnyU© amoOJmarÀ`m AdñWoVhr AW©ì`dñWoMo g§VwbZ {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo. åhUyZM Ho$Ýg `m§Mo

l_~mOmanoR>o{df`rMo {díbofU åhUOo AnyU© amoOJmarÀ`m g_Vmob AdñWoMo AW©emó Ago åhQ>bo OmVo.

Amnë`m AmH¥$VrV OW2 BVH$s g_Vmob _mJUr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r ADF2 `m dH«$mda _mJUr {Z_m©U

ìhmd`mg hdr. na§Vw Vr {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$V Zgë`m_wio Ho$Ýg `m§À`m _Vo, L1 L2 BVHo$ ~oH$ma AgVm§ZmM

E1 `m {R>H$mUr AW©ì`dñWoVrb l_ ~mOmanoR>oVrb g_Vmob àmßV hmoB©b.

1.2.2 Jw§VdUyH$sMo AmH$ma_mZ Am{U aMZm `mg§~§YrV l_mMr _mJUr :

1) AW©ì`dñWoVrb Jw§VdUyH$sMo ñdê$n :

àm_w»`mZo Jw§VdUyH$ hr XmoZ àH$maMr AgVo. 1) ñd §ào[aV Jw§VdUyH$ d 2) A{^ào[aV Jw§VdUyH$ Or

Jw§VdUyH$ ì`mOXamda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Aem Jw§VdUyH$sg A{^ào[aV Jw§VdUyH$ Ago åhUVmV. ImOJr Jw§VdUyH$Xma

Aem àH$maMr Jw§VdUyH$ H$aVmV. VgoM Vr ^m§S>dbmÀ`m H$m ©j_Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Va Or Jw§VdUyH$ hr

^m§S>dbmMr gr_m§V H$m ©j_Vm d ì`mOXa `m§Mm {dMma Z H$aVm AW©ì`dñWoV amoOJma dmT> ìhmdr d

AW©ì`dñWobm MmbZm {_imdr åhUyZ Ho$br OmVo, Ë`m Jw§VdUyH$sbm ñdm`Îm Jw§VdUyH$ Ago åhUVmV.

gmh{OH$M Aem àH$maMr Jw§VdUyH$ hr emgH$s` nmVirdaM Ho$br OmVo. åhUyZ ñd §ào[aV Jw§VdUyH$sMo à_mU

dmT>ë`mg l_mMr _mJUr dmT>Vo. maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV XþîH$mir mJmV Á`m {d{dY moOZm.am~{dë`m

OmVmV Ë`m§Zm amoOJma h_r moOZm Ago åhUVmV. gmh{OH$M Aem àH$maÀ`m moOZm§_wio Ag§KQ>rV d AHw$eb

l_mMr _mJUr dmT>Vo. Ë`mVyZ amoOJmadmT> XoIrb hmoVo d amï´>mÀ`m CËnmXZ H$m`m©g hmV^ma nU bmJVmo.

2) XoemVrb emgH$s` YmoaUo :

Á`m Ë`m XoemVrb emgH$s` YmoaUm§da Jw§VdUyH$sMo à_mU Adb§~yZ AgVo. Oa XoemVrb gaH$ma

Jw§VdUyH$sbm àmoËgmhZ XoUmao Agob, emgZmbm XoemV Jw§VdUyH$sbm MmbZm {_imdr Ago dmQ>V Agob Va

Aemdoir gaH$mar Jw§VdUyH$sg nmofH$ dmVmdaU V`ma hmoVo. gaH$ma ImOJr Jw§VdUyH$Xmam§Zm àmoËgmhZ {_imdo

åhUyZ Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r AgUmao AS>Wio Xÿa H$aVo. Ogo EImXm CÚmoJ gwê$ H$aV AgVm§Zm Vmo gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r

AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m 20 Vo 25 {d{dY ImË`m§H$Sy>Z Oa nadmZJr ¿`mdr bmJV Agob Va CÚmoOH$ AmH${f©V hmoUma

ZmhrV. mCbQ> H$mhr EH${IS>H$s gma»`m moOZm§_m\©$V gwQ>gwQ>rV Agm _mJ© {ZKV Agob d Ho$di AË`mdí`H$

ImË`m§H$Sy>Z nadmZJr KoD$Z Á`m AZmdí`H$ nadmZ½`m AmhoV Ë`m§Mo à_mU H$_r H$aVm oV Agob Va

{ZpíMVM CÚmoJm§_Yrb Jw§VdUyH$ dmTy>Z l_mMr _mJUr dmT>ob. `mCbQ> {H$Ë oH$ {Xdg CÚmoJ {Z{_©Vrbm

AS>Wim Amë`m_wio l_mMr _mJUr hmoUma Zmhr.

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3) AW©ì`dñWoVrb CnbãY Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZgm_wJ«r :

{ZgJm©Zo _mZdmbm {Xbobr A_yë` gmYZg§nÎmr åhUOo y_r. Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmrMo _yë` AmnU A_yë`

qH$dm {dZm_yë` åhUV Agbmo Var _hÎdmMo AgVo. `m Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr_Ü o ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo XoemVrb

O_rZ, nmUr, O§Jb, g_wÐ{H$Zmao, ImUr, XJS>r H$moigm, ~m°ŠgmB©S>, _±JZrO, bmoI§S>, nmobmX Aer Z¡g{J©H$

gmYZg§nÎmr AgUmar I{ZOÐì o Amnë`m g_moa oVmV. mVyZM Amnë`m XoemVrb OodT>r Z¡g{J©H$ gmYZg§nÎmr

OmñV VodT>m amoOJma OmñV d l_mbm AgUmar _mJUr hr OmñV Agob.

4) {dH$mgmYma^yV gmo`r d gw{dYm :

EImÚm n[ajoÌmV CÚmoJ gwê$ H$amd`mMm Agë`mg AJmoXa Ë`mgmR>r {dH$mgmYma yV Mm¡H$Q> _O~yV

Agmd`mg hdr. CXm Ë`m n[agamV Mm§Jë`m àH$maMo, Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo añVo, nwaoem à_mUmV bmoS>eoS>tJ {dahrV

24 Vmg _w~bH$ nwadR>m hmoB©b Aer drO, CÚmoJmgmR>r bmJUmè`m nmÊ`mÀ`m gw{dYm, ~mOmanoR>oÀ`m gw{dYm,

H$maImÝ`mVyZ, CÚmoJmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoUmao Q>mH$mD$ nXmW©, gm§S>nmUr m§Mr ì`dpñWV[aË`m {dëhodmQ> bmdÊ`mgmR>r

Ho$boë`m gmo r d gw{dYm AemàH$maÀ`m _wb yV gw{dYm Agë`mg AmnmoAmn CÚmoOH$m§Zm hþê$n oD$Z Vo

Jw§VdUyH$sgmR>r nwT>o oVrb d amoOJma dmTy>Z l{_H$m§Mr _mJUr dmT>ob.

5) CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m dmT>rgmR>r nmofH$ n[apñWVr :

CÚmoJY§Úm§À`m dmT>rgmR>r àm_w»`mZo Ë`m XoemVrb amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr nmofH$ AgUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo. ~è`mMdoim amÁ`m§_Ü o qH$dm Xoem_Ü o amOH$s` AñW¡ © Agë`mg Ë`mMm Jw§VdUyH$sda

{dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. ~è`mMdoim CÚmoJm§Zm n`m©daUmÀ`m Zmdmda amOH$s` {damoY hmoD$ eH$Vmo. H$mhr doim

CÚmoOH$m§Zr ~iO~arZo CÚmoJm§gmR>r O_rZ A{YJ«{hV Ho$br Agob Va VoWo y{_nwÌm§Mm {damoY hmoVmo. H$mhr doim

g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z y{_YmaH$ O{_ZrMm _mo~Xbm Amnë`m gm¡XmeŠVrÀ`m ~imda dmT>dyZ KoD$ eH$VmV. mCbQ> Oa

y{_YmaH$ Xþ>~io AgVrb Va H$maImZXma, CÚmoOH$ ñdñVmV O{_Zr ~iH$mdÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Voìhm `m

XmoÝhr g§KfmªÀ`m n[apñWVrnojm Oa Ë`m ^mJmVrb gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` dmVmdaU Mm§Jbo Agob Va amoOJma

dmTy>Z Ë`m n[agamMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Mm§Jbm hmoB©b.

`m g§X^m©Vrb npíM_ ~§Jmb `m amÁ`mVrb qgJyaMo CXmhaU XoVm `oB©b. gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`

n[apñWVrVyZ Q>mQ>m `m§À`m Z°Zmo H$maÀ`m CÚmoJmbm {damoY Pmë`m_wio Vmo Ë`m {R>H$mUmhÿZ JwOamVH$S>o hbdmdm

bmJbm. _hmamï´>mVrb bdmgm gmaIm àH$ën XoIrb AemM AS>MUrV gmnS>bm. bdmgmMo {damoYH$ d

bdmgmMo g_W©H$ Aem _hmamï´>mVrb gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` bT>m C^m am{hë`mZo Vmo àH$ën nyU© hmoD$ eH$bm

Zmhr. Ë`mMm l_mÀ`m _mJUrda n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgVmo.

6) ~mOmanoR>oVrb dñVy§Mr _mJUr :

l_mMr _mJUr hr ì wËnÞ _mJUr Amho. AmnU Ooìhm EImÚm dñVyMr _mJUr H$aVmo Voìhm AmnU Ë`m

dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r bmJUmè`m l_mMr _mJUr H$arV AgVmo. åhUyZ Á`m {R>H$mUr dñVy§Zm AgUmar _mJUr

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OmñV AgVo. gmh{OH$M Ë`m {R>H$mUr l_mbm XoIrb _mJUr OmñV AgVo. _hmamï´>mVrb Á`m ^mJmV gmIaH$maImZo OmñV AmhoV Ë`m ^mJmV dñVy§Zm AgUmar _mJUr OmñV Amho. H$maU Ë`m ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`mCËnÞmMr nmVir BVa ^mJmVrb bmoH$m§À`mnojm OmñV Amho. Cn^moJ hm CËnÞmda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. åhUOoM_mJUr hr XoIrb CËnÞmda Adb§~yZ AgVo. åhUyZ l_mMr _mJUr hr dñVyÀ`m _mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgVo.{OVH$s dñVy§Zm AgUmar _mJUr OmñV Agob {VVH$sM l_mMr _mJUr XoIrb OmñV AgVo.

7) CnbãY V§ÌkmZ :

^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV Oa l_àYmZV§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm Jobm Va gmh{OH$M l_mMr_mJUr dmT>ob. åhUOoM XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dbàYmZ CËnmXZV§Ì dmnabo OmVo qH$dm l_àYmZCËnmXZV§Ì dmnabo OmVo. `mdê$Z l_mMr _mJUr R>aVo. _mÌ `m CËnmXZV§ÌmMm Am{U amoOJmamMm AmnUOoìhm gImob Aä`mg H$aVmo Voìhm `m `m~VrV {d{dY AW©VÁkm§_Ü o {^Þ{^Þ _Vàdmh AmT>iyZ oVmV.Oo AW©VÁk Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmMm, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm d ImOJrH$aUmMm nwañH$ma H$aVmV Ë`m§À`m _VoAmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dbàYmZ CËnmXZV§Ìm_wio amoOJmag§Yr H$_r Z hmoVm Ë`m dmT>Vrb. H$maU AZoH$ ZdrZ CÚmoJgwê$ H$aVm oVrb d Ë`mVyZ l_mMr _mJUr dmT>ob. `mCQ> Jm§YrdmXr {dMmagaUr Agboë`m VÁkm§Mml_àYmZ CËnmXZV§Ìmbm nmR>t~m Amho. XmoÝhr ~mOy§Mo \$m`Xo, VmoQ>o Ë`m Ë`m n[apñWVrda Adb§~yZ AgVmV.na§Vw gd©gmYmaUnUo AmO AZoH$ joÌmV ^m§S>dbàYmZ CËnmXZV§ÌmMm dmna hmoD$Z XoIrb l_mMr _mJUrdmT>V Amho. AZoH$ joÌmV Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mm VwQ>dS>m OmUdV Amho. VodT>oM Zmhr Va J«m_rU ^mJmVrbeoVH$ar d eoV_Owam§Mr _wbo {d{dY {R>H$mUr CÚmoJm§H$S>o amoOJmamgmR>r Joë`m_wio eoVrgmR>r _Owa CnbãYhmoV ZmhrV Ago gmd©{ÌH$ {MÌ Ñï>rnWmg oV Amho. H$maU amoOJmamgmR>r AZoH$ g§Yr, AZoH$ joÌo IwbrPmbr AmhoV. bmoH$m§À`m JaOm§Mo ñdê$n Ë`mVyZ ~Xbbo Amho. nyduÀ`m H$mir Á`m dñVy ~KÊ`mV ZìhË`mË`m AmVm X¡Z§{XZ ì`dhmamV JaOoÀ`m d dmnamÀ`m ~Zë`m AmhoV. åhUyZ AmYw{ZH$ ^m§S>dbàYmZCËnmXZV§Ì dmnê$Z gwÕm l_mMr _mJUr dmTy> eH$Vo.

8) CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr :

EImÚm dñVyÀ`m CËnmXZmgmR>r Oo CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnabo OmVmV Ë`m_Ü o n`m© r CËnmXZ KQ>H$, nyaH$CËnmXZ KQ>H$ dmnabo OmVmV. Voìhm n`m© r CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m qH$_Vr ñdñV Agë`mg Ë`mMm BVadñVy§À`m _mJUrda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. CXm. ~m§YH$m_ joÌmV `mAJmoXa l_mMm dmna OmñV à_mUmV Ho$bm OmVhmoVm. _mÌ ZdrZ V§ÌkmZm_wio H«o$Z, {_Šga, {bâQ>, Oogr~r _erZ `mgmaIr ^m§S>dbàYmZ CËnmXZ gmYZodmnamV oD$ bmJbr. Ë`m~amo~aM ^maVmVrb bmoH$g§»`m _mÌ OmñV Agë`m_wio AZoH$ ZdrZ H$m_o{ZKmbr. Ë`mVyZ ~m§YH$m_ _Owam§Mo H$m_ H$_r hmoÊ`mEodOr dmTy> bmJbo. CbQ> ~m§YH$m_ _Owam§Mr Q>§MmB©OmUdVo. Voìhm _w§~B©, nwUo gma»`m eham§_Ü o BVa amÁ`m§VyZ _Owa oD$ bmJbo. åhUOoM l_mbm ^m§S>dbn`m© r AgyZ ^m§S>dbmÀ`m qH$_Vr dmTy>Z XoIrb l_mMr _mJUr dmT>bobr {XgVo. AWm©V gd©M joÌmV AgmAZw d oB©bM Ago _mÌ Zmhr. H$maU _w§~B© OdiÀ`m n[agamV VgoM ^maVmVrb BVa g_wÐ{H$Zmè`mbJVÀ`m n[agamV _mgo_margmR>r AmYw{ZH$ V§ÌkmZmMm dmna ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zr Ho$ë`m_wio `m CÚmoJmVrb~hþg§»` _pÀN>_mam§Zm Cnmg_marMr doi Ambr. H$maU Ë`m§Mm amoOJma H$_r Pmbm.

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9) H$m_Jma YmoaU :::

H$m_Jma YmoaUmMm à^md l_mÀ`m _mJUrda hmoV AgVmo. Vm¡b{ZH$Ñï>çm CÚmoOH$m§Zm Oa H$m_Jma YmoaU

\$mago OmMH$ Zgob Va Vmo OmñV Jw§VdUyH$ H$ê$Z OmñV amoOJma {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$Vmo. _mÌ Oa H$m_Jma \$m`Xo

ho _mbH$mg OmñV OmMH$ dmQ>V AgVrb Va Vmo Jw§VdUyH$sg YOmdUma Zmhr. Oa H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _O~yV

hmoÊ`mMo emgH$s` YmoaU Agob Va _mbH$mg Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, H$m_Jma Amnë`m H$m_mnojm Amnë`m H$V©ì`mnojm

A{YH$mamH$S>o OmñV bj XoVrb. Ë`mVyZ _mbH$ d _Oya g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoD$Z Jw§VdUyH$sda {dn[aV n[aUm_

hmoB©b. _w§~B©_Yrb H$mnS> {JaÊ`m§_Yrb _mbH$ d _Oya `m§À`mVrb g§Kfm©Mm \$Q>H$m XÎmm gm_§V à{UV AZoH$

CÚmoJm§_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoD$Z _w§~B©Vrb AZoH$ H$mnS>{JaÊ`m ~§X nS>ë`m d l_mÀ`m _mJUrda Ë`mMm {dnarV

n[aUm_ Pmbm. Voìhm gaH$maMo H$m_Jma{df`H$ YmoaU ho {dH$mgmg nmofH$ Ago Agmdo Á`mVyZ H$m_Jma dJm©Mohr

H$ë`mU hmoB©b d _mbH$hr \$mago Ag§Vwï> AgUma ZmhrV. Ago Agë`mg {ZpíMVM Jw§VdUyH$sg nmofH$

dmVmdaU {Z_m©U hmoD$Z l_mMr _mJUr dmT>ob.

B l_Xb d¥Õrer g§~§{YV l_nwadR>m :

1) l_Xb gh^mJ Xa :

EImÚm {d{eîQ> H$mbmdYrV EHy$U bmoH$g§» on¡H$s àË`j Á`m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm Amho qH$dm Oo

amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV AmhoV Aem l_~mOmamV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m l_eŠVrMo Oo à_mU AgVo Ë`mbm l_Xb

gh^mJ Xa Ago åhUVmV. {OVHo$ OmñV bmoH$ àË`j H$m_mV AgVrb qH$dm Á`m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm

Agob VgoM amoOJma emoYUmè`m§Mo à_mUhr OmñV Agob Va gmh{OH$M l_Xb gh^mJ Xa dmT>ob Am{U

Ë`mVyZM AW©ì`dñWoV l_nwadR>m dmT>ob.

2) H$Vu bmoH$g§»`m :

^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV AmnU 15 Vo 59 `m d`moJQ>mVrb bmoH$g§»`m H$Vu bmoH$g§»`m

_mZVmo. Oa EHy$U bmoH$g§» on¡H$s H$Ë`m© bmoH$g§» oMo à_mU OmñV Agob Va l_Xb gh^mJ Xa XoIrb

OmñV AgVmo. `mCbQ> 0 Vo 14 `m d`moJQ>mVrb bhmZ ~mbH$m§Mo d _wbm§Mo à_mU OmñV Agob Ë`m

~amo~aM 59 dfmªnojm OmñV d`mÀ`m Ooð> bmoH$m§Mo à_mU XoIrb OmñV Agob Va AemàH$maMo bmoH$ l_

H$ê$ eH$Uma ZmhrV qH$dm l_XbmV àË`j gh^mJr hmoD$ eH$Uma ZmhrV Ë`m_wio XoemVrb EHy$U

bmoH$g§» on¡H$s {OVH$s 15 Vo 59 `m d`mVrb H$Vu bmoH$g§»`m OmñV VodT>m l_Xb gh^mJ Xa A{YH$

hmoB©b d l_mMm nwadR>m dmT>ob.

3) OZZXa d _¥Ë`yXa :

OÝ_Xamnojm _¥Ë yXamMo à_mU H$_r Pmë`mg bmoH$g§»`m dmT>Vo d Ë`mVyZ H$Vu bmoH$g§»`m dmTy>Z

l_nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV _¥Ë yXa H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r AZoH$

à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mMà_mUo OÝ_Xa H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r XoIrb AZoH$ à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ogo

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AÞgwajm H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amamo½`mÀ`m gmd©O{ZH$ §ÌUo_m\©$V godm nwa{dÊ`mV Amë`m. J«m_rU d

ehar ^mJmV XdmImZo gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVyZM Jar~, X{bV, Am{Xdmgr J«m_rU _{hbm§Zm àgwVrgmR>r

gw{dYm {Z_m©U Pmë`m n[aUm_r ~mb_¥Ë yMo à_mU H$_r Pmbo VgoM ~mi§VnUmV Amamo½`{df`H$ gmo r

gw{dYm§À`m A^mdr Á`m _mVm§Mo _aUmMo à_mU OmñV hmoVo Vo H$_r Pmbo åhUyZ EHy$U bmoH$g§»`m dmTy>Z

l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m dmTy>Z l_nwadR>m dmT>bm.

4) ñWbm§Va :

^maVmbm ñdmV§Í` {_imë`mZ§Va gr_m ^mJmV AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U Pmbo Ë`mVyZ ~aoMgo {Zdm©{gVm§Mo

bm|T>oÀ`m bm|T>o ^maVmV Ambo. Ë`m_mZmZo ^maVmVyZ nm{H$ñVmZmV OmUmè`m bmoH$m§Mo à_mU H$_r hmoVo. Aem

àH$mao ñWbm§Va Pmë`mg Ë`mMm l_nwadR>çmda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. ^maVmVrb l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m Ë`m_wio dmT>bm.

hrM g§H$ënZm XoemVrb EH$m amÁ`mVyZ Ooìhm H$m_Jma Xþgè`m amÁ`mV OmVmV Voìhm Ë`m {R>H$mUr l_mMm

nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. `mCbQ> Á`m ^mJmVyZ l{_H$ OmVmV Ë`m ^mJmVrb l_nwadR>m H$_r hmoVmo. H$mhr doim

ñWbm§VamMo à_mU H$mhr {d{eï> H$mimnwaVo AgVo Aemdoir VËH$mbrZ l_nwadR>m dmT>Vmo. CXm. D$gVmoS>Ur

H$m_Jma gmIa H$maImÝ`m§Mo Jmin gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m Ë`m ^mJmV oVmV Voìhm Ë`m§Mm l_nwadR>m dmT>Vmo.

5) àm¡T> nwéfdJ© :

àm_w»`mZo Omo {ddm{hV VgoM H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmè`m§Mr OmUrd AgUmam àm¡T> nwéf dJ© AgVmo Ë`mbm

H$m_mda {Q>Hy$Z amhmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ g_mOmV OodT>m àm¡T> O~m~Xma nwéf dJ© Agob VodT>m l_Xb gh^mJ

Xa OmñV AgVmo. ~XbË`m OrdZe¡brV {ddmhmMo ~§YZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ O~m~Xmar `m nbrH$S>o ñdV§Ì OrdZ

OJÊ`mMr ZdrZ àd¥Îmr CX`mg oV Amho. Aemdoir gmh{OH$M O~m~Xmar {d^mJbr OmD$Z AmnË`m

g§X^m©Vrb {ZU© bm§~Urda nS>ë`m_wio H$m_mMr O~m~Xmar H$_r hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ l_XbmV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m

l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoVo.

6) XoemVrb gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Mm¡H$Q> :

XoemVrb gm_m{OH$ aMZoMm d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmVmdaUmMm ór OrdZmda _moR>m n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Á`m

g_mOmVrb Am{W©H$, amOH$s` d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr gÑT> Amho Aem g_mOmVrb Hw$Qw>§~m_Ü o {ó`m§Zr

H$m_ H$aUo Xþæ`_ XOm©Mo g_Obo OmVo. {ó`m§Zr Ho$di KamV amhÿZ Ka gm§ miUo, _wbm~mim§Mo ^aUnmofU

H$aUo, Ho$di KamVrb {H$aH$moi ñdê$nmMr H$m_o H$aUo d KamMr à{Vð>m, B «V gm§ miUo Aem àH$maMr

Anojm AgVo. gd©gmYmaUnUo Á`m g_mOmVrb _Zmod¥Îmr hr ga§Om_Xmar, O_rZXmar nÕVrMr AgVo Aem

g_mOmV {ó`m§Zr C§~aR>m Amobm§Sy>Z H$m_mda OmUo H$_rnUmMo d Aà{Vð>V g_Obo OmVo. åhUyZM Oa

AemàH$maMr gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Mm¡H$Q> XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWoV Agob Va gmh{OH$M {ó`m§Mm

l_Xb gh^mJ Xa H$_r hmoB©b.

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....2

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7) XoemVrb {ejUmMo à_mU :

Oa XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWoVrb d g_mOì`dñWoVrb n[apñWVr {ejUmgmR>r d CÀM {ejUmgmR>r.nmofH$Agob Va 15 Vo 25 d`moJQ>mVrb ~hþVoH$ _wbo d _wbr hr {ejUmgmR>r emim, _hm{dÚmb`m§_Ü o àdo{eVhmoVrb. H$m_mgmR>r V`ma hmoUma ZmhrV. Mm§Jë`m amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr {_imì`mV åhUyZ CÀM {ejUmg.àmYmÝ`XoVrb. gmh{OH$M Ë`mMm n[aUm_ l_Xb gh^mJmda ZH$mamË_H$ hmoD$Z l_mMm nwadR>m H$_r hmoB©b.

8) à{ejUmÀ`m g§Yr :

XoemVrb AW©ì`dñWoV AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m à{ejU XoUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ à{ejU g§ñWm AgVrb. gwb^,H$_r IMm©V CÎm_ XOm©Mo à{ejU Oa _wbm§Zm {_iV Agob Va Jar~ Hw$Qw>§~mVrb _wbo d _wbr H$_r H$mbmdYrVghm _{hZo Vo XmoZ df} Aem H$_r doioVrb H$mog}g H$ê$Z bdH$a amoOJma {_imdm åhUyZ Ago bhmZ bhmZH$mog}g nyU© H$ê$Z bdH$a H$m_mg bmJVrb. Aem n[apñWVrV gmh{OH$M l_Xb gh^mJXa dmT>ob. maVmgma»`m{dH$gZerb XoemV AbrH$S>rb H$mbI§S>mV Agm AZw d oV Amho. Am`.Q>r.Am`. gma»`m à{ejU XoUmè`mg§ñWm§_Ü o OmñV {dÚmWu à{ejUmWu àdoe KoÊ`mg V`ma AmhoV. Va {VVŠ`m {dÚmÏ`mªZm à{ejU XoVm oUmaZmhr åhUyZ à{ejUmÏ`mªgmR>r CnbãY àdoem§Mr g§»`m _`m©{XV Amho. Aem n[apñWVrV à{ejUmWrªMr g§»`mOmñV Va OmJm H$_r Aer n[apñWVr EH$m ~mOyg Amho. Va {d{dY Zm_m§{H$V A{^`m§{ÌH$s _hm{dÚmb`m_Ü o_§Oya àdoe {dÚm§Wu g§» onojm {dÚmÏ`mªMr g§»`m H$_r Amho. ~è`mMem OmJm `m {dÚmÏ`mªA^mdr VemM[aH$må`m AmhoV. S>r.ES²>., ~r.ES²>., gmaIr à{ejU H|$Ðo Amog nS>br AmhoV. m gd© ~m~tMm l_Xb gh^mJXamda H$_r OmñV à_mUmV à^md nS>V AgVmo. Oa XrK©H$mbmdYrÀ`m à{ejU g§ñWoV à{ejU KoUmè`m§Mrg§»`m dmT>br Va l_Xb gh^mJ Xa H$_r hmoB©b mCbQ> Oa AënH$mbrZ à{ejU H$mog©_Ü o àdoe KoUmè`m§Mrg§»`m dmT>br Va l_mMm gh^mJ Xa dmT>ob.

9) _{hbm§Mo {ejUmMo à_mU :

ór {ejU hm l_Xb gh^mJ Xamda n[aUm_ H$aUmam EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho. ñdmV§Í`moÎmaH$mimV ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV S>m°. ~m~mgmho~ Am§~oS>H$a, _hmË_m OmoVr~m \w$bo, H«$m§Vrdra.^mD$amdnmQ>rb, Jmonmi JUoe AmJaH$a Aem {H$Ë oH$ g_mOgwYmaH$m§Zr ór {ejUmgmR>r à`ËZ Ho$bo AmhoV.Ë`mVyZ Á`m {ó`m Ho$di eoVr d H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$m_ `mVM Jw§VyZ am{hë`m hmoË`m, g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Jm|S>g ZmdmImbrË`m§Zm Ë`mVM AS>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. ór åhUOo Ho$di am§Jmoiçm H$mT>Umar, nyOmAMm© H$aUmar,nwéfm§Mr _Ou gm§ miUmar, KamVbr H$m_o H$aUmar, gwJ¥{hUr Aer {VÀ`mH$S>o O~m~Xmar gmon{dÊ`mV AmbrhmoVr. _mÌ {ó{ejUmÀ`m àMma d àgmamZ§Va nmobrg, g¡{ZH$Xb, {d_mZ godm, Eg.Q>r. H§$S>ŠQ>a, {e{jH$m,amOH$maU, g_mOH$maU Aem {d{dY joÌmV {Vbm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imbr. `mVyZ _{hbm§Mm l_Xbgh^mJXa hm H$_mbrMm dmT>bobm {XgVmo Amho. AZoH$ n[aMm[aH$m d S>m°ŠQ>g© _{§hbm AmhoV.

10) gm_m{OH$ gwajm H$dMmMm n[aUm_ :

bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWoV bmoH$H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_ am~{dUo hr amÁ`H$Ë`m© dJm©Mr _hÎdmMr O~m~Xmar

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AgVo. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwajm H$m ©H«$_m§Mo YmoaU R>admdo bmJVo. Ë`m§Mm H$m ©j_ d à^mdr

A§_b hmoB©b mH$S>o bj Úmdo bmJVo. maVmV d¥Õm§Zm AW©gmhmæ` _hmamï´>mVrb lmdU~mi moOZm, g§O` Jm§Yr

{ZamYma `moOZm AemàH$maÀ`m AZoH$ bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar `moOZm H|$ÐgaH$ma d amÁ`gaH$ma `m§À`m _m\©$V

am~{dÊ`mV oVmV. Ooìhm bmoH$m§Zm Amnë`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r H$moUVmhr n`m© ZgVmo Voìhm Ë`m§À`mV Omon ªV

Hw$dV Amho Vmon ªV Vo H$m_ H$aVmV. VgoM amOH$s` Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ àemgH$s` MyH$m§_YyZ AZoH$ ~moJg bm^mWu

`m `moOZm§_Ü o gh^mJr hmoD$Z Amnbm bm^ H$ê$ eH$VmV. àemgH$s` MwH$m§_wio Aem AZoH$ bmoH$m§Mm

{eaH$md `m `moOZm§_Ü o hmoÊ`mnmgyZ _ÁOmd H$aUo H$R>rU Amho. H$maU ~arM §ÌUm Ë`m§Zm AZwHy$b AgVo.

Ë`mVyZ l_Xb gh^mJ H$_r hmoVmo.

11) BVa KQ>H$ :

darbà_mUo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$ë`mZ§Vahr AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g§~§Y hm l_Xb gh^mJ Xamer AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©

AÞ gwajm {dYo H$mVyZ bmoH$m§Zm AË §V Zm_Ymar XamZo qH$dm Odi Odi \w$H$Q> AÞYmÝ` {_imë`mg Ë`mVyZ

Oo bmoH$ Amier d {ZîH«$s` AmhoV, Ago bmoH$ {_iob Ë`m YmÝ`mV Amnbr Cn{O{dH$m H$aVrb. H$m_

H$aÊ`mMr Hw$dV AgwZhr Ë`m§Mr H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m hmooUma Zmhr åhUyZ l_Xb gh^mJXamda Ë`mMm

ZH$mamË_H$ n[aUm_ hmoB©b. mCbQ> _mo~Xë`mMm g§~§Y Oa l_mer OmoS>bm Va, åhUOoM H$m_mZwgma Xm_, doVZ,

YmÝ` BVa _mo~Xbm XoVmZm Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo doVZ amoOJmamda OodT>o H$m_ Ho$bo VodT>çm H$m_mÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV Ë`mbm

AÞYmÝ`, Ago YmoaU R>a{dë`mg l_Xb gh^mJXa dmTy>Z CËnmXZmbm d {dH$mgmbm MmbZm {_iob.

AemàH$mao l_~mOmanoR>oV l_nwadR>çmda n[aUm_ H$aUmam l_Xb gh^mJ Xa hm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$

Amho. Am{U Ë`mMm l_~mOmanoR>oda _hÎdmMm Am{U XÿaJm_r n[aUm_ hmoVmo. {dH$mg hm l_mda Adb§~yZ

AgVmo. OodT>m l_Xb gh^mJXa OmXm VodT>m Am{W©H$ {dH$mg à^mdr hmoVmo.

B l_~mOmanoR>oMr YmoaUo :

àË oH$ Jmoï> hr H$mbgmnoj AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ

KQ>H$m§À`m ~mOmanoR>o_Ü o hñVjon H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. l_~mOma noR>o_Ü o H$mbmZwê$n AZoH$ ~Xb Pmbobo

AmhoV.

gZmVZdmXr AW©emókm§Mo à_wI YmoaU ho {Zh©ñVjondmXmMo hmoVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo gaH$maZo \$ŠV A§VJ©V

em§VVm d gwì`dñWm Am{U naH$s` AmH«$_Um§nmgyZ g§ajU EdT>rM H$m_o H$amdrV. CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr ~mOmanoR>

d dñVy§Mr ~mOmanoR> `m§_Ü o gaH$maZo hñVjon H$ê$ Z o. l_~mOmanoR>o_Ü o gwÕm emgZmZo hñVjon H$ê$ Z o.

doVZXa l_mÀ`m _mJUrZwgma d nwadR>çmZwgma AmnmoAmn R>aV AgVmV. Oa doVZXa dmT>bo Va l_mMm nwadR>m

dmTy>Z doVZXa H$_r hmoVrb d g_Vmob gmYbm OmB©©b `mCbQ> Oa l_mMr _mJUr dmT>br Va doVZ dmTy>Z

AmnmoAmn l_mMr _mJUr H$_r hmoB©b `mCbQ> Oa _mJUr H$_r Pmbr Va doVZ H$_r hmoD$Z g_Vmob àñWm{nV

hmoB©b. _mëWgZo Va Amnbm bmoH$g§»`m {df`H$ {gÕm§V doVZXamer OmoS>bm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo dmñVd doVZ

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Oa {Zdm©h doVZmnojm OmñV Agob Va bmoH$g§»`m dmT>ob. H$_r Agob Va bmoH$g§» oV KQ> hmoB©b d Ooìhm

dmñVd doVZ ho {Zdm©h nmVirBVHo$M Agob Voìhm bmoH$g§»`m pñWa hmoB©b.

Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV l_~mOmanoR>oÀ`m YmoaUm§Mm {dMma H$arV AgVm§Zm _mŠg©À`m YmoaUm§Mm d g_mOdmXr

AW©ì`dñWoVrb l_~mOmanoR>oMm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. _mŠg©Zo Amnë`m m§S>db m J«§WmV A{V[aŠV

_yë` {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. H$m_Jma dJ© CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV gdm©V _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVmo d Vmo A{V[aŠV _yë`m§Mr

{Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. _mÌ Ë`mZo CËnmXZ Ho$bobo ho A{V[aŠV _yë`, Ë`mMm _mo~Xbm Ë`mbm {_iV Zmhr. m§S>dbXma

dJ©, _mbH$ dJ©, ga§Om_Xma dJ© Ë`mÀ`m l_mMr Mmoar H$ê$Z Ë`mZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobo A{V[aŠV _yë` hS>nVmo. mVyZ

H$m_Jma dJ© d ^m§S>dbXma dJ© `m§Mo {hVg§~§Y nañna {damoYr AgVmV. _mbH$ dJ© H$_rV H$_r _Owar XoD$Z

H$m_Jma dJm©H$Sy>Z OmñVrV OmñV H$m_ H$adyZ XoVmo. d l{_H$m§Mr {nidUyH$ H$aVmo. O|ìhm m dJm©bm Amnë`m

emofUm{df`rMr OmUrd {Z_m©U hmoB©b Voìhm Vmo g§K{Q>V hmoD$Z Amnë`m {hVg§§~§Ym§gmR>r g§Kf© H$aob. Ë`mVyZ

dJ©g§Kf© hmoB©b. emofUmMo Oo _w»` H$maU Amho Vo åhUOo CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr ImOJr _mbH$s. CËnmXZmÀ`m

gmYZm§Mr gd© _mbH$s m§S>dbXma dJm©H$S>o AgVo, Va l{_H$m§À`m _mbH$sMo Ho$di l_ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`mOdi

J_mdÊ`mgmaIo H$mhr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio OJmVë`m H$m_Jmam§Zmo EH$ ìhm, XoemXoemV Ooìhm wÕo hmoVmV Voìhm,

H$m_Jma dJm©MrM _wbo bT>mB©V _mabr OmVmV. Voìhm H$m_Jma dJm©Zo Ë`m{df`r gmdY am{hbo nm{hOo Am{U

Xþgè`m XoemVrb H$m_JmadJm©er OdirH$ gmYbr nm{hOo. dJ©g§Kfm©VyZ H«$m§VrÀ`m {XeoZo OJ OmB©b. OJmV

^m§S>dbXma d H$m_Jma `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoD$Z H«$m§Vr hmoB©b d Ë`mVyZ g_mOdmXmMr ñWmnZm hmoB©b.

g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoV g_mOaMZoV CËnmXZmÀ`m gmYZm§da gm_w{hH$ _mbH$s àñWm{nV hmoB©b. åhUyZ

l{_H$m§Zm AmnU CËnmXZ Ho$boë`m CËnmXZmMm _mo~Xbm Ho$di _Owar åhUyZ {_iUma Zmhr, Va _mbH$ åhUyZ

CËnmXZmVrb {hñgm {_iob. AemàH$mao H$m_mMo R>am{dH$ Vmg, noÝeZ, {H$_mZ _mo~Xbm ho H$m_Jmambm {_iob.

Ë`mVyZM l_~mOmanoR>oda g§nyU© {Z §ÌUmMr d hñVjonmMr H$ënZm g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoMo _hÎdmMo YmoaU

~Zbo Amho.

{_l AW©ì`dñWoVrb YmoaUm§À`m ~m~VrV H$mhr à_mUmV hñVjon Va H$mhr à_mUmV ñdV§Í` Ago YmoaU

AgVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m {hVg§~§Ym§gmR>r bmoH$emhr amÁ`ì`dñWoV H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m§Mr g§H$ënZm ApñVËdmV

Ambr. Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ àH$maMo H$m_Jma H$m`Xo ApñVËdmV Ambo. l_mÀ`m ~mOmanooV doVZ _mJUr Am{U

nwadR>çmZwgma Z R>aVm Vo {H$_mZ doVZ H$m`ÚmZwgma R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo. ~mbH$m_Jmam§Zm YmoH$mXm`H$ H$m_mda

KoÊ`mg ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr. H$m_mMo {H$_mZ AmR> Vmg {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambo. AmR>dS>çmVyZ EH$ {Xdg

doVZmgh gwÅ>r XoÊ`mV Ambr. ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ~m§YÊ`mg nadmZJr Ago AZoH$ H$m`Xo

H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

1991 Z§VaÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV a{e`mVrb g_mOdmXr AW©ì`dñWoVrb ~XbmZ§Va ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU

d OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo YmoaU OJ^a ngabo Ë`mMm à^md l_~mOmanoR>oda XoIrb hmoUo ñdm^m{dH$M Amho. H$mhr

à_mUmV H$m hmoB©Zm na§Vw l_~mOmanoodarb emgH$s` {Z §ÌU g¡b Pmbo. gaH$mar joÌm§_Ü o, gaH$mar ImË`m§_Ü o,

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CÚmoJm§_Ü o, àemgH$s` H$m`m©b`m§_Ü o H$m_Jma aVr H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$mhr {R>H$mUr H$m_Jma aVr ~§XH$aÊ`mV Ambr. maVmV Va Aê$U em¡ar m§Zm {ZJwªVdUyH$ _§Ìr åhUyZM H$m © ma XoÊ`mV Ambm. ImOJr joÌmVIwbo Am_ H$m`_ H$m_Jma EodOr H$ama nÕVr Zwgma amoOJma Ago YmoaU Adb§{~bo OmD$ bmJbo. _moR>çmà_mUmV H$mnm}aoQ> joÌmH$Sy>Z H$m_Jma H$nmV ìhm`bm bmJbr. H$mhr joÌmV R>oHo$Xmar nÕVrZo nwÝhm {eaH$mdHo$bm. H$m`_ñdê$nr Zo_bobm H$m_Jma H$m_ H$_r H$aVmo d Am§XmobZo OmñV H$aVmo Aer AmoaS> H$maImZm_mbH$m§Zr, CÚmoOH$m§Zr Ho$br. `m gd© Jmoï>tMm n[aUm_ l_~mOmanoR>oda Pmbobm {XgVmo. gaH$ma àË`jAàË`jnUo Amnbm ~mOmanoR>oVrb hñjon H$_r H$ê$Z gaH$mar joÌmMm g§H$moM d ImOJr joÌmMm {dñVmaH$aÊ`mMo YmoaU Adb§{~V Amho. mVyZ l{_H$m§Zm hiyhiy Iwë`m ñnY}da gmoS>Ê`mMoM YmoaU maVr` l_~mOmamVAàË`j[aË`m am~{dbo OmV Amho.

B H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm :

J{VerbVm `m g§H$ënZobm AZoH$ A§Jo AmhoV. CXm.

joÌr` J{VerbVm - eoVr joÌmVyZ godm joÌmH$S>o H$m_Jma dJ© diUo `m AWm©Zo joÌr` J{VerbVoMm{dH$mg H$aVm oVmo.

{d^mJr` J{VerbVm : EH$mM XoemVrb {d{dY àXoem§_Yrb H$m_Jma dJ© {^Þ amÁ`m§_Ü o amoOJmamÀ`memoYmV OmUo. EH$mM amÁ`mVrb {d{dY àXoem§_Yrb, {d^mJm§_Yrb H$m_Jma AÝ` {d^mJm§_Ü o OmUo `mbm{d^mJr` J{VerbVm åhQ>bo OmVo. Ogo Vm¡b{ZH$Ñï>çm _amR>dmS>m _mJgbobm Amho. Ë`mV Am¡a§Jm~mX, OmbZm,bmVya, Zm§XoS>, Cñ_mZm~mX Aem {Oëhçm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. VoWrb H$m_Jma D$gVmoS>Ur _Oya åhUyZ gmIaH$maImZXmar OmñV à_mUmV Agboë`m npíM_ _hmamï´>mV oVmo. H$moH$UmVrb H$m_Jma åhUOoM aËZm{Jar,qgYwXþJ© {OëhçmVrb H$m_Jma _w§~B©, R>mUo, nwUo `m ^mJmH$S>o OmVmo.

Am§Vaamï´>r` J{VerbVm : CXmarH$aUmZ§Va H$m_Jma dJ© Amnë`m XoemÀ`m gr_m Amobm§Sy>Z Xoem~mhoaOmV AmhoV. OJmV Agm Xoe Zmhr, H$s VoWo maVr` H$m_Jma ZmhrV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. ho {dYmZ A{Ve`moŠVrnyU©dmQ>V Agbo Var na§Vw `mV ~è`mM A§er VÏ` Agë`mMo OmUdVo. ì`mdgm{`H$ J{VerbVm, J«m_rU ^mJmVyZehar ^mJmH$S>o diUmam H$m_Jma AemàH$mao `m J{VerbVoMm à^md {ZpíMVM AW©ì`dñWoVrb CËnmXZmdanS>Vmo. J{Verb H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXZ j_Vm hr {ZpíMVM OmñV AgVo. H$maU A_o[aHo$gma»`m XoemV ^maVr`H$m_Jmam§Zr Amnë`m ~wÕrÀ`m Omoamda AZoH$ joÌm§da Amnbm à^md nmS>bm Amho. _m{hVr V§ÌkmZ joÌmda Ë`m§Mmà^md Amho. Aa~ amï>m§_Ü o maVmVrb ~hþg§»` H$m_Jma AmhoV. Ë`m{R>H$mUr Ë`m§Mr CËnmXZ j_Vm OmñV Amho._w§~B©gma»`m eham§_Ü o {~hma, CÎmaàXoe `m amÁ`mVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm amOH$s` nmVirda {damoY hmoV Agbm VaramoOJma {Z`moOH$ ñWm{ZH$ H$m_Jmam§nojm naàm§Vr` H$m_Jmam§ZmM H$m_mda KoVm§Zm àmYmÝ` XoVmV. H$maU Ë`m§MrCËnmXZj_Vm ñWm{ZH$ H$m_Jmam§nojm OmñV Amho.

B dmOdrH$aU / {ddoH$sH$aU :

Á`m H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr {OVŠ`m H$m_Jmam§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Agob {VVHo$M H$m_Jma H$m_mda R>odUo

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åhUOoM H$m_Jmam§Mo dmOdrH$aU Aer ì`m»`m AmnUmg H$aVm oB©b. g¡Õm§{VH$ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ gr_m§V IM© =

gr_m§V àmßVr Aer AdñWm Ooìhm àmßV hmoVo Vr g_Vmob nmVirdarb g§VwbZ AdñWm g_Obr OmVo. Ooìhm

H$m_Jma CËnmXZmV a KmbV AgVrb qH$dm Omon ªV H$m_mda H$m_Jma KoD$Z CËnmXZ dmT>V Agob Vmo n ªVM

H$m_Jma H$m_mda KoUo. OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_mda KoVë`mg Ë`m§Mr CËnmXZj_Vm H$_r hmoVo. n[aUm_r AmVm

~è`mMem CÚmoJm§_Ü o H$m_Jma H$nmVrÀ`m YmoaUm§Mm Adb§~ H$aÊ`mV oV Amho. EopÀN>H$ godm{Zd¥Îmr `moOZm,

gŠVrMr godm {Zd¥Îmr `moOZm, àmoËgmhZna `moOZm Aem {d{dY `moOZm§_YyZ H$m_Jma H$nmVrMo YmoaU AZoH$

CÚmoJm§_YyZ am~{dÊ`mV oV AmhoV. H$m`_ H$m_Jmam§EodOr AñWm`r amoOJmarÀ`m YmoaUmda â {Xbm OmD$Z

l_~mOmamV AbrH$S>o l_mMo dmOdrH$aU qH$dm {ddoH$sH$aUm§Mm Adb§~ hmoV Amho.

B âVr Am{U ñWmZ{ZpíMVrÀ`m nÕVr - ^maVmVrb amoOJma godm g§KQ>Zm :

`m CnKQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU aVr åhUOo H$m`, aVrMo _hÎd Am{U aVrÀ`m nÕVr m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma

AmhmoV. H$moUË`mhr dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Mma CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. 1) y_r, 2) l_,

3) m§S>db d 4) g§ moOZ H$m¡eë`. l_ hm CËnmXZ KQ>H$ CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$ Amho.

hm KQ>H$ BVa KQ>H$m§nojm doJim Amho. H$maU Vmo gOrd Amho åhUyZ, l_ ho l{_H$m§nmgyZ doJio H$aVm oV

ZmhrV. åhUOoM AmnU Ooìhm l_mMr _mJUr H$aVmo Voìhm Vr l{_H$m§MrM _mJUr AgVo. EImXm CÚmoJ

H$m ©j_nUo, à^mdrnUo Mm§Jbm Mmbmdm Ë`mgmR>r Mm§Jë`m àH$maÀ`m Hw$eb, àm_m{UH$, _ohZVr, hþema,

{dídmgy d H$m ©j_ l{_H$mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, {d[eï> H$m_mgmR>r mo½`

àH$maMo H$m_Jma C_oXdma `m§Mr {ZdS> H$aUo, Zo_UyH$ H$aUo åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr hmo .

AmUIr `m~amo~aM AmnUmg Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, {d{eï> H$m`m©gmR>r qH$dm H$m_mgmR>r `mo½` d nmÌ

C_oXdmambm AmH${f©V H$ê$Z amoOJmamgmR>r {Z wŠV H$aUo åhUOo âVr hmo .

B H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrMr Amdí`H$Vm :

H$moUVmhr ZdrZ H$maImZm qH$dm CÚmoJ Oa gwê$ H$amd`mMm Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r y_r, ^m§S>db `m

CËnmXZ K`H$m§~amo~aM l_mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. EImÚm àñWm{nV H$maImÝ`mMm {dñVma H$amd`mMm

Agob, Ë`mM ì`dñWmnZmImbr EImXo ZdrZ w{ZQ> gwê$ H$amd`mMo Agob Var H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mda ¿`mdo

bmJVo. EImÚm H$m_Jmamg ~T>Vr {Xë`mg Ë`mÀ`m OmJoda H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZdrZ H$m_JmamMr âVr

H$amdr bmJVo. H$m_Jma godm{Zd¥Îm Pmë`mg, H$m_Jma H$m_ gmoSy>Z Joë`mg, ñdoÀN>oZo amOrZm_m {Xë`mg,

H$m_JmamZo H$mhr MyH$ Ho$br, JwÝhm Ho$bm, Ad¡Ym{ZH$ H¥$Ë` Ho$bo, ~oO~m~Xma dV©Z Ho$bo Va Ë`mbm

H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mV oVo Aemdoir ZdrZ H$m_JmamMr âVr H$amdr bmJVo. EImÚm H$m_JmamMm

H$m_mda AgVm§Zm AnKmVmZo qH$dm AmH$pñ_H$ qH$dm EImÚm AmOmamZo _¥Ë y Pmë`mg Ë`m OmJoda Xþgè`m

H$m_JmamMr âVr H$amdr bmJVo. åhUOoM Aem AZoH$ H$m_Jmam§_wio H$maImÝ`mV CÚmoJmV OmJm [aH$må`m

hmoVmV d `m OmJm§§da ZdrZ H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr H$amdr bmJVo.

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B âVrÀ`m nÕVr :

H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrg§X^m©V EH$_od Aer H$m ©nÕVr ^maVmVrb CÚmoJm§_Ü o Adb§{~br OmV Zmhr.

H$m_Jmam§À`m ^maVrg§X^m©V Omo H$mhr Aä`mg Pmbm Amho Ë`m_Ü o ^maVr` \°$ŠQ>ar Am`moJ (1908),

am° b H${_eZ Am°Z bo~a BZ B§{S>`m (1931) `m Am`moJmMo AÜ`j S>m°. Ama. Ho$. _wIOu, S>m°. YZ§Oàmd

JmS>Jri `m§Zr ^maVmVrb AZoH$ CÚmoJm§À`m âVrÀ`m nÕVtMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Am{U H$m_Jma âVrÀ`m

H$mhr nÕVr Amnë`m Aä`mgmVyZ Z_yX Ho$ë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg AmnUmg nwT>rbà_Uo WmoS>Š`Vm

H$aVm oB©b.

1) _Ü`ñWm§_m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar âVr :

^maVmVM Zìho Va OJmV XoIrb AZoH$ ì`dhmam§_Ü o _Ü`ñWm§Mr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr AgVo Ë`mMà_mUo

{d{dY CÚmoJm§_Ü o, H$maImÝ`m§m_Ü o, ImUr_Ü o Or H$m_Jma âVr Ho$br OmV hmoVr. Ë`m_Ü o hm EH$

_hÎdmMm _mJ© hmoVm. ^maVmV ho _Ü`ñW doJdoJiçm ^mJmV doJdoJiçm ZmdmZo AmoiIbo OmV. CXm.

gaXma, {_ór, Mm¡Yar, _wH$mX_ dJ¡ao. nydu `m§Mm H$m_Jma âVrV \$ma X~X~m Agm`Mm. ho _Ü`ñW J«m_rU

^mJmV OmD$Z JaOy H$m_Jma emoYm`Mo Am{U CÚmoJmV, ImUrV, H$maImÝ`mV Á`m Á`m {R>H$mUr H$m_Jmam§Mr

JaO Agob Ë`m Ë`m {R>H$mUr H$m_Jma nwadm`Mo. Oa H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_mgmR>r _{hbm H$m_Jmam§Mr JaO

Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r H$mhr Om°~a _{hbm _Ü`ñWm§Mr y{_H$m nma nmS>rV. Ë`m§Zm doJdoJiçm ^mJmV

doJdoJir Zmdo hmoVr. CXm. _wH$mX_rZ, Zm`H$sZ dJ¡ao. H$m_Jmam§Zm âVr H$aÊ`mMo, H$m_mda bmdÊ`mMo,

Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z {d{eï> H$m_ H$adyZ KoÊ`mMo VgoM Ë`m§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMo gd© A{YH$ma `m

_Ü`ñWm§À`m hmVmV hmoVo. åhUOoM H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrÀ`m nÕVr_Ü o _Ü`ñWm§Mr y{_H$m hr AË §V

_hÎdmMr hmoVr.

am° b H${_eZZo Ooìhm `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Voìhm Ë`mV AZoH$ Xmof AmT>iyZ Ambo. ñdV:À`m

ñdmWm©H$[aVm _Ü`ñWm§Zr Amnë`m A{YH$mam§Mm Xþén`moJ Ho$bm. H$maImÝ`mV ImUrV qH$dm _içmV H$m_

{_i{dÊ`mH$arVm _Ü`ñWm§Zm bmM {Xë`m{edm` H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_ {_iV Zgo. H$m ©j_Vm, H$m¡eë` d

AZw d `m§Zm \$mago _hÎd {Xbo OmV Zgë`m_wio, AH$m ©j_, H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr hmoV Ago. _{hbm

H$m_Jmam§Zm _Ü`ñWm§Mm OmñV Ìmg hmoV Ago. _Ü`ñWm§Mm à^md âVrgmR>r OmñV Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m

{damoYmV VH«$ma H$aUo H$m_Jmam§Zm eŠ` ZìhVo.

2) R>oHo$Xmam§À`m _m\©$V H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr :

H$_r A{YH$ à_mUmV AmO gwÕm Ho$di Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVM, Zìho Va g§K{Q>V joÌmV XoIrb

R>oHo$Xmam§À`m _m\©$V H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrMr nÕVr à^mdr hmoVm§Zm {XgV Amho. CÚmoOH$m§Zm H$maImZXmam§Zm

Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§Mr Vrd« JaO {Z_m©U hmoV Ago d ZdrZ H$m_Jma âVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r _Ü`ñWm§À`m godoMmhr

\$magm Cn`moJ hmoV Zgo, Voìhm H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$maImZXma, R>oHo$Xmam§Mr _XV KoV. Ë`mÀ`m

godoMm Cn`moJ H$arV.

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H$maImZXmabm {d{eï> H$m_mH$arVm d {d{eï> qH$dm R>am{dH$ _wXVrH$arVm Amdí`H$ Agbobo H$m_Jma

VmËH$mi CnbãY H$ê$Z, Amdí`H$ Vo H$m_ doVZmÀ`m _mo~Xë`mV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMm ì`dgm` H$aUmè`m

ì`ŠVrbm R>oHo$Xma Ago åhUVmV.

R>oHo$Xmam§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mMr hr nÕVr nydu AZoH$ CÚmoJm§_Ü o ApñVËdmV

hmoVr. gwVr dómoÚmoJ, {g_|Q>, A{^`m§{ÌH$s Am{U ImU CÚmoJm§_Ü o VgoM S>m°H$`mS>© Am{U gmd©O{ZH$

~m§YH$m_ {d^mJm§_Ü o `m nÕVrMo àm~ë` hmoVo. gmIa H$maImZXmar_Ü o eoVmVyZ D$gVmoS>Ur H$ê$Z Vr

H$maImÝ`mn ªV nmohmoM{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo H$m_Jma bmJVmV Ë`m§Zm D$gVmoS>Ur _Oya Ago åhUVmV. AmOhr ho

H$m_Jma àË`j gmIa H$maImÝ`m§Mo H$m_Jma ZgyZ Vo R>oHo$Xmam§H$S>oM H$m_ H$aVmV. AZoH$ joÌmV ~XbË`m

H$mimV AmVm gwajm ajH$m§Mr JaO ^mñV Amho. Ogo EQ>rE_ H|$ÐmÀ`m Odi {d{dY XþH$mZm§_Ü o,

~±H$m§_Ü o, H$maImÝ`mÀ`m XmamV Aem {d{dY {R>H$mUr gwajm ajH$m§Mr JaO ^mgVo. Voìhm `m JaOoVyZ

AZoH$ gwajm EOpÝgO {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`m EOpÝgO R>oHo$Xmar à_mUoM Amnë`m gwajm JmS>©gMr âVr

H$aVmZm {XgVmV. R>oHo$Xmam§Zr âVr Ho$boë`m H$m_Jmam§darb n ©dojUmMr O~m~Xmar R>oHo$Xmam§MrM AgVo.

H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z H$m_ H$adyZ KoVë`mZ§Va R>oHo$Xma Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Yrb g§~§Y g§nwï>mV oV Agë`m_wio

_mbH$ d R>oHo$Xma ho AmnmoAmnM gaH$mar H$m`Úm§À`m H$MmQ>çmV Z AmS>H$Vm _moH$io amhV AgV. CXm.

H$maImZm H$m`Xm, _mV¥Ëd bm^ H$m`Xm, {H$_mZ doVZ H$m`Xm B. H$maImZXmam§À`m, _mbH$m§À`m qH$dm

g§ moOH$m§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ hr nÕVr {H$Vrhr gmo rMr dmQ>V Agbr Varhr Vr H$m_Jmam§À`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ

_mÌ A{Ve` ÌmgXm`H$, hm{ZH$maH$ d H$m_Jma dJm©À`m emofUmV â KmbUmar Aer Amho. AmO `m

nÕVrMo àm~ë` nwÝhm dmT>Vm§Zm {XgV Amho.

3) àË`j âVr :

AZoH$ âVr nÕVtn¡H$s hr EH$ gdm©V _hÎdmMr âVr nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoVr d AmOhr Amho.

am° b H${_eZZo H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r ApñVËdmV Agboë`m Á`m nÕVr hmoË`m Ë`m gXmof AmhoV

Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo hmoVo. Ë`m_Ü o _Ü`ñWm§_m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar âVr d R>oHo$Xmam§_m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar âVr

`m XmoÝhr nÕVr gXmof AmhoV Ago _V am° b H${_eZZo ì`ŠV Ho$bo hmoVo. àË oH$ CÚmoJmV, ImUrV qH$dm

VËg_ àñWmnZoV H$m_Jma A{YH$mar Zo_mdm Ago gwM{dbo hmoVo. àË`j âVr nÕVr_Ü o R>oHo$Xma, EO§Q>,

Xbmb d _Ü`ñW `m§Zm H$moUVohr ñWmZ Zmhr. H$maImÝ`mV H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo H$m_ CnbãY Amho. Ë`mgmR>r

bmJUmar nmÌVm H$m` Amho, {d{dY ñdê$nm§À`m H$m_m§gmR>r {H$Vr H$m_Jmam§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho, `m

H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrMo {R>H$mU H$moR>o Amho, VgoM H$m_Jma âVr H$moUË`m {Xder Ho$br OmB©b. `mg§~YrMr

ñnï> gyMZm H$maImÝ`mÀ`m B_maVrÀ`m àdoeÛmamda bmdbr OmVo. H$mhr H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o Ë`mgmR>r Img ~moS>©

AmhoV. Ë`mda ZmoQ>rg bmdbr OmVo. àñWm{nV H$m_Jmam§Zm XoIrb `m~m~V gyMZm XoÊ`mV oVo. Á`m {Xder

âVr Agob Ë`m {Xder gm§{JVboë`m {R>H$mUr H$m_ H$ê$ BpÀN>Umao H$m_Jma _moR>çm g§» oZo O_VmV.

àdoeÛmamdaM âVr H$aVm oUo eŠ` Agob Va VoWoM `mo½` Ë`m H$m_Jmam§Mr {ZdS> Ho$br OmVo. {d{eï>

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{R>H$mUr Oa âVr H$aÊ`mMo R>abo Agob Va _wbmIV KoD$Z Ë`mM {R>H$mUr H$m_Jmam§Zm Vgo H$i{dbo OmVo.

âVrMr à{H«$`m gdm©Zw_Vo R>a{dboë`m nÕVrà_mUo Iwë`m dmVmdaUmV l_ A{YH$mar, à~§YH$ d g§ moOH$

`m§À`m_m\©$V nma nmS>br OmVo. VargwÕm àË`j âVr nÕVr hr nyU©nUo emór` Amho Ago Zmhr. Á`m

A{YH$mè`m§H$S>o âVrMo A{YH$ma AmhoV Ë`m§Mm âVr à{H«$ oda à^md nS>Ê`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV

Zmhr. Ago Oar H$mhr Xmof H$mhr CUrdm `m nÕVr_Ü o Agë`m Var gwÕm BVa âVrÀ`m nÕVtnojm àË`j

âVr nÕVr A{YH$ Cn wŠV Mm§Jbr d gmo rñH$a Amho Ago dmQ>Vo.

4) Om{hamVt_m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar H$m_Jma âVr :

`m âVrnÕVr_Ü o H$moUË`m àH$maMo H$m_mMo ñdê$n Amho Ë`mdê$Z Om{hamVrMo ñdê$n R>aVo. H$mhr

OmJm§gmR>r ñWm{ZH$ nmVirdarb dV©_mZnÌm§_Ü o H$mhr OmJm§gmR>r {Oëhm nmVirdarb Va H$m§hrgmR>r amÁ`

nmVirdarb dV©_mZnÌm§_Ü o OmhramV {Xbr OmVo. Om{hamVt_Ü o H$moUH$moUË`m ñdê$nmÀ`m {H$Vr OmJm

CnbãY AmhoV, Ë`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar e¡j{UH$ nmÌVm, H$m_mMm AZw d, à{e{jV H$m_Jmam§Mr

JaO Agë`mg Vgm ñnï> C„oI Ho$bobm AgVmo. AO© H$aÊ`mMr A§{V_ VmarI Om{hVamVr_Ü o Z_yX Ho$bobr

AgVo. Om{hamV dmMyZ Ë`mdê$Z Oo C_oXdma AO© H$aVmV Ë`m AOm©Mr N>mZZr Ho$br OmVo. nmÌ C_oXdmam§Zm

_wbmIVnÌ nmR>{dbo OmVo. Ë`m_Ü o _wbmIVrMo {R>H$mU d doi `m§Mm ñnï> C„oI AgVmo. _wbmIVrbm

Amë`mg OmÊ`m oÊ`mMm ~g qH$dm aoëdo mS>çmÀ`m g§X^m©V {Xbo OmB©b qH$dm Zmhr Vgm C„oI Ho$bobm

AgVmo. R>am{dH$ {R>H$mUr, R>am{dH$ {Xder d R>am{dH$ doir C_oXdmam§Mr ~m¡ÕrH$, emar[aH$, _mZ{gH$,

_m¡{IH$, MmMUrnarjm, _wbmIV `m_Yrb Á`m nÕVrMr JaO Agob Ë`mMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z C_oXdmam§Mr

{ZdS> Ho$br OmVo.

5) {d{dY amoOJma{d{Z_` H|$Ðm§À`m _m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar H$m_Jma âVr :

`m nÕVrZwgma JaOoà_mUo amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVmV. gmYmaUnUo {OëhmnmVirda

àË oH$ {OëhçmV EH$ `mà_mUo amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. Á`m C_oXdmambm amoOJmamMr

Amdí`H$Vm Agob Ë`m C_oXdmamZo `m H|$Ðmda OmD$Z Amnbr Zm|XUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Zm|XUrgmR>r

H|$ÐmMm {d{hV Z_wÝ`mVrb \$m°_© ^ê$Z XoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. hm \$m°_© ^ê$Z {Xë`mZ§Va H$m_JmamMr amoOJma

{d{Z_` H|$ÐmV Zm|XUr hmoVo. Ë`mZ§Va C_oXdmambm Zm|XUr H$mS>© XoÊ`mV oVo. Á`m H$maImÝ`m§Zm, CÚmoJm§Zm

g§ moOH$m§Zm Amnë`m AmñWmnZo_Ü o H$_©Mmè`m§Mr qH$dm H$m_Jmam§Mr JaO Agob Vo `m amoOJma {d{Z_`

H|$ÐmH$Sy>Z _mJUr H$aVmV. Ë`mZwgma Ano{jV nmÌVm, à{ejU, AZw d `m ~m~tMm {dMma H$ê$Z `mo½` Ë`m

C_oXdmam§Mr {e\$mag H$aÊ`mMo H$m © amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo H$aVmV. `m {e\$mag Ho$boë`m C_oXdmam§_YyZ

`mo½` Ë`m H$_©Mmè`mMr, H$m_JmamMr {ZdS> H$aÊ`mMo H$m`© ñdV: CÚmoOH$, H$maImZXma, _mbH$,

AmñWmnZm A{YH$mar, H$m_Jma A{YH$mar, à~§YH$ qH$dm BVa O~m~Xma A{YH$mar H$arV AgVmV. `m

nÕVr_Ü o amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo A{YH¥$V Agë`m_wio XmoÝhr ~mOy§Mm amoOJma XoUmao d amoOJma pñdH$maUmao

`m§Mo {hV gmYbo OmVo. doi d n¡gm dmMVmo.

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6) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§_m\©$V Ho$br OmUmar H$m_Jma âVr :

^maVmV AZoH$ H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. àm_w»`mZo {d{dY amOH$s` njm§À`m AmnAmnë`m à^mdmImbrbH$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. CXm. Am`Q>H$, B§Q>H$, grQy>, ^maVr` _OXÿa g§K, qhX _OXÿa g^m, Aem AZoH$g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. Á`m Ë`m H$maImÝ`m§_Úo _mÝ`VmàmßV {d{dY g§KQ>Zm AmhoV. H$maImZXma d g§KQ>Zm

`m§À`m_Ü o `m nÕVrZwgma EH$ H$ama Pmbobm AgVmo. `m H$amamà_mUo H$maImÝ`mV doimodoir {Z_m©UhmoUmè`m OmJm§Mr _m{hVr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zobm {Xbr OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm H$maImZXmam§Zm `mo½` Ë`mnmÌ C_oXdmam§Mr {e\$mag H$aVo. Ë`mZ§Va `m H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoZo {e\$mag Ho$boë`m H$m_Jmam§_YyZ H$maImÝ`mV

H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr Ho$br OmVo. `mVyZ H$m_Jma ZoË`m§Mo _hÎd dmT>Vo. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ^ŠH$_ hmoVo. _mbH$d H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m_Ü o gwg§dmX gmYbm OmD$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>H${dÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. _mÌ OaH$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo ZoV¥Ëd amOH$s` Agob Va _mbH$ d _Oya `m§À`mV g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vmo. VgoM

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm nmÌ C_oXdmam§nojm Amnë`m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Cn wŠV C_oXdmam§À`m {ZdS>rgmR>r X~mdAmUÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. Ë`mVyZ `mo½` C_oXdmamMr âVr H$aUo _mbH$mgmR>r H$R>rU AgVo.

AemàH$mao ^maVmV H$m_Jmam§À`m âVrÀ`m AZoH$ nÕVr ApñVËdmV hmoË`m d AmOhr ApñVËdmVAmhoV. ~XbË`m H$mimn«_mUo âVrÀ`m nÕVrMo ñdê$nhr ~XbV Amho. da C„oI Ho$boë`m ~è`mMem nÕVr

AmVm ApñVËdmV ZmhrV. H$mhr nÕVtMm à^md am{hbm Zmhr. H$mhr nÕVr H$mb~mø Pmë`m AmhoV. _mÌAmOhr gdm©V OmñV Om{hamVt_m\©$V Ho$ë`mOmUmè`m âVrMo à_mU à^mdr Agë`mMo OmUdVo. Ë`mZ§VaàË`j âVrMm à^md XoIrb Mm§Jbm Amho.

B ^maVmVrb amoOJma godm g§KQ>Zm :

EZgm`ëH$monrS>r`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m_Ü o amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo H$aÊ`mV AmbrAmho. ""H$m_Jmam§Mr JaO AgUmao godm`moOH$ d amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV AgUmao H$m_Jma `m§Zm EH${ÌVAmUUmar g§ñWm åhUOoM amoOJma {d{Z_` H§o$Ðo hmoV.

ê$W H°$bm°J `m§À`m _Vo, ""amoOJma emoYUmè`m ì`ŠVr `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mV gmhmæ`

H$ê$Z Ë`m`moJo amoOJma ~mOmanoR>obm g§K{Q>V H$aUmar g§ñWm åhUOo amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ð hmo .

darb XmoÝhr ì`m»`m§dê$Z AmnUmg Ago ñnï> hmoVo H$s, H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma XoÊ`mgmR>r BÀNw>H$

AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr A[U amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV AgUmè`m ì`ŠVr `m§À`mVrb _Ü`ñWrMo _hÎdmMo H$m ©amoOJma godm g§KQ>Zm H$aVmV. ^maVmVrb AemàH$maMr AZoH$ amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo amÁ` gaH$ma Am{UH|$Ð gaH$ma `m§À`mH$Sy>Z ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV. AmOhr Vr à^mdrnUo Amnbr H$m_o H$aV AmhoV.

XoemVrb l_ ~mOmanoR>oMo H$m ©j_nUo g§KQ>Z H$ê$Z d BVa O~m~Xmè`m nma nmSy>Z _mZdr g§gmYZm§Mm

gdm}ËH¥$ï> Cn`moJ KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mH$arVm 'Compulsory Notification of Vacancies Act' hm H$m`Xmnmg H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m H$m`ÚmZwgma XoemVrb {d{dY ^mJmV amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mVAmbr.

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B ^maVmVrb amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm d _hÎd :

^maVmMr bmoH$g§»`m àM§S> Agë`mZo ^maVmVrb l_ ~mOmanoR>oV H$m_Jmam§Mm nwadR>m OmñV Amho.

l_~mOmanoR> hr AË §V Ag§K{Q>V Amho. amoOJmag§Yr _`m©{XV AmhoV. Va amoOJma emoYUmè`m§Mr g§»`m àM§S>

Amho. Ë`m_wio nmÌ C_oXdmam§Zm H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr BÀN>m AgyZ d Hw$dV AgyZ XoIrb ~oamoOJma ahmdo bmJVo.

_hmamï´>mV H$m_Jma âVrdoir, nmobrg âVrdoir, g¡{ZH$ âVrdoir AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m XþK©Q>Zm KS>boë`m

AmT>iyZ oVmV. XoemV {H$Ë oH$ Vê$U, amoOJma emoYV dUdU ^Q>H$Vm§Zm AmT>iyZ oVmV. EH$m H$maImÝ`mVyZ

Xþgè`m H$maImÝ`mV, EH$m ì`dgm`mVyZ Xþgè`m ì`dgm`mV EH$m CÚmoJmVyZ Xþgè`m CÚmoJmV Ago {Xem{hZ

Am wî` OJVmZm {XgVmV. Ë`m_wio l_mMr _mJUr d l_mMm nwadR>m {Z §{ÌV H$ê$Z Ë`m_Ü o g_Vmob gmYVm

`mdm `mgmR>r amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMr JaO Amho. Oa XoemV `m Ag§K{Q>V l_~mOmanoR>oobm {Xem Úmd`mMr

Agob Va Ë`mgmR>r amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho. Ë`mVyZ ~oamoOJma Vê$Um§Mm doi, n¡gm d

l_eŠVr `m§Mr ~MV hmoB©b d Ë`mMm Cn`moJ XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmgmR>r H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b. amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV

AgUmè`m Vê$Um§À`m JwUm§Mm, j_VoMm, {ejUmMm, à{ejUmMm, AZw dmMm, H$m¡eë`mMm, àd¥ÎmrMm {dMma

H$ê$Z Oa Ë`mMr `mo½` {R>H$mUr {e\$mag Ho$br, Ë`mbm Ë`mÀ`m nmÌVoà_mUo, AmdS>rà_mUo, Hw$dVrà_mUo Oa

amoOJma {_idyZ XoVm Ambm Va {ZpíMVM Vmo Vo H$m_ g_mYmZnyd©H$ d _Z bmdyZ H$m ©j_nUo H$ê$ eHo$b.

amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm_wio gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo Oo _Ü`ñW AmhoV, EO§Q> AmhoV, R>oHo$Xma AmhoV Ë`m§Mo CÀMmQ>Z

hmoD$Z Vê$U ~oamoOJmam§Mo Am{W©H$, ^md{ZH$, _mZ{gH$, emar[aH$ Ago AZoH$ nmViçm§da hmoUmao emofU

Wm§~ob. AZoH$ CÚmoJm§Zm Ë`m§À`m Amdí`H$Voà_mUo hþfma H$m ©j_ AZw dr Ago Hw$eb V§Ìk, §Ìk CnbãY

hmoVrb.

B ^maVmVrb amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMm {dH$mg :

amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmMm {dH$mg ^maVmV Ho$di ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimVM Pmbm Amho Ago Zmhr. Va

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV ^maVmV 70 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo ApñVËdmV hmoVr. \$miUrZ§Va `mn¡H$s 17 H|$Ðo

nm{H$ñVmZmV JobrV. \o$~«wdmar 1948 _Ü o npíM_ ~§Jmb_Ü o ZdrZ H|$ÐmMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1951

_Ü o ^maVmV 126 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo hmoVr. 1956 _Ü o 143 H|$Ðo, Va 2,96,618 BVŠ`m OmJm

amoOJmamgmR>r CnbãY hmoË`m. Ë`mn¡H$s {deof åhUOo `m dfu 1,89,855 bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmÀ`m

_mÜ`_mVyZ amOoJma {_imbm. 1961 _Ü o 325 amoOJma {d{Z_` Ho§$Ðo hmoVr Va 7,08,379 BVŠ`m OmJm

amoOJmamgmR>r CnbãY hmoË`m. Ë`nm¡H$s 4,04,077 bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm. 1971 _Ü o 437 amoOJma

{d{Z_` H|$Ðo hmoVr. 8,13,603 BVŠ`m bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma g§Yr hmoË`m. 5,06,973 BVŠ`m bmoH$m§Zm amoOJma

{_imbm. 1975 `m dfu ^maVmV 502 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo hmoVr. Va 1981 _Ü o 581 H|$Ðo hmoVr. 1982

`m dfu 597, 1983 a_Ü o 635, 1984 _Ü o 666 Va 1985 _Ü o 723 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo hmoVr. H|$Ðr`

gm§p»`H$s g§KQ>ZoÀ`m AmH$S>odmardê$Z Ago bjmV oVo H$s, 2000 m dfu maVmV 958 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo

hmoVr. Va {S>g|~a 2008 _Yrb gd}jUmV 968 H|$Ðm§Mr Zm|X gmnS>Vo. `mdê$Z AmnUmg Ago {XgVo H$s,

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^maVr` l_~mOmanoR>oV amOoJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr g§»`m dmT>V Amho. {Vgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m H$mimV

XoemVrb {Za{Zamiçm eham§_Ü o 80 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. ImUr_Ü o H$m_Jmam§Mr

âVr H$aÊ`mgmR>r n.~§Jmb_Yrb amUrJ§O d {gVmam_nya, _Ü`àXoemVrb dyahmZ, OyÞaXod d _hoÝÐJS>

{~hma_Yrb Pm[a`m, Amo[agm_Yrb VmbMa Aem gmV {R>H$mUr {deof ñdénmÀ`m amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr

ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. m H$mimV XoemV AZoH$ YaUo, nmQ>~§Ymao, {d{dY Am¡Úmo{JH$ àH$ën, H$maImZo m§ m

C^maUrÀ`m H$m`m©bm doJ Ambm. Ë`mgmR>r Hw$eb V§Ìkm§Mr Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mr JaO ^mgbr hr JaO nyU©

H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am§Y«àXoe_Yrb ZmJmOw©ZgmJa, Amgm__Yrb Zm_én, _Ü`àXoemVrb XþJ© d JmoqdXnyam, Vm{_iZmSy>Vrb

Zod`ëbr, n§Om~_Yrb ZmZJb, npíM_ ~§Jmb _Yrb XþJm©nya \$amëbm, ~m§Xob, hb{X`m `m eham§_Ü o {deof

ñdê$nmÀ`m amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1966 _Ü o 29 {dÚmnrR>m§_Ü o gw{e{jV

~oamoOJmam§Zm Á`m§Mo nXì wÎma {ejU nyU© Pmbo Amho Ë`m§Zm amoOJma CnbãY ìhmdm åhUyZ amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo

C^maÊ`mV Ambr. VgoM emar[aH$Ñï>çm An§J, {dH$bm§J, J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~oH$ma Aem bmoH$m§gmR>r amoOJma

_m{hVr Am{U _XV H|$Ðm§Mr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr. åhUyZ 239 amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

hr H|$Ðo àm_w»`mZo {Xëbr, H$bH$Îmm, Ah_Xm~mX, M§XrJS>, H$Q>H$, bIZm¡, _Ðmg, O~bnya, {ebm±J, {Ìd|Ð_,

_w§~B© Aem _moR>_moR>çm eham§_Ü o ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr hmoVr. AmOhr {H$Ë oH$ eham§_Ü o AemàH$maÀ`m

amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

^maVmMo gdm©V _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo {d{dYVoV EH$mË_Vm. `m {d{dYVo_wio amoOJma emoYUmè`m§_Ü o

XoIrb {d{dYVm Amho. amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$di {ejU Am{U à{ejU KoVboë`m ì`ŠVtZmM

hmoVmo. maVmVrb gm_m{OH$ aMZoMm {dMma H$ê$Z gm_m{OH$ d e¡j{UH$Ñï>çm _mJmgboë`m OmVr-O_mVtgmR>r

g_mOH$ë`mU H$m`m©b o åhUOoM {dÚ_mZ gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` ImË`m§Mr H$m`m©b o `m§À`m_Ü o amoOJma {d{Z_`

H|$Ðm§Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV oD$Z Ë`m{R>H$mUr g_mOmVrb _mJmgboë`m dJm©Vrb AZwgy{MV OmVr, {d_wŠV OmVr,

^Q>Š`m O_mVr, {deof _mJmg àdJ© BVa _mJmg dJ© `m§À`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zm amoOJma {_imdm åhUyZ Zmd Zm|XUrMr

gmo H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gdm©V _mJmg g_Obm OmUmam àdJ© åhUOo Am{Xdmgr AZwgy{MV O_mVr, m àdJm©gmR>r

Am{Xdmgr {dH$mg ImË`m§VJ©V amoOJmamgmR>r Zmd Zm|XUrMr gmo H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZ§Va hr gmo g_mOH$ë`mU

ImVo d Z§Va gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` ImVo `m§À`m_m\©$V amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr ñdV§ÌnUo ApñVËdmV AgUmar

H$m`m©b o C^maÊ`mV Ambr. mMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ {ZpíMVM gH$mamË_H$ hmoV Amho. ZmoH$aâVrV m dJm©Vrb

H$m_Jmam§Mo, H$_©Mmè`m§Mo à_mU bjUr` dmT>bobo Amho hoM `m H|$ÐmMo è hmo .

B _yë`_mnZ :

125 H$moQ>r bmoH$g§»`m Agboë`m EdT>çm _moR>çm ^maVr` l_~mOmanoR>oV Ho$di hOmamÀ`m Odinmg

AgUmar amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mr g§»`m \$maM AnyU© Amho. H$mhr {R>H$mUr hr H|$Ðo Ho$di ZmdmbmM

AmhoV. H$maU `m H$m`m©b`m§_Ü o nwaogm H$_©MmardJ© Zmhr. gwgÁO H$m`m©b` Zmhr. BVa \${Z©Ma, B§Q>aZoQ>,

H$m°åß wQ>a `mgma»`m gmo r d gw{dYm ZmhrV. ~arMer H|$Ðo ~§X H$aÊ`mV Ambr AmhoV.

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Aem AZoH$ _`m©Xm Agë`m Var ^maVmVrb amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mo H$m © ZmH$maVm oÊ`mgmaIo Zmhr.

Ë`mVyZ {H$Ë oH$ ~oH$ma Vê$Um§Zm amoOJma {_imbm Amho. åhUyZ Ë`m H$m`m©b`m§ZmM Ho$di Xmof Z XoVm Ë`m§À`mV

gwYmaUm H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. àË oH$ H$m`m©b` ho g§JUH$, B§Q>aZoQ> mgh gd© AË`mYw{ZH$ gw{dYm§gh gwgÁO

AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmVrb H$_©Mmar dJ© nwaoem à_mUmV, à{e{jV, {dZèrb, CËgmhr,

H$m ©j_ d godm^mdr d¥ÎmrMm AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho. Ago Pmë`mg {ZpíMVM ^maVr` g§K{Q>V d Ag§K{Q>V

l_~mOmanoR>oV amOoJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðo _hÎdmMr y{_H$m ~OmdVrb `mV g§Xoh Zmhr.

1.3 gmam§e :

""{d{eï> àH$maÀ`m l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr d Ë`m l_mMm nwadR>m `m§À`mV g_Vmob àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m Á`m {R>H$mUr hmoVo Ë`mbm l_~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVmV.''

l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n ho dñVw~mOmamnojm {^Þ AgVo. l_mda l{_H$m§Mr _mbH$s AgVo. l_~mOmanoR>oMr

J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo.

d¡{eï>ço - AW©amoOJma, h§Jm_r amoOJma, ~mOmamVrb Ag_Vmob, àdmgr d¥Îmr, Agwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm,

àmXo{eH$Vm, H§$ÌmQ>Xmar nÕVr, H$ama nÕVrMm {eaH$md, l_mMr _mJUr hr ì wËnÞ _mJUr AgVo.

gZmVZdmÚm§À`m _Vo l_ ~mOmanoR>oV Zoh_r nyU© amoOJma AgVmo. Ho$Ýg `m§À`m _Vo AW©ì`dñVoV nyU© amoOJma

H$Yrhr ZgVmo. AnyU© amoOJma hr gm_mÝ` AdñWm AgVo. à^mdr _mJUr_wio amoOJma dmTy> eH$Vmo.

EHy$U bmoH$g§» on¡H$s àË`j Á`m§Zm amoOJma {_imbm Amho d Oo amoOJmamÀ`m emoYmV AmhoV Aem

l_~mOmamV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m l_eŠVrMo Oo à_mU Amho Ë`mbm l_Xb gh^mJXa Ago åhUVmV. H$Vu

bmoH$g§»`m, OÝ_Xa d _¥Ë yXa, ñWbm§Va, gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ Mm¡H$Q>, {ejU, à{ejU, _{hbm§Mo

{ejUmMo à_mU `mda l_Xb gh^mJXa Adb§~yZ AgVmo. ~mOmanoR>o{df`H$ YmoaUm§_Ü o H$mbmZwê$n ~Xb

hmoV AmhoV. {d{eï> H$m_mgmR>r `mo½` àH$maÀ`m H$m_Jmam§Mr {ZdS> H$ê$Z Zo_UyH$ H$aUo åhUOo H$m_Jma

âVr hmo . R>oHo$Xma, _Ü`ñWm§_m\©$V, àË`j, Om{hamVtÛmao Am{U amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmÛmao H$m_Jma âVr

Ho$br OmVo.

amoOJma emoYUmè`m ì`ŠVr `m§Zm Ë`m§À`m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm H$aÊ`mV ghmæ` H$ê$Z Ë`m`moJo amoOJma

~mOanoR>obm g§K{Q>V H$aUmar g§ñWm åhUOo amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ð hmo .

1.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX …

1) gmnoj : VwbZmË_H$, XmoZ ì`ŠVr, XmoZ g_yh, XmoZ Xoe `mVrb VwbZm.

2) {Zanoj : BVam§er VwbZm Z H$aVm.

3) J{VerbVm : EH$m joÌmVyZ, {d^mJmVyZ Xþgè`m joÌmV OmUo.

4) ì wËnÞ : AàË`r, namoj, dñVy§Zm åhUOoM CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm.

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5) CÚmoJY§Xm : EH$mM àH$maÀ`m dñVyMo CËnmXZ H$aUmè`m AZoH$ CÚmoJg§ñWm§Mm JQ>. Ogo gmIaCÚmoJY§Xm.

6) {Zdm©h doVZ : Ho$di Ë`mMm CXa{Zdm©h hmoD$ eHo$b BVHo$M doVZ.

7) Nw>nm ~oamoOJma : Á`mMr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` Amho Agm amoOJma.

8) Û¡VdmX : EH$m ~mOybm A{Ve` g§nÞ, gwIr g_mO Va Ë`mM doir Xþgè`m ~mOybm A{Ve` X[aÐr,Xþ:Ir g_mO.

9) H$Vu bmoH$g§»`m : ^maVmV 15 Vo 59 `m d`moJQ>mVrb bmoH$g§»`m.

10) {ddoH$sH$aU : {OVŠ`m H$m_Jmam§Mr Amdí`H$Vm Amho {VVHo$M H$m_Jma.

11) _Ü`ñW : EO§Q>, Xbmb, AS>Vo, IaoXr d {dH«$s `m§Vrb Xþdm.

12) ZH$mamË_H$Vm : {dH$mg {damoY {dMma, AS>Wim AmUUo.

1.5 ñd`§: AÜ``ZmgmR>r àíZ …

A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) l_~mOmanoR> åhUOo H$m` ?

2) doVZ g§doXZerbVm åhUOo H$m` ?

3) ì wËnÞ _mJUr åhUOo H$m` ?

4) Nw>nm ~oamoOJma åhUOo H$m` ?

5) l_~mOmamVrb Ag_Vmob åhUOo H$m` ?

6) nyU© amoOJma åhUOo H$m` ?

7) H$amanÕVr åhUOo H$m` ?

~) Imbrb n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.

1) The Distribution of Wealth hm J«§W ........... `m§Zr {b{hbm.

A) A°S>_ pñ_W ~) Ho$Ýg H$) Oo~r ŠbH©$ S>) _mëWg

2) l_mMr _mJUr hr .............. _mJUr Amho.

A) àË`j ~) VmVS>rMr H$) ì wËnÞ S>) {Zanoj

3) l_mMm nwadR>m .............. dmT>ë`mg dmT>Vmo.

A) doVZ ~) _mJUr H$) {Zdm©h S>) CËnmXZ

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4) gZmVZdmÚm§À`m _Vo l_~mOmamV Zoh_r ............ AgVmo.

A) amoOJma ~) ~oamoOJma H$) nyU© amoOJma S>) Nw>nr ~oH$mar

5) Ho$Ýg `m§À`m _Vo l_ ~mOmanoR>oV Zoh_r ............. AgVmo.

A) amoOJma ~) ~oamoOJma H$) nyU© amoOJma S>) Nw>nm ~oamoOJma

6) Ho$Ýg `m§À`m _Vo H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmV Zoh_r ............. AgVmo.

A) AmZ§X ~) «_ H$) MbZ «_ S>) {dÐmoh

7) XoemV .............. OmñV Agob Va l_Xb OmñV AgVo.

A) OÝ_Xa ~) _¥Ë yXa H$) amoOJma emoYUmè`m§Mo à_mU S>) doVZ

1.6 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZmMr CÎmao …

(A) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1) Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU Z ~XbVm H$m_Jma amoOJma ghO ~Xby eH$VmV Aem

Am{W©H$Ñï>çm EH$mË_ ^m¡Jmo{bH$ àXoemg l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVmV.

2) doVZ H$_r Pmë`mg g§K{Q>VnUo {damoY H$ê$Z _mbH$mbm doVZ dmT>{dÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>Uo åhUOoM

doVZ g§doXZerbVm.

3) l_mMr _mJUr hr BVa dñVy§À`m _mJUrda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mbmM ì wËnÞ _mJUr Ago

åhUVmV.

4) Á`m H$m_Jmam§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm eyÝ` AgVo Aem H$m_Jmam§Zm Nw>nm ~oamoOJma Ago åhUVmV.

5) Ooìhm l_~mOmamV l_mÀ`m _mJUrnojm nwadR>m OmñV qH$dm nwadR>çmnojm _mJUr OmñV AgVo

Voìhm Ë`mbm l_~mOmamVrb Ag_Vmob Ago åhUVmV.

6) Ooìhm l_~mOmamV l_mMr _mJUr d nwadR>m ho g_mZ hmoD$Z g_Vmob gmYbm OmVmo Voìhm Vr

nyU© amoOJmamMr g_Vmob AdñWm hmo .

7) {d{eï> H$mbmdYrgmR>r amoOJma XoUmam d amoOJma ñdrH$maUmam `m XmoÝhr KQ>H$m§_Ü o AmnmngmVrb

gmo rZwgma XmoKm§Mrhr J¡agmo hmoD$ Z o åhUyZ Ho$bm OmUmam {b{IV H$ama åhUOoM H$amanÕVr.

~) [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1 = (H$) Oo. ~r. ŠbH©$

2 = (H$) ì wËnÞ

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3 = (A) doVZ

4 = (H$) nyU© amoOJma

5 = (~) ~oamoOJma

6 = (H$) MbZ «_

7 = (H$) amoOJma emoYUmè`m§Mo à_mU.

1.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ.

A) XrKmoÎmar àíZ

1) l_~mOmamMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

2) ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb l_~mOmamMr d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm.

3) l_~mOmanoR>oÀ`m Mm¡H$Q>rMo {d{dY AW©ì`dñWm§À`m g§X^m©V g{dñVa {díbofU H$am.

4) l_mMr _mJUr åhUOo H$m` ? AW©ì`dñWoVrb l_mMr _mJUr R>a{dUmao KQ>H$ g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

5) l_Xb gh^mJ Xa åhUOo H$m` ? l_Xb gh^mJ XamMm l_nwadR>çmda hmoUmam n[aUm_ g{dñVa

ñnï> H$am.

6) l_Xb gh^mJ Xa d l_nwadR>m `m§_Yrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

7) l_~mOmanoR>oMr YmoaUo gm§Jm.

8) amoOJma {d{Z_` Ho$ÝÐ åhUOo H$m` ? ^maVmVrb amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$ÐmÀ`m èmnèmMr MMm©

H$am.

9) ^maVmVrb amoOJma godm g§KQ>Zm§À`m {dH$mgmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

10) H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr åhUOo H$m` ? ^maVmVrb H$m_Jma âVrÀ`m nÕVtMr g{dñVa MMm© H$am.

~) WmoS>Š`mV {Q>nm {bhm.

1) H$m_Jmam§Mr J{VerbVm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm

2) V§ÌkmZmMr {ZdS> Am{U H$m_Jma YmoaUo.

3) {ddoH$sH$aU d l_~mOma.

4) l_~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVy§Mr ~mOmanoR>

5) l_mMr _mJUr åhUOo ì wËnÞ _mJUr.

6) l_~mOmanoR>oVrb g_Vmob.

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7) Ho$Ýgà{UV l_~mOmamMo {díbooU.

8) ^maVmVrb amoOJma {d{Z_` H|$Ðm§Mo _hÎd

1.8 A{YH$ dmMZm§gmR>r g§X^© :

1) doVZ {gÕm§V : S>m°. O. \$m. nmQ>rb, S>m°. {d. ~. H$H$S>o

2) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWoMm {dH$mg ^mJ - 1 : àem§V npãbHo$eZ, OiJm§d.

3) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm g§H«$_U Am{U {dH$mg : {h_mb`m npãbHo$eZ hmD$g.

4) l_mMo AW©emó : à^mH$a Xoe_wI, {dÚmàH$meZ, ZmJnya.

5) ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm : à^mH$a Xoe_wI, qnnimnwao A°ÊS> H§$nZr npãbeg©, ZmJnya

6) l_g_ñ`m Am{U g§~§Y : {Xbrn ZoaH$a

7) Economics of Labour and Social Welfare : Sahitya Bhawan Agra.

8) Advanced Economic Theory : Dr. H. L. Ahuja.

9) Indian Economy : Misra S. K. & Puri V.K : Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.

♦♦♦

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....3

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AZwH«$_{UH$m …

2.0. C{ÔîQ²> o

2.1. àmñVm{dH$

2.2. {df` {ddoMZ

2.2.1.1 doVZ {ZpíMVrMo {gÕm§V

2.2.1.2 gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo {gÕm§V.

2.2.1.3 _OwarÀ`m g§H$ënZm - VÎd Am{U ì`dhma

2.2.2 l_~mOmamVrb doVZ {^ÞVm, {d{dY joÌmVrb doVZ {ZpíMVr d doVZoÎma l_ _mo~Xë`mMo KQ>H$

2.2.3.1 MbZdmT> Am{U doVZmVrb gyú_ d ñWyb nmVirdarb g§~§Y

2.2.3.2 CËnmXH$Vm d doVZ g§~§Y

2.2.3.3 amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU

2.2.3.4 ^maVmVrb doVZ d doVZ_§S>io

2.2.3.5 ~moZg nÕVr d Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoÊ`mMr `moOZm

2.3 gmam§e

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mo AW©


2.6 ñd §AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao


2.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W

KQ>H$ - 2

doVZ {ZpíMVr(Wage Determination)

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2.0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

gXa KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{Ôï>ço Imbrbà_mUo AmhoV.

1) gZmVZdmXr, ZdgZmVZdmXr d AmYw{ZH$ doVZ {gÕm§VmMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

2) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo {gÕm§V g_OyZ KoUo.

3) _Owar/doVZmÀ`m {d{dY g§H$ënZm g_OyZ KoUo.

4) {d{dY joÌmVrb doVZ {ZpíMVrMm Aä`mg H$aUo.

5) l_~mOmamVrb doVZ{^ÞVoÀ`m H$maUm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo.

6) doVZoÎma l_ _mo~Xë`mÀ`m KQ>H$m§{df`r _m{hVr KoUo.

7) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZmVrb gyú_ d ñWyb nmVirdarb g§~§Y Aä`mgUo.

8) CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZmVrb g§~§Ym{df`r _m{hVr KoUo.

9) amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU, ^maVmVrb doVZ d doVZ_§S>io g§~§Y Am{U ~moZg nÕVr d Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m `moOZm

`m{df`r Aä`mg H$aUo.

2…1 àñVmdZm

KQ>H$ H«$. 1 _Ü o AmnU l_~mOmanoR>oMo ñdê$n d d¡{eï>ço, l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr Am{U l_nwadR>m,

l_~mOmam{df`rMr YmoaUo BË`mXrMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$bm.

gXa KQ>H$ H«$. 2 _Ü o AmnU doVZ{ZpíMVrMo {gÕm§V, gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo {gÕm§V, doVZ {ZpíMVrÀ`m

g§H$ënZm, doVZ {^ÞVoMr H$maUo, Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb doVZ{ZpíMVr, doVZoÎma l_ _mo~Xë`mMo KQ>H$, mddmT>

Am{U CËnmXH$Vm g§~§Y d doVZmVrb g§~§Y, amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU, ^maVmVrb doVZ d doVZ_§S>io Ë`mà_mUoM

~moZg nÕVr Am{U Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZm B. Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

2.2 {df` {ddoMZ

_Owar qH$dm doVZmMm AW© ñnï> H$arV AgVmZm gm_m{OH$, amOH$s` Am{U H$m`Xoera Ñï>rH$moZmVyZ

ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm {dMmamV KoVë`m OmVmV. doVZmMm g§~§Y Aem Am{W©H$ KQ>H$m§er oVmo H$s, Á`m_Ü o amoOJma,

Cn^moJ, {dVaU Am{U Jw§VdUyH$ {d^mJmMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

gd©gm_mÝ`nUo CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb H$m_Jmam§Zm Omo _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo Ë`mbm

_Owar/doVZ Ago åhUVmV. `m_Ü o emar[aH$ Am{U ~m¡ÕrH$ l_mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. _OwarÀ`m à_wI ì`m»`m

Imbrbà_mUo -

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Q>m°qgJÀ`m _Vo ""H$moUË`mhr g§ moOH$mÛmao l{_H$m§Zm R>am{dH$ aŠH$_oMo emoYZ H$aUo åhUOo _Owar

hmo`.''

àmo. ~oZh°_ d OrS> ""_Owar åhUOo H$m_Jma Am{U g§`moOH$ `mÀ`mV Pmboë`m H$amamZwgma

H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmao _m¡ÐrH$ emoYZ hmo .''

nr.EM. ñQ>oQ>m°\$ ""_Owar åhUOo Cn`mo{JVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmè`m l_m~Ôb H$m_Jmam§Zm àmßV hmUmam

_mo~Xbm hmo .''

`m~m~VrV g°å wbgZMo {dYmZ {dMmamV KoÊ`mgmaIo Amho. ""gd© qH$_Vr_Ü o l_mMr qH$_V A{YH$

_hÎdmMr Amho. bmoH$g§» oMm \$ma _moR>m {hñgm _OwarÀ`m ñdê$nmV H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ CËnZZmMm à_wI _mJ© Amho.''

H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmao doVZ / CËnÞ, Ë`mMo ahmUr_mZ, gm_m{OH$ XOm© Am{U H$ë`mU ho Ë`mbm

{_iUmè`m _Owarda Adb§~yZ AgVo. `m~m~VrV EH$m {dMmad§VmZo åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""_OwarMm àíZ hm

g§ñH¥$VrMm àíZ Amho.'' `mgmR>rM AmnUmbm doVZmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m {gÕm§VmMm d g§H$ënZm§Mm

Aä`mg H$amdm bmJVmo.

2.2.1.1 doVZ {ZpíMVrMo {gÕm§V :

CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV y_r, l_, ^m§S>db Am{U g§ moOZ ho KQ>H$ gh^mJr hmoV AgVmV. `m§ZmM

"AmXmZ' (Input) Ago åhUVmV. Ë`m§À`m EH${ÌV à`ËZmVyZ CËnmXZ hmoV AgVo. mbmM "àXmZ' Ago åhUVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV AmXmZmMm EH${ÌV n[aUm_ åhUOo àXmZ hmo . CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb Ë`m§Zm

Ë`m§À`m Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm _mo~Xbm AZwH«$_o I§S>, doVZ, ì`mO Am{U Z\$m `m ñdê$nmV {_iV AgVmo. `mn¡H$s

H$m_Jmam§Zm {H$Vr doVZ Úmdo qH$dm Agmdo `m~m~V {d{dY {gÕm§V _m§S>bobo AmhoV.

1) gZmVZdmXr d ZdgZmVZdmXr {gÕm§V :

gZmVZdmXr Am{U ZdgZmVZdmXr AW©emóm§À`m _VmZwgma l{_H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmnwaVo doVZ

XoÊ`mV `mdo. Va H$mhtÀ`m _VmZwgma H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ hr \$ŠV Am{W©H$ g_ñ`m ZgyZ gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s`

g_ñ`m Amho. `mbm AZwgê$Z Oo {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mV Ambo Vo nwT>rbà_mUo -

A) {eëbH$ hŠH$mMm {gÕm§V (Residual Claimant Theory) :

AW©emómMm OZH$ A°S>_ pñ_WZo doVZm{df`r Oo {dMma _m§S>bo AmhoV `m {dMmamVyZ {d{dY {gÕm§VmMr

{Z{_©Vr Pmbr.

CËnmXZmÀ`m àmW{_H$ AdñWo_Ü`o O{_ZXma Am{U ^m§S>dbXma ho dJ© ApñVËdmV Zgë`m_wio

Ho$di l_mÀ`m gmømZo CËnmXZ Ho$bo OmV hmoVo. Ë`m_wio gd© CËnmXrV dñVy§da l{_H$m§Mr _mbH$s àñWm{nV

hmoV Ago.

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AmYw{ZH$ AW©ì`dñWoV CËnmZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV l_mÀ`m OmoS>rbm y_r Am{U ^m§S>db `m§Mr _XV ¿`mdr

bmJbr. `mbm AZwgê$ZM A°S>_ pñ_WZo `m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

""BVa gd© KQ>H$m§Mm _mo~Xbm {Xë`mZ§Va {eëbH$ Agboë`m CËnÞmda l{_H$m§Mm hŠH$ nmohMVmo. ho

{eëbH$ CËnÞ l{_H$mbm {_imbo nm{hOo. `m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur dm°H$aZo Ho$br. dm°H$aÀ`m _VmZwgma y_r,

^m§S>db d g§ moOZ `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©Mm _mo~Xbm AZwH«$_o I§S>, ì`mO Am{U

Zâ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {d{eï> Am{W©H$ {Z`_mZwgma {Xbm OmVmo. ho _mo~Xbo {Xë`mZ§Va eof amhUmè`m aŠH$_oda

H$m_Jmam§Mm hŠH$ nmohmoMVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV CËnmXZmV dmT> Pmbr AgVm doVZm_Ü o dmT> hmoB©b mCbQ> CËnmXZ H$_r Pmë`mda doVZ H$_r

hmoB©b.

gyÌ énmZo `m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Aer H$aVm oVo.

H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ = EHy$U CËnmXZ - (I§S> + ì`mO + Z\$m)

`m {gÕm§VmMr H$mhr d¡{eï>ço gm§JVm oVmV.

* `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o l{_H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm d Hw$ebVm {dMmamV KoVbr Amho.

* XoemÀ`m amï´>r` CËnÞmV _OwarMm dmQ>m _moR>m AgVmo.

* dmT>Ë`m CËnmXZmMm \$m`Xm XrK©H$mimV l{_H$m§Zm {_iVmo.

* BVa _mo~Xbo Am{U _Owar `mVrb \$aH$ bjmV oVmo.

B _yë`_mnZ :

`m {gÕm§Vmda Oo Amjon KoVbo OmVmV qH$dm Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`m Imbrbà_mUo -

1) doVZ {ZpíMVrbm AmYma Zmhr : `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o doVZ{ZpíMVrbm {d{eï> AmYma H$moUVm

`mMm C„oI Zmhr.

2) l_ nwadR>çmda ^a : `m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur H$arV AgVmZm l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmda ^a {Xbm

Amho. l_mÀ`m _mJUrMm {dMma Ho$bm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio hm {gÕm§V EH$m§Jr ñdê$nmMm Amho Aer Q>rH$m

H$aÊ`mV oVo.

3) A{ZpíMVVm : godm`moOH$mOdi {H$Vr CËnÞ {eëbH$ amhUma ho {ZpíMV ZgVo, Ë`m_wio

AmnmoAmnM l{_H$m§À`m doVZmVhr A{ZpíMVVm {Z_m©U hmoVo.

4) {eëbH$ CËnÞmda hŠH$ : l{_H$m§Mm eof CËnÝZmda hŠH$ AgVmo. `mMm AW© BVa KQ>H$m§Mo

_mo~Xbo {Xë`mZ§Va gdm©V eodQ>r l{_H$m§Mm _mo~Xbm OmVmo ho AÝ`m`H$maH$ dmQ>Vo.

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5) l_g§KQ>ZmMm {dMma Zmhr : H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm eof CËnÞmV dmT> H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV ho Iao

Agbo Var l_g§KQ>Zm_wio _Owar XamV H$er dmT> hmoVo, `m àíZm§Mo CÎma {_iV Zmhr.

6) CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rMm {H$Vr \$m`Xm hmoVmo : XrK©H$mimV l{_H$m§Zm dmT>Ë`m CËnmZmMm \$m`Xm

hmoVmo Ago Agbo Var CËnmXH$Vm dmT>ë`mg l{_H$m§Zm Zo_H$m {H$Vr \$m`Xm hmoVmo ho gm§{JVbo Zmhr.

~) _OwarMm OrdZ-{Zdm©h {gÕm§V (Subsistance Wage Theory) :

_OwarÀ`m OrdZ-{Zdm©h {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur gd©àW_ \«|$M AW©emók Q>aJm°Q> `m§Zr Ho$br. Ë`m§À`m _Vo

""H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmar _Owar hr Ë`m§À`m OrdZ {Zdm©h ñVam~amo~a AgVo.''

`m {gÕm§Vmbm AW©emór` ñdê$n XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Oo.~r.go Am{U S>opìhS> [aH$mS>m}Zo Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo

""XrK©H$mimV l{_H$m§Zm {_iUmar _Owar hr \$ŠV Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§~mMm CXa {Zdm©h Mmb{dVm oB©b EdT>rM

AgVo.'' `mbm _mëWgÀ`m bmoH$g§»`m {gÕm§VmMm AmYma KoVbm hmoVm.

AënH$mimV _OwarMm Xa OrdZ {Zdm©h _Owarnojm OmñV Pmë`mg l{_H$m§Mr g§nÞVm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio

AmnU _moR>o Hw$Qw>§~ nmogy eH$Vmo Ago dmQ>Vo. Ë`m_wio AnË`m§À`m g§» oV dmT> hmoVo Am{U H$mbm§VamZo l_mÀ`m

nwdR>çmV dmT> hmoVo. _mJUrnojm l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmë`m_wio _OwarMm Xa H$_r hmoVmo Am{U Vmo

{Zdm©h nmVirbm oD$Z nmohMVmo. l_ nwadR>çmVrb dmT> VerM nwT>o Mmby am{hë`mg _OwarMm Xa {Zdm©h

nmVirÀ`m Imbr oVmo. l{_H$ dJm©Mr {dnÞVm dmT>Vo. Ë`m_wio oWyZ nwT>o AmnU _moR>o Hw$Qw>§~ nmogy eH$V

Zmhr Ago dmQ>ë`mZo Vo AnË`m§Mr g§»`m H$_r H$aVrb. H$mbm§VamZo bmoH$g§»`m Am{U l_mMm nwadR>m H$_r

hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio _OwarÀ`m XamV dmT> hmoB©b d _OwarMm Xa {Zdm©h nmVirbm oD$Z nmohMob.

WmoS>Š`mV AënH$mimV _OwarMm Xa OrdZ {Zdm©h _OwarÀ`m Imbr qH$dm da OmD$ eH$Vmo. na§Vw

XrK©H$mimV Vmo OrdZ {Zdm©h nmVirH$S>o AmH${f©bm OmVmo.

B {gÕm§Vmdarb Q>rH$m / Xmof :

`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o AZoH$ Xmof AmT>iVmV.

1) _mëWgÀ`m bmoH$g§»`m {gÕm§VmMm AmYma :

H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV _mëWgMm {gÕm§V XmofnyU© R>aV Jobm. Ë`m_wio Ë`mda AmYmarV `m {gÕm§§Vm_Ü o

Xmof {Z_m©U Pmbo. `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o _OwarMm Xa Am{U bmoH$g§»`m `m§Mm OmoS>bobm g§~§Y MwH$sMm Amho.

H$maU _Owar XamV dmT> Pmbr AgVm l_nwadR>m dmT>V Zmhr. Va amhUr_mZmMm XOm© {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r

l{_H$ Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma bhmZ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV.

2) _Owar XamVrb {^ÞVm ñnï> H$aÊ`mg Ag_W© :

`m {gÕm§VmZwgma gd© l{_H$m§Zm {_iUmar _Owar XrK©H$mimV OrdZ {Zdm©hmnwaVrM {_iVo. Ë`m_wio m§À`m

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amhUr_mZmMm XOm©hr g_mZ amhVmo. `mMm AW© _OwarV g_mZVm Agmd`mg nm{hOo. na§Vw àË`jmV _mÌ _Owar

XamV {^ÞVm AmT>iVo. hr {^ÞVm H$m AgVo? `mMo ñnï>rH$aU `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o {_iV Zmhr.

3) EH$m§Jr {gÕm§V :

`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o \$ŠV l_nwadR>m {dMmamV KoVbm Amho. AmYw{ZH$ AW©emókm§À`m _Vo _OwarMm Xa

hm l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr Am{U l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aVmo. Ë`m_wio hm {gÕm§V Anwam Am{U EH$m§Jr

R>aVmo.

4) H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$VoH$S>o Xþb©j :

OrdZ {Zdm©h {gÕm§Vm_Ü o l{_H$m§À`m CËnmXH$ eŠVrbm ñWmZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Zmhr. _OwarMm Xa {ZpíMV

H$arV AgVmZm CËnmXH$ eŠVrH$S>o Xþb©j H$ê$Z MmbV Zmhr.

5) emór` AmYmamMm A^md :

H$m_Jma OrdZmdí`H$ dñVw§~amo~aM gwIX, Amam_Xm`r dñVw§Mmhr dmna H$arV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§Mr

_Owar Zoh_rM OrdZ {Zdm©h nmVirbm ahmVo. `mbm H$moUVmhr emór` AmYma Zmhr

H$) OrdZ_mZmÀ`m XOm©Mm {gÕm§V (Standard of Living Theory) :

_OwarMm OrdZ_mZ {gÕm§V hm OrdZ {Zdm©h {gÕm§VmMr gwYmarV Amd¥Îmr AgyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmar

_Owar hr Vmo Am{U Ë`m§Mo Hw$Qw>§~ H$gm Var CXa {Zdm©h H$aVrb EdT>r AgyZ ^mJmV Zmhr Va Vr H$m_Jmam§Zm

OrdZ_mZ {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r nwaogr Agbr nm{hOo. gdmªMr YS>nS> Ë`mgmR>rM Mmbbobr AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r

OrdZ_mZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m EHy$U IMm©Mm {dMma H$amdm bmJVmo. m Amdí`H$ IMm©nojm H$_r _Owar

ñdrH$maÊ`mg H$m_Jma V`ma hmoUma ZmhrV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV {ejU, Amamo½`, _Zmoa§OZ B. JaOm XoIrb

_hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV. `m JaOm§Mr nyV©Vm Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m CËnÞmVyZ hmoV Agob VaM Ë`m§Zm g_mYmZH$maH$

_Owar {_iVo Agm AW© hmoVmo. Oa VodT>rhr _Owar {_iV Zgob Va OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo AdKS>

OmVo.

[aH$mS>m}À`m _Vo ""gm_mÝ` _OwarXa hm g_mZ amhÿ eH$V Zmhr Va Ë`m_Ü o ~Xb KSy>Z oVmo. amhUr

_mZmÀ`m XOm©V ~Xb Pmbm H$s OrdZ_mZmMr pñWVr gwÕm ~XbVo. _OwarXamV dmT> Pmbr H$s H$m_Jmam§À`m

JaOmhr dmT>VmV, Ë`mZwgma _Owar_Ü o ^a nS>br nm{hOo.''

B {gÕm§VmMm Üd{ZVmW© :

* `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m ©j_Vobm, JwUdÎmobm _hÎd {Xbo Amho. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm {Zdm©h _Owarnojm

OmñV _Owar {_imbr nm{hOo.

* _OwarMm g§~Y {ejU, Amamo½`, _Zmoa§OZ B. KQ>H$m§Zm Amdí`H$ JaOm§er OmoS>bm Amho.

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* amhUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©_Üò gwYmaUm Pmbr H$s Ë`mMr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>Vo, Ë`m_wio Hw$Qw>§~mMm AmH$ma

dmT>{dÊ`mEodOr Vo Hw$Qw>§~ _`m©XrV R>odÊ`mda â XoVmV.

* XoemÀ`m amï´>r` CËnÞmV â nS>Ê`mg hm {gÕm§V Cn`moJr nS>Vmo. Ë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmbm MmbZm

{_iVo.

* ^{dî`H$mimV l{_H$m§À`m nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoB©b Aer Anojm ì`ŠV hmoVo.

B {gÕm§Vmdarb Amjon :

`m {gÕm§Vmda nwT>rb Amjon KoVbo OmVmV.

1) OrdZ_mZ XOm©da _Owar Adb§~yZ ZgVo : `m {gÕm§VmZwgma H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmar _Owar hr

amhUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. na§Vw àË`jm_Ü o ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© hm Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m _Owar

Xamda Adb§~yZ AgVmo. OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© hm n[aUm_ Amho H$maU Zmhr.

2) OrdZ_mZmMm XOm© g§{X½Y g§H$ënZm : OrdZ_mZ hr g§H$ënZm g§{X½Y d bd{MH$ g§H$ënZm

Amho. Ë`m_wio `m {gÕm§Vmbm {d{eï> Aer emór` Mm¡H$Q> àmßV hmoV Zmhr.

3) BVa KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j : CÚmoJmV Ho$br OmUmar ^m§S>db Jw§VdUyH$, CËnmXZmVrb gwYmaUm,

H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m¡eë`mV dmT> B. KQ>H$m§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bo Amho.

4) doVZ {ZYr {gÕm§V (Wage Fund Theory) :

doVZ{ZYr {gÕm§VmMr _yi H$ënZm A°S>_ pñ_WMr Agbr Var m {gÕm§VmMr ì`dpñWV _m§S>Ur Oo. Eg.

{_bZo Ho$br. m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr Am{U l_ nwadR>çmMm {dMma Ho$bm AgyZ AënH$mi

J¥hrV Yabm Amho.

""H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm XoVm `mdm åhUyZ godm`moOH$ amIrd {ZYr {Z_m©U H$aVmo ho `m

{gÕm§VmMo J¥hrV Amho.''

{_bÀ`m _Vo godm`moOH$mZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m m amIrd {ZYrVyZM H$m_Jmam§Zm _Owar {Xbr OmVo. _Owarbm

^m§S>db {ZYrer OmoS>bo Amho. _OwarMm Xa hm amIrd {ZYr Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m `m§À`m JwUmoÎmamda

Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Ë`m_Ü o amIrd {ZYr hm pñWa Agë`m_wio _OwarMm Xa hm H$m_Jmam§À`m g§» oda Adb§~yZ

AgVmo. l_nwadR>çmV dmT> Pmbr H$s _OwarXa H$_r hmoB©b Am{U l_nwadR>m H$_r Pmbm AgVm _Owar XamV dmT>

hmoB©b. åhUOoM XmoÝhrVrb g§~§Y hm ì`ñV ñdénmMm AgVmo.

AënH$mimV l_nwadR>m nyU©nUo Abd{MH$ AgVmo Am{U l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr godm`moOH$mÀ`m

_Zmod¥Îmrda {ZYm©arV AgyZ Vr gd©gmYmaUnUo pñWa AgVo. WmoS>Š`mV _OwarXamda godm`moOH$mZo {Z_m©U Ho$bobm

amIrd{ZYr Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m `m{edm` BVa H$moUË`mhr KQ>H$mMm n[aUm_ hmoV Zmhr.

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B {gÕm§VmVrb Xmof/ÌwQ>r :

`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o Imbrb Xmof AmT>iVmV.

1) l_IMm©Mm BVa IMm©er g§~§Y OmoS>bm Zmhr : àË oH$ godm`moOH$ CËnmXZ H$m`m©er {ZJS>rVAgboë`m l_IMm©Mm BVa IMm©er g§~§Y OmoS>V AgVmo. na§Vw hm {dMma m {gÕm§VmV Ho$bobm {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

2) pñWa amIrd {ZYr : H$m_Jmam§Zm _Owar XoÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambobm {ZYr pñWa Am{U

An[adV©Zr` AgVmo Ago hm {gÕm§V gm§JVmo. na§Vw àË`jm_Ü o ì`dgm`mMr n[apñWVr Am{U l_mMr CËnmXZj_Vm `m_Ü o ~Xb Pmbm AgVm godm`moOH$ amIrd {ZYrg ~Xb H$arV AgVmo.

3) l_nwadR>m Abd{MH$ ZgVmo : AënH$mimV l_nwadR>m nyU©nUo Abd{MH$ AgVo Ago J¥hrV Yabo

Amho. na§Vw l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

4) _OwarMm Xa l_nwadR>çmda n[aUm_ H$aVmo : l_g§» oda Á`mà_mUo _Owar Xa Adb§~yZ AgVmo.Ë`mà_mUoM _OwarÀ`m Xamda l_ g§»`m Adb§~yZ AgVo. _OwarÀ`m XamV dmT> Pmë`mg OdiÀ`m àXoemVrb

l{_H$ amoOJma {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r oVmV. Ë`m_wio l_g§» oV dmT> hmoVo. mCbQ> _OwarXa H$_r Pmë`mg amoOJmamgmR>rH$m_Jma eoOmaÀ`m àXoemV OmVmV Ë`m_wio l_g§»`m H$_r hmoVo.

5) amIrd {ZYr H$gm {Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo : amIrd {ZYr {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMo _mJ© H$moUVo? Vmo H$gm

{Z_m©U Ho$bm OmVmo? Ë`mMo _moO_mn H$go Ho$bo OmVo? `m àíZm§Mr CÎmao `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o {_iV ZmhrV.

6) ^m§S>db Am{U l_ `m§À`m_Ü`o nañna {damoY ZgVmo : ^m§S>db Am{U l_ `m CËnmXZKQ>H$m§_Ü o nañna {damoYr g§~§Y AgVmo. `mbm `m {gÕm§VmZo _mÝ`Vm {Xbr Amho. na§Vw _OwarÀ`m XamV dmT>Pmbr AgVm Zoh_rM Z\$m H$_r hmoB©b Ago Zmhr. VoOrÀ`m n[añWrVr_Ü o XmoÝhr_Ü o dmT> hmoVmZm {XgVo.

AWm©V Oo. Eg. {_bZo ñdV… Principles of Economics `m J§«Wm§À`m Xþgè`m Amd¥ÎmrV `m

{gÕm§VmMm Ë`mJ Ho$bm.

5) emofUmMm {gÕm§V (Theory of Exploitation) :

^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV l{_H$m§Mo emofU hmoVo. Ago {dMma H$mb© _mŠg nydu H$mhr {dMmad§VmZr

_m§S>bo hmoVo. na§Vw emofU Zo_Ho$ H$go hmoVo `m~m~V emñÌewÕ ñnîQ>rH$aU H$mb© _mŠg©Zo Ho$bo. åhUyZ hm {gÕm§V

H$mb© _mŠgÀ`m Zm§dmgr OmoS>bm OmVmo.

H$mb© _mŠg©À`m _Vo ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dbXma H$m_Jmam§À`m l_mVyZ OodT>o _yë` {Z_m©U

H$aVmo Ë`mVrb Aëngm mJ Ë`m§Zm _Owar åhUyZ XoVmo Am{U {eëbH$ mJ Vmo ñdV…H$S>o Z\$m åhUyZ R>odyZ KoVmo.

H$m_Jmam§Zr àË`jm_Ü o {Z_m©U Ho$bobo _yë` Am{U Ë`m§Zm {_iUmar _Owar `m_Yrb \$aH$ åhUOoM A{V[aŠV

_yë` hmo . ho A{V[aŠV _yë` åhUOoM H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU hmo .

H$mb© _mŠg©Zo l_mMr {d^mJUr Amdí`H$ l_ Am{U A{V[aŠV l_ Aer Ho$br. Amdí`H$ l_ åhUOo

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Ago l_ H$s Á`mVyZ H$m_Jmam§Mo ñdV…À`m doVZmBVHo$ _yë` {Z_m©U hmoVo. CXm. H$m_Jma {Xdg^amÀ`m 8 l_

Vmgmn¡H$s 4 Vmg ñdV…À`m l_eŠVrÀ`m _yë`mBVHo$ _yë` {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV KmbdVmV. Ë`m_wio 4 Vmg ho

Amdí`H$ l_ hmoV. Ë`mnwT>rb gd© l_ A{V[aŠV l_ hmoV. ho A{V[aŠV l_ H$m_Jma ñdV…gmR>r Zìho Va

^m§S>dbXmamgmR>r H$arV AgVmV.

Ë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo A{V[aŠV _yë`mMo {Zanoj A{V[aŠV _yë` Am{U gmnoj A{V[aŠV _yë` Ago dJuH$aU

Ho$bo. H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m_mMo Vmg dmT>dyZ Oa A{V[aŠV _yë`mV dmT> hmoV Agob Va Vo {Zanoj A{V[aŠV _yë`

hmo . Va H$m_mMo Vmg H$m`_ R>odyZ Amdí`H$ l_ Am{U A{V[aŠV l_ `m§À`m à_mUm_Ü o ~Xb Ho$ë`m_wio

Oa A{V[aŠV _yë`mV dmT> hmoV Agob Va Vo gmnoj A{V[aŠV _yë` hmo . CËnmXZ j_Vo_Ü o dmT> KS>dyZ

AmUë`m_wio `m à_mUmV ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

H$mb© _mŠg©Zo ^m§S>dbmMr {d^mJUr pñWa ^m§S>db Am{U ~XbVo ^m§S>db Aer Ho$br. ^m§S>dbmMm Omo

^mJ CËnmXZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmam H$ƒm_mb, §Ìgm_Jr ^m§S>dbr dñVy Am{U gmYZo `mÀ`m IaoXrgmR>r

dmnabm OmVmo Vmo ^mJ åhUOo pñWa ^m§S>db hmo . `mVyZ A{V[aŠV _yë`mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Zmhr. H$m_Jmam§Mr

l_eŠVr IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m m§S>dbmV åhUOoM _OwarVrb IMm©bm ~XbVo m§S>db Ago

åhQ>bo Amho. ho ~XbVo ^m§S>dbM A{V[aŠV_yë` {_idyZ XoVo oWoM H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU hmoVo. {edm` ~XbVo

^m§S>dbM Zâ`mMm Xa KQ>V OmÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>aVo.

B Q>rH$mË_H$ narjU :

emofU {gÕm§Vm_Ü o _yb yV Xmof {XgyZ oVmV Vo Imbrbà_mUo.

1) Ho$di ~Xbë`m ^m§S>dbmVyZ A{V[aŠV _yë` {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr : _mŠg©Zo A{VarŠV _yë`mMr

{Z{_©Vr Ho$di ~XbË`m m§S>dbmVyZ hmoVo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. na§Vw àË`jmV m§S>dbXma pñWa m§S>dbmMr _mÌm

dmT>dyZ Am{U ~XbVo ^m§S>db pñWa R>odyZ A{V[aŠV _yë`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$VmV.

2) ~XbVo ^m§S>db d Zâ`mMm Xa : EHy$U ^m§S>dbmVrb pñWa ^m§S>dbmMo ~XbË`m ^m§S>dbmer

AgUmao à_mU dmT>drV Zgë`mg Z\$m KQ>V OmVmo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Oa Ago Agob Va Á`m CÚmoJmV l_mMo

à_mU ZJÊ` AgVo VoWo Zâ`mMo à_mU OmñV Agbo nm{hOo na§Vw AZw d CbQ>m oVmo. Á`m CÚmoJmV pñWa

^m§S>db OmñV AgVo {VWo Zâ`mMo à_mU dmT>Vo AgVo.

3) ì`dñWmnZ Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z `mH$S>o Xþb©j : CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV ì`dñWmnZ Am{U _mJ©Xe©Z

`mbm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. XmoZ doJdoJù`m H$maImÝ`mV l_ Am{U BVa gmYZo gma»`mM à_mUmV dmnabr

OmV AgVmZm EH$ H$maImZm VmoQ>çmV Am{U Xþgam \$m`ÚmV MmbVmo `mMo H$maU `mo½` ì`dñWmnZmV Am{U

_mJ©Xe©ZmV gmnS>Vo. AWm©V H$mb© _mŠg©Zo hr Z§Va ho _mÝ` Ho$bo.

6) doVZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V :

doVZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V hm {d^mOZmÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§VmMo EH$ {d{eîQ> én

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Amho. hm {gÕm§V AW©emñÌmV _mÝ`Vm nmdbobm Am{U _hÎdmMm {gÕm§V Amho. 1899 _Ü o Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$

`m§Zr The Distribution of Wealth m J«§Wm§V m {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br. m {gÕm§VmZwgma doVZ ho gr_m§V

CËnmXH$VoEdT>o AgVo. Ë`m§À`m_Vo ""g_mZ godogmR>r, Ag_mZ _Owar Agy eH$V Zmhr. H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m

l{_H$m§Mr _Owar mS>çmZo bmdUmè`m A§{V_(gr_m§V) l{_H$mÀ`m à`ËZmZo dmT>Umè`m CËnmXH$Vo BVH$s.AgVo.''

B {gÕm§VmMo {dYmZ :

""{XK©H$mimV CËnmXZmÀ`m àË`oH$ gmYZmV {_iUmam _mo~Xbm hm Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoÀ`m

_yë`m~amo~a AgVmo.''

qH$dm

""CËnmXZmÀ`m {d{eîQ> n[apñWVr_Ü o àË oH$ CËnmXZ gmYZmMr [H§$_V Ë`mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo EdT>r

AgVo.''

B J¥{hVo -

hm {gÕm§V Imbrb J¥{hVmda AmYmarV Amho.

1) KQ>H$ Am{U dñVw~mOmamV nyU© ñnYm© Amho.

2) l_ J{Verb AgyZ gd© l{_H$m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm g_mZ Amho.

3) l{_H$m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoMo _mnZ H$aVm oVo.

4) AW©ì`dñWoV nyU©amoOJmamMr n[apñWVr Amho.

5) KQ>Ë`m CËnmXZ H$mimMm {Z`_ AZw dmg oVmo.

6) {Zh©ñVjonmMo YmoaU.

7) CËnmXZV§Ì H$m`_ Amho.

8) CËnmXH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr g_mZ Amho.

9) hm {gÕm§V XrK©H$mimV Iam R>aVmo.

B {gÕm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU :

CËnmXH$mgmR>r l_mMo _hËd l{_H$m§À`m ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$VoÛmao {ZpíM>V hmoVo. Oa l{_H$mMr gr_m§V

^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm (Marginal physical production) A{YH$ Agob Va CËnmXH$ OmñV _Owar XoÊ`mgmR>r

V`ma hmoVmo. `m CbQ> Oa gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm H$_r Pmbr Va H$_r _Owar XoVmo.

CËnmXH$/g§ moOH$ hm Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZ H$arV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo l{_H$m§Zm H$m_mda KoV

AgVmZm. Ë`m§À`mnmgyZ EHy$U CËnmXZmV nS>Umar ^a Am{U Ë`mbm Úmdr bmJUmar _Owar `m§Mr VwbZm H$arV

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AgVmo. Aën H$mimV _Owar gr_m§V CËnmXZmÀ`m _yë`mnojm H$_r Agbr Va CËnmXH$mbm \$m`Xm hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio

l{_H$m§À`m g§» o_Ü o dmT> H$aVmo. OgOer l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m dmT>V OmVo VgVer gr_m§V l{_H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm

H$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo. hr à{H«$`m Omon ªV _OwarÀ`m Xa l_mÀ`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoÀ`m _yë`m~amo~a hmoV Zmhr

Vmon ªV Mmby ahmVo. Ë`mà_mUoM AënH$mimV _Owar (doVZ) l_mÀ`m gr_m§V ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vonojm OmñV

XoIrb hmoD$ eH$Vo `mdoir EH$ OmXm l{_H$ (gr_m§V) H$m_mbm bmdë`m_wio CËnmXH$mbm VmoQ>m ghZ H$amdm

bmJob. Ë`m_wio l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr H$_r hmoB©b. l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr H$_r Pmbr H$s _OwarMm

Xa H$_r hmoB©b Am{U l{_H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm dmT>ob. hr àd¥Îmr Vmon ªV Mmby amhrb Á`m{R>H$mUr _OwarMm

Xa Am{U gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm g_mZ hmoV Zmhr.

WmoS>Š`mV AënH$mimV _OwarMo Xa gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vonojm Imbr qH$dm da OmD$ eH$VmV. na§Vw

XrK©H$mimV l{_H$m§Zm {_iUmar _Owar hr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a AgVo.

B Q>rH$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ :

Q>rH$mH$mam§Zr `m {gÕm§Vmda doJdoJio Amjon KoVbo AmhoV Vo Imbrb à_mUo.

1) AdmñVd J¥{hVo : hm {gÕm§V AZoH$ J¥{hVm§da AmYmarV Amho H$s Or J¥{hVo JVrerb n[apñWVr_Ü o

AZw dmg oV ZmhrV. Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo hm {gÕm§V AZoH$ AdmñVd J¥{hVm§da AmYmabobm Agë`m_wio Vmo

dmñVdmnmgyZ Xÿa OmVmo.

2) EH$m§Jr {gÕm§V : _marg S>m°~ `m§À`m_Vo `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o \$ŠV l_mÀ`m _mJUrMmM {dMma Ho$bobm

AgyZ nwadR>çmMm {dMmaM Ho$bm Zmhr Ë`m_wio hm {gÕm§V AnyU© Am{U EH$m§Jr ñdê$nmMm R>aVmo.

3) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mm {dMma Zmhr : `m {gÕm§VmZwgma gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo_Ü`o dmT> Pmbr VaM

_OwarXam_Ü o dmT> hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§_wio gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoV dmT> Z hmoVmhr _OwarÀ`m XamV dmT>

hmoVo. `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU hm {gÕm§V XoV Zmhr.

4) H$m_Jmam§Mo OrdZ_mZ Am{U _Owar : H$m_Jmam§Mo OrdZ_mZ Am{U _Owar `mMm K{ZîQ> g§~§Y

AgVmo. na§Vw `m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o `m JmoîQ>rMm C„oIhr Ho$bobm {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

5) gm¡XmeŠVr g_mZ ZgVo : CËnmXH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr g_mZ AgVo Ago hm {gÕm§V

J¥{hV YaVmo. na§Vw Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo l_mMm nwadR>m H$aUmao AZoH$ AgVmV Am{U l_ IaoXr H$aUmam (_mJUr)

EH$M ahmVmo. Aem n[añWrVr_Ü o CËnmXH$ l{_H$m§Zm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vonojm H$_r _Owar XoÊ`mV eñdr hmoVmo.

Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§nojm CËnmXH$m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr Zoh_rM OmñV ahmVo.

6) AW©hrZ {gÕm§V : S>m°. _me©bZo `m {gÕm§Vmbm AW©hrZ {gÕm§V Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo ""`m

{gÕm§Vmbm nwîH$iXm _OwarÀ`m {gÕm§VmÀ`m énmV àñVwV Ho$bo OmVo, na§Vw `mMm H$mhr R>mog AmYma Zmhr.

l{_H$m§Mo CËnÞ Ë`mÀ`m ewÕ CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a hmoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr XmI{dVo H$maU ewÕ CËnmXZmMo AZw_mZ

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bmdÊ`mgmR>r AmnUmbm Ë`mÀ`m _OwarÀ`m A{V[aŠV dñVy {deofV… CËnmXZ IMm©bm J¥{hV Yê$Z Mmbmdo

bmJob.''

7) XrK©H$mimMm {dMma : hm {gÕm§V XrK©H$mimV AZw dmg oVmo. na§Vw Q>rH$mH$mam§À`m _Vo l{_H$m§À`m

_OwarMm {ZU© AënH$mimVM KoVbm nm{hOo. Ë`m_wio AënH$mimV _OwarMo Xa H$go R>aVmV ho ñnîQ> H$aÊ`mg

hm {gÕm§V Anwam R>aVmo.

7) _OwarMm AmYw{ZH$ {gÕm§V (Modern Theory of Wages) :

AmYw{ZH$ AW©emñÌkmÀ`m _VmZwgma CËnmXZ à{H«$ oV CËnmXZ gmYZm§Mm dmna H$éZ dñVw§Mo CËnmXZ

H$aÊ`mV oV Agbo Var ~mOmanoR>oV dñVyMo _yë` Á`mà_mUo _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmÀ`m g_VmobmVyZ {ZpíMV

hmoVo Ë`m à_mUoM l{_H$m§Mr _Owar l_mgmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUr Am{U l_mÀ`mnwadR>çmdê$Z {ZpíMV hmoVo.

A) l_mMr _mJUr :

CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV l{_H$m§Mo l_ _hËdmMo Am{U g{H«$` AgVmV. l_mÀ`m gh^mJm{edm` CËnmXZ

à{H«$`m gwê$ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. godm`moOH$m§H$Sy>Z l_mMr _mJUr Ho$br OmVo. godm`moOH$mH$Sy>Z l{_H$m§Zm {Xbr

OmUmar _Owar hr Ë`m§À`m gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoEdT>r AgVo. Ë`mnojm OmñV _Owar XoUo, godm`moOH$mbm nadS>V

Zmhr. AënH$mimV H$mhr {d{eîQ> H$maUm_wio _OwarXa gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vonojm H$_r OmñV hmoV Agbm Var

Ë`mMr ñWm`r àd¥Îmr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a ahmÊ`mMr AgVo.

~) l_mMm nwadR>m :

l{_H$m§H$Sy>Z l_mMm nwadR>m hmoV AgVmo. hm l_nwadR>m àm_w»`mZo l_g§»`m Am{U Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm

`mdéZ {ZpíMV hmoV AgVmo. l{_H$m§À`m g§» odê$Z Ë`m§Mr g§»`mË_H$ ~mOy {ZpíMV hmoVo Va H$m ©j_Vodê$Z

Ë`m§Mr JwUmË_H$ ~mOy {ZpíMV hmoV AgVo. bmoH$g§»`m dmT> Am{U H$m ©j_VoVrb dmT>r_wio l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmV

dmT> hmoVo.

H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm {ZpíMV H$aUmam à_wI KQ>H$ åhUOo Ë`m§À`m ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© hmo . Cƒ

XOm©Mo amhUr_mZ åhUOo Cƒ H$m ©j_Vm Am{U {ZH¥$îQ> amhUr_mZ åhUOo H$_r H$m ©j_Vm. bmoH$g§» oMo

AmH$ma_mZ gwÕm amhUr_mZmÀ`m XOm©da Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mMm AW©M Agm H$s l{_H$m§Mr _Owar hr {d{eîQ>

OrdZ_mZ(amhUr_mZ) OJÊ`mgmR>r nwaoer Agbr nm{hOo. Zoh_r Mm§Jbo OrdZ_mZ OJÊ`mMr l{_H$m§Mr BÀN>m

AgVo. Ë`m§À`m OrdZ{Zdm©hmÀ`m JaOm ì`{V[aŠV, H$m ©j_VoÀ`m JaOm nyU© H$aVm oVrb EdT>r Var _Owar

{_imbr nm{hOo.

H$) g_Vmob :

l_mgmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrÀ`m ~mOyZo H$m_Jmam§Mr _Owar gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vodê$Z Am{U l_mÀ`m

nwadR>çmÀ`m ~mOyZo OrdZ_mZmÀ`m {d{eîQ> ñVamdê$Z {Z{üV hmoVo. l_mMr _mJUr godm`moOH$ Va l_mMm

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nwadR>m l{_H$ H$arV AgVmV. Á`m R>rH$mUr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm Am{U amhUr_mZmMm ñVa g_mZ hmoVmo Ë`m

R>rH$mUr _OwarMm Xa {Z{üV hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV {OWo _mJUr _yë` Am{U nwadR>m _yë` g_mZ hmoVo VoWo _OwarXa

R>aVmo.

B _yë`_mnZ :

`m {gÕm§Vmda nwT>rbà_mUo Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

1) nyU©ñnYm© J¥{hV MwH$sMo : hm {gÕm§V nyU©ñnY}_Ü o Iam R>aVmo. na§Vw nyU©ñnYm© hr AmXe© pñWVr

AgyZ dmñVdmV Vr AmT>iV Zmhr. dmñVdmVë`m AnyU©ñnY}À`m n[apñWVrV hm {gÕm§V AZw dmg oV Zmhr.

2) gm¡XmeŠVr g_mZ ZgVo : godm`moOH$ Am{U l{_H$m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr g_mZ AgVo Ago J¥hrV

YaÊ`mV Ambo Amho. na§Vy ho MwH$sMo AgyZ gmnojVoZo g§ moOH$mMr gm¡XmeŠVr OmñV AgVo. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§Zm

Ano{jV AgUmar _Owar hr ~m~ Jm¡U R>aVo.

3) _mJUr Am{U nwadR>çmV Ag_mZVm : l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr hr l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmnojm H$_r

AgVo. hm _yb yV \$aH$ Agë`m_wio l_mMo _mJUr _yë` Am{U l_mMo nwadR>m_yë` mV g_Vmob {Z_m©U hmoVmo

Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr.

4) l_mMr J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo : ^m§S>db `m KQ>H$mer VwbZm H$aVm l_ `m KQ>H$mMr CËnmXH$Vm

Am{U J{VerbVm H$_r AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$_r _Owarda H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo.

5) l_mMm gmR>m H$aVm oV Zmhr : l_mMo _hËdmMo d¡{eîQ²>` åhUOo l_mMm gmR>m AJa g§M` H$aVm

oV Zmhr. l_ Zmed§V AgVmV. Ë`m_wio àM{bV _Owar Xambm l_ Vm~S>Vmo~ {dH$Uo ^mJ nS>Vo.

2.2.1.2 gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo {gÕm§V (Bargaining Theories) :

B àñVmdZm :

gm_wXm`rH$ gm¡Xm hr g§H$ënZm gd©àW_ {~A°Q´>rg d {gS>Zo m§Zr _m§S>br. A_o[aHo$V m g§H$ënZobm _hËd

àmá H$éZ XoÊ`mMo H$m_ g°å wAb Jm°dg© `m§Zr Ho$bo.

^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m {hVg§~§Ym_Ü o nañna {damoY AgVmo ho

ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. m XmoÝhr dJm©Zr nañna {damoYr y{_H$m KoVë`m Va CÚmoJ eñdrnUo MmbV ZmhrV. CÚmoJ

`eñdrnUo Mmbbo VaM _mbH$m§Zm nwaogm Z\$m d H$m_Jmam§Zm mo½` _Owar Am{U Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm

àmá hmoB©b. _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§Mo {dYm`H$ g§~§Y hmM CÚmoJmÀ`m `eñdrVoMm AmYma AgVmo. XmoÝhr

dJm©À`m à{V{ZYrZr doimodoir EH$Ì oD$Z nañnam§Mm ÑîQ>rH$moZ Am{U y{_H$m g_OyZ KoVbr, nañnam§À`m

g_ñ`m OmUyZ KoVë`m Va à{VHy$b n[añWVrda {dO` àmá H$aVm oVmo, VmoS>Jm H$mT>Vm oVmo ho C{ÔîQ²>` gmÜ`

H$aÊ`mgmR>r gmø yV R>aUmè`m à{H«$ obmM ""gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r / gm¡Xo~mOr'' Ago åhUVmV.

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gm_w{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r m g§H$ënZoÀ`m ì`m»`m {d{^Þ àH$mao VÁkm§Zr Ho$ë`m AmhoV Ë`m§Vrb à_wI ì`m»`mnwT>rb à_mUo.

S>ob `moS>a : `m§À`m_Vo ""gm_w{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r hr Aer EH$ à{H«$`m Amho H$s {OÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$_©MmarOoWo H$m_ H$aVmV Vr n[apñWVr d VoWrb Ë`m§À`m g§~§YmMo ñdê$n R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r H$_©Mmar EH$ g_yh åhUyZH$m © H$aVmV.''

hm°dS>© bwB©g - ""gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm åhUOo EH$Ì oUo, EH$m g§KQ>ZoV g§KQ>rV hmoUo Am{U H$m_mMrn[apñWVr gd© H$m_Jmam§Zm gma»`mM ñdénmMr Agob ho nmhUo Ë`mgmR>r _mbH$m§er H$ama H$aUo d Ooìhm hmH$ama nmibm OmV Zmhr Voìhm H$m_ H$aÊ`mg ZH$ma XoUo''

gm_whrH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r qH$dm gm¡Xo~mOr hr EH$ JVrerb à{H«$`m AgyZ _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mo A{YH¥$Và{V{ZYr EH$Ì oVmV, MMm© H$aVmV, nañnam§Mo ÑîQ>rH$moZ Am{U y{_H$m g_OyZ KoVmV Ë`mVyZ mo½` {ZîH$fm©bmoVmV Am{U eodQ>r _OwarXa, H$m_mMo Vmg n[apñWVr B. ~m~VrV nañnamer H$ama H$aVmV.

darb ì`m»`m§déZ gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xo~mOrMr H$mhr d¡{eîQ²> o gm§JVm oVmV Vr nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xo~mOr hr EH$ Xþhoar à{H«$`m Amho.

2) _mÝ`VmàmßV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo A{YH¥$V à{V{ZYrer MMm© Ho$br OmVo.

3) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xo~mOr hr J{Verb à{H«$`m Amho. _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma mn¡H$s H$moUVmhr EH$ njAmnë`m {d{eîQ> y{_Ho$er {MH$Qy>Z amhÿ eH$V Zmhr.

4) `m à{H«$ o_Ü o XmoÝhr njm§À`m ÑîQ>rZo gm§JUo OodT>o _hËdmMo AgVo VodT>oM EoH$Uo d g_OyZ KoUo_hËdmMo AgVo.

5) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r hr {Za§Va MmbUmar à{H«$`m AgVo.

6) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m à{H«$ oMr \$b{ZînVr åhUOo _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo à{V{ZYr`m§À`mV EH$ boIr ñdénmMm H$ama hmoÊ`m_Ü o hmoVo.

7) nañnam§Mo {hVg§~§Y {dMmamV KoVbo OmVmV.

8) `m à{H«$ oV XmoÝhr nj g_mZ gm_Ï`m©Mo AgVmV. EH$ à~i Am{U Xþgam Xþ~©i Agm àH$ma ZgVmo.

9) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r / gm¡Xo~mOrMr à{H«$`m ho EH$ gmYZ Amho gmÜ` Zìho. XmoÝhr njm§Zrg_O§gnUo `mMm Cn`moJ H$éZ ¿`mdm bmJVmo.

20 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m _Ü`mn ©V OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ Xoem§_Ü o H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbm VgoMOmJ{VH$ nmVirda ""Am§VaamîQ´>r` H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm'' ñWmnZ Pmbr. H$m_Jmam§À`m g§KQ>Zm~amo~aM _mbH$dJm©À`m g§KQ>Zm gwÕm ApñVËdmV Amë`m `mVyZM AW©emñÌkm§Zr {d{dY J¥{hVm§À`m AmYmamda gm¡Xm nÕVr

A§VJ©V _OwarÀ`m XamMr H$er {Z{üVr hmoVo `mMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo.

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1) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm nÕVr - Om°Z. Q>r. S>Zbm°n :

1950 _Ü o Om°Z. Q>r. S>Zbm°n m§Zr Amnë`m "Wage determination Under Trade Unions" m

J«§Wm_Ü o _hV_Îmm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo ""àË oH$ H$m_Jma g§KmMo C{ÔîQ²>` ho H$mhrVar _hV_ H$amd`mMo

AgVo.''

`m _hÎm_Vo_Ü o VrZ JmoîQ>rMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

A) Amnë`m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm gdm©{YH$ amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo.

~) g§KQ>ZoÀ`m g^mgXm§À`m CËnÞmV OmñVrV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUUo.

H$) g^mgXm§n¡H$s _hËdmÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm amoOJma {_idyZ XoUo Am{U Ë`m§À`m _OwarXamV dmT> KS>dyZ

AmUUo.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm darb VrZ JmoîQ>rn¡H$s gd©M JmoîQ>rMr EH$mM doir nyV©Vm H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Va EH$m doir

EH$M JmoîQ> nyU© H$ê$ eH$Vo. `m nÕVrMo AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aVm oVo.

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o A, j Ajmda H$m_Jma g§»`m d A, ` Ajamda _OwarMm Xa Xe©{dbobm Amho _, _ hm

l{_H$m§Mm _mJUrdH«$ hm _mbH$ XoD$ H$arV Agboë`m gamgar _OwarMm dH«$ Amho. _, _ m dH«$mÀ`m g§~YmV

H$mT>bobm d H$m_Jmam§Zm àmá hmoD$ eH$Umè`m gr_m§V _OwarXamMm dH«$ _, S> hm Amho. S>Zbm°n `m§Zr H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZoÀ`mdaVr _m§S>boë`m VrZ JmoîQ>tMo ñnîQ>rH$aU Imbrbà_mUo {Xbo Amho.

>

>

>

X

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Z2

Z1

Z

O n2 n1 n Y

_

b1

b

b2

H$m_Jma g§»`m

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1) Amnë`m g§KQ>ZoÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm gdm©{YH$ amoOJma {_idyZ Úmd`mMm Agob Va Aem n[apñWVr_Ü o_mbH$m§H$Sy>Z gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Úm_Ü o H$_r _OwXarXa ñdrH$mamdm bmJob. g_Om H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m A, n EdT>r

Agob Va d m gdmªZm amoOJma {_idyZ Úmd`mMm Agob Va _, _ dH«$mda Xe©{dë`mà_mUo A, Z BVH$m H$_r_OwXr Xa ñdrH$mamdm bmJob.

2) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zobm Amnë`m g^mgXm§Zm {_iUmao CËnÞ _hV_ H$amd`mMo Agob Va Aem n[apñWVrV

amoOJmamMr nmVir BVH$s R>odmdr bmJob H$s Ë`m nmVirbm gr_m§V _Owar eyÝ` Agob. gr_m§V _Owar eyÝ` AgVoVoìhm gamgar _OwarMm dH«$ _, _ _hV_ CËnÞ XmI{dVmo. Aem n[añWVr_Ü o A, n1 BVH$m amoOJma Am{UA, Z1, BVH$m _OwarMm Xa ñdrH$mamdm bmJob.

3) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zobm Á`mdoir H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m g^mgXm§Zm _hV_ _Owar Am{U amoOJma àmá H$éZÚmd`Mm Agob Va d Aem g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m A, n2 EdT>r Agob Va H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _mbH$dJm©H$S>o A,Z2 BVŠ`m _Owar XamMr _mJUr H$aob. Aem g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m OmñV Agob Va _mÌ H$_r _OwarXa ñdrH$mamdm

bmJob.

WmoS>Š`mV S>Zbm°n `m§À`m_Vo H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AZoH$ C{Ôï>m§gmR>r H$m_ H$arV AgVmV na§Vw darb VrZJmoîQ>r OmñV _hËdmÀ`m AgVmV. _mbH$ dJm©~amo~a gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm H$arV AgVmZm H$moUVr C{ÔîQ²> o

AgVrb mda Ë`mMo e Adb§~yZ amhrb. Ë`mgmR>r m à{H«$ oV _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr àmYmÝ` H«$_R>a{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Am{U _hËdmMo åhUOo A§VJ©V VS>OmoS> H$amdr bmJVo. H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr H$arVAgVmZmhr hoM H$amdo bmJVo.

2) amoOJma d _OwarXamMm {gÕm§V - {dë`_ {\$bZa (Willim Fellnar's Employment and Wage

Theory)

Am°JñQ> 1947 À`m Quaterly Journal of Economics m _m{gH$mV {dë`_ \o$bZa m§Zr Prices

and Wages Under Bilateral Monopoly `m boImV amoOJma Am{U _OwarXamÀ`m wŠV g§ moJmMr

g§H$ënZm _m§S>br m boImV Ë`mZr amoOJmamVrb dmT> Am{U _OwarXamVrb dmT> m nañna {damoYr C{ÔîQ>m§Mm _oiH$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm H$gm KmbVmV `mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo.

Ë`m§À`m_Vo _OwarXam~m~mV XmoZ _`m©Xm AgVmV. EH$ åhUOo _hV_ Am{U Xþgar åhUOo Ý yZV_ _`m©Xm

hmo . _hV_ _`m©Xm hr CËnmXH$mÛmao ñdrH$maë`m OmUmè`m _OwarXamda Cdb§~yZ AgVo. _Owam§À`m {d{eîQ>n[aUm_m§Mo Oo gamgar àmßVr CËnmXZ Agob Ë`mnojm OmñV _OwarMm Xa Agy eH$V Zmhr. gamgar àmßVCËnmXZmnojm _OwarMm Xa OmñV Agob Va _mbH$dJm©bm VmoQ>m hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio Vo EH$ Va CËnmXZ H$_r H$aVrb

qH$dm CËnmXZ H$aUo ~§X H$aVrb.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmÛmao qH$dm _Owam§Ûmao ñdrH$maë`m OmUmè`m _OwarXamMr EH$ Ý yZV_ _`m©Xm (Minimum

Limit) AgVo. Ý yZV_ _`m©Xm hr BVa CÚmoJm§_Ü o _Owam§Zm {_iUmar _Owar, BVa CÚmoJmV {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m

dñVyÀ`m _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm, ^m§S>dbmÀ`m g§X^m©V _Owam§À`m _mJUrMr bd{MH$Vm, ahmUr_mZmMm IM© d

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....4

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dV©_mZ _Owar Xa B. da Adb§~yZ AgVo. AWm©V hr _`m©Xm Zo_H$s {H$Vr AgVo ho gm§JUo AdKS> AgVo. _mÌ

àË`jmV _OwarXamMr Ý yZV_ _`m©Xm AgVoM.

B {gÕm§VmMo ñnîQ>rH$aU :

EImÚm CÚmoJmV {Z{üV hmoUmar _Owar hr _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m gm¡XmeŠVrda Adb§~yZ

AgVo. Oa CËnmXH$m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr hr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zonojm OmñV Agob Va _OwarMm Xa hm Ý yZV_ _`m©XoÀ`m

Odi Agob Am{U Oa H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMr gm¡XmeŠVr hr CËnmXH$m§À`m gm¡XmeŠVrnojm OmñV Agob Va hm Xa

Ý yZV_ _`m©Xonojm OmñV amhrb. `mMmM AW© àË`jmVrb _OwarMm Xa hm XmoÝhr njmÀ`m gm¡XmeŠVrda

Adb§~yZ amhVmo.

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm H$arV AgVmZm H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm g_moa _hËdmMm àíZ AgVmo, Vmo åhUOo amoOJma Am{U

_OwarXamMm g§ wŠV _oi KmbÊ`mMm. `mMoM ñnîQ>rH$aU \o$bZaZo g_d¥ÎmrdH«$mÀ`m gmømZo Ho$bo Amho. amoOJma

Am{U _OwarXa ho EH$_oH$m§Zm n`m© Agë`mZo g_d¥Îmr dH«$ Ama§ q~Xÿbm ~{hd©H«$ AgVmV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m

`m g_d¥Îmr dH«$ ZH$memÀ`m gmømZo Am{U gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm d gamgar CËnmXH$Vm dH«$mÀ`m AmYmamda

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmÛmao Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m gm¡ÚmMo ñdén ñnîQ> H$aVm oVo.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm hr Zoh_r daÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥ÎmrdH«$mdarb amoOJma Am{U _OwarXamMm g§ moJ (JQ>)

{ZdS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ H$aob Va _mbH$ Á`m amoOJmamg _OwarMm Xa gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vo~amo~a Amho BVH$mM amoOJma

XoD$ eHo$b `m g§ moJmMr {ZdS> H$aob.

Á`m amoOJma nmVirbm _OwarMmXa Am{U gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm g_mZ AgVo Ë`m {R>H$mUr g_Vmob gmÜ`

hmoVmo Ë`m{R>H$mUr _OwarXa {Z{üV hmoVmo ho XmoÝhr njm§Zm _mÝ` AgVo. gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoMm dH«$ g_d¥Îmr dH«$mbm

Á`m{R>H$mUr ñne© H$aVmo VmoM g_Vmob q~Xÿ AgVmo. nwT>rb AmH¥$ÎmrÀ`m gmømZo hm g_Vmob ñnîQ> H$aVm oVmo.

H$m_Jma g§»`m (amoOJma)

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CÀMV_ _OwarXa g§ moJ

Ý yZV_ _OwarXa g§ moJU

Ugd

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a

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AmH¥$Vr_Ü o A,j Ajmda H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m Am{U A,` Ajmda CËnmXH$Vm qH$dm _OwarXa XmI{dbm

Amho. g,_ Vo g_3 ho H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo H$m_Jma g§»`m d _OwarMo Xa Xe©{dUmao {Za{Zamio g_mZ _hËd

AgUmao g§ moJ XI{dUmao g_d¥VrdH«$ F$UmË_H$ CVmamMo XmI{dbo AmhoV. g, S> hm gamgar àmár CËnmXH$Vm

Am{U gr,D$ gr_m§V àmár CËnmXH$Vm dH«$ AmhoV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo amoOJmamMm Am{U _OwarXamMm

g§ moJ hm gr_m§V àmárMm dH«$ hm g_d¥VrdH«$mbm Á`m {R>H$mUr ñne©H$aVmo Vmo amhrb AmH¥$Vr_Ü o g, _2 `m

g_d¥VrdH«$mbm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm dH«$ g q~XÿV gne© H$aVmo. Ë`m {R>H$mUr g_Vmob gmÜ` hmoVmo Am{U A, S>1

BVH$m amoOJma Am{U A Z, BVŠ`m _OwarXamMr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _mJUr H$aVrb _mÌ CËnmXH$mMr gm¡XmeŠVr

OmñV Agob Va CËnmXH$ S>1, A, S> EdT>m amoOJma XoCZ A,Z BVH$m _OwarXa XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aob. H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo g, _1 hm dH«$ Ý yZV_ _Owar Xe©{dVmo Vmo C, b / A, Z EdT>m Amho. `mCbQ> H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZoMr gm¡Xm eŠVr OmñV Agob Va H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm A, S>1, BVH$m amoOJma Am{U A Z1 BVŠ`m

_OwarXamMr _mJUr H$aob. àË`j ì`dhmamV _mÌ CËnmXH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm `m§À`m dmQ>mKmQ>rZo amoOJma

Am{U _Owar Xa hm g,b `m Xaå`mZ Hw$R>oVar gr_m§V CËnmXH$VoÀ`m dH«$mda hmoB©b.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _O~yV Am{U à~i AgVrb Va åhUOoM Ë`mMr gm¡XmeŠVr _hÎm_ (CƒV_) Agob

d H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm CËnmXH$mer H$moUË`mhr àH$maÀ`m dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mg V`ma ZgVrb Va Aem n[apñWVrV

AmH¥$VrV Xe©{dë`mà_mUo "d' hm q~Xÿ CÀMV_ _OwarXa d amoOJma {_idyZ XoUmam Amho. H$maU daÀ`m

nmVirdarb g,_3 `m g_d¥VrdH«$mbm gamgar àmárdH«$ ñne© H$aVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV Á`mnjmMr gm¡XmeŠVr OmñV, Ë`m ~mOybm _Owar Xa Am{U amoOJmam§Mr g§»`m {Z{üV hmoVo.

3) àm. E. E_. H$maQ>a `m§Mo gm_wXm{`H$ - gm¡Xm nÕVrMo {díbofU :

{dë`_ \$boZa `m§À`m {gÕm§VmVrb Xmof H$mTy>Z `m {gÕm§VmMm {dñVma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ A_oao{H$Z

AW©emk H$maQ>a `m§Zr 1959 _Ü o Amnë`m Theory of Wages and Employment `m nwñVH$mV Ho$bm.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r H$arV AgVmZm EH$mM H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo A{YH¥$V à{V{ZYr Am{U

_mbH$m§Mo à{V{ZYr CnpñWVrV AgVmV åhUOoM {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmargmaIr n[apñWVr AgVo. àm. H$maQ>a `m§Zr

{Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmarMo (Bialateral Monopoly) {díbofU H$arV AgVmZm H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ

\o$baZZo _m§S>bobo ""amoOJma Am{U _OwarXamMo g§ moJ'' Am{U g§ moOH$ / CËnmXH$mÀ`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ Ë`m§Zr

_m§S>boë`m CËnmXH$m§À`m / g§ moOH$mMo ng§Vr \$bZ `m XmoZ ÑîQ>rH$moZmMm {dMma H$éZ gm¡Xm nÕVrZo hmoUmè`m

dmQ>mKmQ>rMr _`m©Xm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

B _OwarXa ng§Vr \$bZ (Wage Preference Function)

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z amoOJma d _OwarXa `mMr à{VñWmnZm H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV àm. H$maQ>a `m§Zr Oa

EImÚm pñWVr_Ü o H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm amoOJma Am{U _OwarXa `m§Mm EImXm g§ moJ àmá Pmbm Agob H$s, Omo

gr_m§V àmár CËnmXH$Vm Am{U g_d¥VrdH«$mÀ`m ñnem©Zo XmI{dbm OmV Agob Va Aem n[apñWVrV amoOJmamÀ`m

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Aënem KQ>rgmR>r g§KQ>Zm _OwarXamV \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT> _mJVrb Am{U Aën _OwarÀ`m XamÀ`m

KQ>rgmR>r amoOJmamV \$ma _moR>r dmT> _mJVrb ho _hËdmMo J¥{hV Yabo Amho. `mMm AW© H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m

ÑîQ>rH$moZmVyZ amoOJma Am{U _OwarXa ho \$maM AnyU© n`m© _mZbo OmVmV. n[aUm_r g_d¥VrdH«$mMm CVma

àMbrV _Owar amoOJma g§ moJmÀ`m S>mì`m ~mOyg dmT>Vmo Am{U COì`m ~mOybm H$_r hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio amoOJma

Am{U _Owar `m§Mm g_d¥VrdH«$ XmoZ nañnanyaH$ dñVyÀ`m g_d¥VrdH«$mgmaIm {Z_m©U hmoVmo. CËnmXH$mH$Sy>Z /

g§ moOH$mH$Sy>Z oUmè`m _mJUrVrb dmT> Am{U KQ>rg H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoH$Sy>Z oUmar à{V{H«$`m {dMmamV KoUo

JaOoMo Amho. H$maU _Owar ng§Vr aofoMm AmH$ma `m à{V{H«$ oda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo _Owar ng§VrMm dH«$ XmI{dVm oVmo.

amoOJma

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o A, j Ajmda amoOJma Am{U D$,` Ajmda _OwarMm Xa amI{dbm Amho. g, _1 ho g, _6

hm g_d¥VrdH«$ ZH$mem amoOJma Am{U _OwarXa `m§Mo doJdoJio g§ moJ Xe©{dUmao H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo dH«$ AmhoV

Va H$, a1 Vo H$, a6 ho {Za{Zamio CËnmXH$VmdH«$ l_mgmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrMo dH«$ AmhoV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zobm

_hV_ amoOJma Am{U _hV_ _Owarda {_idyZ XoUmao g_d¥Vr dH«$mdarb q~Xÿ JQ> OmoS>Ê`mg AmnUmbm g§KQ>ZoMr

_Owar ng§Vraofm n, n1 {_iob AmH¥$VrV n2, n, n1 hr _Owar ng§Vr aofm Amho.

g_Om gwadmVrbm Agbobm _OwarXa A, _ EdT>m Agob Am{U Aem pñWVrV Oa _Owam§Mr _mJUr H$_r

Pmbr Va n2 m {XeoZo ZdrZ g§VwbZo {Z_m©U hmoVrb m _Owar ng§VrH«$_mg dH«$mbm n, m {R>H$mUr ~mH$ Amho.

Ver `m aofoMm AmH$ma YZmË_H$ Amho.

l_ AW©emómkm§À`m _Vo Oa g§ moOH$m§H$Sy>Z _OwarÀ`m _mJUrV dmT> Pmbr Va Aem n[apñWVrV H$m_Jma

g§KQ>Zm amoOJma dmT>rH$S>o bj Z XoVm _OwarXamZo H$er dmT> hmoB©b `mH$S>o A{YH$ bj nwa{dVmV `mCbQ>

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_Owam§gmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrV KQ> Pmë`mg H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _OwarV KQ> H$aÊ`mg _moR>çm à_mUmV {damoY

H$aVmV Am{U amoOJma KQ>rbm \$ma H$_r _hÎd XoVmV. `m à{V{H«$ odaM _OwarMm ng§VrdH«$ V`ma hmoVmo.

B g§`moOH$mMo amoOJma ng§Vr \$bZ :

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMm _hÎdmMm CÔoe åhUOo {H$Vr amOoJma g§» obm {H$Vr _OwarXamMr _mJUr H$amd`mMr

hm Agbm Var Xþgè`m ~mOybm {H$Vr _Oya {Za{Zamiçm _OwarXambm H$m_mbm ¿`md`mMo ho g§ moOH$mbm

{_iUmè`m Zâ`mda Adb§~yZ AgVo. {d{eï> _OwarÀ`m Xambm g§ moOH$mbm {_iy eH$Umar bm^ j_Vm, hr Ë`m

_OwarXamg Agboë`m gamgar {Zìdi nmßVr CËnmXH$Vm dH«$mZo Xe©{dbr OmVo hm dH«$ amoOJma Am{U _OwarMm

Xa m§Mo g§ moJ Xe©{dVmo, Á`m g§ moJmZm {_iUmam Z\$m ewÝ` (0) amhrb. Ë`m dH«$mÀ`m gd© q~Xÿda g_mZ Z\$m

Agë`m_wio Ë`mbm g§ moOH$mMm Z\$m g_dÎmrdH«$ Ago åhUVmV. daÀ`m nmVirdarb g_d¥ÎmrdH«$ hm Zâ`mMr

A{YH$ nmVir Xe[dVmo. Va ImbÀ`m nmVirdarb Z\$m g_d¥ÎmrdH«$ H$mT>rV AgVmZm XmoÝhr dH«$mÀ`m

A§VamBVH$s EHy$U _Owar amer dOm H$ê$Z Vr Zâ`mV {_i{dbr OmVo. VgoM hm Z\$m g_d¥ÎmrdH«$ COdrH$S>o

gaH$V OmVmo.

amoOJma

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o gr_m§V àmßVr CËnmXH$Vm dH©$ (grnmC) hm S>mdrH$Sy>Z COdrH$S>o Imbr oUmam Agm AgyZ

Vmo gd© Z\$m g_d¥Îmr dH«$mÀ`m _hÎm_ q~XÿÀ`m {R>H$mUr N>oXÿZ OmVmo `mMm AW©M Agm H$s g§ moOH$mZo gr_m§V

àmßVr CËnmXH$Vo BVH$s _Owar {Xbr Va {_iUmam Z\$m _hÎm_ Agob.

B _Oyar Xa ng§Vr \$bZ d amoOJma ng§Vr \$bZ `mMm `wŠV g§`moJ :

g§ moOH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo à{V{ZYr `m XmoÝhr njm§Zm nañnam§Mr ng§Vr _m{hV Amho Am{U EH$Ì

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~gyZ dmQ>mKmQ>rZo VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mMr Amho ho J¥{hV Yê$Z Ë`mbmM àm. H$maQ>aZo n[anyU© dmQ>mKmQ>rMr

pñWVr'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

XmoÝhr njmÀ`m ng§Vr \$bZmdê$Z _Owar XamMr {ZpíMVr H$er hmoVo ho Imbrb AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo ñnï>

H$aVm oVo. hr AmH¥$Vr H$mT>rV AgVmZm darb XmoZ AmH¥$VtMm wŠV g§ moJ Ho$bm Amho.

amoOJma

AmH¥$Vr_Ü o gr_m§V àmßVr CËnmXZ dH«$mdarb "_' m q~XÿÀ`m {R>H$mUr g§ moOH$ Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm

`m XmoKm§Mo {hV Xe©{dbo Amho. H$maU `m q~XÿÀ`m {R>H$mUr gr_m§V àmßVr CËnmXH$Vm dH«$ Z3, Z `m

g_d¥ÎmrdH«$mg ñne© H$aVmo Ë`mà_mUoM g3, g hm Z\$m g_d¥ÎmrdH«$ gr_m§V àmßVr CËnmXH$Vm Am{U gamgar

{Zìdi CËnmXH$Vm _yë` `m§À`m ~amo~a Xe©{dV Agë`mZo g§ moOH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎm_ Z\$m pñWVr Xe©{dVmo.

"_' = gràmC = g{ZC _yë` = Z\$m g_d¥ÎmrdH«$ = amoOJma d _OarXa `m§Mm g_d¥ÎmrdH«$

Ë`m_wio m g_Vmob q~Xÿbm Agbobm A, H$ hm _OwarXa Am{U A, b BVH$m amoOJma XmoÝhr nj åhUOoM

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Am{U g§ moOH$ pñdH$maVrb. `m pñWVr_Ü o XmoÝhr nj _OwarMm Xa ~XbÊ`mg ZmIyf

AgVrb. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr Oa OmXm _OwarXamMr (A H$1) _mJUr Ho$br Va, g§ moOH$ amoOJmamV b b1 n ªV

KQ> H$aVrb åhaOo A b1 EdT>mM amoOJma nwadVrb Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m H$ë`mUmV KQ> hmoB©b. `mCbQ>

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g§ moOH$m§Zo _OwarXa H$_r Ho$bm Va H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm g§n, ~{hîH$ma, _§Xr J{V H$m_ Am§XmobZ B. _mJm©Mm Adb§~y

H$ê$Z _OwarXamÀ`m KQ>rg {Vd« {damoY H$aVrb.

2.2.1.3 _OwarÀ`m g§H$ënZm - VËd Am{U ì`dhma (Concepts of wages - Theory &

practice) :

_OwarÀ`m g§H$ënZm§_Ü o Ý yZV_, n`m©á Am{U C{MV _Owar `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

1) Ý`yZV_ _Owar (Minimum wages)

Ý yZV_ _Owar `mMm eãXe… AW© H$_rV H$_r _Owar Agm hmVmo. ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV l{_H$m§Zm

{Xbr OmUmar _Owar hr Ë`m§Zr CËnmXrV Ho$boë`m CËnmXZ _yë`mnojm Zoh_rM H$_r AgVo. {d{dY H$maUm§_wio

H$m_Jmam§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr H$_r AgVo. l{_H$m§Zm {_iUmar _Owar H$mhr doim BVH$s Aën AgVo H$s Vo Amnë`m

_b yV JaOmgwÕm ^mJdy eH$V ZmhrV. øm OmUrdoVyZ hr g§H$ënZm nwT>o Ambr.

H$maImZXma Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`mV H$ama hmodyZ _OwarMm Xa {Z{üV Ho$bm OmVmo. na§Vy H$m_Jmam§Mr

gm¡XmeŠVr Aën Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$_r _Owar {_iÊ`mMr XmQ> eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ý yZV_ _Owar åhUOo

H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m _OwarMr {H$_mZ_`m©Xm AgVo.

`m {R>H$mUr Agm àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmo H$s Ý yZV_ _Owar {H$Vr Agmdr? H$maImZXmar g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _VmZygma

""l{_H$m§Zm Ë`m§À`m Am{U Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gXñ`m§À`m em[aarH$ JaOm mJ{dUo eŠ` hmoB©b EdT>r _Owar Úmdr. na§Vy

ho _V g§Hw${MV AgyZ l{_H$m§Zm EdT>r Ý yZV_ _Owar {_imd`mg hdr H$s Á`mVyZ Vo em[aarH$ JaOm Va ^mJdy

eH$Vrb, na§Vy Ë`m~amo~aM H$m ©j_VoMr nmVir {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo eŠ` hmoB©b. Ý yZV_ _OwarVyZ Vo {ejU,

d¡ÚH$s` CnMma d AÝ` gmo r ghO àmá H$ê$ eH$Vrb.

B Ý`yZV_ _OwarMo CÔof :

Ý yZV_ _Owar R>a{dÊ`mMr H$m Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. ømMo CÔof nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) {ddeVoMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoVm `oD$ Z`o :

H$m_Jmam§À`m {ddeoVoMm J¡a\$m`Xm KoVm oD$ Z o, Ë`mbm nm`~§X ~gmdm `mgmR>r Ý yZV_ _Oyar R>a{dUo

JaOoMo AgVo. ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo H$_r _Owar~amo~aM, H$m_mMo OmñV Vmg, H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMr Ag_mYmZH$maH$

n[apñWVr `m§Mm {ddeVo_Ü o g_mdoe hmoVmo.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>H${dUo :

l{_H$m§Zm mo½` _Owar Z XoVm Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z A{YH$ Vmg H$m_ H$éZ KoUo, H$m_mÀ`m n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm

H$aÊ`mg Q>mimQ>mi H$aUo `m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m _Zm_Ü o Ag§Vmof {Z_m©U hmoVmo `mVyZ g§n, Q>mio~§Xr B. àH$ma

KS>VmV Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {~KS>Vo. `mMm n[aUm_ Ho$di H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$ `m§À`mdaM hmoV Zmhr

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Va g§nyU© Xoembm ZwH$gmZ nmohMVo. `mgmR>r Ý yZV_ _Owar R>a{dÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo.

3) H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m`©j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r :

H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmè`m _Owarda Ë`m§Mm ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© Am{U ahmUr_mZmda Amamo½` Adb§~yZ AgVo.

Amamo½` Am{U H$m ©j_Vm mMm K{ZîQ> g§~§Y AgVmo. H$m_Jmam§Zm nwaoer _Owar {Xbr Va H$m`j_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r

Am{U Vr {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r _XV hmoVo.

4) A{ZîQ> ñnY}bm Amim :

godm`moOH$ A{YH$ Z\$m {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r CËnmXZIM© H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. CËnmXZ IM© H$_r

H$aÊ`mMm gmYm Am{U gmonm _mJ© åhUOo doVZmV H$nmV H$aUo hmo . doVZH$nmVrMr A{ZîQ> ñnYm© g§ moOH$m§H$Sy>Z

gwê$ hmoVo Am{U ~oamoOJmarÀ`m n[apñWVrV _Owa H$_rV H$_r _OwarV(doVZ) H$m_ H$aÊ`mg V`ma hmoVmV Ë`m_wio

_Owam§_Ü o hr A{ZîQ> ñnYm© gwê$ hmoVo ho Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Ý yZV_ _Owar R>a{dUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

5) AH$m`©j_ H$maImZXmam§Mo CƒmQ>Z :

Anwar gmYZgm_J«r, AH$m ©j_ ì`dñWmnZ AgUmao H$maImZXma H$_r doioV, H$_r CËnmXZ IMm©V,

Mm§Jë`m XOm©Mo CËnmXZ H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm Aën Z\$m {_iVmo Ë`m_wio Vo _Owam§Zm nwaoer _Owar

Xody eH$V ZmhrV. Ý yZV_ _Owar {Z{üV Ho$ë`mZ§Va Aem AH$m ©j_ H$maImZXmam§Mo AmnmoAmnM CƒmQ>Z

hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

B Ý`yZV_ _Owar {ZYm©aUmVrb AS>MUr :

Ý yZV_ _OwarMo {ZYm©aU H$arV AgVmZm àË`j ì`dhmamV AZoH$ AS>MUr oVmV.

1) _OwarMm g_mZ Xa R>odÊ`mV AS>MU :

{d{dY CÚmoJm§Vrb _Owam§gmR>r g_mZ _OwarMm Xa Agmdm Agm EH$ {dMma _m§S>bm OmVmo na§Vy hm AmXe©

{dMma ì`dhmamV CVa{dUo AË §V H$R>rU H$m_ AgVo. H$maU àË oH$ CÚmoJmMr n[apñWVr {^Þ AgVo.

2) EH$mM CÚmoJmV na§Vy {^Þ {R>H$mUr _Owar R>a{dÊ`mMm àý :

EH$mM CÚmoJmV na§Vy doJdoJù`m {R>H$mUr H$m_ H$aUmè`m l{_H$m§gmR>r _OwarMm Xa H$gm {Z{üV

H$amd`mMm hm àý AgVmo. H$mhrÀ`m _VmZygma _OwarV g_mZVm Agmdr. na§Vy J«m_rU Am{U ehar l{_H$m§Mm

{dMma H$aVm ehar l{_H$m§da AÝ`m` hmoVmo H$maU ehar ahmUr_mZ IMm©Mo AgVo.

3) EH$mM CÚmoJmV na§Vy doJdoJù`m n[apñWVrV H$m_ H$aUmè`m l{_H$m§Mr _Owar H$er {Z{üV

H$amd`mMr -

EH$mM CÚmoJmV EH$mM {R>H$mUr na§Vy {^Þ n[apñWVrV H$m_ H$aUmè`m _Owam§Mr _Owar H$er R>admd`mMr

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CXm. H$moiemÀ`m ImUrV O{_ZrÀ`m Imbr H$m_ H$aUmao Am{U O_rZrda H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Zm _Owar XoV AgVmZm

O_rZrImbr H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Zm WmoS>rer OmñV _Owar Úmdr Agm {dMma _m§S>bm OmVmo.

4) nwê$f Am{U pñÌ _Owam§Mr _Owar :

nwéfm§da gd© Hw$Qy>§~mMr O~m~Xmar AgVo. Ë`m_wio pñÌ _Owam§nojm Ë`m§Zm OmñV _Owar Úmdr Agm nydm©nma

àKmV Amho. H$mhr AndmX dJiVm AOyZhr `mV \$magm \$aH$ nS>bobm Zmhr.

5) Hw$Qy> §~mMm AmH$ma :

Ý yZV_ _OwarMm Xa {Z{üV H$arV AgVmZm Hw$Qy>§~mMm AmH$ma Ho$dT>m Agmdm `mMm AmYma KoVbm Omdm

Ago H$mhr {dMmad§V åhUVmV. ^maVm_Ü o Hw$Qy>§~mMo AmH$ma_mZ 5 _mUgm§Mo Ago R>a{dbo Amho.

6) Hw$Qy>§~mMm IM© :

Ý yZV_ _OwarMm Xa {Z{üV H$arV AgVmZm _Owam§Zm Hw$Qy>§~mMo nmbZnmofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {H$Vr IM© H$amdm

bmJVmo. `mMm {dMma H$aÊ`mV `mdm Agm EH$ {dMma àdmh Amho. na§Vy Ë`mgmR>r ahmUr_mZmMm EH$ {d{eîQ>

XOm© {Z{üV H$amdm bmJVmo. na§Vy ho H$m_ nm{hOo VodT>o gmono ZgVo.

7) {ZYm©aU `§ÌUm C^r H$aUo :

Ý yZV_ _OwarMo {ZYm©aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {d{eîQ> §ÌUm C^r H$amdr bmJVo. na§Vy H$m ©j_ §ÌUm

C^maUo Am{U H$mQ>oH$moa A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo AdKS> H$m_ AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ý yZV_ _OwarMr g§H$ënZm, {Z{üV, H$mQ>oH$moa Am{U gmMo~§X ñdê$nmMr Agy eH$V Zmhr.

B Ý`yZV_ _Owar {ZYm©aUmÀ`m nÕVr :

Ý yZV_ _Owar {Z{üVrÀ`m à_wI XmoZ nÕVr àM{bV AmhoV.

1) AàË`j nÕVr (Indirect Method) :

Ý yZV_ _Owar {ZYm©aUmÀ`m AàË`j nÕVr nwT>rb à_mUo.

A) gaH$mar _mbH$sMo CÚmoJ :

`m CÚmoJm§_Ü o gaH$ma, Ý yZV_ _Owar R>adyZ XoVo. Ë`mZygma H|$ÐgaH$ma, amÁ`gaH$mao d ñWm{ZH$ gaH$mar

_mbH$sÀ`m CÚmoJm§_Ü o R>adyZ {Xboë`m XamZygma _Owar XoVmV. H$mbm§VamZo ImOJr CÚmoJ d ì`dgm`mV H$m_

H$aUmè`m l{_H$m§Mo _Owar Xa {Z{üV Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio _OwarXamV g_mZVm àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

~) R>oHo$Xmar nÕVr :

Á`mdoir gaH$ma R>oHo$XmarZo R>oHo$Xmam§H$Sy>Z H$m_ H$adyZ KoV AgVo. Ë`mdoir gaH$ma Am{U R>oHo$Xma

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`m§À`mV H$ama hmoVmo. m H$amam_Ü oM ""`mo½` _Owar XoÊ`mMo H$b_'' AgVo. m H$b_mVrb AQ>rZwgma l{_H$m§Zm

_Owar XoÊ`mMo R>oHo$Xmamda ~§YZ AgVo. OJmVrb ~hþVoH$ Xoem§_Ü o hr nÕV àM{bV Amho.

H$) gm_y{hH$ gm¡Xm :

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y Mm§Jbo R>odÊ`mgmR>r ho V§Ì A{Ve` Cn wŠV R>aVo.

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jmam§_Ü o gm_y{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoD$Z {d{eîQ> _Owar Xam~m~V H$ama hmoVmo `m H$amamZygma

H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZ Úmdo bmJVo. Vgo H$aÊ`mg gaH$ma _mbH$m§Zm ^mJ nmSy> eH$Vo. {d{eîQ> CÚmoJmVrb, {d{eîQ>

àXoemVrb _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mV Ý yZV_ _OwarMm R>am{dH$ Xa {Z{üV Pmbm H$s Ë`mXamZygma gd©

H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZ Úmdo bmJVo.

2) àË`j nÕVr (Direct Method)

_Owar {ZYm©aUmÀ`m àË`j nÕVr nwT>rb à_mUo.

A) Ý`yZV_ _OwarMm H$m`Xm :

gaH$ma EH$ ñdV§Ì H$m`Xm H$éZ {d{eîQ> CÚmoJmgmR>r, àXoemgmR>r qH$dm g§nyU© XoemgmR>r Ý yZV_

_OwarMm H$m`Xm H$ê$ eH$Vo mVyZ gd© H$m_Jmam§Zm Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

na§Vy àË`jmV Ë`mMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo AdKS> AgVo.

~) bdmX ì`dñWm :

Ý yZV_ _OwarMo Xa {Z{üV H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ ñdV§Ì §ÌUm H$aÊ`mV oVo. Ë`mbmM "bdmX Ý`m`mb`' Ago

åhUVmV. Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobo {ZU© EopÀN>H$ Am{U gŠVrMo AgVmV. gpŠVZo {ZU© {Xbm Agë`mg Vmo

H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$ `m§Zm _mÝ`M H$amdm bmJVmo. na§Vy `mVyZhr H$mhr doim J§ ra g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr

eŠ`Vm AgVo.

H$) doVZ _§S>io :

hr EH$ Ý yZV_ _OwarMo {ZYm©aU Am{U {Z §ÌU H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr AgVo. doVZ_§S>im_Ü o _mbH$ Am{U

H$m_Jmam§Mo g_mZ à{V{ZYr AgVmV. doVZ _§S>imMm AÜ`j Ì`ñW AgVmo. Ë`mMr Zo_UyH$ gaH$maH$Sy>Z Ho$br

OmVo. `m _§S>imMo H$m © bmoH$emhr nÕVrZo MmbVo. _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mo à{V{ZYr EH$Ì ~gyZ _¡ÌrnyU©

dmVmdaUmV àË oH$ g_ñ o~m~V XmoÝhr ~mOyZo gmYH$~mYH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r H$éZ _mJ© H$mT>VmV.

doVZ_§S>imMo H$m © à^mdrnUo MmbÊ`mgmR>r ""EH$ CÚmoJ EH$ _§S>i'' ho gyÌ AZwgaUo Am{U doVZ_§S>i

ñWm`r génmMo Agmdo bmJVo. AÝ`Wm… H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmV g§ «_mdñWm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Ë`m

{edm` _§S>imZo Ë`mbm {Xboë`m _wXVr_Ü o Ahdmb gmXa H$amdm bmJVmo.

3) n`m©á / OrdZ _Owar (Living wage)

n`m©á qH$dm OrdZ_Owar hm gaH$maÀ`m _Owar{df`H$ YmoaUmMm _hËdmMm Q>ßnm g_Obm OmVmo.

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OrdZ _OwarMm AW© ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMm AgyZ ñdV… H$m_Jma d Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gXñ`mÀ`m Ho$di _yb yV

JaOm§MrM nyV©Vm H$arV ZmhrV Va Vmo g_mOmV gä` ì`pŠV åhUyZ Amam_mV OrdZ OJy eHo$b.

Ý`m`_yVu {h{JÝgÀ`m_Vo ""OrdZ _Owar åhUOo EdT>r _Owar H$s Á`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam,

{_Vì``r {dlm_ Am{U {dnarV H$mimVrb VaVyX H$aUo eŠ` hmoB©b.''

B CÎmaàXoe l_Mm¡H$er g{_Vr -1946 :

""H$m_Jmam§Zm _OwarÀ`m ê$nmZo {_iUmam _mo~Xbm BVH$m nwaogm Agbm nm{hOo H$s, Á`m_wio H$m_Jma

OrdZ {Zdm©hmda IM© H$éZ Amnë`m gm_m{OH$ JaOm (OÌm, àdmg, Am¡fY, _Zmoa§OZ, nÌì`dhma) mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r

nwaoer ~MV H$ê$ eHo$b''

l_Mm¡H$er g{_VrZo Amnë`m AhdmbmV Mma OrdZñVam{df`Mr {díbofU Ho$bo Amho Vo nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) Jar~rMm ñVa : l{_H$m§Mr _Owar EdT>r An`m©á AgVo H$s Vr AÞ, dñÌ, {Zdmam `m àmW{_H$

JaOmhr nyU© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr Vmo Xm[aÐ`mÀ`m gr_oda OrdZ OJV AgVmo. {_{bg d _m°ÝQ>Jmo_ar m§À`m_Vo Anyao

OodU, A{VJXu, KaJwVr CnH$aUo d dñÌmMr AYmoJVr, bhmZgm ì`Ë`` {Z_m©U Pmbm Var OrdZmV ^ §H$a

g§H$Q> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. Aemdoir Ë`mbm BVam§À`m X oda OJmdo bmJVo.

2) Ý yZV_ {Zdm©hñVa : Jar~rÀ`m daMmñVa åhUOo Ý yZV_ {Zdm©hñVa hmo . Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§Mr _Owar

hr Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m àmW{_H$ JaOm ^mJ{dÊ`mnyaVr Oo_Vo_ nwaoer AgVo. `m ì`{V[aŠV Ë`m§À`mOdi Amam_,

_Zmoa§OZ B. gmR>r H$mhrM {e„H$ ahmV Zmhr. amo~ZQ´>r m§Zr m ñVambm ""Xþgar Jar~r aofm'' Aer g§km dmnabr.

3) C{MV qH$dm `mo½`ñVa : l{_H$m§Mo doVZ(_Owar) BVHo$ Agmdo {H$ Vo Amnë`m gd© àmW{_H$

JaOm§~amo~aM {d{^Þ gm_m{OH$ JaOmgwÕm AJXr ghOnUo mJdy eH$VmV. m JaOm mJ{dV AgVmZm Ë`mbm

Cnmer ahmdo bmJV Zmhr qH$dm H$O© H$mT>mdo bmJV Zmhr.

4) Amam_Xm`r ñVa : `m ñVamdarb l{_H$m§Mo CËnÞ EdT>o AgVo H$s, Á`m_wio Amnë`m gd© àH$maÀ`m

JaOm ^mJdyZ Amam_Xm`r BÀN>m§MrgwÕm ghOnU nyV©Vm H$ê$ eH$Vmo. {_{bg d _mÝQ>oJmo_ar `m§À`m_Vo

""Amam_Xm`H$ ñVamda Agbobo gwgÁO H$m_Jma ggÁO d _m\$H$nUo gO{dboë`m KamV ahmVmV. {d_m,

{ejU, àdmg, Amamo½` d _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mOdi nwaogr VaVyX AgVo. EHw$U CËnÞmÀ`m

30% nojm WmoS>r H$_r aŠH$_ AÞmda IM© Ho$br OmVo Am{U 30% aŠH$_ {H$aH$moi ~m~rda IM© Ho$br OmVo.

l_Mm¡H$er g{_VrÀ`m_Vo Jar~rñVa Am{U Ý yZV_ {Zdm©h ñVamMr ñ§H$ënZm Vem XmoÝhrhr VÎd{hZ

AgyZ C{MV {Zdm©ñVambmM OrdZ qH$dm n`m©á _Owar åhQ>bo nm{hOo.

3) C{MV qH$dm `mo½` _Owar (Fair wages)

C{MV _OwarMr emídVr hr l{_H$m§Mr _hËdmMr _mJUr Agbr Var {VMr AOyH$ d H$mQ>oH$moa ì`m»`m

H$aVm oV Zmhr.

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B gm_m{OH$ {dkmZ {díd H$mof :

""l{_H$m§Zm g_mO Hw$ebVm, AS>MUr qH$dm AaZm ©À`m H$m`m©Mo à{V\$b ñdén {Xbo OmVo.''

`m ì`m» odê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s _OwarMo {ZYm©aU H$aUmè`m§g_moa H$moUVm Var AmXe© AgVmo. EImÚm

{d{eîQ> CÚmoJmV {Xbr OmUmar _Owar mo½` _Owar Amho qH$dm Zmhr ho R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r AÝ` CÚmoJmVrb _OwarÀ`m

Xamer VwbZm H$amdr bmJVo.

^maVmV H|${Ð` g„mJma g{_VrZo 1948 _Ü o "`mo½` _Owar g{_Vr' Zo_br hmoVr. g{_VrÀ`m _Vo "Ý yZV_

_Owar Am{U OrdZ _Owar `m XmoZ gr_maofo_Ü o `mo½` _OwarMr _mÌm {ZYm©[aV Ho$br OmVo.' AWm©V `m~m~VrV

hr g{_VrÀ`m g^mgXm§_Ü o EH$_V ZìhVo. ~hþg§»` g^mgXm§À`m_Vo ""`mo½` _Owar hr Ý yZV_ _Owarnojm

WmoS>rer OmñV na§Vy OrdZ _Owarnojm H$_r AgVo Am{U Vr g§~§YrV CÚmoJmÀ`m H$m_Jmam§Zm _OwarMo B_oYZ

H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_Voda Adb§~yZ AgVo'' øm XmoZ gr_maaofo_Ü o mo½` _OwarMr àË`j _mÌm hr l_mMr CËnmXH$Vm,

_OwarMo dV©_mZ Xa, amîQ´>r` CËnÞ d Ë`mMo {dVaU Am{U XoemÀ`m AW©ì`dñWoV Ë`m CÚmoJmMo {d{eîQ> ñWmZ

`mda {Z ©a AgVo.

1950 _Ü o Ë`mdoiMo n§VàYmZ n§S>rV Odmhabmb Zohê$ `m§Zr emgZ `mbm ~m§{Yb Amho Aer _mÝ`Vm

{Xbr hmoVr na§Vy Vr dmñVdmV oD$ eH$br Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV C{MV _OwarMo {ZYm©[aV H$aUo hr gmonr JmoîQ> Zmhr.

àË`j ì`dhmam_Ü o AZoH$ AS>MUr oVmV `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo CÚmoJmÀ`m Xo j_VoMo _mnZ H$go H$amd`mMo?

AmÚmo{JH$ CËnmXH$Vm H$er {ZY©[aV H$amd`mMr VgoM _OwarMo {ZYm©aU H$emÀ`m AmYmamda H$amd`mMo `m

à_wI AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

2.2.2 l_~mOmamVrb doVZ {^ÞVm (Discrimination in Labour Markets)

CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb l{_H$m§Zm Omo _mo~Xbm {Xbm OmVmo Ë`mbm _Owar qH$dm

doVZ Ago åhUVmV. l{_H$m§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _Owar hr g_mZ ZgVo Va {VÀ`m_Ü o {^ÞVm AgVo. EH$mM

CÚmJmVrb {Za{Zamiçm CÚmoJg§ñWoV {Xbr OmUmar _Owar doJdoJir AgUo Ë`mà_mUoM EH$mM CÚmoJ g§ñWoV

H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbr OmUmar _OwargwÕm doJdoJir AgVo Ë`mMr à_wI H$maUo nwT>rbà_mUo-

1) H$m`©j_VoVrb {^ÞVm :

H$m_Jmm§_Yrb Z¡g{J©H$, e¡j{UH$ {^ÞVo_wio Ë`mà_mUoM H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMr AgUmar n[apñWVr,

dmVmdaU `m gdmªMm n[aUm_ Ë`m§À`m H$m ©j_Voda hmoVmo. H$m ©j_VoVrb {^ÞVo_wio Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m

doVZmVhr \$aH$ nS>Vmo. H$m ©j_ H$m_Jmam§Zm A{YH$ Va AH$m ©j_ H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZ {_iVo.

2) H$m_mMo ñdê$n :

CÚmoJ Am{U CÚmoJ g§ñWm_Ü o H$m_mMo ñdê$n doJdoJio AgVo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~m¡ÕrH$ Va H$mhr

{R>H$mUr emar[aH$ H$ï>mMr H$m_o H$amdr bmJVmV. CXm. AdOS> §Ìgm_wJ«rdarb H$m_, ImUrVrb H$m_,

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hmbŠ`m XOm©Mr H$m_o B. gmR>r AHw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mr JaO AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm {_iUmao doVZ H$_r AgVo.

`mCbQ> {e{jV, à{e{jV `m§Mo ~m¡ÕrH$ H$m¡eë` OmñV AgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm {Xbo OmUmao doVZ OmñV

AgVo.

3) J{VerbVoMm A^md :

H$m_Jma J{Verb AgVrb Va doVZ {^ÞVm Zï> hmoD$ eH$Vo. H$maU Á`m joÌmV A{YH$ doVZ {_iVo

Ë`m joÌmH$S>o H$m_Jma AmH${f©V hmoVmV d doVZ XamV g_mZVm àñWm{nV hmoVo. na§Vw àË`jm_Ü o

H$m_Jmam§À`m J{VerbVoda AZoH$ _`m©Xm nS>VmV CXm. g§ñH¥$Vr, ^mfm, hdm_mZmVrb \$aH$, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$

{Oìhmim Anyar _m{hVr BË`mXr Ë`m_wio J{VerbVoMm A^md AgUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZmda H$m_

H$amdo bmJVo.

4) ñnYm© Z H$aUmè`m JQ>mMo ApñVËd :

H$m_Jmam§À`m {d{eï> JwUd¡{eï>çm§_wio E_oH$m§er ñnYm© Z H$aUmao JQ> ApñVËdmV oVmV. CXm. VÁk

S>m°ŠQ>a, g§JUH$ A{^ §Vm, IJmobemók, AUw emók B. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OmñV doVZ Úmdo bmJVo H$maU

_mJUrnojm Ë`mMm nwadR>m H$_r AgVmo.

5) H$m_mVrb YmoHo$ Am{U O~~mXmar :

àË oH$ H$m_mÀ`m ñdê$nm_Ü o {^ÞVm AgVo. H$mhr H$m_o A{YH$ YmoŠ`mMr Am{U Om~~XmarMr

AgVmV. Ago H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm àg§Jr Ordhr J_dmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mà_mUo Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m H$bmgmR>r

{Xbo OmUmao doVZ OmñV AgVo. CXm. d¡_m{ZH$, eraajH$, ImUH$m_Jma, gH©$grVrb [a¨J _mñQ>a BË`mXtZm

OmñV doVZ {_iVo Va ~¡bJmS>rdmZ, {enmB©, O{_Zrda H$m_ H$aUmao H$m_Jma, gH©$g_Yrb OmoH$a BË`mXtZm

H$_r doVZ {_iVo.

6) ^{dî`H$mbrZ ~T>VrMr Amem :

Á`m CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mV ZOrH$À`m ^{dî`H$mimV ~T>VrMr, nXmoÞVr Anojm AgVo qH$dm {d{eï>

H$mbmdYrZ§Va ~T>Vr {_iVo VoWo gwédmVrbm H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma V`ma AgVmV na§Vy

^{dî`mV ~T>VrMr Amem ZgVo, doVZmV dmT> hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZgVo Aem CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mV H$m_

H$aÊ`mg ghOmghOr V`ma ZgVmV Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm gwê$dmVrbm Oam OmñV doVZ Úmdo bmJVo.

7) H$m_mVrb {Z`{_VnUm :

H$mhr CÚmoJ Am{U ì`dgm` Aem ñdénmMo AgVmV Ë`m_Ü o H$m_ A{Z`{_V Am{U h§Jm_r AgVodfm©VyZ 4 Vo 5 _{hZoM H$m_ {_iVo. h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mimV l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmnojm _mJUr OmñV AgVo Am{U{~Ja h§Jm_mÀ`m H$mimV H$m_ ZgVo Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm OmñV doVZ Úmdo bmJVo. CXm. eoVr ì`dgm`, gmIaH$maImZo B. _Ü o ~mam_mhr amoOJma {_iV Zmhr. `mCbQ> H$mhr CÚmoJ d ì`dgm` {Z`{_V H$m_ AgVo

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{Z`{_V doVZ AgVo Ë`m_wio H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mg H$m_Jma V`ma AgVmV H$maU ~ma_mhr H$m_mMrh_r AgVo.

8) AZwf§{JH$ bm^ :

H$mhr CÚmoJ ì`dgm`mV H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZm{edm` BVa gw{dYm _mo\$V qH$dm dmOdr XamV {_iVmVCXm. {Zdmg ì`dñWm, d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm, _mo\$V àdmg, ghbrMo Am`moOZ, JUdoe, XþnmaMo OodU, aOm B.Aem§Zm H$_r doVZ {Xbo Var MmbVo. {_iUmè`m gw{dYm§_wio Vo H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r BÀNw>H$ AgVmV. AemàH$maÀ`m gmo r gw{dYm Á`m§Zm {_iV ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm n¡emVrb doVZ OmñV Úmdo bmJVo.

9) CÚmoJmMo amï´>r` _hÎd :

H$mhr CÚmoJ XoemÀ`m Ñï>rZo AË §V _hÎdmMo AgVo. CXm. g§ajUgm{hË`, AUyeŠVr, Vob Am{UZ¡g{J©H$ dm y, CÚmoJ B. Ë`mà_mUoM H$mhr CÚmoJ XoemÀ`m {dH$mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo Am{U Amdí`H$AgVmV CXm. BboŠQ´>m°{ZŠg, g§JUH$, §Ìgm_J«r CÚmoJ B. Ë`m_wio Aem CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`mH$m_Jmam§Zm OmñV doVZ {_iVo.

10) {ejU Am{U à{ejUmdarb IM© :

H$mhr CÚmoJ Am{U ì`dgm` Ago AgVmV H$s Ë`m_Ü o H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÀM {ejU Am{Uà{ejUmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r _moR>çm à_mUmV doi Am{U n¡gm IM© H$amd bmJVmo Ë`m_wioAem CÀM {e{jV Am{U à{e{jV H$m_Jmam§Zm OmñV doVZ {_iVo. CXm. S>m°ŠQ>a, A{^ §Vo, g§JUH$VÁkB. _mÌ Á`m CÚmoJ Am{U ì`dgm`mV H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ejU Am{U à{ejUmMr \$magr JaO ZgVo AemAën {e{jV Am{U Aà{e{jV H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. CXm. H§$nmD$S>a, Jd§S>r,{enmB© BË`mXr.

11) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm :

Á`m CÚmoJ-ì`dgm`mVrb H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _O~yV Am{U à~i AgVmV Ë`m ì`dgm`mVrb H$m_JmaEH$sÀ`m ~imda doVZXamV dmT> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mV `eñdr R>aVmV na§Vw Ag§KQ>rV H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmV_mÌ dmT> hmoV Zmhr Ë`m§Zm H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$amdo bJmVo.

12) qbJ^oX :

eoVrgma»`m ì`dgm`m_Ü o g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r Ag_mZ doVZ (_Oyar) {Xbo OmVo. nwéfm§nojm {ó`m§Zm

{Xbo OmUmao doVZ H$_r AgVo. Ë`m_wio doVZmV {^ÞVm AmT>iVo.

darb gd© H$maUm§_wio l_~mOmamV doVZ {^ÞVm AmT>iVo.

B Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb _OwarMr {ZpíMVr :

Ooìhm l{_H$ EH$Ì oD$Z Amnë`m H$m_m{df`r Am{U _Owar {df`r A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì o OmUyZ KoD$Z

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ghH$m`m©Zo _mJ© emoYVmV Voìhm Ë`mg g§KQ>rV l_rH$m§Mm JQ> Ago åhUVmV. `mCbQ> Agbobr pñWVr åhUOo

Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb H$m_Jma hmoV. Ago l{_H$ g§KQ>rV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Amnë`m g_ñ`m§Zm EH$ÌrV oD$Z

ì`dñWrV _m§Sy> eH$V ZmhrV. Aem gd© Xÿa {dIyaboë`m l{_H$m§Zm Ag§KQ>rV l_rH$ Ago åhUVmV.

^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb Xoem§V Ag§KQ>rV joÌmMo à_mU OmñV Amho. gmm_{OH$ Am{U Am{W©H$

Xþ~©bVo_wio Ë`m§Zm hdm Vgm Ý`m` {_iV Zmhr. Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb H$m_Jma ho {Zaja, AHw$eb, H$_r XOm©Mo

ahmUr_mZ, J{VerbVoMm A^md AgUmao AgVmV Ë`mà_mUoM Ë`m§À`m gwYmaUogmR>r Á`m H$mhr `moOZm

am~{dë`m OmVmV Ë`m Ë`m§À`mn ªV ì`dpñWV nmohMV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio Vo bm^mnmgyZ d§{MV ahmVmV.

Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb AZoH$ ì`dgm`mn¡H$s eoVr joÌmVrb l{_H$m§Mr g§»`m gdm©V OmñV Amho. eoVr joÌ

ho J«m_rU ^mJmer {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo Aem joÌmVrb doVZ{ZpíMVr hr l{_H$m§À`m _mJUr nwadR>çmdê$Z R>aV

AgVo.

AW©ì`dñWoV hmoUmam l_mMm nwadR>m hm bmoH$g§» oÀ`m AmH$ma_mZmda Am{U bmoH$g§»`m dmT>rÀ`m Xamda

Adb§~yZ AgVmo. bmoH$g§» oV dmT> Pmbr H$s l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmV dmT> hmoVo. AënH$mbI§S>mMm {dMma H$aVm

l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmV _moR>çm à_mUmV Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$ ~Xb H$aUo eŠ` ZgVo. AënH$mimV Ag§KQ>rV

joÌmVrb l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m _`m©{XV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio doVZmMo Xa ho l{_H$m§gmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrdê$Z R>aVmV.

AënH$mimV l{_H$m§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr OmñV Agob (eoVr h§Jm_ H$mb) Va doVZmMo Xa OmñV ahmVmV.

`mCbQ> l{_H$m§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr H$_r Agob Va doVZ Xa H$_r ahmVmV. WmoS>Š`mV Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV

AënH$mimV doVZXa ho l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrdê$Z {ZpíMV hmoVmV.

l{_H$m§Mm _mJUr-nwadR>m

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AmH¥$Vr_Ü o A, j Ajmda l{_H$m§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr d nwadR>m Am{U A, Ajmda doVZ Xa XmI{dbm

Amho. AënH$mimV l{_H$m§Mm nwadR>m dH«$ A, ` Ajmer g_m§Va oVmo Vmo g, g hm dH«$ Amho _, _, _1,_1

d _2 _2 ho l{_H$m§À`m AgUmè`m _mUrMo dH«$ AmhoV. AënH$mimV l{_H$mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr _, _

EdT>r AgVo Voìhm doVZmMm Xa A. Z (gn) EdT>m ahmVmo. AënH$mimV l{_H$m§À`m nwadR>çmV dmT> H$aVm oV

Zmhr. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§À`m _mJUrV dmT> Pmbr Va _mJUrMm dH«$ _yi _mJUrdH«$mÀ`m daÀ`m ~mOybm OmVmo.

ZdrZ _2 _2 dH«$mda _mJUr d nwadR>çmV g_Vmob gmÜ` hmoD$Z ZdrZ _OwarMm Xa A, Z2 BVH$m {ZpíMV

hmoVmo. l{_H$mgmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrV KQ> Pmë`mg ZdrZ _mJUrdH«$ _1 _1 _yi _mJUrdH«$mÀ`m Imbr oVmo

Am{U Ë`m{R>H$mUr A, Z1 BVH$m _OyarMm Xa {ZpíMV hmoVmo.

{XK©H$mimV l{_H$m§À`m _mJUr nwadR>çmV XmoÝhrVhr dmT> hmoV Agë`m_wio l{_H$m§À`m doVZXamda XmoÝhr

KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>Vmo. Ag§KQ>rV loÌm_Ü o H$m H$aUmè`m {ó`m Am{U ~mbH$m§Mr g§»`m {demb (_moR>r) Amho.

Ë`mÀ`m amoOJmarV {Z`{_VnUm Am{U EH$ê$nVm ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo.

Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>Zm ZmhrV Ë`m§Zm g_mOm_Ü o AOyZhr Xþæ`_ ñWmZ Amho. Ë`m§À`m doVZ {ZpíMVrMm àíZ AdKS>

AgyZ Vmo VgmM nSy>Z Amho. XoemVrb gdm©V _mJmgbobm Am{U emofrV dJ© åhUOo Ag§KQ>rV H$m_Jma hmoV.

g§KQ>rV joÌmZm {_iUmè`m gmo r gw{dYm§Mm {dMma gwÕm Ë`m§À`m _Zmbm {edV Zmhr.

B doVZoÎma l_ _mo~Xë`mMo KQ>H$ :

H$m_Jmam§Zm godm`moOZmH$Sy>Z doVZm ì`{V[aŠV Á`m godm gw{dYm {_iV AgVmV Ë`m§Zm doVZoÎma

_mo~Xbo Ago åhUVmV `m _mo~Xë`m§_Ü o Imbrb KQ>H$ g_m{dï> hmoVmV.

1) {Zdmg ì`dñWm :

H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$ma, ñWm{ZH$ ñdamÁ` g§ñWm, godm`moOH$ ho Amnë`m H$m_Jmam§Zm {Zdmg ì`dñWm

nwa{dV AgVmV. {Zdmg ì`dñWo_Ü o ñdÀN> {nÊ`mÀ`m nmÊ`mMr gmo , gm§S>nmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm, _moH$ir OmJm,

Amamo½`Xm`r dmVmdaU B. `m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m ahmUr_mZmV gwYmaUm hmoVo. n[aUm_r H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm

dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

2) H$maImÝ`m§VJ©V gmo`r-gw{dYm

H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZm{edm` H$maImÝ`m_Ü o {d{dY gmo r Am{U gw{dYmnwa{dë`m OmVmV. CXm. {dlm§VrJ¥h,

CnhmaJ¥ho, g§ajU gmYZo, ñdÀN>VmJ¥ho, àW_monMma Am¡fYo, XþnmaÀ`m ^moOZmMr ì`dñWm, ór H$m_Jmm§gmR>r

ì`dñWm, nmiUmJ¥ho, àgmYZJ¥ho B. àH$maÀ`m gw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

3) Amamo½` gw{dYm :

H$m_Jma Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`mMo Amamo½` Mm§Jbo ahmdo `mgmR>r àW_monMma H|$Ð, Amamo½` {df`H$

gëbm, d¡ÚH$s` VnmgUr, Amamo½`{df`H$ _m{hVr nÌHo$, AnKmV Q>miÊ`mgmR>r _mJ©Xe©H$ gyMZm, AnKmV

Pmbm Va d¡ÚH$s` gw{dYm _mo\$V nwa{dë`m OmVmV qH$dm dmOdr qH$_VrV nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

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4) e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWm :

H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>mdr åhUyZ {ejU Am{U à{ejUmÀ`m gw{dYm nwa{dë`m OmVmV Ë`m_wio

H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Ê`mg hmV^ma bmJVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`m§À`m _wbm-_wbtÀ`m

{ejUmMr gmo XoIrb Ho$br OmVo.

5) H$a_UyH$ ì`dñWm :

H$m_Jma Am{U Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ ìhmdo, H$a_UyH$ ìhmdr EH$m doJiçm dmVmdaUmMm Ë`m§Zm

\$m`Xm ìhmdm mgmR>r _Zmoa§OZ H§$Ð, J«§Wmb`, dmMZmb o, {H«$S>m§JUo, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U H$bmH|$Ð BË`mXr{dYm

_mo\$V nwa{dë`m OmVmV.

6) H$maImÝ`m~mhoarb gw{dYm :

H$m_Jmam§Zm H$maImÝ`m~mhoarb gw{dYm _mo\$V qH$dm AënXamV CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m OmVmV CXm.

H$m_Jmm§gmR>r J¥h~m§YUr àH$ën, Amamo½`{df`H$ {d{dY àH$maÀ`m godm, {ejU-à{ejU gw{dYm, dmhVyH$ d

XiUdiUmÀ`m gw{dYm, H$m`Xo{df`H$ _mJ©Xe©Z d gëbm B.Mm `m_Ü o g_mdoe hmoVmo.

7) nm[aVmo[fH$ Am{U ~{jgo :

H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m_mVrb {Z`{_VnUm àm_m{UH$nUm, H$m © Am{U H$V©ì` VËnaVm, H$m ©j_Vm, g_`gwMH$Vm,

CËnmXH$Vm B. gmR>r nm[aVmo{fH$ d ~{jgo {Xbr OmVmV Am{U Ë`m§Zm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo OmVo.

2.2.2.1 MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ `m§À`mVrb gyú_ d ñWyb nmVirdarb g§~§Y :

A) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZmVrb gyú_g§~§Y :

MbZdmT> `mMm AW© dmT>Vr _hmJmB© MbZdmT>rÀ`m H$mimV qH$_Vr dmT>V Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ^mddmT>

Agohr åhUVmV ""n¡emMo _wë` H$_r hmoD$Z qH$_V nmVir dmT>Vo Aer AdñWm åhUOo MbZdmT> hmo ''

MbZdmT>rMr gmonr ì`m»`m àm. hm°Q´>o `m§Zr Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ""n¡emMm A{V[aŠV nwadR>m åhUOo

MbZdmT> hm`.''

WmoS>Š`mV Á`mdoir MbZmMr g§»`m dmT>Vo, Voìhm dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>VmV Am{U MbZ_yë` KQ>Vo.

doVZmMm {dMma H$arV AgVmZm H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m emar[aH$ qH$dm ~m¡ÕrH$ l_m~Ôb {Xbm OmUmam

_mo~Xbm åhUOo doVZ hmo . doVZ ho n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV Ë`mà_mUoM dmñVd ñdê$nmVrb {Xbo OmVo. `m XmoZ

KQ>H$mÛmao Ooìhm MbZdmT> hmoVo, Voìhm H$m_Jma m EH$m KQ>H$mda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo? m XmoZ KQ>H$m§_Ü o H$gm

g§§~Y AgVmo? ho nmhÊ`mgmR>r gwú_nmVirdarb g§~§Y Cn wŠV R>aVmo.

MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ m§À`mVrb gwú_ nmVirdarb g§§~Y ho nañna nyaH$ AgVmV mMm AW© AW©ì`dñWoV

Ooìhm MbZdmT> hmoVo, Voìhm dñy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>VmV. H$m_Jmam§Zm Amho m doVZm_Ü o H$_r dñVy IaoXr H$amì`m

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....5

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bmJVmV. n¡emMr IaoXr j_Vm H$_r hmoVo. nydu EdT>çmM dñVy IaoXr H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm OmñV n¡go _moOmdo

bmJVmV Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m ahmUr_mZmMm XOm© ImbmdVmo. Aem pñWVrbm H$m_Jma doVZdmT>rMr _mJUr

H$aVmV. doVZdmT> dmT> Pmbr VaM H$m_Jmam§Zm mo½` nÕVrZo CXa{Zdm©h H$aVm oVmo. AÝ`Wm Ë`m§Zm hmbmIr_Ü o

OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo. Ë`m_wio _hmJmB© dmT>V AgVmZm H$m_Jma doVZdmT>rMr _mJUr H$aVmV. `mMm AW©

MbZdmT> Pmbr H$s doVZdmT> hmoUo An[ahm © Amho. MbZKQ> Pmbr AgVm H$m_Jma doVZmdmT>rMr _mJUr

H$aUma ZmhrV. WmoS>Š`mV MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ `mMo g§§~Y nañnanwaH$ AgVmV.

~) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ `m§À`mVrb ñWyb g§~§Y :

1) {\${bßg Ñï>rH$moZ :

MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ m§À`m_Ü o ñWyb g§~§Y Amho H$m? Am{U Agob Va nañnanyaH$ H$m nañna {damoYr

Amho mMm Aä`mg Pmbobm ZìhVm. bm°S>© Oo.E_. Ho$Ýg m§Zr ñWyb AW©emómV ñWyb KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm

hmoVm na§Vw Ë`mbm gm§p»`H$s` AmYma ZìhVm. hr CUrd ^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mMo H$m_ E.S>ãë y {\${bßg ({~«Q>re

AW©emók) m§Zr Ho$br Ë`m§À`m _Vo AW©ì`dñWoVrb ~oH$marMr nmVir Am{U doVZXa m§À`mV OdiMm g§~§Y

Amho.

bm°S>© Ho$Ýg Am{U Ë`m§À`mnydu _m§S>boë`m {gÕm§V d g§H$ënZoÀ`m gm§p»`H$s` MmMÊ`m ¿`md`mÀ`m hmoË`m

^mddmT>, amoOJma, ~oH$mar, doVZXa `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y Á`mà_mUo gyú_ nmVirda AmhoV Ë`mà_mUoM Vo ñWyb

nmVirda XoIrb AmhoV ho {\${bßgbm ñnï> H$amd`mMo hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUoM MbZdmT> qH$dm ^mddmT> hr

_mJUrOÝ` KQ>H$m§_wio hmoVo H$s CËnmXZ IMm©_wio hmoVo Am{U Aer ^mddmT> amoIÊmgmR>r _hmJ n¡gm, YmoaU

Aer {dÎmr` YmoaU `eñdr R>aVo H$m? `mMmhr Aämg H$amd`mMm hmoVm. Ë`mgmR>r {\${bßgZo 1967 Zo 1957

`m H$mimV Or _m{hVr Am{U AmH$S>odmar Jmoim Ho$br Ë`mdê$Z Agm {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm H$s `m H$mbI§S>mV

~oH$marMm eoH$S>m Xa Am{U doVZdmT>rMm Xa `m_Ü o pñWa ñdê$nmMm g§~§Y AgVmo. h {gÕ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§Zr

y{_Vr nÕV dmnabr Am{U AmH¥$VrÀ`m gmømZo ~oH$marMo à_mU Am{U n¡emVrb doVZXa `m§À`m ~XbmVrb

g§~§Y XmI{dUmam dH«$ H$mT>bm Ë`mbmM {\$brßgMm dH«$ Ago åhUVmV.

Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ~oH$marMm Xa Am{U doVZXa `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§_Yrb AgUmam g§~§Y hm ñWyb nmVirda

(Macro Level) AgVmo. Ë`ma§Zr H$mT>bobo {ZîH$f© Imbrbà_mUo -

1) Ooìhm ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r AgVo, Voìhm doZXamV hmoUmar dmT> A{YH$ AgVo `m CbQ> ~oH$marMo

à_mU OmñV AgVo Voìhm doVZXamV hmoUmar dmT> H$_r AgVo åhUOoM ~oH$mar Am{U doVZXamVrb dmT> (^mddmT>)

`m§À`mVrb g§~§Y F$U ñdê$nmMo AgVmV.

2) Ë`m§Zr Ho$boë`m nmhUrÀ`m AmYmao AW©ì`dñWoVrb ~oH$marMo à_mU 5.5% AgVmZm doVZmVrb dmT>

qH$dm ~Xb pñWa AgVmo.

3) ~oH$marMo à_mU Am{U doVZXa `m§À`mVrb ghg§~§Y ì`ñV AgÊ`mMr H$maUo-

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1) ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r AgVmZm H$m_Jmam§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr OmñV AgVo, Voìhm doVZ dmT>rMm Xa hm

OmñV AgVmo. mCbQ> ~oH$marMo à_mU OmñV Agob Va H$m_Jmam§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr H$_r AgVo Ë`m_wio

doVZ dmT>rMr _mJUr H$aVm oV Zmhr.

2) g§KQ>rV Am{U Ag§KQ>rV H$m_Jmam§gmR>r AgUmar _mJUr OmñV AgVo Voìhm Ë`m§À`m doVZXamV dmT>

hmoVo `mCbQ> _mJUr KQ>Vr AgVo Voìhm doVZXmamVhr KQ> hmoVo. åhUOo H$m_JmamgmR>r AgUmar

_mJUr Am{U doVZXa `m§Mm g§~§Y YZmË_H$ ñdénmMm AgVmo.

3) H$m_Jma Amnbo ahmUr_mZ {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r A{YH$ doVZmMr _mJUr H$aVmV. MbZdmT>rÀ`m

H$mimV dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr dmT>VmV. Ë`m_wio dmñVd CËnÞmV KQ> hmoVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m ahmUr_mZmda

à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ë`m_wio ^mddmT> Am{U doVZXa `m§À`m_Ü o nañna nyaH$ ghg§~§Y AgVmo.

~oH$marMo à_mU %

XoemVrb ~oH$marMm Xa Am{U doVZXa (^mddmT>) `m§À`mV g__yë`Z (Tradeoff) AgVo. AmH¥$Vr_Ü o

PCA hm {\$brßgMm dH«$ AgyZ Ë`mÀ`m _Vo AW©ì`dñWoV 5.5% ~oH$marMo à_mU AgVmZm XoemVrb dñVy§À`m

qH$_VdmT>rMm Xa eyÝ` (0) AgVmo na§Vw Ooìhm hoM à_mU 5.5% nojm H$_r AgVo Voìhm l_mMr _mJUr hr

l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmnojm OmñV AgVo Ë`m_wio ^mddmT> An[ahm © AgVo. `mCbQ> ~oH$marMo à_mU 5.5% nojm

OmñV AgVo Voìhm l_mMr _mJUr l_mÀ`m nwadR>çmnojm H$_r AgVo Ë`m_wio mddmT>rMm YmoH$m ZgVmo. Ë`m_wio

~oH$marMo à_mU 5.5% hmoB©n ªV l_mMr _mJUr Am{U l_mMm nwadR>m g_mZ AgVmo, nañnam§À`m ~amo~a AgVmo

Am{U qH$_V nmVir pñWa AgVo.

XoemVrb ~oH$mar Am{U doVZXa (^mddmT>) m§À`mV g__yë`Z AgVo (Trade off) XoemVrb ~oH$mar H$_r

H$aÊ`mgmR>r mddmT> pñdH$mabr nm{hOo Am{U mddmT> H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r ~oH$mar pñdH$mabr nm{hOo. m§S>dbemhr

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AW©ì`dñWoV ~oH$mar Am{U MbZdmT> `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y {damoYr {XeoZo ~XbV AgVmV. Aem AW©ì`dñWoVamï´>r` CÔrï>m§_Ü o g§Kf© AgVmo, A§V{d©amoY AgVmo. nyU© amoOJma gmÜ` H$arV AgVm§Zm qH$_V ñW¡ © ahmV ZmhrAm{U qH$_V ñW¡ © R>odÊ`mgmR>r nyU© amoOJma ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` hmoV Zmhr.

B _yë`_mnZ :

{\${bßgÀ`m Ñî>Q>rH$moZmMo _yë`_mnZ nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bo Amho.

1) AdmñVd Ñï>rH$moZ : àm. Oo. E. noM`Z `m§À`m _Vo {\${bßgZo ~oH$arMm Xa Am{U doVZXa `m§À`mVXmI{dbobm gh g§~§Y hm AdmñVd Amho. H$maU g°å wbgZ Am{U gmobmo m§Zr ñnï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo doVZ, qH$_VrAm{U ~oH$mar `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y doJio AgVmV.

2) AënH$mimMm {dMma : {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_ZÀ`m _Vo {\$brßg dH«$ {XK©H$mimH$arVm Zmhr. VaAënH$mimMm {dMma H$aUmam Amho. {XK©H$mimV ~oH$mar Am{U ^mddmT> `m§À`m_Ü o g__yë`Z ZgVo. {d{eï>_`m©XoZ§Va ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r Z hmoVm Vo pñWa amhVo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va \$ŠV ^md dmT> hmoVo.

3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV bmJy : Om°O© noarÀ`m _VmZwgma ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r AgVo, Voìhm doVZXaOmñV AgVmo, ho \$ŠV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmnwaVo bmJy nS>Vo.

`m Ñï>rH$moZmda darbà_mUo Q>rH$m H$aÊ`mV oV Agë`mVar AZoH$ VÁkm§Zr Ë`m§À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$AW©ì`dñWoV ~oH$marMm Xa Am{U doVZmVrb Xa `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y Vnmgbo, Ë`m_wio {\$brßg dH«$mMo _hÎdA{YH$ dmT>Vo.

2) {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>ZMm Ñï>rH$moZ :

MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r {\«$S>_Z `m§Zr {XK©H$mbrZ {\${bßg dH«$mMr_m§S>Ur Ho$br Ë`m§À`m_Vo ""AW©ì`dñWoV Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marÀ`m Xamnojm ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r H$aVm oVZmhr'' Oa Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marÀ`m Xamnojm ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va VmËnwaVm amoOJma{Z_m©U hmoB©b na§Vw Ë`m_wio n¡emVrb doVZ dmT> hmoD$Z {XK©H$mimV qH$_Vr dmT>Vrb `mCbQ> Z¡g{J©H$~oH$marXamnojm ~oH$marMo à_mU OmñV Agob Va doVZXamV KQ> hmoB©b. Ë`m_wio Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marMo à_mUAm{U dmñV{dH$ ~oH$marMo à_mU gmaIoM Agob Va dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr pñWa ahmVrb. {\«$S>_À`m _Vo XoemVqH$_V ñW¡ ©Vm amIÊ`mMr Agob Va Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marÀ`m Xamnojm ~oH$marMo à_mU {XK©H$mimV H$_r H$aVmoV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio ~oH$mar Am{U doVZXa `m§À`mV {XK©H$mimV H$moUVmhr g__yë`Z (Tradeoff) ZgVmo.

`mÀ`m_Vo Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$mar Xamnojm ~oH$marÀ`m H$_r Xambm ^mddmT> Aën hmoVo `mCbQ> Ooìhm Z¡g{J©H$~oH$marÀ`m Xamnojm ~oH$marÀ`m OmñV Xambm ^mdKQ>rMm doJ OmñV ZgVmo. doVZXa Am{U ^mddmT>`m§À`mVrb g§~§Y {XK©H$mimV EH$m§H$ (Unitary) AgVmo. {XK© H$mimV Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marXamnojm ~oH$marMoà_mU H$_r H$aVm oV Zmhr `mbmM Ë`mZo AdYmZr A{Vd¥Õr åhQ>bo Amho.

B Q>rH$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ :

{_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_ZÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZmda nwT>rb à_mUo Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

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1) H$m_Jmam§Zm dmñVd doVZXamVrb dmT>rnojm n¡emVrb doVZXamÀ`m dmT>rda A{YH$ {dœmg AgVmoH$maU amoI n¡emMm _moh AgVmo.

2) {XK©H$mimV ~oH$mar H$m`_nUo Kmb{dVm oWrb H$m? VgoM nyU© amoOJma àñWm{nV H$aVm oB©bH$m?

3) Z¡g{J©H$ ~oH$marMm Xa åhUOo H$moUVm Xa B. ñdê$nmV Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

3) Q>mo{~ÝgMm Ñï>rH$moZ :

Q>mo{~Ýg `m§Zr {\${bßgÀ`m dH«$m~m~V _V ì`ŠV H$arV AgVmZm Ago åhQ>bo hmoVo H$s, {\${bßgMm dH«$hm F$U ñdê$nmMm Am{U {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_Z `m§Zr ñnï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo b§~mH¥$Vr ñdê$nmMmhr ZgVmo Va {\${bßgdH«$mMm AmH$ma hm {dHw§$MZmH¥$Vr ((Kinked) ñdénmMm AgVmo.

Q>mo{~ÝgÀ`m _Vo AW©ì`dñWoVrb {dñVmam~amo~a ~oH$mar H$_r hmoV OmVo, Ë`m_wio `m dH«$mVrb {dHw§$MZH$_r H$_r hmoV OmVo, Am{U Z§Va Vmo gai hmVmo mMm AW© {\${bßg m§Zr ñnï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo {\$brßg dH«$ F$UAm{U H$mhr mJ {\$S>_Z m§Zr ñnï> Ho$ë`mà_mUo Vmo Abd{MH$ AgVmo. mVyZ V`ma hmoUmè`m {\$brßg dH«$mÀ`mAmH$mambm {dHw§$MZmH¥$Vr dH«$ Ago åhUVmV.

Q>mo{~ÝgÀ`m _Vo Ooìhm AW©ì`dñWoV dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr gVV dmT>V OmVmV Am{U CËnmXZ d aoOJmamV KQ>hmoV OmVo. 1970 Z§Va OJmVrb {d{dY XoemVrb gaH$maZo CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJma `mV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>rgmd©O{ZH$ IMm©V dmT> Ho$br na§Vw Ë`mMm CËnmXZ Am{U amoOJmamV dmT> Z hmoVm \$ŠV mddmT>M Pmbr. Ë`mgmR>r~hþVoH$ Xoem§Zr H$S>H$ MbZ Am{U {dÎmr` YmoaU pñdH$mabo `mVyZ A{ZpíMVVm Am{U Jm|YimMr n[apñWVr{Z_m©U Pmbr hmoVr. `mbmM AdYmZr A{Vd¥Õr (Stage Inflation) åhUVm oB©b. `mda Ho$ÝgMo Cnm`A`eñdr R>aVV.

2.2.2.2 CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZmVrb g§~§Y (Productivity and Wage Relationship) :

B AW© d ì`m»`m :

CËnmXH$Vm åhUOo CnbãY gmYZ gm_J«rMm H$m ©j_ dmna H$aUo hmo .

E_². E_². _ohVm `m§À`m _Vo ""EImÚm KQ>H$mMr A{YH$ H$m ©j_VoZo Am{U H$mQ>H$garZo {Z{_©VrMr j_VmåhUOo CËnmXH$Vm hmo .''

CËnmXH$VoV dmT> åhUOo CnbãY AgUmè`m Amho VodT>çmM AmXmZm§À`m (Inputs) gmømZo nydunojm OmñVCËnmXZ KoUo qH$dm AmXmZm§À`m à_mUmVrb dmT>rnojm àXmZmÀ`m (Output) à_mUmV A{YH$ dmT> hmoUo hmoqH$dm AmXmZm§À`m à_mUmV OodT>r KQ> hmoVo Ë`mnojm àXmZmÀ`m à_mUmV H$_r KQ> hmoUo hmo .

CËnmXH$Vm hr gmnoj g§H$ënZm AgyZ CËnmXZ hr {Zanoj g§H$ënZm Amho. CËnmXH$VoVyZ CËnmXZ d Ë`mgmR>rdmnabr OmUmar AmXmZo `m§À`mVrb JwUmoÎma ì`ŠV hmoVo. Va CËnmXZmVyZ CËnmXZmMr {Zanoj nmVir ì`ŠV hmoV

AgVo. gwÌmË_H$ nÕVrZo `mMr _m§S>Ur Imbrbà_mUo Ho$br OmVo.

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CËnmXH$Vm = CËnmXZ

AmXmZo

`m gwÌmMm dmna H$ê$Z CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV dmnaë`m OmUmè`m l_ `m CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m CËnmXH$VoMo

_mnZ H$aVm oVo.

l_mMr CËnmXH$Vm = H$m_Jmam§Mo CËnmXZ

l_ Vmg

CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§À`m CËnmXH$VoV Pmbobm ~Xb _moOÊ`mgmR>r {ZX}emH$mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OVmo. ^m¡{VH$

CËnmXZ ho CËnmXZmMo EH$H$ Am{U _Zwî` Vmg ho l_mMo EH$H$ _mZbo Va Mmby dfm©À`m CËnmXH$VoV _yi dfm©À`m

CËnmXH$VoV Pmbobm ~Xb _moOÊ`mgmR>r `m gwÌmMm dmna H$aVm oVmo.

Mmby dfm©Vrb CËnmXZ

_yi dfm©Vrb CËnmXZ

Mmby dfm©Vrb dmnabobo l_

_yi dfm©V dmnabobo l_

H$m_Jmam§Mr / l{_H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm hr g§H$ënZm _hÎdmMr AgVo. ^m§S>dbmMr {Z{_©Vr gwÕm l_mVyZM

hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Uo _hÎdmMo AgVo. H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$VoÀ`m dmT>rVyZ

H$m_Jmam§À`m amhmUr_mZmMm XOm©, CËnÞ, ~MV, Jw§VdUyH$ BË`mXr_Ü o dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wif àË oH$ XoemVrb

gaH$maZo H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$VoV dmT> H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU AmIUo Am{U Ë`mMr H$m ©j_ A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo.

B CËnmXH$VoMo àH$ma d _mnZmÀ`m nÕVr :

àË oH$ CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr Or CËnmXH$Vm AgVo Ë`mMo gd©gmYmanUo Imbrb àH$ma nS>VmV.

1) ^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm (Physical Productivity) :

^m¡{VH$ CËnmXH$Vm hr n¡emV _moObr OmV Zmhr Va Vr Zoh_r _rQ>a, {H$bmo B. gma»`m ^m¡{VH$

n[aUm_mV _moObr OmVo. CXm. EH$ H$m_Jma EH$m {XdgmV 25 _rQ>a H$mnS>mMo CËnmXZ H$aVmo Voìhm Ë`mg

^m¡{V_ CËnmXH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.

2) àmßVr /_yë` CËnmXH$Vm :

Ooìhm H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm hr ^m¡{V_ CËnmXZmV Z _moOVm Vo CËnmXZ n¡emÀ`m ñdê$nmV _moObo OmVoVoìhm Aem CËnmXH$Vog àmßVr qH$dm _yë` CËnmXH$Vm Ago åhUVmV. CXm. EH$ H$m_Jma EH$m {XdgmV25 {_Q>a H$mnS>mMo CËnmZ H$aVmo Ë`m H$mnS>mMr qH$_V Xa _rQ>abm é. 10 Agob Va àmßVr CËnmXH$Vm

l_CËnmXH$Vm {ZX}em§H$ =

X 100

X 100

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é. 250/- oVo. gwÌ -

_yë` CËnmXH$Vm = CËnmXH$Vm x qH$_V

é. 250 = 25 _rQ>a H$mnS> x 10

3) gamgar CËnmXH$Vm :

EHy$U CËnmXH$Vobm EHy$U H$m_Jmam§À`m g§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm oUmar CËnmXH$Vmhr gamgar CËnmXH$VmAgVo.

gamgar CËnmXH$Vm =H$m_Jmam§Mr EHy$U CËnmXH$Vm

H$m_Jmam§Mr EHy$U g§»`m

CXm. - EH$m {Xdgmbm 10 H$m_Jma 600 _rQ>a H$mnS>mMo CËnmXZ H$arV AgVrb Va gamgar CËnmXH$Vm60 _rQ>a H$mnS> oVo.

gamgar CËnmXH$Vm =600 10

= 60 _rQ>a H$mnS>

4) gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm (Marginal Productivity) :

EH$ OmXm H$m_Jma H$m_mbm bmdbm AgVm EHy$U CËnmXH$VoV Or {Zìdi â nS>Vo Ë`m ârbm gr_m§V

CËnmXH$Vm Ago åhUVmV. CXm. EH$m H$maImÝ`mV 1 H$m_Jma H$m_mbm bmdbm AgVm Ë`mZo 6 _rQ>a H$mnS>mMoCËnmXZ Ho$bo. AmVm g_Om Ë`mM H$maImÝ`mV 1 OmXm _Oya åhUOoM Xþgam _Oya H$m_mbm bmdbm AgVm EHy$U11 _rQ>a H$mnS>mMo CËnmXZ moV Agob Va Xþgè`m (OmXm) _OwamZo EHy$U CËnmXZmV (CËnmXH$VoV) 5 _rQ>aH$mnS>mMr â KmVbr `mbmM gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.

CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o H$moUË`mhr CËnmXZ KQ>H$m§Mr gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm hr A{Ve` _hÎdmMr AgVo.

B CËnmXH$VoÀ`m _mnZmVrb AS>MUr / _`m©Xm :

1) Á`mdoir EH$m H$m_JmamÀ`m g§X^m©V CËnmXH$Vm _moObr OmVo Voìhm BVa KQ>H$m§Zr XoIrb Ë`m_Ü o a

Q>mH$bobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vr Ho$di l_mMr CËnmXH$Vm R>aV Zmhr.

2) CËnmXH$VoMm {ZX}em§H$mVyZ CËnmXZmÀ`m JwUdÎmoV H$moUVo ~Xb Pmbo `mMo {MÌ ñnï> hmoV Zmhr.

3) Ooìhm CÚmoJmVrb CËnmXZmV {d{dY nÕVr dmnaë`m OmVmV Voìhm CËnmXH$VoMo AMyH$ _mnZ H$aVm

oV Zmhr.

4) H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda ^md{ZH$, _mZ{gH$ KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Ë`mà_mUo gm_m{OH$,

amOH$s`, Am{W©H$, e¡j{UH$, Ym{_©H$, Z¡{VH$ KQ>H$hr n[aUm_ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CËnmXH$VoMo _mnZ H$aUo

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AdKS> Am{U Jw§VmJw§VrMo H$m_ AgVo.

B H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ :

H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm {ZYm©[aV H$aUmao KQ>H$ qH$dm CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m KQ>H$m§Mo

dJuH$aU XmoZ {d^mJmV H$aVm oVo.

A) gd©gmYmaU KQ>H$ :

1) Vm§{ÌH$ KQ>H$ :

Vm§{ÌH$ KQ>H$m§_Ü o CËnmXZmgmR>r l_àYmZ CËnmXZ V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo, H$s, m§S>dbàYmZ CËnmXZ

V§ÌmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. mda H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ë`mà_mUoM CËnmXZ Am{U ì`dñWmnZ

`mVrb gwYmaUm, CËnmXZmMo {deofrH$aU, g_Ýd` BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm à^md nS>V AgVmo.

2) {dÎmr` KQ>H$ :

{dÎmr` KQ>H$m_Ü o ñdV:Mo m§S>db, ~±H$ H$O©, mJYmaH$m§Mo m§S>db d R>odr, OZVoÀ`m R>odr BVa _mJm©Zo

Ho$bobr ^m§S>db C^maUr `mMm n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. {dÎmr` CnbãYVoda `m§{ÌH$sH$aU, AmYw{ZH$sH$aU,

g§JUH$sH$aU B. Jmoï>r Adb§~yZ AgVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZmÀ`m joÌmV {dÎmr` KQ>H$m§Mr y{_H$m _hÎdmMr

AgVo.

3) l_KQ>H$-

CËnmXH$Vm hr H$m_Jmam§Mo H$m¡eë` {ejU Am{U à{ejU, ahmUr_mZmMm XOm©, Z¡{VH$ JwU, H$m_

H$aÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr H$m_Jmam§Mr emar[aH$ Am{U ~m¡ÕrH$ j_Vm, H$ënH$Vm Am{U Zm{dÊ` {Z{_©Vr, B. da

Adb§~yZ AgVo.

4) ì`dñWmnH$s` KQ>H$ :

CÚmoJmMo g§KQ>Z, ì`dñWmnZ, {Z`_Z Am{U {Z §ÌU `mda CËnmXH$Vm Adb§~yZ AgVo. ì`dñWmnZ

ho VÁk ì`dñWmnH$s` dJm©H$Sy>Z H$m ©j_ Am{U H$ënH$ nÕVrZo Ho$bo OmV Agob Va CËnmXH$Vm A{YH$

AgVo. `mCbQ> nma§nmarH$ / OwÝ`m nÕVrZo ì`dñWmnZ Ho$bo OmV Agob Va CËnmXH$Vm H$_r AgVo.

5) ~mOma KQ>H$ :

~mOma noR>oMo AmH$ma_mZ _moR>o Agob Va l_{d^mJUr H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dVm oVo.

~mOmanoR> bhmZ Agob Va CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rbm _`m©Xm nS>VmV. Ë`mM à_mUo CËnmXZmMm XOm©, J«mhH$m§À`m

AmdS>r{ZdS>r, ñW¡ © Am{U AñW¡ ©Vm B. Mm n[aUm_hr CËnmXH$Voda hmoV AgVmo.

~) {deof KQ>H$ :

H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{U CÚmoOH$m§À`m CËnmXH$Voda H$mhr {deof KQ>H$hr n[aUm_ H$aVmV.

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1) Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$ :

^m¡Jmo{bH$ hdm_mZ, n[apñWVr `m KQ>H$mMm H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. Z¡g{J©H$

n[apñWVr AZwHy$b Agob Va H$m ©j_Vm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo `mCbQ> Z¡g{J©H$ n[apñWVr à{VHy$b Agob

Va H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm Am{U n[aUm_r CËnmXH$Vm H$_r AgVo.

2) gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$ (gm_m{OH$) :

H$m_Jmam§Mr ì`mdgm{`H$ Am{U àmXo{eH$ J{V{ebVm, YmoH$m nËH$aÊmMr V`mar, H$m_Jmam§À`m

ì`dñWmnZm_Ü o gh^mJ, Zâ`mV dmQ>m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y, Ë`mMà_mUo OmVr, Y_©, qbJ, ê$T>r, àWm d

Mmbr[aVr B. KQ>H$m§Mmhr H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo.

3) gaH$mar YmoaU :

gaH$maMo H$m_Jma Am{U doVZ{df`H$ YmoaU MbZ Am{U {dÎmr` YmoaU, ì`mnma {df`H$ YmoaU,

`mMmhr H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmo. gaH$mar YmoaUo hr nyaH$ Am{U {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMr

AgVrb Va CËnmXH$Vm dmT>Vo `mCbQ> YagmoS>rMo YmoaU Agob Va CËnmXH$Vm H$_r ahmVo.

B CËnmXH$Vm d doVZ {ZpíMVr :

CËnmXH$Vm, doVZ Am{U doVZ{ZpíMVr m§À`m_Ü o AgUmam g§§~Y hm Jw§VmJw§VrMm Amho, H$maU CËnmXH$Voda

AZoH$ KQ>H$ n[aUm_ H$aVmV. CËnmXH$Vm hm EH$mM KQ>H$mMm n[aUm_ ZgVmo Vmo EH${ÌV n[aUm_ AgVmo.

Zo_Š`m H$moUË`m KQ>H$m_wio CËnmXH$VoV dmT> AJa KQ> Pmbr ho gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ago Agbo Var BVa

KQ>H$m§À`m gh^mJmmMr XIb Z KoVm H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm {dMmamV KoD$Z Ë`m§Mo doVZ R>a{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm OmVmo. H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ R>a{dV AgVmZm Ho$di CËnmXH$VoMm {dMma H$aVm H$m_Jmam§À`m OrdZ_mZmMm

{dMma H$ê$Z, H$m`ÚmMmhr AmYma KoÊ`mV `mdm.

doVZ {ZpíMVr AZoH$ KQ>H$ O~m~Xma AgVmV Ë`mn¡H$s H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$

Amho. H$m_Jma d¡ pŠVH$ nmVirda CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r Oo Ë`mÀ`m {Z §ÌUmV hmVmV AgVo. na§Vw

CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ H$aUmao BVa KQ>H$ Am{U {Z §ÌUm~mhoarb KQ>H$ {dMmamV KoVm CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZ

`m§Mm gmYm Am{U gai AgVmo Ago åhUVm oV Zmhr. CËnmXH$Vm hm doVZ {ZpíMVrVrb EH$ _hÎdmMm KQ>H$

Amho. `mMm {dMma H$aVm `m XmoÝhrVrb {H«$`mË_H$ g§§~Y ñnï> H$aVm oVrb na§Vw Ë`m_Ü o AZoH$ ì`dhm[aH$

AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

gwà{gÕ AW©emók ~Z©ñQ>rZ `m§À`m_Vo CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZ `m§Mm g§~§Y {dMmamV KoV AgVmZm

{XK©H$mimMm {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo. {XK©H$mimVrb CËnmXH$VoMm {XK©H$mbrZ doVZ ~Xbmer g§~§Y AgVmo.

AWm©V `m_Ü o gwÕm AZoH$ AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo Ë`mnwT>rb à_mUo _m§S>Vm oVmV.

1) H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda ~mø KQ>H$m§Mm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `mVyZ CËnmXH$VoV MT>CVma hmoVmV.

Ë`mZwgma doVZXamV MT>CVma H$aUo `mo½` R>aUma Zmhr.

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2) doVZXamMr {ZpíMV H$arV AgVmZm H$m_Jmam§Mr gamgar CËnmXH$Vm {dMmamV KoVbr OmVo. Ë`m_wio

H$mhr CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§da AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

3) {XK©H$mbrZ CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rMm {dMma H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZ {Xë`mg H$m_Jmam§Mr ~MV dmT>Uma

Zmhr. _mÌ Cn^moJ IMm©V dmT> hmoB©b. Ë`mgmR>r CËnmXH$VoV OodT>çm n«_mUmV dmT> hmoVo Ë`mÀ`m

H$_rà_mUmV doVZ XoÊ`mV `mdo.

4) gd© CÚmoJmV gma»`mM à_mUmV doVZdmT> {Xë`mg gmYZ gm_J«rMo _wŠV dmQ>n hmoB©b `mMr ImÌr

XoVm oV Zmhr.

B [aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMm Ahdmb :

[aPìh© ~±H$ Am°\$ B§{S>`mMm CËnÞ Am{U qH$_V YmoaUm{df`r Aä`mg JQ>mÀ`m AhdmbmZwgma

H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ {ZpíMV H$arV AgVmZm AW©ì`dñWoVrb {d{dY joÌ Am{U CÚmoJmVrb CËnmXH$Vm dmT>

d g§nyU© AW©ì`dñVoVrb CËnmXH$Vm dmT> `mMm {dMma H$ê$Z doVZ dmT>rg§~§YrMo {Z`_ Am{U {Z §ÌU H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho. na§Vw EImÚm CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm Am{U H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ `m§Mr gm§JS>

(_oi) KmbVmZm AZoH$ àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

1) à{Vdfu {d{dY CÚmoJmV CËnmXH$Vm Am{U CËnmXZmV _moR>o ~Xb hmoVmV Aemdoir doVZmer

`mMm g§~Y H$gm OmoS>md`mMm B. à_wI àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

2) H$mhr CÚmoJmV V§Ì-d¡km{ZH$ ~XbmMm Xa _moR>m AgVmo Va H$mhr CÚmoJmV Vmo H$_r AgVmo VoWo

H$mJmam§Mr y{_H$m \$mag ZgVo Ë`m_wio doVZ aMZoV {^ÞVm AgVo An[adhm © AgVo.

3) CËnmXH$VoVrb dmT>rMm g§nyU© bm^ H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZ dmT>rÀ`m ñdê$nmV Úmd`mMm åhQ>bo Va

dñVy§À`m qH$_Vr H$_r H$ê$Z g_mOmbm CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rMm \$m`Xm XoVm oUma Zmhr.

4) CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rZwgma doVZXamV dmT> H$aV Joë`mg AW©ì`dñWoV ^mddmT>rMm YmoH$m {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mMr XmQ> eŠ`Vm AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV CÚmoJmÀ`m CËnmXH$Vm dmT>rMm \$m`Xm hm H$m_Jmam§Zm {XbmM nm{hOo na§Vy doVZ {ZpíMVrVrb

H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm hm KQ>H$ AZoH$ KQ>H$m§n¡H$s _hÎdmMm Am{U à^mdr Amho, EH$_od JQ>H$ Zmhr ho

_mÝ` H$amdo bmJVo.

2.2.2.3 amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU (National Wage Policy) :

B doVZ {df`H$ YmoaU :

doVZ{df`H$ YmoaU hr amï´>r` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` nmVirdarb ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. OJmVrb gd©

Xoem§Zr gmd©O{ZH$ nmVirda doVZ YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xo Ho$bo AmhoV. gaH$maMo amï´>r` doVZ{df`H$ YmoaU

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ho gmÜ` ZgyZ Vo EH$ gmYZ Amho. Ë`m_wio amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMr AmIUr H$arV AgVmZm gdmªJrU {dMma H$ê$Z

amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU R>admdo bmJVo.

B H$m_Jma YmoaUmMm AW© :

doVZm{df`H$ YmoaU R>a{dV AgVmZm H$m_Jma YmoaUmMm AW©, CÔrï>ço Am{U KQ>ZmË_H$ VaVwXr B.Mr

MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$m_Jma YmoaU åhUOo gaH$maMo Ago YmoaU H$s, Á`m_Ü o H$m_Jmam§H$S>o

gdm©Wm©Zo bj XoUmar, H$m_Jmam§Mr pñWVr, H$m_Jmam§Mo {ejU Am{U à{ejU, H$m_Jmam§g§~§Yr _m{hVr Am{U

AmH$S>odmar, Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m Am{U Ë`mda `mo½` Vmo {ZU© KoUmar §ÌUm AgVo. Á`m §ÌUo_Ü o gaH$mar

Am{U àemgH$s` A{YH$mè`m§Mr y{_H$m A{Ve` _hÎdmMr AgVo. Ë`mà_mUoM godm`moOH$mMr y{_H$m

gwÕm _hÎdmMr AgVo.

B H$m_Jma YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>ço (Objectives)

H$m_Jma YmoaUmMr CÔrï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) H$m_Jma YmoaUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$m_Jmam§Mo ì`dñWmnZ H$aUo.

2) _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`mV gbmo»`mMo g§~§Y R>odÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` dmVmdaU {Z_uVr H$aUo,

_Owar XamVrb V\$mdV H$_r H$aUo.

3) H$m_Jma H$m`Xo (Labour Laws) H$ê$Z Ë`mMr gaH$mar nmVirda A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo Am{U

H$m_Jmam§Zm Ý`m` {_idyZ XoUo.

4) H$m_Jmam§Zm Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ nmVirda AmYma XoÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maZo H$m_Jmam§À`m ~mOyZo

H$m`Xo H$aUo d H$m ©dmhr H$aUo.

5) H$m_Jma Am{U ì`dñWmnZ _§S>io `m§À`mV Mm§Jbo dmVmdaU R>odUo {H$_mZ doVZ XoUo, {Ûnjr`

dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUo.

B H$m_Jma YmoaUmMm CJ_ Am{U {dH$mg :

1931 À`m am° b H${_eZZo gmXa Ho$boë`m H$m_Jma YmoaU AhdmbmVyZ ^maVm_Ü o H$m_Jma YmoaUmMr

{Z{_©Vr Pmbr. Ë`m_Ü o H$m_Jmam§À`m g_ñ`m {df`r MMm© Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va 1944 gmbr H$m_Jma Mm¡H$er

g{_VrZo H$m_Jma YmoaU {df`r doVZ J¥h{Z_m©U ì`dñWmnZ B. ~m~VrV {dMma H$ê$Z Ë`m_Ü o H$m_Jmam§À`m

gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ gwajog§~§Yr Mma gwÌr H$m ©H«$_ {Xbm. ñdmV§Í`moÎma H$mimV H$m_Jma YmoaUmg§~§Yr

g§{dYmZmVrb VaVwXtMm AmYma KoVbm.

B H$m_Jma YmoaU Am{U g§{dYmZ :

gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mg mg§~§Yr maVmÀ`m amÁ` KQ>ZoV H$m_Jma YmoaU R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo

Amho. H$b_ Z§. 43 Zwgma Ago gw{MV H$aÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, amÁ` gaH$maZo H$m`Xoera nÕVrZo Am{W©H$

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g§KQ>Zm AJa ñdV:À`m gmo rZo, H¥$fr, CÚmoJ d BVa joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m ©pñWVrVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m

Amdí`H$ gmo r CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xë`m nm{hOoV. gwê$dmVrbm H$m_Jma YmoaU \$ŠV g§KQ>rV joÌmgmR>r hmoVo na§Vw

~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma gaH$maZo Ag§KQ>rV joÌmgmR>r gwÕm bmJy H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm Amho.

1970 _Ü o amÁ`KQ>ZoVrb H$b_ 43(A) bm AZwgê$Z H$m_Jma H$ama H$m`Xm 1976 gmbr ~§YZmVrb

H$m_Jma H$m`Xm d 1979 gmbr {deof gmo r XoÊ`mgmR>r H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

B amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMm {dH$mg :

XoemMo Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMo YmoaU `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmMo YmoaU Am{U XoemVrb

{Z`moOZmMo YmoaU `eñdr H$aÊ`mgmR>r amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU _hÎdmMo R>aVo. 1973 gmbr {Z`moOZ Am`moJmZo

Zo_boë`m VÁk g{_VrZo amï´>r` doVZ {df`H$ YmoaU V`ma H$amdo Ago à{VnmXZ Ho$bo hmoVo. H$m_Jmam§Zm XoÊ`mV

oUmao doVZ \$ŠV OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy Am{U godm KoÊ`mg nwaogo Agmdo Ago Zmhr Va H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m,

Vm§{ÌH$ H$m¡eë`, CÚmoJmVrb YmoH$m Am{U _hmJmB© Îmm (D.A.) BË`mXrMm doVZmV g_mdoe H$amdm Ago åhQ>bo

hmVoo.

MH«$dVr g{_VrZo eoVr Am{U gaH$mar joÌH$mimV g§KQ>rV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmgmR>r amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmÀ`m

g_ñ`m§Mr MMm© Ho$br. àmo. Hw$ÀMb `m§Zr Amnbo {dMma _m§Sy>Z amîQ´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMr énaofm XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ

Ho$bm. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo g§KQ>rV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV H$m_Jmam§Mo, H$mam{Jam§Mo ì`dñWmnH$m§Mo d Ë`m joÌmer g§~§YrV

AgUmè`m§Mo emór` X¥ï>rH$moZmVyZ dJuH$aU H$amdo. `m dJuH$aUmV H$moUVohr H$m¡eë` qH$dm à{ejU Zgboë`m

H$m_Jmam§nmgyZ Vo A{VCÀM à{VMo Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWmnH$s` d H$m_Jma {df`H$ doVZmMo Xa {ZpíMV Ho$bo OmdoV.

VgoM CÚmoJm§Mohr dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV mdo d Zì`mMo ñWmnZ hmoUmè`m CÚmoJm§Zm mo½` Ë`m dJm©V g_m{dï> H$amdo.

Ë`m§Zr Agohr gwM{dbo H$s, `mo½` Vr H$madmB© H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§gXo_Ü o H$m`Xm nmg H$ê$Z amï´>r` doVZ_§S>imMr

ñWmnZm H$amdr.

^maVmVrb gmd©O{ZH$, ImOJr, ghH$mar, g§ wŠV d amï´>r` joÌmVrb g§KQ>rV joÌ Am{U eoVr joÌmVrb

Ag§KQ>rV joÌ B. gmR>r amï´>r` doVZ R>a{dVmZm AS>MUr oVrb, doVZ {^ÞVoMm {dMma H$aVm {d{dY g_ñ`m

{Z_m©U hmoVrb.

B amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMr CÔrï>ço :

amï´>r` doVZ{df`H$ YmoaUmMr {d{dY CÔrï>ço nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) XoemVrb eoVr, CÚmoJ, godmjoÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm {H$_mZ doVZ bmJy H$amdo.

2) doVZmVrb V\$mdV Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo åhUOo Am§Va ì`dgm{`H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ d àmXo{eH$ Aer H$_r.H$aUo.

3) H$m_Jmam§Mo n¡emVrb doVZ {ZpíMV H$arV AgVmZm ahmUr_mZmÀ`m IMm©Mm {dMma H$aÊ`mV `mdm.

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4) amï´>r` CËnÞmV l{_H$m§Mm {hñgm dmT>{dÊmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.

5) XoemVrb ImOJr Am{U gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb V\$mdV H$_r H$aUo.

6) CÀM Z\$m AgUmao Am{U H$_r Z\$m AgUmao CÚmoJ `m§À`mVrb doVZ V\$mdV H$_r H$aUo.

7) gm_y{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>rÀ`m _mJm©Zo {Z_m©U hmoUmao dmX {ddmX Q>miUo.

8) Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXH$VoMm g§~§Y dmñVd doVZmer OmoS>Uo.

9) H$m_Jmam§À`m dV©_mZ l_ H$m¡eë`mMm {dH$mgmVrb gh^mJ dmT>{dUo.

10) doVZ MwH$Vo H$arV AgVmZm hmoUmao J¡aì`dhma Q>miUo.

B amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU AS>MUr :

amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU AmIÊ`mMr d Vo H$m ©dmhrV AmUÊ`mgmR>r moOZmH$mam§Zr gaH$maZo AW©VÁkm§Zr nwÝhmnwÝhm _Vo _m§S>bobr AmhoV Ago Agbo Var amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU R>a{dVmmZ Á`m g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ë`mMmhr{dMma H$amdm bmJVmo.

1) EH$VmMm A^md :

^maVmV doJdoJiçm CÚmoJmV doVZmMo Xa {^Þ AgyZ Vo g§~§YrV H$m_Jmam§Zr pñdH$mabo AmhoV.Ë`m_Ü o A_ybmJ« ~Xb Ho$ë`mg nañna {hVg§~§Yr `mH$Sy>Z godm`moOH$, H$m_Jma, gaH$ma {damoY hmoÊ`mMreŠ`Vm Amho. Ë`m§À`mV EH$_V hmoV Zgë`m_wio g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. na§Vw gd©_mÝ` Am{U Ý`m`VËdmMmdmna H$ê$Z EH$_V {Z_m©U H$aVm oVo.

2) Ag§KQ>rV joÌmMr ì`mnH$Vm :

^maVmVrb {d{dY CÚmoJm§Mo / joÌm§Mo g§KQ>rV Am{U Ag§KQ>rV joÌ Ago dJuH$aU H$aVm oVo. na§Vwg§KQ>rV joÌmer VwbZm H$aVm Ag§KQ>rV joÌ A{Vì`mnH$ AgyZ Ë`m_Ü o H$moQ>çmdYr bmoH$ hOmamo CÚmoJmVH$m_ H$aVmV Ë`mÀ`m ~m~VrV H$moUË`m YmoaUmMm Am{U H$gm pñdH$ma H$amd`mMm hm àíZ Amho.

3) g§KQ>rV CÚmoJm§Mo dJuH$aU :

Ho$di g§KQ>rV joÌmnwaVoM doVZ YmoaU AmIÊ`mMo Am{U H$m ©dmhrV AmUmd`mMo åhQ>bo Var Ë`mModJuH$aU H$moUË`m {ZH$fmda H$amd`mMo H$m¡eë`mMr àVdmar H$er bmdm`Mr, Ë`mMo _mnZ H$go H$amd`mMoAm{U YmoŠ`m§Mr VwbZm H$er H$amdr `mMr B. àíZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Ë`m_wio gagH$Q> YmoaU R>a{dÊ`m_Ü oAS>MUr oVmV. AWm©V gaH$mabm Ë`m g§~Yr H$m`Xo H$aVm oVmV.

4) gm¡XmeŠVr :

amï´>r` doVZ YmoaU R>a{dV AgVmZm H$m_Jmam§Mr gm¡Xm eŠVr Am{U _mbH$ dJm©Mr gm¡XmeŠVr B. Mm{dMma H$amdm bmJVmo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmX-{ddmXmMo ho EH$ _hÎdmMo H$maU AgVo. na§Vy gaH$ma _mbH$ Am{UH$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü o H$ama H$ê$Z `m àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$ê$ eH$Vo.

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5) ~oH$marMo ApñVËd :

~oH$marÀ`m pñWVr_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ~oH$mar {Z_y©bZmÀ`m _mJm©Zo gaH$ma gaH$ma `mda

Cnm``moOZm H$ê$ eH$Vo.

6) eoV_Oya :

Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb {deofV: eoVr joÌmVrb eoV _Oyam§À`m amoOJmamÀ`m h§Jm_r d AñWm`r ñdê$nm_wio

AZoH$ g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmoD$Z H$mhr KQ>H$ amÁ`m§_Ü o {H$_mZ doVZXa R>adyZ {Xbo hmoVo. na§Vw `e Ambobo

{XgyZ oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio XoenmVirda `e {_iÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Yyga hmoVo.

7) amï´>r` CËnÝZmMo dmQ>n YmoaU :

amï´>r` doVZ {df`H$ YmoaU ho amï´>r` CËnÞ dmQ>n YmoaUmMo EH$ A§J Amho. XoemVrb g§nyU©

bmoH$m§g§~§YrMo CËnÞ dmQ>n YmoaU R>U{dë`m{edm` \$ŠV Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ R>a{dë`mZo

hr g_ñ`m gwQ>Uma Zmhr.

^maVmVrb bmoH$m§Zm {_iUmè`m CËnÞmMr {H$_mZ Am{U H$_mb nmVir (Minimum and Maximum

level) R>adyZ H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmMo àíZ Ë`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~gdyZ àË oH$ H$maImÝ`mV, Ë`mZ§Va CÚmoJmV Am{U

gd© g§KQ>rV joÌmV doVZmMm EH$ AmH¥$Vr~§Y V`ma H$amdm bmJbo. Am{U Ë`mZ§Va Ag§KQ>rV joÌ, eoVr joÌ

Aer ì`mßVr dmT>{dV Ý`mdr bmJob. _mÌ Ë`mgmR>r amOH$s` BÀN>m eŠVr Am{U H$m ©j_ ZmoH$aemhr

ApñVËdmV oUo JaOoMo Amho.

2.2.2.4 ^maVmVrb doVZ Am{U doVZ _§S>io (Wages and Wages Boards in India) :

^maVmÀ`m n{hë`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoV {d{dY joÌmgmR>r, CÚmoJm§gmR>r doVZmMm Aä`mg H$aUo, doVZmMr

Mm¡H$er H$aUo, narjU H$aUo, {H$_mZ d g_mZ doVZmMo YmoaU R>a{dUo BË`mXr gmR>r àË oH$ amÁ`mV Am{U H|$ÐmV

{Ìnjr` aMZm AgUmar doVZ _§S>io H$m`_ ñdê$nr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV mdrV Agm {dMma _m§S>Ê`mV Ambm hmoVm.

Ë`mbm AZwgê$ZM Xþgè`m n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZonmgyZ doVZ _§S>io Zo_Ê`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. 1957 _Ü o H$mnS>

CÚmoJmV doVZ _§S>i Zo_Ê`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va 1968 n ªV gmIa, {g_|Q>, H$ÀMo bmoI§S>, ImUH$m_,

A{^`m§{ÌH$s, d¥ÎmnÌr` H$m_Jma B. gmR>r doVZ _§S>io Zo_Ê`mV Ambr. Ë`mn¡H$s \$ŠV d¥ÎmnÌr` H$m_Jmam§gmR>r

doVZ _§S>i ho H$m`ÚmZo Zo_Ê`mV Ambo hmoVo d _§S>im`m {e\$maer nmiÊ`mMo ~§YZ ì`dñWmnH$ Am{U

H$m_mJam§da KmbÊ`mV Ambo hmoVo. BVa _§S>io H$m`ÚmZwgma Zo_Ê`mV Ambr ZìhVr Ë`m_wio doVZ _§S>imÀ`m

{e\$maer C^` njm_Ü o dmQ>mKmQ>rZo Am{U gm_monMmamZo pñdH$maë`m Omì`mV Aer Anojm hmoVr.

B doVZ _§S>imMr aMZm (Structure of Wage Boards) :

doVZ _§S>imMr aMZm hr {Ìnjr` ñdê$nmMr AgVo. `m_Ü o _mbH$mMo d H$m_Jmam§Mo g_mZ à{V{ZYr

Am{U EH$ ñdV§Ì AÜ`j AgVmo. 1 AW©em§ók, 1 Cn^moŠË`mMm à{V{ZYr {Z wŠV Ho$bm OmVmo. doVZ

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_§S>imda g^mgXm§Mr g§»`m hr 7 AgVo. doVZ _§S>imMm AÜ`j hm _mOr Ý`m`m{Yem§n¡H$s AgVmo. VaCn^moŠË`mÀ`m à{V{ZXrMr Zo_UyH$ Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {hVmgmR>r Cn^moŠVm g§KQ>Zm§er MMm© H$ê$Z Ho$br OmVo.

ñdV§Ì gXñ`m§Mr Zo_UyH$ gaH$ma H$aVo.

B H$m } (Functions) :

1) Ý`m` doVZ g{_VrÀ`m VËdmZwgma CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmMr aMZm {ZpíMV H$aUo.

2) {d{dY àXoe, joÌ Am{U CÚmoJm§Mr d¡{eï>ço {dMmamV KoD$Z doVZ aMZm H$aUo Am{U _mo~XbmXoÊ`mMr nÕVr R>a{dUo.

3) {d{dY joÌmVrb Am{U CÚmoJmVrb H$m ©aV H$m_Jmam§Mo H$m`m©Zwgma dJ© V`ma H$aUo.

4) H$m_mMo Vmg {ZpíMV H$aUo.

5) H$mhr joÌmVrb d CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mm ~moZg, J«°À wBQ>rMr aMZm V`ma H$aUo.

6) AHw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mo _yi doVZ (Basic Pay) R>a{dUo.

7) H$m`ÚmZwgma ñWmnZ Pmboë`m doVZ _§S>imÀ`m {e\$maer XmoÝhr njm§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmV.Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo.

B H$m ©nÕVr (Working) :

doVZ _§S>io CÚmoJmMo AW©ì`dñWoVrb ñWmZ {dH$mg{df`H$ JaOm, amï´>r` CËnÞmVrb {hñgm,

CËnmXH$Vm, CÚmoJmVrb àM{bV doVZ Xa, gaH$maMo Am{W©H$ YmoaU, g_mZ {dH$mgmMo gaH$mar YmoaU B.KQ>H$m§Mm AmYma KoD$Z doVZXa {ZpíMV H$aVmV.

doVZ _§S>imÀ`m {e\$maerMr `mo½` àH$mao A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m_wio gaH$maZohrdoVZ _§S>imda ~arM {^ñV R>odbr Amho. H$m_Jma gwÕm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mnojm doVZ_§S>imH$S>oM OmUo

n§gV H$aVmV.

Ago AgyZhr doVZ_§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©da, H$m ©nÕVrda Q>rH$m Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

1) H$m`©dmhrg {db§~ :

doVZ _§S>imH$Sy>Z Á`m {e\$maer Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`m àË`j H$m ©dmhrg AmUÊ`mV ~amM {db§~ hmoVmo.Ë`m_wio _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma Ag_mYmZr ahmVmV.

2) VmpËdH$ AmYmamMm A^md :

doVZ _§S>i Á`m {e\$magr H$aVo Ë`m§Zm VmpËdH$ AmYma Zmhr Aer Q>rH$m Ho$br OmVo. XmoÝhr njm§À`mgm¡Xm eŠVrda doVZ _§S>imÀ`m {e\$maer Ho$boë`m AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o Cn^moŠË`m§À`m {hVmMm, ^mddmT>rMm

¹${MVM {dMma Ho$bobm AmT>iVmo.

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3) BVa CÚmoJm§darb n[aUm_m§Mm {dMma Zmhr :

{d{eï> CÚmoJmgmR>r Zo_boë`m doVZ _§S>imZo doVZ {ZpíMVrÀ`m {e\$magr H$arV AgVmmZ Ë`m§Mm BVa

CÚmoJm§da H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo `mH$S>o Xþb©j Ho$bobo {XgyZ oVo.

4) _mJ©Xe©H$ VÎdm§H$S>o Xþb©j :

doVZ _§S>im§Zr {e\$magr H$arV AgVmZm H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm Am{U gaH$maÀ`m _mJ©Xe©H$

VËdm§H$S>o Xþb©j Ho$ë`mMo {XgyZ oVo.

5) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo XS>nU :

gaH$ma EImÚm CÚmoJmgmR>r doVZ _§S>i Zo_Uma Amho Ago g_OVmM H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m

AdmñVd _mJÊ`m CÀM nmVirda ZodyZ R>odVmV Am{U Ë`m pñdH$mamì`mV åhUyZ X~md Q>mH$VmV. Ë`m_wio

Ë`m_Ü o dmñV{dH$Vm ahmV Zmhr.

B amï´>r` H$m_Jma Am`moJmÀ`m doVZ_§S>im{df`r {e\$magr 1969

amï´>r` H$m_Jma Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo doVZ _§S>io (Wage Boards) Cn wŠV H$m © H$arV AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o

~Xb H$aÊ`mMr \$magr Amdí`H$Vm Zmhr. na§Vw H$m_Jma Am`moJmZo doVZ _§S>imÀ`m H$m`m©{df`r H$mhr

Cn wŠV gyMZm Ho$ë`m.

1) Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$amdm Am{U `m_YyZ ì`dñWmnH$ Am{U

H$m_Jmam§Mo à{V{ZYr `m§À`m_m\©$V doVZ _§S>imÀ`m AÜ`jmMr {ZdS> H$amdr.

2) doVZ _§S>imMr Zo_UyH$ Pmë`mnmgyZ EH$m dfm©À`m AmV doVZ Xa {ZpíMVrMm Ahdmb gmXa

H$amdm Am{U {e\$magr H$YrnmgyZ A§_bmV oVrb `mMm ñnï> C„oI H$amdm.

3) doVZ_§S>imZo EH$_VmZo Ho$boë`m {e\$maer H$m`ÚmZo XmoÝhr njm§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ Agmì`mV.

4) {e\$maetMm H$mbmdYr gd©gmYmaUnUo 5 dfm©Mm Agmdm Am{U Ë`mM H$mbmdYrV {e\$maer

A§_bmV AmUmì`mV.

5) doVZ _§S>imZo Ho$boë`m {e\$maer~m~V _V oX {Z_m©U Pmbo Va AÜ`jm§Zr Vo {_Q>dmdoV.

6) amï´>r` doVZ_§S>i {d^mJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV `mdm. `m {d^mJmZo doJdoJiçm doVZ _§S>im§Zm

_mJ©Xe©Z H$amUo Amdí`H$ Vr _m{hVr nwadmdr. H$m ©nÕVr {df`r EH$ nwpñVH$m V`ma H$amdr.

7) Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXH$VoMm g§~§Y dmñVd doVZmer OmoS>mdm.

8) H$m_Jmam§À`m dV©_mZ H$m¡eë`mMm {dH$mgmVrb gh^mJ dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm.

9) doVZ AXm H$arV AgVmZm hmoUmao J¡aì`dhma Q>mimdoV.

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2.2.2.5 ~moZg nÕVr d Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoÊ`mMr `moOZm (Bonus System and Profit

Sharing Scheme)

1) ~moZgnÕVr :

B àmñVm{dH$ :

~moZg åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbo OmUmao ~jrg hmo . ^maVm_Ü o ~moZg hr g§H$ënZm ì`mnH$ ñdê$nmMr

_mZbr OmVo. Ë`m_Ü o {db§{~V doVZ Am{U Zâ`mVrb gh^mJ `mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Z\$m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o

^m§S>dbm~amo~a l_mMmhr dmQ>m AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Zâ`mV l_mMm A{YH¥$V dmQ>m XoÊ`mMr à{H«$`m `m AWm©Zo

~moZg ê$T> Pmbm Amho.

B ~moZgMm AW© d ì`m»`m :

""~moZg åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`mÀ`m _Owar{edm` Ë`m§Zr A{YH$ H$m ©j_VoZo H$m_ H$aÊ`mgmR>r àoarV

H$aÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo {Xbr OmUmar OmñVrMr qH$dm A{YMr aŠH$_ hmo '' hr aŠH$_ amoI ñdénmV {Xbr

OmVo.

~moZg eãXH$mofmVrb AW© ""Mm§Jë`m~Ôb H$mhrVar'' H$m_Jmambm `mÀ`m doVZmì`{V[aŠV {Xbo OmUmao

A{^XmZ Agm Amho. Va l_ AW©mómVrb Am§Vaamï´>r` eãXH$mofm_Ü o ~moZg åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m

Anojonojm OmñV CËnÞ XoUo / qH$dm _mbH$mZo H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`mÀ`m Anojo nojm A{YH$ _mo~Xbm XoUo hmo .

hm _mo~Xbm {Z`{_V doVZmì`{V[aŠV AgVmo.

gd©gmYmaUnUo n{hë`m _hm wÕmÀ`m H$mimV H$maImZXmam§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV \$m`Xm {_imbm. hm

\$m`Xm Ho$di n[apñWVrOÝ` ZìhVm Va H$m_Jmam§Mo emofU ho hr EH$ H$maU hmoVo. Ë`mH$mimV H$maImZXmam§Zr

H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`mÀ`m doVZmì`{V[aŠV ~jrg åhUyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm ~moZg {Xbm. wÕ g§në`mZ§Va VoOrMr

n[apñWVr g§nwð>mV Ambr. Ë`m_wio H$maImZXmam§Zr ~jrg XoUo ~§X Ho$bo Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§_Ü o Ag§Vmof

ngabm Ë`mgmR>r {~«Q>re gaH$maZo "~moZg {ddmX g{_Vr' 1924 gmbr Zo_br. `m g{_VrZo ~moZg hm

H$m_Jmam§Mm hŠH$ Amho Vo _mÝ` Ho$bo Zmhr. Ë`mZ§Va Xþgè`m _hm wÕmÀ`m H$mimV CÚmoOH$m§Zm Pmboë`m

\$m`Úm_wio Ë`m§Zr ~moZg Úmd`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br. 1948 gmbr _w§~B© Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mZo Agm {ZH$mb

{Xbm H$s, CÚmoJmbm {_iUmè`m Zâ`m_Ü o ^m§S>db Am{U l_ `m XmoZ KQ>H$m§Mm dmQ>m AgVmo åhUyZ

Zâ`m_Ü o ^m§S>dbmà_mUoM l_mbmhr A{YH¥$V dmQ>m XoUo `mo½` Amho. OrdZ doVZ VÎdmMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z

hm dmQ>m Úmdm Agm {ZH$mb {Xbm.

B ~moZg Am`moJ (Bonus Commission) :

1960 gmbr ~mZog dmQ>n dmX{ddmX g§nwï>mV AmUÊ`mgmR>r gaH$maÀ`m ñWm`r l_ g{_VrZo ~moZg

Am`moJ ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mMr {e\$mag Ho$br. gZ 1961 _Ü o Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z gaH$maZo lr. E_². Ama. _oha

`m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr {Ìnjr` g{_Vr {Z wŠV Ho$br. hm n{hbm ~moZg Am`moJ hmo . `m ~moZg

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....6

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Am`moJmg_moa, ~moZgMr ì`m»`m H$aUo, ~moZgÀ`m dmQ>nmMr g_ñ`m gmoS>{dUo d ~moZgMr AmH$maUr H$er

H$amdr B. gmaIo àíZ hmoVo. `m Am`moJmZo Amnbm Ahdmb 1964 _Ü o gmXa Ho$bm.

g{_VrÀ`m _Vo ""Á`m CnH«$_mV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$arV AgVrb Ë`m CnH«$_mÀ`m ^a^amQ>rVrb Ë`m§Mm

{hñgm åhUOo ~moZg g_OÊ`mV `mdm'' Aer ì`m»`m H$ê$Z H$mhr à_wI {e\$maer Ho$ë`m. Ë`m

nwT>rbà_mUo-

1) Am`moJmÀ`m _Vo ~moZg XoV AgVmZm "CÚmoJ' hm AmYma Z YaVm Vmo "CnH«$_mÀ`m' AmYmamda

XoÊ`mV `mdm.

2) ~moZg hm H$m_Jmam§Mm hŠH$ Amho. godm`moOH$mÀ`m Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m ~moZgÀ`m ñdê$nmV

H$m_Jmam§Zm {_imbm nm{hOo.

3) ~moZg_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm CnH«$_m{df`r {Oìhmim, ~m§YrbH$s, AmnwbH$s amhrb `mVyZ Ë`mMr

H$m ©j_Vm dmT>ob Am{U C\$H«$_mÀ`m {dñVmamgmR>r Vo à`ËZerb ahmVrb.

4) Xadfu ~moZg_Ü o MT>CVma hmoVrb Vo H$_r H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ý yZV_ Am{U _hÎm_ ~moZgMr _`m©Xm

{ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV `mdr.

5) CËnÞ H$a H$m`ÚmZwgma ñWyb Zâ`mVyZ Kgmam, CËnÞH$a, A{Y^ma H$a, ^m§S>dbmÀ`m 7% d

H$m ©H$mar ^m§S>dbmda 4% amIrd {ZYrMr VaVyX Ho$ë`mZ§Va CnbãY dmT>Ê`mVyZ ~moZgMo dmQ>n

H$amdo.

6) ~moZg Am`moJmZo ~moZg dmQ>nmMo gwÌ {Xboë`mZwgma CnbãY dmT>mì`mVyZ 60% ~moZg XoÊ`mV

`mdm. dm{f©H$ EHy$U _wi _Owar Am{U _hmJmB© ^Ë`mÀ`m H$_rVH$_r 4% Am{U OmñVrV OmñV

20% ~moZg é. 1600 n ªV CËnÞ AgUmè`m l{_H$m§Zm XoÊ`mV `mdm. Omo l{_H$ dfm©VyZ

H$_rVH$_r 30 {Xdg H$m_mda hOa Agob Ë`mbm ~moZg nmÌ g_OÊ`mV `mdo.

gaH$maZo ~moZg Am`moJmMm Ahdmb Ë`m_Ü o H$mhr n[adV©Z H$ê$Z _§Oya Ho$bm Am{U 1965 _Ü o

~moZg H$m`Xm nmg Ho$bm.

B ~moZg dmQ>n H$m`Xm 1965 :

~moZg dmQ>n A{Y{Z`_ 29 _o 1965 nmgyZ Oå_y Am{U H$mpí_a dJiVm g§nyU© ^maVmgmR>r bmJy

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m A{Y{Z`_mVrb VaVwXr nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) gd© àH$maMo CÚmoJ, ì`dgm` d CnH«$_ Á`m_Ü o 20 nojm A{YH$ H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV Aem

gdmªZm hm H$m`Xm bmJy hmoVmo. Á`m H§$nZr_Ü o 10 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m§Zmhr

hm H$m`Xm bmJy Amho.

2) CËnÞ H$a H$m`ÚmZwgma Kgmam, {dH$mg gyQ>, àË`j H$a, Xo ^m§S>db `mÀ`m 5% Am{U

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{ZYrgmR>r 6% EdT>r aŠH$_ dOm Ho$ë`mZ§Va oUmè`m {eëbH$ dmT>mì`mVyZ (A{YŠ`) 60%

~moZg H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbm nm{hOo. {dXoer H§$nÝ`m_Ü o ho à_mU 67% amhrb.

3) H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmÀ`m 4% Vo 40% (~m§Yrb l{_H$mgmR>r é. 25% `mn¡H$s Oo OmñV Agob

Vmo H$m_Jmam§Mm ~moZg Agob. H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmÀ`m 20% ~moZg {Xbm OmB©b.

4) `m H$m`Ú>mZwgma é. 1600 n ªV doVZ {_i{dUmam H$m_Jma ~moZgnmÌ g_OÊ`mV oB©b. Omo

H$m_Jma dfm©VyZ H$_rVH$_r 30 {Xdg H$m_mda CnpñWV Agob Ë`mbmhr ~moZg {_iob.

hŠH$mÀ`m gwÅ>çm Agbobm {Xdg hOa {Xdg g_OÊmV oB©b.

5) {heo~mMo df© nyU© Pmë`mZ§Va 8 _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV ~moZg dmQ>n Pmbo nm{hOo. AWm©V g§~§YrV

gaH$ma `m_Ü o dmT> H$ê$ eH$Vo.

6) ZdrZ CnH«$_mZo bm^ {_i{dUo Mmby Ho$bo H$s, H$m_Jmam§Zm ~moZg Úmdm bmJob. àË`j

CËnmXZmMr {dH«$s Mmby Pmë`mZ§Va 6 dfm©À`m AmV ~moZg Úmdm bmJob.

7) H$m_Jmambm \$gdm\$gdr, Mmoar, ImoQ>onUm, hoVynañna ZwH$gmZ Ho$bo Agob, CÔm_nUmMr

dmJUyH$ B. H$maUm_wio {Zb§{~V Ho$bo Agob Va ~moZg {_iUma Zmhr.

B ~moZg n[ajU g{_Vr - 1972 :

dñVy Am{U godm§À`m qH$_Vr_Ü o dmT> Pmë`m_wio ~moZg dmT>{dÊ`mV `mdm Aer H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z

_mJUr H$aÊ`mV oD$ bmJbr. `mVyZM _w§~B©, H$bH$Îmm, _Ðmg, H$mZnya ehamVrb CÚmoJm§_Ü o g§n Pmbo.

Ë`m_wio Ë`mdoiMo l_ _§Ìr lr. Ama. Ho$. ImS>rbH$a `m§Zr d¡ pŠVH$ bj KmbyZ ~moZgMm nwZ{d©Mma

H$aÊ`mgmR>r RBI Mo _mOr S>oß yQ>r JìhZ©a lr. ~r. Ho$. _XZ `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr EH$ g{_Vr Zo_br.

`m g{_Vr_Ü o CÚmoJnVr d H$m_Jmam§Mo à{V{ZYr hmoVo. AWm©V `m_Ü o Vrd« ñdê$nmMo _V oX hmoD$Z EH$

Ahdmb lr. _XZ d CÚmoJnVr Am{U Xþgam Ahdmb H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§À`m à{V{ZYtZr gmXa Ho$bm Ë`mVrb

_V oXmMo H$mhr _wÔo Ago hmoVo.

1) H$m_Jma à{V{ZYrZr ~moZg _Yrb dmT> 4% dê$Z 8.33% n ªV Agmdr Aer _mJUr Ho$br

Va CÚmoJnVr 5% da R>m_ hmoVo.

2) XoemVrb gd© àH$maÀ`m CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm ~moZg {_imbm nm{hOo Ago

H$m_Jma à{V{ZYrMo åhUUo hmoVo Va H$m`ÚmZwgma 20 qH$dm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV

AemM CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm ~moZg {_iob Ago CÚmoJnVrMo åhUUo hmoVo.

3) CÚmoJm§Zm Z\$m Pmbm qH$dm VmoQ>m Ambm Var ~moZg {XbmM nm{hOo Aer H$m_Jma à{V{ZYtMr

y{_H$m hmoVr Va CÚmoJm§Zm nwaogm Z\$m Pmë`m{edm` ~moZg dmQ>nmMr gŠVr Zgmdr Aer y{_H$m

CÚmoOH$m§Mr hmoVr.

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4) H$_mb ~moZgMm Xa 20% dê$Z 25% H$aÊ`mV `mdm `m~m~VrV hr EH$_V ZìhVo.

5) CÚmoJmMr ñnYm©Ë_H$Vm dmT>{dÊmgmR>r ~moZgbm 6 df} gwÅ>r Úmdr Aer {e\$mag Ho$br hmoVr.

Vr H$m_Jma à{V{ZYtZm _mÝ` ZìhVr.

B ZdrZ dQ>hþHy$_ - 1972 :

H|$Ð gaH$maZo H$m_Jmam§Mo {hVg§~§Y gwa{jV R>odÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm 8.33% ~moZg XoUo `mo½` Amho

Agm {ZU© KoVbm. `m {ZU© mMr A§_b ~OmdUr H$aÊ`mgmR>r 23 gßQ>|~a 1972 bm amï´>nVrÀ`m ghrZo

dQ>hþHy$_ Omar H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `m dQ>hþHy$_mÝd o CÚmoJmMr n[apñWVr H$mhrhr Agbr Var Ë`m§Zr H$m_Jmam§Zm

8.33% XamZo ~moZgMo dmQ>n Ho$bo nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ KmbÊ`mV Ambo.

B 1975 Mm ~moZg XamMm ZdrZ dQ>hþHy$_ :

25 gßQ>|~a 1975 amoOr amï´>nVtZr EH$ AÜ`mXoe H$mTy>Z ~moZgMm Xa 8.33% déZ 4% n ªV H$_r

Ho$bm. Ë`mà_mUoM ~moZgÀ`m ñdê$nmV ~Xb Ho$bm. ~moZg åhUOo {db§~mZo XoÊ`mV oUmar _Oyar Aer

_mÝ`Vm hmoVr Vgm gw{à_ H$moQ>m©Mm EH$ {ZU© hmoVm. na§Vw `m dQ>hþHy$_mZwgma 4 ""Zâ`m§À`m AmYmamda qH$dm

CËnmXZ, CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`m AmYmamda H$aÊ`mV oUmam MwH$mam åhUOo ~moZg hmo '' Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br.

Á`m CÚmoJm§Zm _mJrb 4 df} Z\$m {_imbm Agob Ë`m CÚmoJm§Zr {H$_mZ ~moZg Úmdm. ~moZgMr qH$_V 4%

d H$_mb 20% _`m©Xma {ZpíMV Ho$br hmoVr. {H$_mZ 10 H$m_Jma Agboë`m CÚmoJm§Zm dQ>hþHy$_ bmJy

H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`m_wio ~moZg XoUo ~§YZH$maH$ R>abo. H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$aÊ`mMm H$m_Jmam§Zm 60 Vo

100 é. {H$_mZ ~moZg XoÊ`mV oB©b. Ë`m_wio ~moZg dmQ>nmV Am_ybmJ« ~Xb Pmbm. CËnmXH$Vm,

H$m ©j_Vm Am{U CËnÞdmT>rbm MmbZm XoUmam hm AÜ`mXoe hmoVm.

2) Z\$m-dmQ>n / gh^mJ `moOZm (Profit sharing scheme) :

B àmñVm{dH$ :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§Va EH$mM N>VmImbr _moR>çm à_mUmV H$maImZXmar CËnmXZmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr.

^m§S>dbXmam§Zm _moR>çm à_mUmV Z\$m {_iy bmJbm. ^m§S>dbXma / godm`moOH$ hm A{ZpíMVVm Am{U YmoH$m

nËH$aVmo Ë`m_wio Zâ`mda Ë`mMmM A{YH$ma nmohMVmo. CËnmXZmÀ`m à[H$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb H$m_Jmam§Zm

doVZ {_iVo, Ë`mà_mUoM doVZm ì`{V[aŠV BVa gmo r Am{U gdbVr {_iVmV Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV

dmQ>m _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma ZgVmo. ho ^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV J¥{hV Yabo hmoVo. na§Vy H$m_Jma hm

CÚmoJmMm AmYmañV§ AgVmo Am{U Z\$m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o H$m_Jmam§Mmhr gh^mJ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Zâ`mV dmQ>m

_mJÊ`mMm H$m_Jmam§Mm hŠH$ Zgbm Var H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m {Xë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m ©j_VoV

CËnmXH$Voda, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Ymda Mm§Jbm n[aUm_ {XgyZ oV Agob Va Am{U Z\$m dmT>V Agob Va

H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mda dmQ>m XoUo ho H$maImZXmam§À`m \$m`ÚmMo R>aVo. `mVyZ Z\$m dmQ>n `m g§H$ënZoMm OÝ_

Pmbm.

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H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoÊ`mMr gwê$dmV 1820 _Ü o \«$mÝg_Yrb E_bo Šbo a `m J¥hgOmdQ>H$mamZo

Ho$br. Ë`mÀ`m_Vo doi d BVa gmYZm_Ü o ~MV Ho$ë`mg 3000 nm¢S>m§Zr bm^ dmTy> eH$Vmo. Ë`mZo Amnë`m

H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoÊ`mMo dMZ {Xbo d ~MV KS>dyZ AmUbr. `m Mm§Jë`m AZw dmZ§Va A_o[aH$m,

O_©Zr `m XoemV H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV gh^mJ XoÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. n{hë`m _hm wÕmÀ`m H$mimV OJmVrb

àJV Xoem§Zr hm à`moJ Ho$bm. ^maVm_Ü o hr nÕVr gwê$ hmoÊ`mg 1947 gmbr gwê$dmV Pmbr.

B ì`m»`m :

hoÝar qgJa `m§À`m _Vo ""bm^ A§e {d^mOZ hm ñdÀN>oZo Ho$bobm Agm EH$ H$ama Amho H$s, Á`m_Ü o

H$m_Jmam§Zm bm^ {ZpíMVrnydu dmQ>m XoÊ`mV oVmo.''

lr am°~Q>© `m§À`m _Vo ""Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m hm EH$ ñdV§Ì H$ama Amho, Omo {b{IV _m¡IrH$ ñdê$nmV

amhÿ eHo$b Am{U Ë`mZwgma {Z wŠV l{_H$m§Zm gmYmaU _Owar {edm` Zâ`mVrb EH$ {hñgm àmßV H$aÊ`mMm

A{YH$ma AgVmo, na§Vw ZwH$gmZrMm _mÌ Zmhr.''

B Am§Vaamï´>r` l_g§KQ>Zm Ahdmb - 1948

""Z\$m {d^mOZ hr Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[afUmMr EH$ Aer nÕVr Amho H$s, {OÀ`mV godm`moOH$

H$m_Jmam§À`m _Owar {edm` CÚmoJmV hmoUmè`m bm^mVrb dmQ>m XoÊ`mg V`ma AgVmo.

B Z\$m-gh^mJ `moOZoMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

`m `moOZoMr d¡{eï>ço Imbrbà_mUo gm§{JVbr OmVmV :

1) {Zìdi Zâ`mMm AmYma : l{_H$m§Zm dmQ>Ê`mV oUmè`m bm^mMm {hñgm hm CÚmoJmV hmoUmè`m

{Zìdi bm^mda Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

2) bm^mnydu dmQ>m / {hñgm : l{_H$m§Zm bm^mVrb dmQ>m {H$Vr à_mUmV {Xbm OmB©b ho bm^

{_iÊ`mnyduM {ZpíMV Ho$bobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio godm`moOH$ Ë`m_Ü o ~Xb H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

3) gdmªMmM dmQ>m : Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m CÚmoJmVrb gd©M H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iVmo Am{U hm doVZm

ì`{V[aŠV AgVmo.

4) Z\$m / bm^ dmQ>nmMo ñdê$n : H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbm OmUmam dmQ>m hm amoI ñdénmV, ^mJ

^m§S>dbmV, ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr, ~MV `moOZm, {Zd¥Îmr doVZ B. ñdê$nmV {Xbm OmVmo.

B `moOZoMo _hÎd / \$m`Xo :

`moOZoMo _hÎd qH$dm \$m`Xo nwT>rbà_mUo -

1) gbmoIm Am{U ~m§YrbH$s dmT>Vo : `m `moOZo_wio H$m_Jmam§Mr CÚmoJmer AgUmar ~m§{YbH$s

dmT>Vo. H$m_Jma Am{U ì`dñWmnZ `m§À`mVrb gbmoIm, AmnwbH$s dmT>Vo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$_r hmoVmV

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Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV hmoVo.

2) _hÎm_ bm^mMr àoaUm : H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mg dmQ>m {Xë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m A{YH$nQ> CËnmXZ

dmT>rgmR>r Vo à`ËZ H$aVmV. CÚmoJmÀ`m {dH$mgmMr O~m~Xmar Amnbr Amho Aer ^mdZm {Z_m©U hmoD$Z

H$m_Jma A{YH$ H$m ©j_VoZo H$m_ H$aVmV, ZwH$gmZ Q>mibo OmVo. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZ IM© H$_r hmoVmo Am{U

bm^mMo à_mU dmT>Vo.

3) H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnÞmV Am{U ahmUr_mZmV dmT> : H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m doVZm ì`{V[aŠV

bm^mVrb dmQ>m {_iV AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m CËnÞmV, IaoXr eŠVrV Am{U ahmUr_mZ XOm©V dmT> hmoVo.

4) Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mo AmH$f©U : `m `moOZo_wio Hw$eb, à{e{jV H$m_Jmam§Mr CnbãYVm dmT>Vo.

Ago H$m_Jma {_iV Agë`m_wio H$_r CËnmXZ IMm©V XO}Xma CËnmXZ hmoVo. Zâ`mMo à_mU dmT>V OmVo.

Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m ho Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§Mo AmH$f©U R>aVo.

5) Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg hmV^ma : CÚmoOH$/godm`moOH$ Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m H$m_Jmam§Zm

XoV Agë`m_wio Am{W©H$ {df_Vm H$_r hmoÊ`mg hmV^ma bmJVmo, CÚmoJm§À`m {dH$mgmgmR>r Vo A{YH$ à`ËZ

H$aVmV àm_m{UH$nUo H$m_ H$aVmV.

6) l_ n[adV©ZmMr g_ñ`m gwQ>Vo : Zâ`mV dmQ>m {_iV Agë`m_wio l_ n[adV©Z XamMr g_ñ`m

gwQ>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo. H$m_Jma CÚmoJmMr AXbm~Xb qH$dm EH$m CÚmoJmVyZ Xþgè`m CÚmoJmV OmV ZmhrV.

H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$ àH$mao pñWaVm àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg hr `moOZm Cn wŠV R>aVo.

7) XoemÀ`m gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmV dmT> : Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm, AI§S> CËnmXZ j_VoV

dmT>, H$_r CËnmXZ IMm©V XO}Xma dñVyMo CËnmXZ, Cn^moŠË`m§Zm dmOdr qH$_VrV XO}Xma dñVy§Mr CnbãYVm

B. _wio EHy$UM g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mUmV hmoVo. Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmMr JVr dmT>Vo.

B `moOZoMo Xmof / VmoQ>o :

darb à_mUo `moOZoMo \$m`Xo gm§{JVbo OmV Agbo Var `m `moOZoV H$mhr Xmof AmT>iVmV.

1) Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m d H$m`©j_Vm g§§~Y Zmhr :

H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`Vm {_iUmam dmQ>m hm H$m ©j_Voda Adb§~yZ ZgVmo Va Z\$m hm gd© H$mJJmam§À`m

EH$ÌrV à`ËZmMm Vmo EH$ ^mJ AgVmo. d¡ pŠVH$ H$m ©j_Voer Ë`mMm g§~§Y ZgVmo Ë`m_wio H$m ©j_

H$mJ_Jmam§da AÝ`m` hmoVmo.

2) _moR>çm CÚmoJg§ñWoV {hñgm H$_r :

_moR>çm CÚmoJ g§ñWoV H$mJ_Jmam§Mr g§»`m _moR>çm AgVo. Ë`m_wio àË oH$ H$m_Jmam§À`m dmQ>çmbm

oUmar aŠH$_ H$_r oVo. Aem pñWVrV H$m_Jma _Z bmdyZ CËgmhmZo H$m_ H$arV ZmhrV.

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3) dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Am{U {db§~mZo dmQ>m :

H$m_Jmam§À`m ñdm^m{dH$ nÕVrMm {dMma H$aVm bm^m§e Omhra Pmë`mZ§Va ËdarV Am{U amoI aŠH$_oV

{Xë`mg Ë`mMo _hÎd AmJioM AgVo. naV§w H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmam bm^m§e dfm©VyZ EH$Xm Am{U Vmohr

{~b§~mZo {^Þ {_iVmo Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm CËgmh H$_r hmoVmo.

4) J{VerbVoda _`m©Xm :

Omo H$m_Jma df© a EH$mM CÚmoJ g§ñWoV {Q>Hy$Z amhVmo, VmoM bm^m§embm nmÌ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm

XþgarH$S>o Mm§Jbr g§Yr J_dmdr bmJVo Am{U bm^m§emÀ`m AmH$f©UmnmoQ>r Ë`mbm H$_r doVZmdaM g_mYmZ

_mZmdo bmJVo.

5) godm`moOH$m§da AÝ`m` :

g§ moOH$m§Zm R>aboë`m XamZwgma H$m_Jmam§Zm bm^m§e Úmdm bmJVmo. Z\$m Pmbm Agob Va g§ moOH$m§Zm

bm^m§e XoUo AdKS> ZgVo. na§Vw VmoQ>m ghZ H$amdm bmJbm Va _mÌ Ë`m§Zr dmQ>m CMbÊ`mg H$m_Jma V`ma

ZgVmV.

6) godm`moOH$m§Mm Hw$Q>rb S>md :

H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m Úmdm bmJVmo åhUyZ godm`moOH$ Amnë`m nwñVH$ nmbZ Am{U boIm H$_rV

H$_r XmI{dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio H$m_Jma dJm©da AÝ`m` hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

7) CXmaVoMo àXe©Z :

godm`moOH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoUo ho Amnbo H$V©ì` g_OV ZmhrV Va Ë`mÀ`m _ZmV

H$m_Jmam§da Amåhr CnH$ma H$aVmo Aer ^mdZm AgVo. Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§À`m AmË_gÝ_mZmbm YmoH$m

nmohMVmo.

8) H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§À`m {dH$mgmV AS>Wim :

Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZo_wio H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$ `m§Mo g§~§Y gwYmaVmV, na§Vw H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m

{dH$mgmV AS>Wio {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMr XmQ> eŠ`Vm AgVo. ho H$m_Jmam§gmR>r gwÕm YmoŠ`mMo R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm

dmT>Vo. H$maU Z\$m dmQ>n H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§_Ü o \w$Q> nmS>Ê`mgmR>r godm `moOZm§À`m hmVr EH$ gmYZ

{Xë`mgmaIo Amho.

darb \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o {dMmamV KoVm, VmoQ>o H$_r H$ê$Z OmñVrV OmñV \$m`Xo H$m_Jmam§Zm {_idyZ

XoÊ`mgmR>r `m `moOZoMr H$m ©j_, {Z`moOZnyd©H$ d {Z §ÌUnyd©H$ A§_b~OmdUr hmoÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm Amho.

B ^maV Am{U Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZm :

^maVm_Ü o {S>g|~a 1947 gmbr Ë`mdoioMo {dÎm_§Ìr lr. fÊ_wI MoÅ>r `m§Zr A§{V_ A§XmOnÌH$mÀ`m

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MM}V Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZm A§_bmV AmUÊ`mMm gaH$maMm {dMma Amho Aer KmofUm bmoH$g oV Ho$br.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm Am{U CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r bmJy H$aÊ`mV oB©b Ago åhQ>bo.

gaH$maZo Ë`mgmR>r godm`moOH$, H$m_Jma ì`mnmar d gaH$mar à{V{ZYr ~mobmdbo d Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[afXoMo

Am`moOZ Ho$bo. Ë`m_Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§Vr~m~V àñVmd nmg Ho$bm. `m àñVmdmV H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m

XoÊ`mV `mdm Ago _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo Am{U Ë`mgmR>r nwT>rb VaVwXr H$aÊ`mV Amë`m.

1) H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½` _§Oyar XoÊ`mV `mdr.

2) CÚmoOH$m§Zm Ë`m§Zr ì`dgm`m_Ü o Jw§V{dboë`m ^m§S>dbmMm `mo½` _mo~Xbm {_imdm.

3) CÚmoJmMm {dH$mg Am{U {dñVma `m_Ü o ñW¡ ©Vm àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r R>am{dH$ {hñgm ~mOybm

H$mT>Ê`mV `mdm Am{U {eëbH$ Zâ`mMo dmQ>n CÚmoOH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü o H$amdo.

1948 _Ü o gaH$maZo ^maVmMo n{hbo Am¡Úmo{JH$ YmoaU KmofrV Ho$bo. `m YmoaUmV Z\$m dmQ>nmMm

g_mdoe H$aÊ`mV Ambm. 25 _o 1948 amoOr lr. Eg. E. d|H$Q>a_Z `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Z\$m dmQ>n

g{_Vr ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. g{_VrZo `m~m~V gd© àíZm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z 1 {S>g|~a 1948 amoOr ^maV

gaH$mabm Ahdmb gmXa Ho$bm.

`m g{_VrZo Aem {e\$mag Ho$br H$s, EH$mM doir gd© CÚmoJmV hr `moOZm A§_bmV AmUUo eŠ`

Zmhr. gwédmVrbm 5 dfm©gmR>r 6 CÚmoJm§_Ü o à`moJmXmIb hr nÕV gwê$ H$aÊ`mV `mdr. `mV gwVrH$mnS>,

Á yQ>, bmoI§S> d nmobmX, {g_|Q>, Q>m`a {Z{_©Vr d {gJmaoQ> CÚmoJm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm.

`m g{_VrZo ho hr ñnï> Ho$bo H$s, CËnmXZ d Z\$m dmT>rgmR>r l_m ~amo~aM BVa KQ>H$ hr gh^mJr

Agë`mZo `m BVa KQ>H$m§gmR>r `mo½` Vr VaVyX Ho$ë`mZ§Va H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m `mo½`VoZwgma dmQ>m XoÊ`V

`mdm. hm dmQ>m R>a{dV AgVmZm _mJrb dfm©À`m EHy$U doVZmÀ`m à_mUmV XoÊ`mV `mdm. `mnmR>r_mJo

g{_VrMo CËnmXZmgmR>r àoaUm XoUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm d ì`dñWmnZmV gh^mJ dmT>ob d {dH$mgmbm _XV

hmoB©b ho à_wI CÔoe hmoVo. `mbm AZwgê$ZM g{_VrZo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m.

1) H$m_Jma Oa ~oH$m`Xoera g§nmV gh^mJr Pmbo Va Ë`m§Zm Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoD$ Z o. Ë`mà_mUoM

godm`moOH$ ~oH$m`Xoera[aË`m Q>mio~§Xr H$arV AgVrb Va bm^mVrb dmQ>m H$m_Jmam§Zm Úmdm

bmJob.

2) H$m_Jmam§Zm {_iUmam Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m `m§À`m doVZmÀ`m 25% Agob Va Vmo amoI ñdénmV

{Xbm OmB©b. Ë`m nojm OmñV Agob Va ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYrV O_m Ho$bm OmB©b.

3) n[aXÎm ^m§S>db (Paid up capital) g§{MV {ZYr, Kgmam {ZYr `m§Mr VaVyX Ho$ë`mZ§Va EHy$U

Zâ`mVyZ VodT>r aŠH$_ dOm Ho$br OmB©b. Omo {Zìdi Z\$m {eëbH$ amhrb Ë`mVyZ godm`moOH$

d H$m_Jmam§Zm Z\$m dmQ>n H$aÊ`mV oB©b.

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4) {Zìdi Zâ`mÀ`m 50% ^mJ godm`moOH$m§Zm d 50% ^mJ H$m_Jmam§Zm XoÊ`mV `mdm. _mJrb

26 _{hÝ`mV {_i{dboë`m EHy$U CËnÞmÀ`m à_mUmV bm^ XoÊ`mV `mdm. Ë`mV _hmJmB© ^Îmm

d ~moZgMm g_mdoe AgUma Zmhr.

5) Z\$m dmQ>nmMm AmYma EH$ CÚmoJ qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌ Ago Agy eH$Vo. H$mnS> CÚmoJmgmR>r

_w§~B©, gmobmnya, Ah_Xm~mX Aer ghjoÌo gm§JyZ àW_ hr `moOZm `m joÌm§Zm bmJy H$aÊ`mV `mdr

Ago gm§{JVbo.

g{_VrZo Ho$boë`m {e\$maer~m~V g{_Vr gXñ`m_Ü o EH$_V Pmbo Zmhr. H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr Am{U

CÚmoOH$m§Zr doJdoJio àíZ CnpñWV Ho$bo. H|${Ð` gëbmJma g{_VrgwÕm H$moUË`mM {ZîH$fm©àV nmohMbr

Zmhr. Am°JñQ> Am{U gßQ>|~a 1951 d OyZ 1952 _Ü o gXa ~m~ g§ wŠV gëbmJma _§S>imÀ`m g oV {dMma

{d{Z_`mgmR>r _m§S>Ê`mV Ambr Ë`mMo JwbOmar bmb Z§Xm `m§Zr `m~mVrV Ago _Z ì`ŠV Ho$bo H$s,

`moOZoVrb Jw§VmJw§V bjmV KoVm A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S>, O_©Zr, Am§Vaamï´>r` l_g§K d ^maVmVrb {deof VÁkm§À`m

_XVrZo gmoS>dmdr.

amï´>r` Am{U Am§Vaamï´>r` ~mOmanoR>m§_Yrb dmT>Vr ñnYm© Am{U OmoIr_ `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm Ago à`moJ

YmoH$mXm`H$ R>aVrb Am{U CÚmoJ {dñVmamV AS>MUrMo R>aVrb Aer ~mOy CÚmoOH$m§Zr / godm`moOH$m§Zr

_m§S>br. `mnwT>o OmD$Z H$mhtZr Va hr `moOZm Ag§ d Am{U AdmñVd Amho Ago AmJ«hr _V _m§S>bo.

Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZ§r Q>mQ>m bmoI§S> d nmobmX H§$nZrZo H$m_Jmam§Zm A{YH$ doVZ d Zâ`mV dmQ>m XoD$Z gwÕm

H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXZ j_Vm dmT>Ê`m§EodOr H$_r Pmbr Ago {ZXe©Zmg AmUyZ {Xbo. AWm©V `mbm BVahr

H$maUo O~m~Xma AmhoV Ago åhQ>bo.

{Z`moOZ _§S>imZohr n§Mdm{f©H$ `moOZoÀ`m _gwÚm_Ü o H$m_Jmam§Zm Zâ`m_Ü o dmQ>m XoÊ`mÀ`m `moOZoMr

VÁkm§H$Sy>Z VnmgUr hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho Ago _V dma§dma ì`ŠV Ho$bo. na§Vw gaH$mar nmVirda AÚmnn ªV

R>m_ {ZU© KoVbm Zmhr. n§VàYmZ B§{Xam Jm§Yr `m§Zr 20 H$b_r H$m ©H«$_ Omhra Ho$bm hmoVm Ë`m_Ü o

H$m_Jmam§Zm ì`dñWmnZmV gh^mJ `mMm C„oI Amho na§Vw Zâ`mV dmQ>m `mMm C„oI ZìhVm. lr. d|H$Q>a_Z

g{_VrZo {Xbobr `moOZm Mm§Jbr Amho na§Vy A§_b~OmdUr _mÌ Pmbobr {XgyZ oV Zmhr.

2.3 gmam§e :

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2 _Ü o doVZ {ZpíMVrÀ`m {gÕm§Vm_Ü o gZmVZdmXr d ZdgZmVZdmXr {gÕm§VmMr

g{dñVa MMm© Am{U _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo gm_w{hH$ gm¡ÚmMo {gÕm§V AmH¥$VrV ñnï> Ho$bo

AmhoV. `m_Ü o Om°Z S>Zbm°n, {dë`_ \o$bZa, àm. H$maQ>a `m§À`m {gÕm§VmMm g_mdoe Amho.

_OwarÀ`m g§H$ënZm VËd Am{U ì`dhma `m§_Ü o Ý yZV_ _Oyar, CÔoe Ý yZV_ _OyarÀ`m {ZYm©aUmVrb

AS>MUr, Ý yZV_ _Owar {ZYm©aUmÀ`m nÕVr `m {df`r g{dñVa _m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho. OrdZ/n`m©ßV _Owar,

C{MV qH$dm `mo½` _Owar `m g§H$ënZmMr MMm© Ho$br Amho.

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gXa KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 2 _Ü oM doVZ {^ÞVm åhUOo H$m` ho gm§JyZ doVZ {^ÞoVMr H$maUo ñnï> Ho$br

AmhoV. VgoM Ag§KQ>rV joÌmVrb doVZ{ZpíMVrMr MMm© Ho$br AgyZ doVZoÎma l_ _mo~Xë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU

Ho$bo Amho.

MbZ dmT> Am{U doVZmVrb g§~§Y gyú_ Am{U ñWyb nmVirda Zo_Ho$ H$go AgVmV `mMo ñnï>rH$aU

ho {\${bßgMm dH«$ {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_ZÀ`m Ñï>rH$moZ `mMo AmH¥$Vr gh g{dñVa ñnîQ>rH$aU Ho$bo Amho. doVZ

Am{U CËnmXH$Vm `m§À`mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$arV AgVmZm. H$m_Jmam§Mr CËnmXH$Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

CËnmXH$VoMo àH$ma CËnmXH$Voda à^md Q>mH$Umao KQ>H$, CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZ {ZpíMVr B. ~m~V g{dñVa

_m§S>Ur Ho$br Amho.

Ë`mà_mUoM amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUm_Ü o, doVZ {df`H$ YmoaU, H$m_Jma YmoaUmMm AW© d C{Ôï>ço, H$m_Jma

YmoaUmMm CJ_-{dH$mg VgoM amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMm {dH$mg, amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>ço, amï´>r` doVZ

YmoaU R>a{dVmZm oUmè`m AS>MUr `m§Mm Chmnmoh Ho$bm Amho.

^maVmVrb doVZ Am{U doVZ_§S>io `m CnKQ>H$mV doVZ _§S>imMr aMZm, H$m } Am{U H$m ©nÕVrMr

MMm© H$ê$Z Q>rH$mË_H$ _yë`_mnZ Ho$bo Amho. VgoM H$m_Jma Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer _m§S>ë`m AmhoV.

Ë`mMà_mUo ~moZg nÕVr_Ü o AW©, ñdê$n, ~moZg Am`moJ, ~moZg dmQ>nm{df`rMo H$m`Xo `m§Mr g{dñVanUo

_m{hVr {Xbr Amho.

Z\$m gh^mJ `moOZm (Profit sharing Scheme) `m CnKQ>H$m_Ü o Z\$m dmQ>nmÀ`m ì`m»`m,

`moOZoMr d¡{eï>ço, Z\$m dmQ>nmMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o, ^maVmMr Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZm `m~m~V g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br

Amho. EHy$UM `m KQ>H$m_Ü o doVZ {ZpíMVrÀ`m ~m~VrV {d{dY KQ>H$m§Mr MMm© Ho$br AgyZ hm KQ>H$

g_OÊ`mgmR>r {ZpíMVnUo _XV hmoB©b.

2.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mo AW© …

1) Ý yZV_ : {H$_mZ

2) C{MV : `mo½`, dmOdr

3) ñVa : nmVir

4) gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm : CËnmXZ KQ>H$mÀ`m EH$m OmXm dJm©V dmT> Ho$br AgVm EHy$U CËnmXZmVrb{Zìdi dmT>.

5) _Owar H$mof : _mbH$ dJm©Zo _Owar XoVm `mdr `mgmR>r {Z_m©U Ho$bobm {ZYr.

6) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm : _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb gm_§Oñ` H$ama

7) {Ûnjr` _ŠVoXmar : EH$M IaoXrXma d {dH«o$Vm AgUmar ~mOmanoR>

8) doVZoÎma KQ>H$ : doVZmì`{V[aŠV {_iUmao _mo~Xbo

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9) doVZ {^ÞVm : H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmVrb \$aH$ / V\$mdV

10) AmZwf§{JH$ bm^ : doVZm{edm` {_iUmao _mo\$V qH$dm Aën qH$_VrV {_iUmao bm^.

11) MbZdmT> : AW©ì`dñWoVrb EHy$U MbZ nwadR>çmV hmoUmar dmT>.

12) l_~mOma : OoWo l_mMr IaoXr {dH«$s MmbVo Vo {R>H$mU.

13) ^m¡{V_ CËnmXH$Vm : dmñVyê$nmVrb CËnmXH$Vm

14) dmQ>m : {hñgm

15) Kgmam : PrO IM©


A) Imbrb n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nyU© H$am.

1) {eëbH$ hŠH$mMm _wi {gÕm§V ........... Zo _m§S>bm.

A) {nJy ~) bm°S>© Ho$Ýg H$) A°S>_ pñ_W S>) [aH$mS>m}

2) .............. hm {gÕm¨V _OwarÀ`m OrdZ {Zdm©h {gÕm§VmMo gwYmarV én Amho.

A) {eëbH$ hŠH$mMm {gÕm§V ~) doVZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V

H$) _OwarMm OrdZ_mZ {gÕm§V S>) emofUmMm {gÕm§V.

3) .............. Zo doVZ {ZYr {gÕm§VmMr _m§S>Ur Ho$br.

A) Oo.Eg._rb ~) Oo. Eg. Ho$Ýg H$) H$mb© _mŠg© S>) Q>aJm°Q>

4) doVZmMm gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm {gÕm§V gd©g_mdoeH$ ñdê$nmV _m§S>Ê`mMo lo ............ m§Zm {Xbo

OmVo.

A) àm. Oo. Ama.{hŠg ~) àm. n°aoQ>mo H$) {S>H$mS>m©o S>) Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$

5) amoOJma d _OwarMm {gÕm§V ............. `m§Zr _m§S>bm

A) S>Zbm°n ~) {dë`_ \o$bZa H$) H$maQ>a S>) Ho$Ýg

6) doVZmMm Xa hm _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m ............. da Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

A) qH$_V ~) Z\$m H$) YmoaUmda S>) gm¡Xm eŠVrda

7) _OwarXa ng§Vr \$bZ d amoOJma ng§Vr \$bZmMr g§H$ënZm .............. `m§Zr _m§S>br.

A) àm. E. E_. H$maQ>a ~) àm. E\$. E. dm°H$a

H$) àm. Om°Z Q>r S>Zbm°n S>) {dë`_ \o$bZa

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8) .............. _Owar åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xë`m OmUmè`m _OwarMr {H$_mZ _`m©Xm AgVo.

A) Ý yZV_ ~) n`m©ßV H$) C{MV S>) n¡emVrb

9) Á`mdoir gaH$ma R>oHo$Xmam§H$Sy>Z H$m_ H$ê$Z KoVmo Voìhm Ë`m nÕVrbm ........... nÕVr Ago

åhUVmV.

A) _ŠVoXmar ~) gm¡Xm H$) R>oHo$Xmar S>) O_rZXmar

10) ................. ho doVZ {^ÞVoMo H$maU gm§{JVbo OmVo.

A) OmVr oX ~) _yë` oX H$) qbJ oX S>) dñVw oX

11) H$m_Jmam§Zm CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb Omo _mo~Xbm {_iVmo Ë`mbm .............

åhUVmV.

A) ~moZg ~) bm^m§e H$) doVZ S>) noÝeZ

12) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ `m§À`mVrb gyú_ g§~§Y ............. KQ>H$mer oVmo.

A) ì`dñWmnH$ ~) H$m_Jma H$) _mbH$ S>) m§S>dbXma

13) CËnmXH$Vm Am{U doVZ `mVrb g§§~Y .............. àH$maMm AgVmo.

A) nañna{damoYr ~) g§{_l H$) nañna nyaH$ S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

14) ~oH$marMo à_mU Am{U n¡emVrb doVZ m§À`mVrb g§~§Y XmI{dUmè`m dH«$mbm ............... dH«$

Ago åhUVmV.

A) _mJUr ~) CËnmXZ H$) {\${bßg S>) nwadR>m

15) l_mMr CËnmXH$Vm = H$m_Jmam§Mo CËnmXZ

...................

A) l_Vmg ~) _yë`dfm©Vrb l_

H$) H$m_Jmam§Mr EHy$U g§»`m S>) `mn¡H$s Zmhr

16) .............. _Ü o H$mnS> CÚmoJmV doVZ _§S>i Zo_è`mV Ambo.

A) 1957 ~) 1958 H$) 1965 S>) 1975

17) n{hbm ~moZg Am`moJ ............ À`m AÜ`jVoImbr Zo_Ê`mV Ambm.

A) d|H$Q>a_Z ~) ImS>rbH$a H$) _oha S>) JwbOmar bmbZ§Xm

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18) 25 _o 1948 amoOr H|$Ð gaH$maZo ì §H$Q>a_Z `m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr .............. g{_Vr Zo_br.

A) Z\$m dmQ>n g{_Vr ~) doVZ dmQ>n g{_Vr

H$) ~moZg dmQ>n g{_Vr S>) doVZ _§S>i g{_Vr

19) amï´>r` {Z`moOZ _§S>imZo ................ dfu amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmg§~§Yr g{_Vr Zo_br.

A) 1973 ~) 1963 H$) 1994 S>) 2001

20) amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmbm Imbrb KQ>H$mMm ^ŠH$_ AmYma Amho.

A) Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm ~) gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm H$) amÁ`KQ>Zm S>) Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm

21) g§ wŠV gëbmJma _§S>imMo AÜ`j ................ hmoVo.

A) ì §H$Q>a_Z ~) ImS>rbH$a H$) JwbOmarbmb Z§Xm S>) _oha

22) doVZoÎma KQ>H$m_Ü o ............... KQ>H$mMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

A) doVZ ~) ~moZg H$) Z\$m S>) {Zdmg ì`dñWm

~) Imbrb àíZm§Mr EH$ Vo XmoZ dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) doVZ {ZYr {gÕm§VmMo {dYmZ gm§Jm.

2) Ý yZV_ _Owar åhUOo H$m` ?

3) `mo½` _Owar åhUOo H$m` ?

4) doVZ åhUOo H$m` ?

5) doVZ {^ÞVoMr XmoZ H$maUo gm§Jm.

6) MbZdmT> åhUOo H$m` ?

7) gr_m§V ^m¡{V_ CËnmXH$Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

8) gamgar CËnmXH$Vm åhUOo H$m` ?

9) Ý yZV_ _OwarXamMr C{Ôï>ço gm§Jm.

10) CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ H$aUmao {deof KQ>H$ gm§Jm.

11) doVZ _§S>imMr aMZm H$er AgVo.

12) Q>r{~ÝgÀ`m _Vo AW©ì`dñWoÀ`m {dñVmam~amo~a ~oH$marda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoVmo.

13) E. S>ãë y {\${bßg ho H$moUË`m XoemMo AW©emók AmhoV.

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14) Ag§KQ>rV H$m_Jma åhUOo H$m` ?

15) ~moZg åhUOo H$m` ?


A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1 = (H$) A°S>_pñ_W

2 = (H$) _OwarMm OrdZ_mZ {gÕm§V

3 = (A) Or. Eg. _rb

4 = (S>) Oo. ~r. ŠbmH©$

5 = (~) {dë`_ \o$bZa

6 = (S>) gm¡XmeŠVrXa

7 = (A) àm. E. E_. H$maQ>a

8 = (A) Ý`yZV_

9 = (H$) R>oHo$Xmar

10 = (H$) qbJ oX

11 = (H$) doVZ

12 = (~) H$m_Jma

13 = (H$) nañnanyaH$

14 = (H$) {\${bßg

15 = (A) l_Vmg

16 = (A) 1957

17 = (H$) _oha

18 = (A) Z\$m dmQ>n g{_Vr

19 = (A) 1973

20 = (H$) amÁ`KQ>Zm

21 = (H$) JwbOmarbmb Z§Xm

22 = (S>) {Zdmg ì`dñWm

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~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

1) H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm XoVm `mdm åhUyZ godm`moOH$ amIrd {Z_m©U H$aVmo.

2) Ý yZV_ _Owar åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm Amnbo {H$_mZ OrdZ_mZ OJVm `mdo `mgmR>r {Xbr OmUmar

_OwarMr {H$_mZ _`m©Xm hmo .

3) `mo½` _Owar åhUOo l{_H$m§Zm g_mZ Hw$ebVm, AS>MUr qH$dm Aê$MrÀ`m H$`m©Mo à{V\$b ñdén

hmo .

4) CËnmXZmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gh^mJr Pmë`m~Ôb l{_H$m§Zm {Xbm OmUmam _mo~Xbm åhUOo doVZ hmo .

5) H$m ©j_VoVrb {^ÞVm, H$m_mMo ñdê$n, H$m_mVrb YmoHo$ Am{U O~m~Xmar B.

6) n¡emMo _yë` H$_r hmoD$Z qH$_V nmVir dmT>Vo Aer ì`dñWm.

7) EH$ Á`mXm H$m_Jma H$m_mbm bmdbm AgVm EHy$U CËnmXH$VoV Or {Zìdi ^a nS>Vo Ë`m ^arbm

gr_m§V CËnmXH$Vm Ago åhUVmV.

8) EHy$U CËnmXH$Vobm EHy$U H$m_Jmam§À`m g§» oZo ^mJbo AgVm oUmar CËnmXH$Vm.

9) H$m_Jmam§À`m {ddeVoMm \$m`Xm KoVm oD$ Z o, Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>H${dUo, A{Zð> ñnY}bm Ambm.

10) Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>H$, gm_m{OH$ KQ>H$, gaH$mar YmoaU

11) doVZ _§S>imMr aMZm {Ìnjr` ñdê$nmMr AgVo.

12) ~oH$marMo à_mU H$_r hmoVo.

13) {~«Q>re (B§½b§S>) XoemMo

14) Ag§KQ>rV l{_H$ g§KQ>rV hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Amnë`m g_ñ`m§Zm EH${ÌV oD$Z _m§Sy> eH$V ZmhrV,

Aem gd©Xÿa ngaboë`m l{_H$m§Zm Ag§KQ>rV l{_H$ Ago åhUVmV.

15) H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m doVZmì`{V[aŠV {Xbo OmUmao A{^XmZ åhUOo ~moZg hmo .


A) XrKm©oÎmar àíZ

1) {eëbH$ hŠH$mMm {gÕm§V g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

2) doVZ {ZYr {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

3) doVZm§Mm {g_m§V CËnmXH$VoMm {gÕm§V g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

4) Om°Z Q>r S>Zbm°n `m§Mm gm_wXm{`H$ nÕVrMm ÑîQ>rH$moZ ñnï> H$am.

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5) {dë`_ \o$bZaMm amoOJma d _OwarMm {gÕm§V ñnï> H$am.

6) àm. H$maQ>a `m§Mm _Owar n§gVr d amoOJma ng§Vr \$bZ `m g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$am.

7) Ý yZV_ _Owar {ZYm©aUmÀ`m nÕVr ñnï> H$am.

8) OrdZ _OwarMr g§H$ënZm g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

9) doVZ {^ÞVoMr H$maUo ñnï> H$am.

10) Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV _OwarMr {ZpíMVr H$er hmoVo `mMo {díbofU H$am.

11) H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$Voda n[aUm_ H$aUmao KQ>H$ ñnï> H$am.

12) amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmVrb AS>MUr ñnï> H$am.

13) Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZoMo \$m`Xo-VmoQ>o ñnï> H$am.

14) ^maVmVrb Z\$m dmQ>n `moOZoMr _m{hVr gm§Jm.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) Ý yZV_ _OwarMo CÔof.

2) n`m©ßV _Owar.

3) gm_wXm`{H$ gm¡Xm nÕVrMr d¡{eï>ço.

4) l_ _mo~Xë`mMo doVZoÎma KQ>H$.

5) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZmVrb gyú_ g§~§Y.

6) MbZdmT> Am{U doVZ {_ëQ>Z {\«$S>_ZmMm Ñï>rH$moZ.

7) ^m¡{VH$ Am{U àmßVr (_yë`) CËnmXH$Vm.

8) amï´>r` doVZ YmoaUmMr C{Ôï>ço.

9) doVZ-_§S>imMr H$m }.

10) ~moZg Am`moJ.

11) Z\$m-gh^mJ `moOZoMr d¡{eï>ço.

2.8 A{YH$ dmMZm§gmR>r g§X^© J«§W :

1) ZoaH$a {Xbrn : l_ g_ñ`m g§~§Y.

2) S>m°. à^mH$a Xoe_wI : l_mMo AW©emó

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3) S>m°. _¥Um{bZr \$S>Udrg d S>m°. àmMr Xoenm§S>o : l_ AW©emó.

4) S>m°. E_. EZ. qeXo : gyú_bú_r AW©emó.

5) àm. Ho$. EM. R>ŠH$a : gyú_bú_r AW©emó

6) S>m°. à^mH$a Xoe_wI : ^maVr` AW©emó

7) àm. am`Ioba d S>m§Jo : ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm.

8) S>m°. KmQ>Jo d S>m°. dmdao : ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm.

9) S>m°. Oo. E\$. nmQ>rb d S>m°. ìhr. ~r. H$H$S>o : doVZ {gÕm§V.

10) M.L. Sheth : Principles of Economics

11) S>m°. XogmB© d gm¡. S>m°. {Z_©b ^mboamd : ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm.

♦♦♦

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....7

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AZwH«$_{UH$m …

3.0. C{ÔîQ²> o

3.1. àmñVm{dH$

3.2. {df` {ddoMZ

3.2.1 Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© - AW© d H$maUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh Cnm``moOZm, {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMr y{_H$m

3.2.2 gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm - AW©, C{ÔîQ>o, d¡{eîQ>o, gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVrb A{bH$S>rb ~Xb.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mV Ý`m`mb`rZ gH«$s`dmXmMr y{_H$m, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y.

3.2.3 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo l{_H$m§da Pmbobo n[aUm_

3.3 gmam§e

3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mo AW©


3.6 ñd §AÜ``ZmMr CÎmao


3.8 joÌr` Aä`mg

3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$

3…0 C{ÔîQ>ço :

`m àH$aUmÀ`m Aä`mgmMr C{ÔîQ>ço Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§KfmªMm AW© d ñdê$n g_OyZ KoUo.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo d Vr Q>miÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo.

KQ>H$ - 3

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y(Industrial Relations)

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3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMr y{_H$m Aä`mgUo.

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMm AW© g_OyZ KoD$Z A{bH$S>À`m H$mimVrb ~Xbm§Mm AmT>mdm KoUo.

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`dmXmMr y{_H$m Aä`mgUo.

6) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§YmMm AmT>mdm KoUo.

7) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo l{_H$mda Pmbobo n[aUm_ Aä`mgUo.

3…1 àñVmdZm

H$maImZXma Am{U H$m_Jma øm XmoZ dJm©_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g§~§YmZm ""Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y'' Ago

åhUVmV. Omo n ªV Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y gwa{iV amhVmV Vmon ªV Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm H$m`_ amhVo n[aUm_r CÚmoJmMm

Z\$m dmT>Vmo, Ë`mVyZ H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ dmTy>Z Vo OmñV H$m ©j_VoZo H$m_ H$aVmV _mÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U

Pmë`mg Ë`mMo à{VHy$b n[aUm_ CÚmoJ, g_mO, H$m_Jma, AW©ì`dñWm `mdaVr hmoVmV. WmoS>Š`mV XoemÀ`m

Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y em§VVmnyU© AgUo _hËdmMo R>aVo.

3…2 {df` {ddoMZ

3…2.1 Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© qH$dm H$bh (Industrial Dispute)

H$maImZXma d H$m_Jma `m XmoZ dJm©_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m H$bhmbm qH$dm g§Kfm©bm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh

qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© Ago åhUVmV. _mbH$ d H$m_Jma m§À`mV amoOJma, H$maImÝ`mVrb dmVmdaU, H$m_mMo

Vmg, doVZ, ~moZg, H$m_Jmamdarb AÝ`m` BË`mXr~m~V {Z_m©U hmoUmam g§Kf© åhUOo Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh hmo .

1947 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`ÚmZwgma H$m_Jma d _mbH$, _mbH$ d _mbH$, H$m_Jma d H$m_Jma

`m_Yrb H$bh Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh `m g§ko_Ü o g_m{dîR> H$aÊ`mV Ambo AmhoV.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMr H$maUo …-

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg XoemVrb amO{H$`, ì`dñWmnH$s`, gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, _mZ{gH$ H$maUo H$maUr yV

R>aVmV. Ë`m{edm` Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg H$maUr yV R>aUmar _hËdmMr H$maUo WmoS>Š`mV Imbrb à_mUo

1) doVZ…-

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo doVZ ho à_wI H$maU Amho. §ÌmoËnmXZ nÕVr_wio CËnmXZmMr JVr àM§S>

dmT>bobr Amho. _moR>çm à_mUmdarb CËnmXZm_wio dñVy§Mm CËnmXZIM© H$_r Pmë`mZo _mbH$mÀ`m Zâ`mV dmT>

hmoVo _mÌ H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmV dmT> H$aÊ`mMr _mbH$mMr d¥Îmr ZgVo. maVmV gmVË`mZo OrdZmdí`H$ dñVy§À`m

qH$_Vr(_hmJmB©) dmT>V AmhoV. na§Vw `m qH$_V dmT>rÀ`m à_mUmV H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZ dmT>V Zmhr Aemdoir

_mbH$m{déÕMm Ag§Vmof H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmV V`ma hmoVmo. m IXIXUmè`m Ag§Vmofmbm H$YrVar gm_w{hH$ ~m§Y

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\y$Q>Vmo d H$bhmbm gwadmV hmoVo. ^maVmVrb ~hÿg§»` Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh ho doVZdmT>rgmR>rM Pmbobo AmhoV dhmoV AmhoV.

2) _hmJmB© ^Îmm d ~moZg …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm _hmJmB© Îmm d ~moZg {_iÊ`mg gyadmV Pmbr Amho. nU_hmJmB© ^Îmm hm gÜ`mÀ`m OrdZ_mZ OJÊ`mÀ`m à_mUmV Zmhr. Ë`mMà_mUo ~moZg XoÊ`mgmR>r _mbH$ dJ©

\$magm CËgwH$ Zmhr. H$mhrVar g~~r gm§JyZ ~moZg XoUo Q>miVmV qH$dm AJXrM Zm__mÌ XoVmV. Ë`m_wioOrdZ_mUmMm XOm© {Q>H${dÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jmam§Zm _hmJmB© Îmm d ~moZg `mgmR>r _mbH$m~amo~a g§Kf© H$amdmbmJVmo.

3) H$m_mMo Vmg …

^maVmVrb AZoH$ H$maImÝ`mV _mbH$ dJ© H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZ XodyZ OmXm Vmg H$m_ H$adyZ KoVmV.AmOMo H$m_Jma OmJê$H$ d g§K{Q>V AmhoV. Amnë`mH$Sy>Z OmñV doi H$m_ H$adyZ KoVbo OmV Amho ho bjmV

Amë`mda g§K{Q>V H$m_Jma H$maImZXmam§Zm à{VH$ma H$aVmV. H$m_Jmam§À`m _ZmV gmMyZ am{hbobm Ag§VmofC\$miyZ oVmo Am{U _J Vmo g§n, Koamd d H$_r H$m_ Aem {d{dY àH$mao àH$Q> hmoVmo. åhUOoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©{Z_m©U hmoVmo.

4) H$m_mMr pñWVr …

H$m_Jma H$maImÝ`mV Á`m n[apñWVrV H$m_ H$aVmV Ë`m n[apñWVrMm H$m_Jmam§À`m H$m ©j_Voda n[aUm_hmoVmo. ^maVmV ~è`mM H$maImÝ`m_Ü`o dmVmdaU Amamo½`mg KmVH$ Amho. dm`w{dOZ àH$me, {nÊ`mÀ`mnmÊ`mMr gmo , ñdÀN>VmJ¥h, {dlm§VrJ¥h, gwa{jVVm BË`mXr gmo r _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV nU _mbH$ mH$S>o Xþb©j

H$aVmV Ë`m_wio H$maImÝ`mV N>moQ>o _moR>o AnKmV KS>VmV. H$m_Jmam§Zm g§H$Q>mZm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo. H$Yr-H$YrOrdmbm _wH$mdo bmJVo. Aemdoir H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUMo dmVmdaU Mm§Jbo Agmdo åhUyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© Ho$bmOmVmo.

5) AmYw{ZH$ d ñd`§MbrV `§ÌmMm dmna …

AmO AZoH$ H$maImÝ`m_Ü o OyZmQ> §Ì-gm_wJ«rÀ`m EodOr AmYw{ZH$ d ñd §MbrV §ÌmMm dmna H$éZCËnmXZ IM© H$_r H$éZ CËnmXZj_Vm dmT>{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `m_wio H$maImZXmam§Mm \$m`Xm hmoV

Agbm Var Aem ñd §MbrV §Ìm_wio H$m_Jma H$nmV Ho$br OmVo. gmh{OH$M OyÝ`m H$m_Jmam§À`mda ~oH$marMrHw$èhmS> H$mogiÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo Ë`m_wio H$m_JmamMm Aem àH$maÀ`m AmYw{ZH$sH$aUmbm {damoY AgVmoË`mVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmV.

6) ì`dñWmnZmMo J¡adV©Z …

^maVmV AZoH$ doim AË §V jw„H$ H$maUmdê$Z Am{U H$moUVrhr Mm¡H$er Z H$aVm H$m_Jmam§Zm ~S>V\©$Ho$bo OmVo, H$m_Jmam§Zm {dZmH$maU Ìmg XoUo, Ë`m§Mm N>i H$aUo, Ë`m§Zm Y_H$s XoUo, An_mZmñnX dmJUyH$ XoUo,

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H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ñWmnZ Z hmody XoUo BË`mXr àH$maÀ`m ì`dñWmnH$s` J¡adV©Zmbm H§$Q>miyZ H$m_Jma g§n, _moM}

Aer Am§XmobZmMr hË`mao dmnaVmV. Ë`mVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y {~KSy>Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg gyadmV hmoVo.

7) H$_Hw$dV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm …

^maVmV AmOhr H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoH$S>o nhmÊ`mMm ÑîQ>rH$moU hm {ZH$mon Zmhr Ë`m_wio ~aoMgo H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZoMo g^mgX hmoV ZmhrV Ë`m_yio H$mhr H$maImÝ`m_Ü o H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoMo AmpñVÎdM Zmhr. ~hÿVoH$

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AmH$mamZo bhmZ d eŠVrÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo A{Ve` Xþ~©b AmhoV. AZoH$ H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mo ZoV¥Îd

amOH$s` njmMo nwT>mar H$aVmV ho nwT>mar H$m_Jmam§Mm Amnë`mda {dídmg ~gdm d H$m_Jmam§Zr H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZoMo g^mgX ìhmdo `mgmR>r jw„H$ _mJÊ`m g_moa H$éZ H$m_Jmam§Zm g§nmda OmÊ`mg àmoËgmhZ XoVmV.

WmoS>Š`mV ^maVmVrb Xþ~©b H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo amOH$s` ZoV¥Ëd Am{U H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmVrb

A§VJ©V hodoXmdo, d¡_Zñ` Ago AZoH$ KQ>H$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©g H$maUr yV R>aVmV.

8) gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm …

H$maImÝ`mV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mbm AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. CXm. H$m_ H$arV

AgVmZm AnKmV, An§JËd, earamMm EImXm Ad`d {ZH$m_r hmoUo, _¥Ë y hmoUo mgmaIr g§H$Q>o oVmV m{edm`

AmOmanU, d¥ÕmnH$mi, ~oH$mar BË`mXr àg§Jr Ë`m§Zm Am{W©H$ _XV {_imdr WmoS>Š`mV gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm

bm^mdr åhUyZ H$mhr VaVwXr d H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo na§Vw _mbH$ dJ© Aem gmo r, gw{dYm d

Am{W©H$ VaVwX H$aÊ`mMr Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV. Ë`m_yio H$m_Jmam§Zm _mbH$ dJm©~amo~a g§Kf© H$amdm bmJVmo.

9) ~o{eñV d qhgH$ àH$ma …

^maVmVrb AZoH$ H$maImZXmam§Zr CËnmXZ H$m`m©V l_mbm ^m§S>dbmEdT>oM _hËd Amho hr JmoîQ> AOyZhr

AmoiIbr Zmhr Ë`m_wio Vo EImÚm jw„H$ H$maUmdê$Z H$m_Jmam§Zm ~S>V\©$ H$aVmV. VgoM H$m_Jmam§ZrgwÕm

{eñVrMo _hËd AmoiIbo Zmhr. H$V©ì`m~Ôb ~ondm©d¥Îmr, AmXoem§Mo Ad_yë`Z, doioda H$m_mda Z oUo, Xm§S>r

_maUo, darîR>m§Zm Ad_mZH$maH$ ~mobUo Aem ~o{eñV d qhgH$ àH$mamVyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg gyadmV hmoVo.

10) H$ama d {Z`_ nmiÊ`mV Q>mimQ>mi …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y Mm§Jbo {Z_m©U ìhmdoV `mgmR>r _mbH$dJ© d H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm - `m§MoH$Sy>Z gm_w{hH$

H$ama, ZmoH$ar g§~§YrMo H$ama, {eñVrMo {Z`_ V`ma Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo nmbZ H$m_Jma d _mbH$ m XmoKm§H$Sy>Z

ìhmdo Aer Anojm AgVo. gm_w{hH$ H$ama Ho$ë`mZ§Va Vmo XmoKm§Zmhr ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo. `mH$mimV H$m_Jmam§Zm

g§n, _moMm©, ~§X, d _mbH$m§Zm Q>mim~§Xr, bo-Am°\$ mgma»`m _mJmªMm Adb§~ H$aVm oV Zmhr. na§Vw H$Yr H$Yr

ho H$ama d {Z`_ H$moUË`mhr EH$m njmH$Sy>Z _moS>bm OmVmo n[aUm_r Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg gwédmV hmoVo.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMo n[aUm_ …

H$m_Jma d _mbH$ m_Yrb g§~§Y {~KSy>Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmoVmV. H$bhmÀ`m H$mimV H$m_Jma

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g§n, _moM}, CnmofU, {ZXe©Zo, Koamd mgma»`m _mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVmV. Va _mbH$ {eñV §JmMr H$madmB©, g§n

~oH$m`Xoera R>a{dUo, H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo d eodQ>r Q>mio~§Xrgma»`m eñÌmMm dmna H$aVmV.

`m§Mo J§ ra n[aUm_ Ë`m CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m gd© KQ>H$mda Ogm hmoVmo VgmM g_mOmdahr hmoVmo. g_mOmÀ`m

Á`m doJdoJù`m KQ>H$md§a Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMm n[aUm_ hmoVmo. Vo KQ>H$ Imbrb à_mUo…

A) H$m_Jma …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmZo gdmªV OmñV ZwH$gmZ H$m_Jmam§Mo hmoVo. g§n qH$dm Q>mio~§XrÀ`m H$mimV H$m_Jmam§Zm

_Oyar d Îmo énmZo {_iUmao CËnÞ ~§X hmoVo. {Z`{_V CËnÞ ~§X nS>ë`mZo Vo Amnë`m Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m àmW{_H$ JaOm

^mJdy eH$V ZmhrV. Ë`m§Zm AË §V hbmIrV OrdZ OJmdo bmJVo. doiàg§Jr H$O© KoD$Z Hw$Qy>§~mMr CnOr{dH$m

H$amdr bmJV Agë`mZo H$O©~mOmarnUmV dmT> hmoVo. VgoM g§n Ag\$b Pmë`mg qH$dm ~oH$m`Xoera R>a{dë`mg

g§nm_Ü o mJ KoUmè`m H$m_Jmam§À`m ZmoH$arV I§S> nS>Vmo. AZoH$Xm g§nmV mJ KoUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm ZmoH$ardê$Z

H$mTy>Z Q>mH$bo OmVo. n[aUm_r H$m_Jmam§À`m ~oH$marV dmT> hmoVo.

~) _mbH$ …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmÀ`m n[aUm_mVyZ _mbH$ qH$dm ì`dñWmnZhr dmMy eH$V Zmhr. g§n qH$dm Q>mio~§Xr_wio

CËnmXZmV I§S> nS>Vmo _mbH$mbm ~mOmanoR>obm _wH$mdo bmJVo. CËnmXZmV I§S> nS>ë`mZo Zâ`mV KQ> hmoVo.. §Ìgm_wJ«r

XrK©H$mi ~§X amhrbr Va Vr Iam~ hmoD$Z H$moQ>çmdYrMo ZwH$gmZ _mbH$mMo hmoVo. ~±Ho$Mo ì`mO dmT>V OmVo.

_mbH$mMr ~mOmamVrb nV H$_r hmoVo. g§n{damoYr AZwHy$b _V V`ma H$aÊ`mgmR>r {ZdoXZo, Om{hag^m mgma»`m

_mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJVmo `mgmR>r ^a_gmR> n¡gm IM© H$amdm bmJVmo åhUyZM "boñQ>a' åhUVmV,

""g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$aUo ho _mbH$mÀ`m {hVmMo Amho. ho nQ>dyZ XoUo hmM g§nmMm hoVy AgVmo. g§KQ>Zobm

{damoY H$aÊ`mnojm g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mJÊ`m _mÝ` H$éZ Q>mH$Uo H$_r IMm©Mo Amho ho _mbH$mbm g_OyZ Úmd`mMo.AgVo.''

H$) g_mO …

gÜ`mÀ`m g_mOmV CÚmoJY§Úmbm H|$ÐñWmZ àmßV Pmbobo Amho. AbJVm, ñd §nyU©Vm hr g_mOmMr

d¡{eîQ>o, H$mb~mø Pmbr. CÚmoJY§Xm åhUOo H$moù`mÀ`m OmirVrb H|$Ðq~Xÿà_mUo Amho. Á`mÀ`mnmgyZ {ZKUmam

àË oH$ YmJm g_mOmÀ`m H$moUË`mVar A§Jmbm ñne© H$éZ OmVmo. CÚmoJY§Xo H$moUË`mhr H$maUmZo ~§X nS>bo Var

g§nyU© g_mOmda Ë`mMm {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. g§n qH$dm Q>mio~§Xr {XK©H$min ªV gyê$ am{hë`mg AZoH$ H$m_Jma

{MS>VmV d KmVnmVmMo qH$dm BVa qhgH$ àH$ma H$aVmV. g§n H$mimV CËnmXZ ~§X Agë`mZo dñVy§Mr Q>§MmB©

{Z_m©U hmoV Agë`mZo Ë`m dñVy§À`m qH$_VrV a_gmR> dmT> hmoVo. Ë`m_wio g_mOmVrb Cn^moŠË`m§Mo emofU hmoVo.

S>) amîQ´> …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhm_wio CÚmoJmVrb CËnmXZ ~§X nS>Vo n[aUm_r CËnmXZnmVir H$_r hmoÊ`mda hmoVmo. àË oH$

XoemMo amîQ´>r` CËnÞ ho Ë`m XoemÀ`m CËnmXZ nmVirda Adb§~yZ AgVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmÀ`m n[aUm_m_wio

CËnmXZ nmVirV KQ> Pmë`mg XoemÀ`m amîQ´>r` CËnZmV KQ> hmoVo. g§n qH$dm Q>mio~§Xr_wio CËnmXZmÀ`m

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nmVir_Ü o d amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV hmoUmar hr KQ> n`m© mZo g§nyU© g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ H$ë`mUmbm KmVH$ R>aVo.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmdarb Cnm``moOZm (Remedies for Industrial Dispute) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhm_yio H$m_Jma, _mbH$, g_mO d amîQ´>mda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmodyZ gd© KQ>H$m§Mo ZwH$gmZ

hmoVo. amîQ´>r` CËnmXZmda à{VHy$b n[aUm_ hmoVmV. amîQ´>r` g§nÎmrMm Anì`` hmoVmo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y gwÑT> d

gwairV Agë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo. XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`mg H$m_Jma d

_mbH$ nañnam§er ghH$m © H$aVmV. CËnmXZ dmT>rMr `moOZm A_§bmV odyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oMm doJ

gmVË`mZo dmT>V OmVmo. Mm§Jbo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y hm g_mOmÀ`m Am{W©H$ àJVrMm nm`m Agë`m_wio maVmgma»`m

Am{W©H$ {Z`moOZmÀ`m _mJm©Zo {dH$mgmMr dmQ>Mmb H$aUmè`m XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh Xÿa H$éZ em§VVm

àñWm{nV H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

^maVmV gZ 1929 n ªV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$moUVrhr §ÌUm ZìhVr. Ë`m_wio 1929 _Ü o

""Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`Xm'' g§_V H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1939 _Ü o `m H$m`ÚmV H$mhr gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV

Amë`m. gZ 1947 _Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhm~m~VMm EH$ gwYm[aV H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm. Ë`mZwgma XoemVrb

amÁ`gaH$mam§Zrhr Aem àH$maMo H$m`Xo Ho$bo. XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmody Z oV d H$mhr H$maUm_wio

{Z_m©U Pmbo Var Vo gmoS>{dVm `mdoV `mgmR>r Imbrb §ÌmUoMr H$m ©dmhr Ho$br OmVo.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmÀ`m g_PmoË`mgmR>r `§ÌUm (Machinery for Settlement of Industrial

Disputes)

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh CX^dyM Z oV Agm H$m_Jma d _mbH$ dJm©Zo à`ËZ Ho$bm nm{hOo. na§Vy AZoH$Xm

`m§À`mVrb _V oX {dH$monmbm OmdyZ n[apñWVr {MKiVo. Aemdoir n[apñWVr gmdaÊ`mgmR>r d {Z_m©U Pmbobm

g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r Imbrb à_mUo ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

1) H$m © g{_Vr - (Work Committee) :

àË oH$ H$maImÝ`mV Mm§Jbo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y ñWm{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m © g{_Vr H$m © H$aVo. `m_Ü o

H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m Xmohm|Zm `m g{_Vr_Ü o g_mZ à{V{ZYrËd {Xbo OmVo. H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mV

gbmo»`mMo g§~§Y àñWm{nV H$aUo. H$amamMr A_§b~OmdUr H$aUo, AmnAmngmVrb _V oX Xÿa H$aUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$

{eñV {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo, H$m_Jmam§À`m AS>MUtMm {dMma H$aUo d H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY `moOZm am~{dUo

ho `m g{_VrMo H$m © AgVo.

2) l_ H$ë`mU A{YH$mar (Labour Welfare Officer) :

1948 À`m H$maImZm H$m`ÚmZwgma Á`m {R>H$mUr 500 qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV H$m_Jma H$m_ H$aVmV Aem

H$maImÝ`m_Ü o H$m_Jma H$ë`mU A{YH$mè`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$aUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmÀ`m moOZm§Mr

A_§b~OmdUr H$aUo, `m `moOZm§Mm OmñVrV OmñV \$m`Xm H$m_Jmam§Zr H$éZ ¿`mdm `mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo,

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H$m_Jmam§À`m AS>MUr g_OmdyZ KodyZ Ë`m gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo, Aem àH$maMr H$m_o m A{YH$mè`m_m\©$V

hmoV Agë`m_wio H$m_Jma dJ© Iyf amhÿZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr.

3) VS>OmoS> A{YH$mar (Conciliation Officer) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va _mbH$ d H$m_Jma m XmoÝhr dJm©Zm EH${ÌV AmUyZ Ë`m§À`m_Ü o MMm©

KS>dyZ VS>OmoS> H$aÊ`mg àd¥Îm H$aÊ`mgmR>r gaH$ma VS>OmoS> A{YH$mè`mMr {Z wŠVr H$aVo. hm A{YH$mar _mbH$

d H$m_Jma `m§Zm EH${ÌV AmUyZ MMm© KS>dyZ AmUVmo. VS>OmoS> A{YH$mè`mH$S>o EImXm {ddmX gmon{dÊ`mV

Amë`mZ§Va 14 {XdgmÀ`m AmV Ë`mZo Ë`m {ddmXmMr VnmgUr H$aÊ`mMo H$m © nyU© H$amd`mg nm{hOo. C^`

njmV VS>OmoS> KSy>Z Amë`mZ§Va _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma à{V{ZYtÀ`m gøm KoVë`m OmVmV. Ë`mZ§Va Aem

VS>OmoS>rMo nmbZ H$aUo _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoÝhr njm§Zm ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

4) VS>OmoS _§S>i> (Board of Conciliation) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`ÚmZwgma _mbH$ d H$m_Jmam§_Ü o VS>OmoS> KS>dyZ AmUÊ`mH$[aVm VS>OmoS> A{YH$mè`mÀ`m

~amo~arZo VS>OmoS> _§S>imMr Zo_UyH$ gaH$ma H$ê$ eH$Vo. VS>OmoS> _§S>imV EH$ AÜ`j Am{U _mbH$ d H$m_Jma

`m§Mo àË oH$s EH$ qH$dm XmoZ gXñ` AgVmV. VS>OmoS> _§S>imMm AÜ`j hr ñdV§Ì ì`ŠVr AgVo. EImXm {ddmX

VS>OmoS> _§S>imH$S>o R>adyZ {Xboë`m _wXVr_Ü o øm _§S>imbm Amnbm Ahdmb gaH$maH$S>o gmXa H$amdm bmJVmo.

Ahdmb àmá Pmë`mZ§Va Vrg {XdgmÀ`m AmV gaH$maH$Sy>Z hm Ahdmb à{gÕ Ho$bm OmVmo. VS>OmoS>

A{YH$mè`mnojm VS>OmoS> _§S>imMo A{YH$ma ì`mnH$ AmhoV.

5) _Ü`ñWr> (Mediation) :

_mbH$ d H$m_H$mam§_Ü o CËnÞ hmoUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Oo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV

oVmV. Ë`m à`ËZm_Ü o _Ü`ñWr hr VS>OmoS>rMr nwT>rb nm`ar Amho. EImÚm {Vgè`m ì`ŠVrMo ghmæ` KodyZ

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mH$arVm `mo½` Vo à`ËZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ obm _Ü`ñWr åhUVmV. _mbH$ d H$m_Jma

`m XmoZ njmn¡H$s H$moUË`mhr EH$m njmZo _Ü`ñWmÀ`m ZmdmMr gyMZm H$amd`mMr AgVo. Ë`m ì`ŠVrÀ`m

Zmdmbm Xþgè`m njmMr _mÝ`Vm Agmdr bmJVo. _Ü`ñW Xmohm|Zm oQy>Z Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m g_OyZ KoVmo d Am¡Úmo{JH$

em§VVm àñW{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` {ZU© KoÊ`mg Vmo Xmohm|Zm ^mJ nmS>Vmo.

6) l_ Ý`m`mb`> (Labour Court) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© A{Y{Z`_mÀ`m H$b_ 7 Zwgma Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð qH$dm

amÁ`gaH$mao l_ Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm H$aVmV. l_ Ý`m`mb`mVrb Ý`m`m{YemMr {Z wŠVr gaH$maÛmaoM Ho$br

OmVo. l_, Ý`m`mb`mH$S>o H$moUË`m~m~r gmon{dÊ`mV `mì`mV `mg§~§YrMm {ZU© gaH$mabmM ¿`mdm bmJVmo.

H$m_Jmam§Mr H$nmV, H$m_Jmam§Zm ~oH$m`Xoera H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Uo, H$m_Jmam§Mr godm{Zd¥Îmr, g§n qH$dm

Q>mio~§XrMm H$m`XoeranUm, BË`mXr H$m } l_ Ý`m`mb`mbm H$amdr bmJVmV.

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7) Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb` (Industrial Tribunal) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© A{Y{Z`_ H$b_ 7 Zwgma gaH$ma Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mm {ZdmS>m XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ qH$dm

Ë`mnojm OmñV Am¡ÚmoJrH$ Ý`m`mb` qH$dm Ý`m`m{YH$aU Zo_Ê`mMr VaVwX Amho. amÁ` gaH$ma_m\©$V Aem

Ý`m`mb`mMr ñWmnZm hmoVo. doVZmMr _wXV, doVZ{df`H$ àíZ, BVa Îmo, H$m_mMo Vmg, gwQ>çm, m§{ÌH$sH$aUmer

{ZJS>rV àíZ, H$m_Jma H$nmV `mgmaIo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar ho Ý`m`mb` nma nmS>Vo.

8) Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb` (Court of Enquiry) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`Xm H$b_ 6 Zwgma Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr {Z…njnUo Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo gaH$ma

Ë`m§À`m gaH$mar J°PoQ>_Ü o gyMZm à{gÕ H$éZ Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ eH$Vo. Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mV

EH$mnojm OmñV ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mg Ë`mn¡H$s EH$m ì`ŠVrMr AÜ`j åhUyZ {Z wŠVr Ho$br

OmVo. `m Ý`m`mb`mbm Amnbo H$m © gyê$ Ho$ë`mÀ`m VmaIonmgyZ ghm _{hÝ`m§À`m AmV Amnë`m H$m`m©Mm

Ahdmb gaH$mabm gmXa H$amdm bmJVmo. Ý`m`mb`mZo gmXa Ho$boë`m Ahdmbmda gd© g^mgXm§À`m gøm AgUo

Amdí`H$ AgVo. EImÚm g§Kfm©~Ôb Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mMm Ahdmb àmßV Pmboë`m VmaIonmgyZ Vrg {Xdgm§À`m

AmV gaH$mabm Amnbm Ahdmb à{gÕ H$amdm bmJVmo.

9) amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb` (National Tribunal) :

Á`mdoir EImXm {ddmX amîQ´>r` {hVmer qH$dm EH$mnojm A{YH$ amÁ`mer g§~§{YV AgVmo Ë`mdoir Ë`m

{ddmXmMm {ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$ma amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H$aVo. gmYmaUnUo aoëdo, ~¢H$

H$_©Mmè`m§Zr Ho$bobm g§n BË`mXr àg§Jr gaH$ma amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H$aVo `m Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm

{ZU© _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoÝhr njm§da ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.

10) H|${Ð` Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y §ÌUm (Central Industrial Relation Machanism) :

H|${Ð` _w»`l_ Am wŠVm§À`m _mJ©Xe©ZmImbr hr §ÌUm H$m_ H$aVo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aUo.

H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aUo `mgmaIr O~m~Xmar `m §ÌUoda Amho. `m §ÌoH$Sy>Z g§n qH$dm

Q>mio~§XrÀ`m n[apñWVrV mo½` hñVjon H$aUo. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmX {_Q>{dUo. H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUrÛmao

H$m_Jmam§Mo {hVg§dY©Z H$aUo BË`mXr H$m_o Ho$br OmVmV.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmdarb à{V~§YmË_H$ `§ÌUm (Prevention Machanism) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U Pmë`mZ§Va Vo {_Q>dÊ`mnojm "H$bh' {Z_m©U hmody Z oV åhUyZ Cnm``moOZm H$aUo

_hËdmMo AgVo. ^maVmV Ë`mgmR>r Imbrb Cnm` `moObo OmVmV.

1) AZwemgZ g§{hVm (Code of Discipline) :

1958 À`m ^maVr` l_ n[afXoÀ`m A{YdoeZmV AZwemgZ g§{hVm ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mbm Odi

Odi gd© CËnmXH$ d H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmZr _mÝ`Vm {Xbr. `m AZwemgZ g§{hVoV nyd©gyMZm Z XoVm g§n qH$dm

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Q>mio~§Xr H$ê$ Z o, _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb g_ñ`m em§VVoZo gmoS>{dUo, H$m_Jmam§Zr _mbH$mÀ`m g§nÎmrMoZwH$gmZ H$ê$ Z o, CËnmXH$mZo H$m_Jmam§Mm N>i H$ê$ Z o, AmnAmngmVrb dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r dV©_mZì`dñWoMr _XV ¿`mdr, H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mVrb H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr ËdarV H$amdr, àË`jH$madmB©Mm à`ËZ H$ê$ Z o, BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.

2) doVZ _§S>io :

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Amnbr doVZdmT>rMr _mJUr _mÝ` H$éZ KoÊ`mgmR>r g§n, _moM}, {ZXe©Zo, KoamAmo BË`mXr_mJm©Mm Adb§~ H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio CËnmXZmMo H$m © AZoH$doim ~§X R>odmdo bmJVo. åhUyZ gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$m_Jmam§À`mdoVZ {ZpíMVrgmR>r doVZ_§S>io {Z wŠV Ho$br OmVmV. `m doVZ _§S>imda _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoKm§Mohrà{V{ZYr AgVmV. doVZ _§S>imZo {ZpíMV Ho$bobo doVZ Xa XmoÝhr njm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$ë`m_wio g§ mì` g§Kf©Q>miÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

3) ~moZg _§S>io :

CÚmoJ _mbH$mbm {_iUmè`m Zâ`mV Amnë`mbm {hñgm {_imdm Ago H$m_Jma dJm©bm dmQ>Vo Am{U VgoZ Pmë`mg ~moZgÀ`m àíZmdê$Z Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ho g§Kf© Q>mimdoV åhUyZ aVmV 1961 _Ü o~moZg _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m _§S>imV _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoÝhr dJm©Mo à{V{ZYr AgVmV.`m _§S>im_m\©$V H$m_Jmam§Zm {H$Vr ~moZg Úmdm `mMr VËdo R>adyZ {Xbr OmVmV d Ë`m VËdmà_mUo H$m_Jmam§Zm~moZg {Xbm OmV Agë`mZo ~moZgÀ`m H$maUm_wio {Z_m©U hmoUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mo à_mU H$_r Pmbo Amho.

4) Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§Vr :

gZ 1962 gmbr MrZZo maVmda AmH«$_U Ho$bo Ë`mdoir H$maImZXma d H$m_Jmam§À`m H|$Ðr` g{_VrÀ`mg§ wŠV d¡R>H$sV EH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VrMm àñVmd g§_V Ho$bm Jobm. `m àñVmdmZwgma XoemV wÕmgma»`mAmnVH$mbrZ pñWVrV g§n, Q>mio~§Xr `mgmaIo CËnmXZ H$m`m©V AS>Wio {Z_m©U H$aUmao àH$ma Z H$aÊ`mMm{ZíM` H$aÊ`mV Ambm. `mCbQ> Aem H$mimV CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m à`ËZm§Zm àmoËgmhZ H$aÊ`mMmg§H$ën H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

5) g§`wŠV ì`dñWmnZ n[afX :

^maVmV 1957 nmgyZ gaH$ma_m\©$V g§ wŠV ì`dñWmnZ n[afXoMr `moOZm gwê$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m`moOZoZwgma ì`dñWmnZmV H$m_Jmam§Mm gh^mJ àmßV H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÚmoJmV g§ wŠV ì`dñWmnZ n[afXm ñWmnZH$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. `m n[afXoda _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoÝhr dJm©Mo à{V{ZYr AgVmV. n[afXodarbà{V{ZYrËdm_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm CÚmoJmVrb ^mJrXmar d gh^mJmMr OmUrd hmoVo Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMoà_mU H$_r hmoVo.

6) g§`wŠV {dMma {d_e© :

EImÚm CÚmoJmV H$moUË`mhr àH$maMm g§Kf© CX² dÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Agë`mg _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma m§Mo

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à{V{ZYr EH$Ì ~gyZ {dMma {d{Z_` H$aVmV Am{U Ë`m g§Kfm©da VmoS>Jm H$mT>VmV. Ë`m_wio g§Kf© {Z_m©U

hmoÊ`mAmYr g§nwîQ>mV oVmV. maVmV gd©àW_ 1952 _Ü o CÚmoJ Am{U l_mdarb g§ wŠV {dMma{d{Z_` _§S>i

ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Ambo `m _§S>imMo 1954 _Ü o {ÌXbr` g{_VrV n[adV©Z H$aÊ`mV Ambo. hr g{_Vr amîQ´>r`

nmVirda Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVo.

7) EopÀN>H$ _Ü`ñWVm :

gZ 1964 _Ü o EopÀN>H$ _Ü`ñW nÕVrZo KoVboë`m {ZU© m§Zm H$m`Xoera _mÝ`Vm XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

`m_wio AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmXm~m~V EopÀN>H$ _Ü`ñWmÛmao {ZU© KoÊ`mV Ambo. gaH$maZo gZ 1967 _Ü o

amîQ´>r` n§M {ZU© CÎmoOZ _§S>i ñWmnZ Ho$bo Amho. m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho.

8) ñWm`r {Z`_ :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmody Z oV åhUyZ gaH$maZo gZ 1946 _Ü o H$mhr ñWm`r {Z`_ Ho$bo AmhoV.

H$m_Jmam§Mr âVr, Ë`m§À`m gwÅ>`m, H$m_mdê$Z H$_r H$aUo, H$m_Jmam§da {eñV §JmMr H$madmB© H$aUo. BË`mXr

àH$maMo {Z`_ Ë`m_Ü o g_m{dîQ> AmhoV. `m gd© {Z`_m§Mo H$mQ>oH$moanUo nmbZ Ho$ë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm

àñWm{nV hmoVo.

9) AË`mdí`H$ godm AÜ`mXoe :

^maVmV Amdí`H$ godm§Mm nyadR>m {Z`{_V d gyairVnUo Mmby amhÊ`mgmR>r 1981 _Ü o amîQ´>nVrZr EH$

AÜ`mXoe H$mT>bm Am{U Z§Va Ë`mMo ñWmZ g§gXoÛmam g§_V Ho$boë`m H$m`ÚmZo KoVbo. m H$m`ÚmZwgma Amdí`H$

godm_Yrb g§nmda {Z §ÌU bmdUo VgoM ~oH$m`Xoera g§n H$aUo qH$dm g§n H$aÊ`mgmR>r S>H${dUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm

X§S> XoÊ`mMr ì`dñWm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.>

10) _mbH$-H$m_Jma H$m`©g{_Ë`m :

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`mV Mm§Jbo g~§Y {Z_m©U ìhmdoV `mgmR>r _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`m g§ wŠV

g{_Ë`m âVmV 1947 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`Úmà_mUo ñWmnZ H$aÊ`mV Amë`m AmhoV. `m g{_Ë`m§Zm

H$m © g{_Ë`m åhUVmV. H$maImÝ`mÀ`m nmVirda _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mV dmQ>mKmQ>r hmoÊ`mgmR>r hr g{_Vr

ì`mgnrR> CnbãY H$éZ XoVo.

B {Ìnjr` `§ÌUoMr ^y{_H$m (Role of Tripartism) :

àmñVm{dH$ :

H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mVrb _VôX {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r d Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm amIÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`m

à{V{ZYtÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo Or ì`dñWm {Z_m©U Ho$br OmVo {Vbm {Ìnjr` §ÌUm Ago åhUVmV. {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMo

XmoZ àH$ma nS>VmV. EopÀN>H$ àH$mamV ^maVr` l_ n[afX, ñWm{ZH$ H$m_Jma g{_Ë`m, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g{_Ë`m,

{dMma {d_e© _§S>i, BË`mXr g_m{dîR> AgVmV. Va d¡Ym{ZH$ àH$mamV H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmZwgma ñWmnZ hmoUmè`m

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g{_Ë`m, J¥h{Z_m©U _§S>i BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {Ìnjr` ì`dñWobm \$ma _hËd Amho. am° b H${_eZZo _mbH$,

H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr d gaH$ma `m§Mr dfm©VyZ EImXr n[afX qH$dm ~¡R>H$ ¿`mdr Ago gyM{dbo hmoVo. Xþgè`m

_hm wÕmn ªV `m~m~VrV \$maem hmbMmbr Pmë`m ZmhrV. na§Vy Xÿgè`m _hm wÕmÀ`m H$mimV Am¡Úmo{JH$

CËnmXZ dmT>rMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mgmR>r Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mda ^a XoÊ`mV Ambm

`m~m~VrV CMbbobo n{hbo nmD$b åhUOo OmZodmar 1940 _Ü o Am`mo{OV Ho$bobr A{Ib maVr` n[afX hmo .

Ë`mZ§Va 1941 d 1942 _Ü o Aem n[afXm§Mo Am`moOZ Ho$bo hmoVo na§Vy Ë`m_Ü o \$ŠV gaH$mar à{V{ZYtZm

{Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo OmV Ago. Am°JñQ> 1942 _Yrb Mm¡Ï`m l_ n[afXoV _mÌ _mbH$ d H$m_Jma m§Zmhr m n[afXog

{Z_§{ÌV H$aÊ`mV Ambo d Ë`mVyZM {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMm OÝ_ Pmbm.

B {Ìnjr` ì`dñWoMr C{ÔîQ>ço …

1) H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmVrb EH$énVobm CÎmoOZ XoUo.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmX {_Q>{dÊ`mMr H$m ©nÕVr {ZpíMV H$aUo.

3) XoemÀ`m g§nyU© AW©ì`dñWoda n[aUm_ H$aUmè`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ ~m~tda {dMma{d{Z_` H$aUo.

ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMm \$magm {dH$mg Pmbm Zmhr. H$m_Jmam§_Yrb {ZajaVm, Q>H$Ê`mMr

d¥Îmr d g§KQ>Z àd¥ÎmrMm A^md `mgma»`m H$maUm_wio {dH$mg Pmbm Zmhr. 1947 Z§Va d {deofV… Am{W©H$

{Z`moOZmbm gwadmV Pmë`mZ§Va CËnmXZ dmT> d H$m_Jma H$ë`mU `mda OmñVrV OmñV bj H|${ÐV H$aÊ`mV

Ambo. 1947 À`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© H$m`ÚmZo CÚmoJnmVirda H$m ©g{_Vr ñWmnZobm CÎmoOZ {_imbo Va 1957

Z§Va ^maVmV {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMm àgma Pmbm.

B {Ìnjr` `§ÌÊmoMr ^y{_H$m (Role of Tripartite Mechanism) :

{Ìnjr` ì`dñWoV _mbH$, H$m_Jma d gaH$ma m {VÝhr njmMo à{V{ZYr AgVmV. ho gd© à{V{ZYr EH$Ì

odyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmXmÀ`m _wÚmda MMm© d {dMma {d{Z_` H$aVmV. m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mg

_XV hmoVo. {Ìnjr` §ÌmUoZo ^maVmV Amnbr y{_H$m Imbrbà_mUo nma nmS>br.

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© Q>miUo …

_mbH$, H$m_Jma d gaH$ma m§Mo à{V{ZYr EH$Ì odyZ {Za{Zamù`m {df`mda MMm© H$aVmV. doVZmMm Xa,

~moZg, H$m_mMo Vmg, H$m_mMr n[apñWVr `m KQ>H$mda {dMma {d{Z_` H$aVmV. MM}Zo d gm_monMmamZo gd©

àíZmda VmoS>Jo H$mT>bo OmVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$ dmX {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mAmYr `mo½` Vo H$ama Ho$bo OmVmV. H$m_Jma d

_mbH$ `m Xmohm|H$Sy>Z H$amamMo nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§KfmªZm Amim ~gVmo.

2) _V^oX H$_r H$aUo …

Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§Mo EH$_oH$m§~m~V Agbobo _V oX H$_r hmoUo

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Amdí`H$ AgVo. {Ìnjr` §ÌUo_wio _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§Mo à{V{ZYr EH$Ì oVmV. EH$_oH$m§Mr _Vo d YmoaUo

_m§S>VmV. mdoir gaH$maMo à{V{ZYr CnpñWV AgVmV. EH$_oH$m§g_moa ~gyZ MMm© Ho$ë`m_wio H$m_Jma d _mbH$

`m§À`mVrb _V oX d J¡ag_O Xÿa hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo.

3) H$m_mMr pñWVr gwYmaUo …

H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m {R>H$mUr n[apñWVr gwYmaÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMr y{_H$m

_hËdmMr R>aVo. H$maU `m §ÌUoV _mbH$ d gaH$mar à{V{ZYr ~amo~a H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr AgVmV. H$m_Jmam§Zm

H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m gmo r d gw{dYm {_imì`mV `mgmR>r nmR>nwamdm H$aVmV. Á`m VaVwXr

H$m_Jmam§Zm AÝ`m`H$maH$ dmQ>VmV. Aem VaVwXtZm H$m_Jma {damoY H$aVmV Ë`m_wio H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr

H$m_Jmam§Zm gd© Amdí`H$ Ë`m gw{dYm CnbãY hmoVmV.

4) H$m_Jma H$m`Úm§Mo nmbZ …

{Ìnjr` §ÌUo_wio H$m_Jma H$m`Úm§Mo `mo½` nmbZ hmoVo. CÚmoJmÀ`m H$m_Jma{df`H$ YmoaUmV qH$dm

{ZU© mV H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½` Ý`m` {_iV Agë`mMr ImÌr Ho$br OmVo. H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmMo C„KZ H$éZ

H$m_Jmam§Mr {nidUyH$ Ho$br OmV Agë`mMo nm{hbo OmVo. gaH$mar à{V{ZYr `m ~m~VrV OmJ¥V AgVmV.

Ë`m_yio Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z gaH$maMr ~mOy _m§S>br OmVo. Ë`m_yio H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmVrb VaVwXrMo `mo½` nmbZ hmodyZ

H$m_Jmam§Mm \$m`Xm hmoVmo.

5) CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo …

{Ìnjr` §ÌUoV H$m_Jma, _mbH$ d gaH$ma `m {VÝhrZm à{V{ZYrËd {_iVo. Ë`m_yio Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©

hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r CËnmXZmV I§S> nS>V Zmhr. Am¡Úmo{JH$ {ddmXmÀ`m {df`mda MMm© Pmë`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©

Q>iVmo. g§n, ~§X, Q>mio~§Xr, KoamAmo, mgma»`m Am§XmobZmMo à_mUo H$_r hmoVo. m_wio CËnmXZ àH«$s oV I§S> nS>V

Zmhr. n[aUm_r XoemVrb EHy$U Am¡Úmo{JH$ CËnmXZ dmT>Ê`mg _XV hmoVo.

3.2.2 gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm qH$dm dmQ>mKmQ>r (Collective Bargaining) :

àñVmdZm …

^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV ^m§S>dbXma dJ© d H$m_Jma dJ© Agm nañna{damoYr {hVg§~§Y Agbobm dJ©

{Z_m©U hmoVmo. øm XmoÝhr dJmªZr nañnam§Mr AS>dUyH$ d {nidUyH$ H$aÊ`mMo YmoaU ñdrH$mabo Va CÚmoJ gyairV

MmbV Zmhr. CÚmoJ gyairV Mmby am{hbm VaM H$maImZXmambm nwaogm Z\$m {_iVmo. Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½`

_Owar d Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àmßV hmoVo. H$maImZXma d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb gbmo»`mMo g§~§Y hmM

`eñdr CÚmoJmMm AmYma R>aVmo. d XmoZhr dJm©À`m à{V{ZYrZr doimodoir EH$Ì odyZ nañnam§Mm ÑîQ>rH$moZ d

y{_H$m g_OmdyZ KoVbr, AS>MUr d JaOm OmUyZ KoVë`m Am{U CÚmoJmMo H$m © gwairV Mmbmdo `m H$[aVm

Amnë`m dJu` {hVg§~§YmZm AdmñVd _hËd Z XoVm g_§Og YmoaU ñdrH$mê$Z nañnamer ghH$m © H$aÊ`mMo

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R>a{dbo Va CÚmoJmbm oS>gmdUmè`m gd© g_ñ`m gmoS>{dVm oVmV Am{U à{VHy$b n[apñWVrda _mV H$aVm oVo

ho C{Ôï> gmÜ` H$aÊ`mg ghmæ`H$ R>aUmè`m à{H«$ obm "gm_y{hH$ gm¡Xm' qH$dm "gm_y{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r'(Collective

Bargaining) Ago åhUVmV.

B ì`m»`m …

1) h{d©gZ Am{U H$mob_Z … gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm åhUOo Aer à{H«$`m {H$ Á`mV amoOJmarMr n[apñWVr

d BVa ~m~r H$m_Jma à{V{ZYrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZpíMV Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

2) S>ob `mS>©a … gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm hr Aem àH$maMr à{H«$`m AgVo {H$, Á`mV H$m_Jma EH$ JQ> åhUyZ

Amnë`m H$m_mMr n[apñWVr Am{U amoOJma g§~§Y R>a{dVmV.

3) hËgo … gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xo~mOr H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$mgmR>r Ago CnH$aU Amho {H$ Á`m_Ü o H$m_Jma

g§KQ>Zm Am{U ì`dñWmnZ g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo Ë`m§À`m g_ñ`m§Zm àË`j énmZo gmoS>{dbo OmVo. gaH$ma Ë`m§À`m

H$m`m©V hñVjon H$arV Zmhr.

WmoS>Š`mV "_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü o doVZ, H$m_mMr pñWVr Am{U H$m_mÀ`m OmJr EH$_|H$mer

Agbobo g§~Y m JmoîQ>r{df`r Agbobo _V oX AmnAmngmV g_OyVrZo d ghH$m`m©Zo {_Q>{dÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUOo

"gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm' hmo .

B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr d¡{eï>ço (Features of Collective Bargaining) :

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr _hËdnyU© d¡{eï>ço Imbrb à_mUo AmhoV.

1) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm hr EH$ Xÿhoar à{H«$`m AgyZ `m_Ü o _mbH$ d H$m_Jmam§Mo à{V{ZYr gh^mJr

hmoVmV.

2) hr bd{MH$ Am{U JVr_mZ àH«$s`m Amho `m_Ü o H$moUË`mhr àíZmZo H$R>moa, Q>moH$mMr y{_H$m

ñdrH$mê$Z MmbV Zmhr. bd{MH$ y{_H$m qH$dm XodmUKodmU d¥ÎmrVyZM A§{V_ H$ama hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

3) hr {Ûnjr` à{H«$`m AgyZ H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$ qH$dm ì`dñWmnH$ m§À`m à{V{ZYr§Zm g_moamg_moa

~gyZ dmQ>mKmQ>tZm g§Yr {_iVo.

4) hr EH$ gmVË`nyU© MmbUmar à{H«$`m AgyZ Ë`mVyZ H$m_Jmag§KQ>Zm Am{U ì`dñWmnZ m§À`mV pñWa

d {Z`{_V g§~Y àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mg _XV hmoVo. n{hë`m H$amamMm eodQ> hmoÊ`mnydu Zì`m H$amamÀ`m

dmQ>mKmQ>r gyê$ hmoVmV.

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ bmoH$emhr àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMm ì`dhm © _mJ© åhUOo gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm hmo .

6) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmÀ`m à{H«$ oV nyd©V`mar H$aUo, _V oXmMo _wÔo _m§S>Uo, Amdí`H$ _m{hVr g§H$brV

H$aUo, Ë`m§Mr _m§S>Ur H$aUo, Xÿgè`mMo _wÔo g_OmdyZ KoUo, `mo½` {ZU© KoUo B. _hËdnyU© Q>ßno

AgVmV.

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7) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>rMm hm XoIrb CÔoe Amho H$s, mÛmao CËnmXZmV dmT> H$éZ Ë`mgmo~V OZVoÀ`mH$ë`mUmV dmT> H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Ho$bo OmVmV.

8) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§Mo emofU hmoÊ`mnmgyZ dmM{dbo OmVo.

9) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r_wio H$m_Jmam§Mr ñdV§Ì ñnYm© g§nVo.

10) gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV hmoVo.

B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo CÔoe (Objective of Collective Bargaining) :

{bAmoZmS>© pñ_W `m§Zr gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡XmeŠVrMm Imbrbà_mUo CÔoe {d^mJbo AmhoV.

1) {Z`_ d H$m`ÚmMm AmamIS>m V`ma H$aUo …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMm gdm©V _hËdmMm d n{hbm CÔoe åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Mr _Oyar, H$m_mMr n[apñWVr,gm_m{OH$ H$ë`mU Am{U gwa{jVVoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo {Z`_ V`ma H$aUo hm Amho. ho {Z`_ H$m_Jma Am{U _mbH$m§À`mg§~§Ymda AmYm[aV AgVmV. XmoÝhr dJm©Zm `m {Z`_m§Mo nmbZ H$aUo ~§YZH$maH$ AgVo.

2) l_ g§~§Ym§Mo ñWm{`Ëd …

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `m§À`m_Ü o Á`m gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r Ho$ë`m OmVmV Ë`mMm CÔoe Mm§Jë`mg§~§YmMr ñWmnZm H$aUo hm AgVmo. Omo H$ama hmoVmo. Ë`mbm XmoÝhr dJ© pñdH$maV Agë`mZo Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUOol_ g§~§Ym_Ü o pñWaVm oVo.

3) Mm§Jë`m ghH$mamÀ`m g§~YmV dmT> …

gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>rÛmao XmoÝhr nj {_iyZ Amnë`m g_ñ`mda {dñV¥V MMm© H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mÀ`mg_mYmZmgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV. `mMm n[aUm_ Agm hmoVmo H$s, H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`m_Ü o gh`moJr dMm§Jë`m g§~YmMr ñWmnZm hmoVo.

4) XmoÝhr dJmªMo A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì`o …

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma ho Oar Am¡Úmo{JH$ OrdZmer g§~§{YV Agbo Var g§Kf© m XmoZ dJm©V VoìhmM hmoVmVOoìhm A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì`m_Ü o gm_§Oñ` hmoV Zmhr. H$m_Jma Am{U CÚmoJnVr A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì`m~m~VOmJê$H$ Zgë`mZo Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV Aem§VVm amhVo. gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Úm_Ü o _mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jmam§Zm Amnë`mA{YH$ma d H$V©ì`mMr OmUrd hmoVo.

5) amoOJmamMr n[apñWVr d {Z`_mMr ñWmnZm …

amoOJma emídVr d H$m_m~m~V OmñV AQ>r Agë`mZo H$m_Jmam§Mo OrdZ A{ZpíMV ñdénmMo AgVo.Ë`m_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMr {^Vr AgVo. gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡XmeŠVr qH$dm dmQ>mKmQ>r Aerà{H«$`m Amho. Á`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo H$m_Jma d CËnmXH$ `m§À`m_Ü o amoOJma n[apñWVr d Ë`m§À`m AQ>r {ZpíMV

Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

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6) Am{W©H$ d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§YmV gwYmaUm …

Á`mdoir _mbH$ d H$m_Jma gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>rV EH$_|H$mÀ`m ghH$m`m©Zo H$m_ H$aVmV. Ë`mdoir

Am{W©H$ Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~YmV gwYmaUm hmoVmV.

B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r AQ>r (Conditions For Success of Coffective

Bargaining)

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr JmoîQ>rMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo Ë`m nwT>rbà_mUo.

1) ~bdmZ H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmÀ`m èñdrVogmR>r _O~yV d _mÝ`VmàmËn H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm AgUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.

H$m_Jmam§Mr Am{W©H$ {nidUyH$ amoIUo hm gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMm à_wI hoVy AgVmo. H$m_Jma gwg§K{Q>V Agë`mg

qH$dm H$m_Jmam§Mr g§KQ>Zm ~bdmZ Agë`mg gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmÛmao _mbH$mer dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aVm oVmV.

2) XodmU KodmUrMr àd¥Îmr …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmV _mbH$ d H$m_Jma EH$_oH$m§er dmQ>mKmQ>r H$éZ Amnbo àíZ gmoS>dVmV. Ë`m_wio

dmQ>mKmQ>rg WmoS>o XoÊ`mMo, WmoS>o KoÊ`mMr d¥Îmr _mbH$ d H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm m Xmohm|_Ü o Agbr nm{hOo. WmoS>Š`mV

XmoÝhr njm§Zr Amnbm ÑîQ>rH$moU VmR>a Z R>odVm bd{MH$ R>odbm nm{hOo.

3) {dídmg …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm ho V§Ì H$m`Úmda AmYm[aV Zmhr qH$dm `mbm H$m`ÚmMo nmR>~i Zmhr. Ë`m_wio

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñVr hmoÊ`mgmR>r _mbH$ d H$m_Jmam§Mm EH$_oH$mda {dídmg Agbm nm{hOo. nañnamda

{dídmg R>odyZ Vo EH$Ì Amë`mZ§VaM gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñdr hmoVmo.

4) {ZH$mon ÑîQ>rH$moU …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo e ~è`mM à_mUmV H$m_Jma ZoVo d ì`dñWmnZ à{V{ZYr m§À`m {ZH$mon ÑîQ>rH$moUmda

Adb§~yZ AgVo. Ooìhm nyd©J«h ~mOybm R>odyZ Xÿgè`mMm ÑîQ>rH$moU g_OmdyZ KoVbm OmVmo Voìhm gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm

èñdr hmody eH$Vmo.

5) ì`márMr ñnîQ>Vm …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVyZ H$moUH$moUË`m JmoîQ>r~m~V dmQ>mKmQ>r hmody eH$Vrb ho ñnîQ> Agbo nm{hOo. dmQ>mKmQ>rMr

ì`már ñnîQ> Zgob Va {dZmH$maU J¡ag_O {Z_m©U hmoVmV. åhUyZ dmQ>mKmQ>rMr ì`már gwñnîQ> Agbr nm{hOo.

dmñVdmV Ooìhm XmoÝhr nj Amnë`m O~m~Xmè`m OmUVmV Am{U em§V, _wŠV d _¡ÌrnyU© dmVmdaU V`ma

hmoVo VoìhmM `m V§ÌmMm {dH$mg hmoVmo. `mMm AW© _mbH$ d H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr `m§À`mV EH$ê$nVm Agob VaM

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñdr R>aVmo.

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B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr H$m`} (Functions of Collective Bargaining) :

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo V§Ì AZoH$ àH$maMr _hËdmMr H$m } nmSy> eH$Vmo. Vr H$m } Imbrbà_mUo.

1) gm_m{OH$ ~Xb gmÜ` H$aUo …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmÀ`m V§ÌmVyZ gm_m{OH$ ~Xb gmÜ` H$aVm oVmV. XmoZ nañna{damoYr JQ>mV g_Vmob

gmÜ` H$aUo Am{U g_m`moOZ gmYZo eŠ` hmoVo. gm_m{OH$ gm¡ÚmVyZ ì`ŠVr hr, amOH$s`, H$m`Xoera,

ì`dñWmnH$s`, Ym{_©H$, Am{U e¡j{UH$ÑîQ²>`m n[anŠd hmoVo.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV H$aUo …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVyZ nañnam§V g_PmoVm, Vh, VS>OmoS>, Am{U H$ama H$éZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm àñWm{nV

H$aÊ`mMo H$m © Ho$bo OmVo. XmoÝhr nj ho g§n qH$dm Q>mio~§Xr Z H$aVm VS>OmoS> H$aVmV Voìhm Am¡Úmo{JH$ Vh qH$dm

H$ama AmpñVËdmV oVmo. Aem àH$maÀ`m VhmVyZ qH$dm H$amamVyZ em§VVm àñWm{nV hmoVo.

3) h¸$ d O~m~Xmè`m ñnîQ> H$aUo …

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVyZ _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m XmoÝhr njmMo h¸$ d O~m~Xmè`m ñnîQ> hmoVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$

ZmJarH$ËdmMo h¸$ am~{dÊ`mMo gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm ho _hËdnyU© V§Ì Amho. d`dñWmnZ _Zmbm dmQ>ob Ë`m à_mUo

{ZU© Kody eH$V Zmhr. ì`dñWmnZmda {Z §ÌU R>odUo qH$dm Am¡Úmo{JH$ ga§Om_emhr {Z §{ÌV H$aUo ho gm_wXm{`H$

gm¡ÚmMo _hËdmMo H$m © R>aVo.

B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr H$m`©nÕVr (Procedure of Collective Bargaining) :

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡XmeŠVrMr à{H«$`m H$er KSy>Z oVo ho g_OyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. øm à{H«$ oMo _hËd

nwT>rb à_mUo Amho.

1) Á`m àíZmdê$Z qH$dm _mJUrdê$Z {ddmX {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho Ë`m _mJUrMo ñdê$n g_OmdyZ KodyZ

`mgmR>r Amdí`H$Vr _m{hVr Jmoim H$aUo.

2) àíZmMr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r gd© ÑîQ>rZo Cn wŠV R>aob Aer nÕV {ZdS>Uo.

3) dmQ>mKmQ>rgmR>r XmoÝhr njm§Mo à{V{ZYr {ZdS>Uo.

4) MMm©, dmQ>mKmQ>rgmR>r AZwHy$b dmVmdaU {Z_m©U H$aUo.

5) Amdí`H$ H$mJXnÌo, AmH$S>odmar, nwamdo d _m{hVrMm AmYma KodyZ àË`j MMm© H$aUo.

6) `mo½` {ZîH$f© H$mTy>Z XmoÝhr njm§Zm _mÝ` hmoUmam {ZU© KoVm `mdm ømH$[aVm dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aUo.

7) {ZU© KoUo d àË oH$ njmMo A{YH$ma VgoM O~m~Xmar {ZpíMV H$aUo.

8) H$ama H$aUo.

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....8

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9) H$amamMr A_§b~OmdUr H$aUo.

10) H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr H$arV AgVmZm H$mhr AS>Wio CËnÞ hmoV Agë`mg Ë`m AS>Wù`mMo

{ZamH$aU H$aUo d H$amamMr A§_b~OmdUr ì`dpñWV ìhmdr `mgmR>r Amdí`H$ Vr Cnm``moOZm

H$aUo.

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmV H$moUË`m JmoîQ>r g_m{dîQ> H$amì`mV Am{U H$moUË`m JmoîQ>r g_m{dï> H$ê$ Z oV

`m~m~V H$mQ>oH$moanUo {Z`_ Zgbo Var gd©gmYmaUnUo ì`dñWmnH$s` {ZU© Am{U YmoaUo `m ~m~r gm_wXm{`H$

dmQ>mKmQ>r ~mhoa AgVmV. gmYmaUnUo g§KQ>ZoMr gwa{jVVm, doVZ, nXmoÞVr, ~Xbr, H$m_mMo Vmg d H$m_mMr

n[apñWVr, gwQ>çm, gwa{jVVm Cnm` BË`mXrMm g_mdoe gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmV Ho$bm OmVmo. Am¡Úmo{JH$aU d

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMm {dH$mg `m~amo~a gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr ì`már dmT>V Jobr Amho. gwadmVrbm doVZ, H$m_mMo

Vmg, d H$m_mÀ`m AQ>r `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va nJmar gwÅ>`m, OmXm doi H$m_mMm _mo~Xbm, gŠVrÀ`m

aOoMo {Z`_Z, godmOoîR>Vm, nXmoÞVr, AmOmanUm d àgVyVr bm^ m§Mmhr g_mdoe gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmV H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZoÀ`m gm¡Xm eŠVrV Pmbobr dmT> hr CÚmoJmÀ`m Zâ`mV Pmbobr dmT> d gaH$maMm

AZwHy$b ÑîQ>rH$moU `mgma»`m KQ>H$m§_wio Pmbr Amho.

B gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVrb A{bH$S>rb àd¥Îmr (Recent Trends in Collective Bargaining) :

OJmVrb BVa amîQ´>m§À`m VwbZoV ^maVmVrb CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg Pmbobm Zmhr. ^maVmV {Z`moOZ H$mimV

H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMm {dH$mg Pmbm. na§Vw H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ~iH$Q> Pmë`m ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMo

V§Ì gd©Ì dmnabo OmV Zmhr. gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm, dmQ>mKmQ>r H$aÊ`mMm `mo½` _mJ© Amho na§Vw Vmo Zoh_rM èñdr

hmoV Zmhr. gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm èñdr hmoÊ`mH$[aVm H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _O~yV Agmì`m bmJVmV VaM H$m_Jmam§Mo

à{V{ZYr ì`dñWmnZmer dmQ>mKmQ>r H$ê$ eH$VmV. doVZmMo Xa, ~moZg, ~T>Vr, H$m_mMo Vmg, H$m_mMr

n[apñÏgVr, gmoB©gdbVr BË`mXr ~m~VrV gm_monMmamZo {ZU© hmody eH$VmV.

^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡XmeŠVrMo gmYZ èñdr hmoÊ`mV AS>MUr oVmV.

H$maU ^maVmV AOyZhr H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _O~yV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio doVZ{ZpíMVr d BVa KQ>H$m~m~V _mbH$m§Mo

dM©ñd {XgyZ oVo. ^maVmV AZoH$ CÚmoJm§V H$m_Jmam§_Ü o _V oX {XgyZ oVmV. `m_wio EH$mM CÚmoJmV AZoH$

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm H$m © H$aVmV. _mbH$mMm H$m_Jma{df`H$ ÑîQ>rH$moZ g§Hw${MV AgVmo. VgoM AZoH$ H$m_Jma

g§KQ>ZmMm AmH$ma bhmZ Agë`m_wio H$m_Jma dJ© d _mbH$ dJ© `m§Mm EH$_oH$m§da {dídmg Zmhr Ë`m_wio Vo

EH$_oH$m§H$S>o g§e`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo nhmVmV.

^{dî`H$mimV ^maVmVrb H$m_Jmam§À`m {hVg§~YmMr OnUyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr {ZH$mon

dmT> hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmZr Ë`m§À`mVrb Xmof Xÿa H$amdoV åhUOo Ë`m§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr dmT>ob.

XoemV Iè`m AWm©Zo bmoH$emhr àñW{nV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à^mdr d H$m ©j` H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©U Pmë`m

nm{hOoV. XoemV 1985 Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV H$m_Jma MidirV ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMr bT>mD$

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H$m } H$_r hmoV AmhoV. H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mVrb H$amamZwgma Ë`m§À`m doVZmV gwYmaUm hmoV Amho.

H$m_Jmam§Zm doVZ, ~moZg, d BVa gw{dYm§À`m énmZo CËnÞ àmá hmoV Amho. A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV _mbH$ dJm©À`m

ÑîQ>rH$moUmV H$mhr à_mUmV ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV. H$m_Jmam§Zm Xa nmM dfmªZr doVZm~m~VMo ZdrZ H$ama Ho$bo

OmVmV. gaH$ma XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZerb Amho. `m gdm©Mm n[aUm_ åhUyZ

H$m_Jma d _mbH$ m§À`mVrb H$bh H$_r hmoÊ`mg _XV Pmbr Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y em§VVmnyU© d gbmo»`mMo

{Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMm _mJ© gwb^ d {dH${gV hmoV Amho.

B Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>dÊ`mVrb Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`dmXmMr ^y{_H$m (Judicial Activism) :

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma m§À`mVrb EImXm àíZ VS>OmoS>rZo gwQ>V Zgob Va Ë`mMr O~m~Xmar Ý`m`mb`mda

gmon{dbr OmVo. ^maVmV l_ Ý`m`mb`, Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb` d amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`m_m\©$V Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©

{_Q>{dÊ`mMo àËZ Ho$bo OmVmV. ho à`ËZ åhUOoM Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`dmX hmo .

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H|$Ð qH$dm amÁ` gaH$ma Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`ÚmÀ`m

H$b_ 7 Zwgma EH$ qH$dm Ë`mnojm OmñV Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H$ê$ eH$Vo. `m Ý`m`mb`mVrb

Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr Zo_UyH$ gaH$ma_m\©$V Ho$br OmVo. H$m_Jmam§Mr H$nmV, H$m_Jmam§Zm ~oH$m`XoeranUo H$m_mdê$Z

H$_r H$aUo BË`mXr d¡YVm VnmgÊ`mMo H$m © l_ Ý`m`mb` H$aVo. `m{edm` H$m_Jmam§Zr nwH$mabobm g§n d

_mbH$m§Zr Ho$bobr Q>mio~§Xr `m§Mr d¡YVm `m Ý`m`mb`mH$Sy>Z VnmgyZ nm{hbr OmVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Am¡Úmo{JH$

H$bhm~m~V {ZdmS>m XoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ qH$dm Ë`mnojm A{YH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`m{YH$aUmMr {Z wŠVr H$ê$ eH$Vo.

`m Ý`m`m{YH$aUmH$Sy>Z Imbrb ~m~VrV {ZU© {Xbo OmVmV.

1) doVZ, doVZ XoÊ`mMm H$mbmdYr d Ë`m g§X^m©Vrb IQ>bo.

2) ~moZg, ^{dî`{Zddm©h {ZYr, Zâ`mVrb {hñgm B. g§X^m©Vrb IQ>bo

3) ZwH$gmZ ^anmB© d BVa ^Îmo.

4) H$m_mMo Vmg d {dlm§Vr.

5) doVZmgh aOm d gmd©O{ZH$ gwQ>çm.

6) AmYw{ZH$sH$aU d dmOdrH$aU.

7) H$m_Jmam§Mr H$nmV H$aUo.

8) H$m_Jmam§Zm ~oH$m`XoeranUo H$m_mdê$Z H$mT>Uo.

9) CÚmoJg§ñWm ~§X H$aUo.

10) AZwemgZ d {eñVrMo {Z`_.

11) H$m_Jmam§Mr godm{Zd¥Îmr.

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12) H$m_Jmam§Zm nydunmgyZ {_iUmè`m gmo r d gdbVr aÔ H$aUo.

13) g§n d Q>mio~§XrMm H$m`XoeranUm VnmgUo.

14) AZwemgZ d {eñVrMo {Z`_.

15) _mbH$mZo ñWm`r AmXoemA§VJ©V bmJy Ho$boë`m {Z`_m§Mm H$m`XoeranUm.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`Xm H$b_ 6 Zwgma Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr mo½` d {Z…njnmVrnUo Mm¡H$er H$aÊ`mÀ`m

hoVyZo gaH$ma gaH$mar J°PoQ>_Ü o gyMZm à{gÕ H$éZ Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mMr Zo_UyH$ H$ê$ eH$Vo. Mm¡H$er

Ý`m`mb`mV EH$mnojm OmñV ì`ŠVtMr Zo_UyH$ H$aÊ`mV Amë`mg Ë`mn¡H$s EH$mMr AÜ`j åhUyZ {Z wŠVr Ho$br

OmVo. m Ý`m`mb`mbm gmYmaUnUo ghm _{hÝ`mÀ`m AmV Amnë`m H$m`m©Mm Ahdmb gaH$mabm Úmdm bmJVmo.

EImÚm g§Kfm©~Xb Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`mMm Ahdmb àmá Pmë`mÀ`m VmaIonmgyZ Vrg {XdgmÀ`m AmV gaH$mabm

hm Ahdmb à{gÕ H$amdm bmJVmo.

amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H|$ÐgaH$ma H$aVo. Á`mdoir EImXm {ddmX amîQ´>r` {hVmer qH$dm EH$mnojm

A{YH$ amÁ`m§er g§~§{YV AgVmo Ë`mdoir `m {ddmXmMm {ZdmS>m H$aÊ`mgmR>r H|$Ð gaH$ma amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr

Zo_UyH$ H$aVo. amï´>r` Ý`m`mb`mZo {Xbobm {ZU© H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m XmoÝhr njmda ~§YZH$maH$ AgVmo.

WmoS>Š`mV Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`VoMr y{_H$m _hËdmMr AgVo. na§Vw

1947 _Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m`ÚmV VaVwXr H$éZhr àË`j ì`dhmamV Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr nXo [aŠV amhUo d

EHy$U Ý`m`m{Yem§Mr g§»`m H$_r hmoUo, `mgma»`m KQ>Zm dma§dma KQ>VmV. `m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMm {ZU©

`mo½` doir hmoV Zmhr. n[aUm_r H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mVrb g§~Y gwYmaÊ`mV AS>MUr oVmV. åhUyZ

gaH$maZo Ý`m`mb`mZo ì`dñWm à^mdr d H$m ©j_ am~{dUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

B OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y (Globalisation and Industrial Relations) :

ñdmV§Í`mZ§Va ^maVmZo ^m§S>dbemhr Am{U g_mOdmX `m XmoKm§Mm g_Ýd` gmYV {_l AW©ì`dñWm

ñdrH$mabr Ë`m_wio AW©ì`dñWoV emgZmMm _moR>çm à_mUmV gh^mJ am{hbm. {Z`moOZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {dH$mg

ho gyÌ ñdrH$mabo. gyadmVrnmgyZM XoemVrb CÚmoJm§Zm g§ajU {_imdo d gmYZgm_wJ«rMm `mo½` dmna ìhmdm

åhUyZ ñnYm© H$_r R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Jobm. {Z`m©Vrda ~§YZo d Am`mVrbm n`m© XoÊ`mda ^a hmoVm.

_ŠVoXmar g§X^m©Vrb E_²AmaQ>rnr gma»`m H$m`Úm_wio CÚmoJmda {dñVmamÀ`m _`m©Xm hmoË`m. gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb

~aoMgo CÚmoJ VmoQ>çmV Omdy bmJbo Ë`m_wio XoemMr Am{W©H$ pñWVr ImbmdV OmD$ bmJbr. 1991 À`m

Xaå`mZ ^maVmMm OJmV H$O©~mOmarnUmV {Vgam H«$_m§H$ hmoVm. _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mgmV OJmV 123 H«$_m§H$

hmoVm. {dXoer J§JmOir Ho$di 4.4 AãO S>m°bg© {e„H$ hmoVr. VgoM Xoembm 67 Q>Z gmoZo Am§VaamîQ´>r`

ZmUo{ZYrbm {dH$mdo bmJbo Ë`mVwZM XoemMr Am{W©H$ nwZ©aMZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r 1991 _Ü o ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU

ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`mVyZ AW©ì`dñWoMr CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ImOJrH$aU H$aÊ`mMr à{H«$`m gwê$

Pmbr.

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B OmJ{VH$sH$aU g§H$ënZm (Concept of Globalisation)

OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ à{H«$`m Amho. m_Ü o OJmVrb {d{dY Xoem§_Ü o Am{W©H$ EH$mË_Vm Am{U nañna

Adb§{~Ëd dmT>Vo. `m à{H«$ o_Ü o XoemÀ`m gr_mjoÌm~mhoa ^m§S>db, dñVw, godm, CÚmoOH$, ì`dgm{`H$ d

H$m_Jma m§Mr _wŠVnUo o-Om gwê$ hmoVo åhUOoM WmoS>Š`mV, XoemÀ`m m¡Jmo{bH$ gr_mjoÌm~mhoa hmoUmam Am{W©H$

{H«$`m§Mm {dH$mg Am{U {dñVma åhUOo OmJ{VH$sH$aU hmo .

B OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Ymda Pmbobo n[aUm_ (Effects of Globalisation on Industrial

Relations)

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd© y_rda AW©ì`dñWoV, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~YmV _moR>çm à_mUmV ~Xb Pmbo AmhoV

Ë`mMo n[aUm_ Imbrbà_mUo KSy>Z Ambobo {XgyZ oVmV.

1) g§n d Q>mio~§XrÀ`m à_mUmV KQ> …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Ym_Ü o ZdrZ àdmh {Z_m©U hmoV AmhoV. _mbH$ d H$m_Jma

`m§À`m g§~Ymbm EH$ doJio diU {_iV Amho. 1980 À`m XeH$mV ^maVm_Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y A{YH$

VUmdnyU© hmoV Jobo. m XeH$mV (1980-90) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§n, Q>mio~§Xr m_wio EHy$U 402.1 Xebj {Xdg

H$m_mMm VmoQ>m Pmbm. na§Vy Zì`m Am{W©H$ YmoaUmZ§Va åhUOoM 1991-2000 `m XeH$mMm {dMma Ho$bm Va

ho à_mUo H$_r hmodyZ 210 Xebj {Xdgm§n ªV Ambo ho {MÌ Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y gwYmaÊ`mMm {ZXe©H$ _mZmdm

bmJob.

2) ì`dñWmnZ H$m¡eë` gwYmaUm d H$m_Jmam§À`m ÑîQ>rH$moZmV ~Xb …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio BVa XoemVrb V§ÌkmZ d ì`dñWmnH$ ^maVmV oV AmhoV. {edm` AZoH$ ^maVr`

V§Ìk d ì`dñWmnH$ naXoer OmdyZ Zdo kmZ AmË_gmZ H$arV AmhoV. `mMm {dH$mg à{H«$ oda gH$mamË_H$

n[aUm_ hmoVmo Amho. H$m_Jmam§À`m CËnmXH$VoV Zì`m V§Ìm_wio d ì`dñWmnZmVrb gwYmaUm_wio dmT> hmoV Amho.

n[aUm_r l_à{VîR>m d l_g§ñH¥$Vr dmT>V Amho.

3) gm¡XmeŠVrV KQ> …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio H$m_Jmam§Mr gm¡XmeŠVr KQ>br Amho. gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡XmeŠVrÀ`m EodOr Vo gdbVrÀ`m

gm¡XmeŠVrMm A§JrH$ma H$arV AmhoV. amoOJma J_mdÊ`mÀ`m g§H$Q>mnmgyZ dmM{dÊ`mgmR>r H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm

doVZ d _hmJmB© ^Ë`mVrb H$nmV, g§KQ>ZoÀ`m H$mhr A{YH$mam§Mm dmna Z H$aUo BË`mXr _mbH$ dJm©er H$ama

H$arV AmhoV. gm¡XmeŠVr KQ>ë`mZo _mbH$ A{YH$ AmH«$_H$ ~Zbo AmhoV.

4) H$ama H$m_Jma …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_io H$ama nÕVrZo H$m_Jmam§À`m {Z wŠVr_Ü o dmT> Pmbr Amho. CÚmoJg§ñWm, emim,

_hm{dÚmb o, godm CÚmoJ BË`mXr_Ü o H$amanÕVrZo {Z wŠË`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z OmXm Vmg H$m_

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H$adyZ KoVbo OmVo. _mÌ Vo doVZ {Xbo OmV Zmhr, {dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr, godm{Zd¥Îmr doVZ, d¡Ú{H$` _XV, nJmar

aOm BË`mXr \$m`Xo nwaoem à_mUmV {Xbo OmV ZmhrV. H$m_Jmam§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m gmo rMm bm^ {_iV

Zmhr. gmh{OH$M hm H$m_Jma dJ© _mbH$ d gaH$maÀ`m {damoYmV AmH«$_H$ hmoV Mmbbm Amho. Ë`m§À`mVrb

g§~Y XþamdV Mmbbo AmhoV.

5) amoOJma H$nmV …

^maVmVrb OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m gwê$ Pmë`mZ§Va amoOJmamda {dn[aV n[aUm_ Pmbobm {XgyZ oVmo.

Xoe amoOJma{da{hV Am{W©H$ dmT>rMm AZw d KoV Amho. 1983 Vo 1994 m H$mimV amoOJma dmT>rMm Xa dm{f©H$

2.04 Q> o$ hmoVm. Vmo 1994 Vo 2000 `m H$mimV 0.98 n ªV Imbr Ambm `m AZwf§JmZo AË §V _hËdmMr

Am{U J§ ra ~m~ åhUOo g§K{Q>V joÌmVrb amoOJma H$_r Pmbm. CXm. 1990-91 _Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb

H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 19.06 bmI hmoVr Vr H$_r hmodyZ 2003-04 n ªV 18.20 bmI BVH$s Pmbr. CÚmoJm§Mr

CËnmXZ à{H«$`m l_àYmZ V§ÌmH$Sy>Z m§S>db àYmZ V§ÌmH$S>o dië`mZo amoOJmamV KQ> Pmbr AgyZ mMm n[aUm_

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~YmV Xÿamdm {Z_m©U H$arV Amho.

3.2.3 OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm H$m_Jmamdarb n[aUm_ (Effects of Globalisation on Labour)

OmJ{VH$sH$aU hr EH$ Aer à{H«$`m Amho H$s, Á`mV Xoer` AW©ì`dñWoMo OmJ{VH$ AW©ì`dñWoV énm§Va

hmoV. dñVw d godm, ^m§S>db, V§ÌkmZ, _mZd g§gmYZ `m§Mm àdmh EH$m XoemVyZ Xÿgè`m XoemV _wŠVnUo hmoV

amhVmo. _m{hVr Am{U V§ÌkmZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{U OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§nyU© OJmMo EH$ OmJ{VH$

IoS>çmV (Global Village) énm§Va hmoVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g§nyU© OJmMr {dH$mg JVr JVr_mZ

Pmbr Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmnmgyZ A{bá amhÿZ AmO OJmVrb H$moUVmhr Xoe Amnbm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg gmÜ`

H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.

^maVmZo gZ 1991 nmgyZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mm H$m ©H«$_ hmVr KoVbm Amho. Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm_Ü o

ImOJrH$aU, CXmarH$aU, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U ~mOmarH$aUmbm àmYmÝ` XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho. àË oH$ joÌmV øm

ZdrZ Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§Mm à^md nS>V AgVmZm {XgV Amho. H$m_Jmam§À`m ~m~VrV A_wbmJ« ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo

AmhoV. Ë`m§da Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$ n[aUm_ H$moUH$moUVo hmoV AmhoV m§Mr MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

H$moUH$moUË`m CÚmoJmV {H$Vr H$m_Jma Jw§Vbobo AmhoV Ë`m§À`mda H$m` n[aUm_ hmoV AmhoV m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo

Amdí`H$ Amho.

^maVmV OmJVrH$sH$aUm_wio H$m_Jmam§da Imbrb n[aUm_ Pmbobo {XgyZ oVmV.

1) H$ama H$m_Jma nÕVrMm CX` …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo YmoaU am~{dVmZm Ago gm§JÊ`mV Ambo Amho H$s, H$m_Jmam§Mr pñWVr gwYmaob, Ë`m§À`m

amhUr_mZmV a nS>ë`mZo amîQ´>r` CËnÞmV dmT> hmoB©b. H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m`_ ñdê$nr amoOJma {_iob. _mÌ 1994

Z§Va Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d CÚmoJ joÌmV aMZmË_H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r CÚmoJm§gmR>r bmJUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm H$ama

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(H§$ÌmQ>r) nÕVrZo Zo_Ê`mV ody bmJbo. H$ama g§në`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm H$m_mda R>odbo OmB©b H$s Zmhr mMr emídVr

am{hbr Zmhr WmoS>Š`mV H$m_Jmam§Zm h§Jm_r ñdénmMo H$m_ _moR>çm à_mUmV {_iy bmJbo. H$m`_ ñdénmMo Zmhr.

2) ~hÿamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm \$m`Xm …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ^maVmV _moR>çm à_mUmV ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`m oV AmhoV. `m H§$nÝ`m ^maVmVrb Vk

_§S>itZm H$m_mda bmdbo Amho. Ë`m§Zm àM§S> nJma d gdbVr XoV AmhoV. `m H§$nÝ`m§Mr nÕVr AË`mYy{ZH$

§Ìgm_§J«rMm Cn`moJ H$éZ H$_rV H$_r H$m_Jmam§À`m gmømZo A{YH$ à_mUmV H$m_ H$éZ KoUo Aer Amho.

Ë`m_wio ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrV gwYmaUm hmodyZ ho H$m_Jma ^anya

gwImdbo AmhoV.

3) gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma …

^maVmVrb gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJm§Mo Vo AmOmar AmhoV m H$maUmñVd ImOJrH$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {ZJwªVdUyH$

H$aÊ`mV oV Amho Ë`m_wio AZoH$ CÚmoJ ~§X nS>V AmhoV. n[aUm_r m CÚmoJmVrb gaH$mar H$_©Mmè`mda ~oH$mar

AmoT>dbr Amho. m H$m_Jmam§Zm amoOJma CnbãY ìhmdm mgmR>r gaH$mar nmVirda AZoH$ moOZm Om{ha Ho$ë`m

OmV AmhoV. gaH$mar `moOZm ñd §amoOJmambm àmYmÝ` XoUmè`m AmhoV `mV gaH$ma ñdV… CÚmoJ gwê$ Z H$aVm

ImOJr bmoH$m§Zm àd¥Îm H$aV Amho. ImOJr CÚmoJnVr H$_r H$m_Jma d A{YH$ m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mÀ`m

_VmMo Agë`mZo gaH$mar joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mr ^aVr Odinmg ~§X Pmbr Amho.

4) H$m_Jma H$nmVrV dmT> …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ^maVmVrb ImOJr H$maImZXma VgoM naH$s` H$maImZXma, dmT>Vr bmoH$g§»`m d

dmT>Vr ~oH$mar_wio H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZ XodyZ Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm KoVVmV. H$m_Jma A{e{jV d Ag§K{Q>V

Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo emofU hmoV Agbo Var Vo Ë`m§À`m {déÕ AmdmO C§Mm{dV Zmhr.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio àJV XoemZm _moR>çm à_mUmV V§ÌkmZ d gm_wJ«r AmUyZ {d{dY dñVy {Z_m©U H$aVmV

Am{U H$_r doVZmV H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mda R>odyZ OmJ{VH$ ñnY}V Amnë`m dñVy {dH$VmV. nU Ë`m dñVy§Mr _mJUr

g§në`mg Ë`m joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mr H$nmV Ho$br OmVo. nmpíM_mË` Xoem§Mo CËnÞ d ì`mnma Am{e`m`r

H$m_Jmamda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. Vo ZdZdrZ CÚmoJ ñWmnZ H$aVmV. Aem CÚmoJmH$S>o H$m_Jma Amnbm na§namJV

ì`dgm` gmoSy>Z diVmV. CÚmoJm_Ü o Ë`m§Zm gmÜ`m H$m_JmamMr OmJm {_iVo. Omon ªV Ë`m CÚmoJmMr àJVr hmoVo

Vmon ªV H$m_Jmam§Zm `mo½` nJma {_iVmo nU ^{dî`mVrb doVZmMr d ZmoH$arMr h_r ZgVo. VgoM gaH$mar

hñVjonmMm A^md, bKwCÚmoJmV na{H$` Jw§VdUyH$sMr "_w m' Aem BVa H$maUmZo H$m_Jma H$nmV Ho$br OmVo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Cƒ V§ÌkmZ, {demb m§S>db m§Zm dmd Amho. VgoM

{e{jV, Vk Am{U YmS>gr ì`ŠVrH$[aVm _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoV dmd Amho. `mCbQ> AHw$eb, A{e{jV, d

g_mOmV H$_r à{VîR>oÀ`m ì`ŠVr Agë`mg Ë`mbm Amnë`m H$m_mda Ho$ìhm JXm oB©b `mMr H$miOr gVV

AgVo.

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5) _wXV AdYrnyd© ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr> …

_wXV AdYrÀ`m nyd© godm{Zd¥Îmr ømbm V.R.S (Voluntary Retirement Scheme) `m ZmdmZo

AmoiIbr OmVo. OmJ{VH$aUmZ§Va ^maVmV AZoH$ loÌmV hr `moOZm bmJy Ho$br OmV Amho. ì`mnmar ~±H$m,

gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb CÚmoJ, ImOJr joÌmVrb CÚmoJmVrb H$m_JmamÀ`m {Zd¥Îmr (Retire) Mo d` gmYmaUnUo

58 Vo 60 df} AgVo. godm{Zd¥Îmr hmoÊ`mÀ`m 10-15 df} AJmoXa Ë`mbm 60 ì`m dfmªn ªV {_iUmao Ano{jV

CËnÞ d ^{dî`{Zdm©h{ZYrMr a¸$_ {Xbr OmVo. Ë`mdoiog H$m_Jmam§À`m hmVmV _moR>çm à_mUmV n¡gm oV

Agë`mZo Vmo ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmrg àd¥Îm hmoVmo.

hr moOZm Oar ñdÀN>oZo {Zd¥Îm hmoÊ`mMr Agob Ago H$mhr joÌm_Ü o H$m_Jmam§Zm nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amho.

d H$mhr {R>H$mUr O~aXñVrZo godm{Zd¥Îmr KoÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo OmV Amho d Ë`m§Mo {d{dY \$m`Xo H$m_Jmam§Zm

dma§dma gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. n[aUm_V… `m `moOZo_wio H$m`_ ZmoH$ar Agbobo gmYmaUnUo àË oH$

joÌmVbo 30 Vo35 Q> o$ H$m_Jma H$_r Pmbobo AmhoV hm nU EH$ H$m_JmaH$nmVrMm ^mJ Amho.

6) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm ~oamoOJmardarb n[aUm_> …

Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmZ§Va XoemV {dXoer ^m§S>db, {dXoer dñVy Am{U godm `m H$maUm_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$

AW©ì`dñWm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ImOJrH$aUmZo doJ KoVbm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ

~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nZrgmo~V àVrñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V ZmhrV. gm_m{OH$ `moJXmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd `m_Ü o

gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ {d{Z`mo{O` ^m§S>dbmda Ý yZV_ ewÕ bm^ gwÕm àmá H$ê$ eH$bo Zmhr. `m_wio OmJVrH$aU

Am{U ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m dmT>br. _moR>çm à_mUmV gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ ~§X nS>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV Ambobo

AmhoV Ë`m_wio amoOJmamMr AdñWm J§ ra Pmbr Amho. Xoe amoOJma {dahrV Am{W©H$ dmT>rMm AZw d KoV

Amho.1993-94 `m H$mimV amoOJmadmT> 2.04 Q> o$ hmoVr Ë`mV 1994-2008 `mH$mimV 0.98 Q> o$ Aer

KQ> Pmbr Amho. AZoH$ joÌmVrb amoOJma ñW¡ © Zmhrgo hmodyZ Ë`mEodOr H§$ÌmQ>r _Oya, h§Jm_r amoOJmarMo àm~ë`

dmT>V Amho. g§K{Q>V joÌmÀ`m VwbZoV Ag§K{Q>V H$m_Jmam§Mr pñWVr X`Zr` Pmbr Amho.

7) _{hbm H$m_Jmam§À`m Xm[aÐ`mV dmT>> …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV H$m_Jma H$nmV, ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr `m YmoŠ`m§À`m ImbmoImb Oa gd©àW_

H$moUmda n[aUm_ nS>V Agob Va Vmo Amho _{hbm dJ©. H$maU ~mOmaì`dñWo_Ü o Ooìhm §Ìgm_wJ«rMm dmna gyê$

Pmbm d H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm _wÔm g_moa Ambm Va gd©àW_ _{hbm H$m_Jmambm H$mT>Ê`mMr ì`dñWm

Ho$br OmVo. H$maU g_mOmMr aMZmM Aer V`ma Ho$br Amho H$s _{hbm§Zm A{YH$ H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr,

Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm H$_r AgVo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z A{YH$ Vmg qH$dm C{eamn ªV H$m_ H$adyZ KoVm oV Zmhr. _mV¥Ëd

bm^mMr gmo H$amdr bmJVo. Ë`m§Mr {ejUmMr nmVir H$_r AgVo. ~hþVm§e Aën{dH${gV XoemV _{hbm§Mo

emofU Pmë`mZo OmJ{VH$sH$aUmbm Xmof {Xbm OmV Amho `m {H«$ obm Xm[aÐ`mMo _{hbmH$aU (Faminization

of Poverty) Zmd {Xbobo Amho.

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B§S>moZo{e`m, qgJmnya d H$mhr àJV Xoem_Ü o XoIrb _{hbm H$m_Jmam§Mr H$nmV, A{Ve` H$_r nJma XoUo

Aem H$mhr KQ>Zm KS>boë`m AmhoV. a{e`m, B§S>moZo{e`m _Yrb _{hbm§Zm Va Aem KQ>Zm§_wio doí`mì`dgm`

H$aÊ`m{edm` n`m© ZìhVm. Aem ~mVå`m AmhoV. `mMo _hËdmMo H$maU åhUOo na{H$` ^m§S>dbm ~amo~a

na{H$` ì`ŠVtMm _wŠV àdoe XoIrb Ago YmoHo$ {Z_m©U H$aVmo.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`mÀ`m hmVmV _{hbm§Mo na§namJV dñVy V`ma H$aÊ`mMo CÚmoJ Jobo

AmhoV. nmnS>, {Mßg, bmoUMr, AJa~Îmr Ago J¥hCÚmoJmVrb, Hw${Q>aCÚmoJmVrb ì`dgm` `m H§$nÝ`mZr Mmby

Ho$bm Agë`mZo _{hbm§Mo CÚmoJ ~ao nSy>Z Ë`m§À`m Am{W©H$ AS>MUr dmT>ë`m AmhoV. Á`m {R>H$mUr _{hbm _w»`

H$_dVr ì`ŠVr Amho Ë`m g§nyU© Hy$Qy>§~mbm Ë`mMm \$Q>H$m ~gV Amho.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm gdm©V _moR>m à^md _{hbm {ejUmda nS>bm Amho. Hw$Qy>§~mMo CËnÞ H$_r Pmë`mg àW_

pñÌbm {ejUmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>bo OmVo. ^maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV {OWo nydunmgyZ ñÌr {ejUmMo à_mU

H$_r Amho Vo AmUIr H$_r Pmë`mg Ë`mMm CbQ> n[aUm_ g§nyU© g_mOmda hmoB©b. ñÌrMo ñdV…Mo Amamo½` d

Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m Amamo½`mda {dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoVmo Ë`mVyZ naV ÑîQ>MH«$mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Am{U g_mOmVrb _moR>r

l_eŠVr dm`m OmVo. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m àH«$s oV {Z`moOZ H$_r H$aÊ`mV oVo Ë`m_wio _{hbm d ~mbH$mgmR>r

MmbUmao gm_m{OH$ d H$ë`mUH$mar moOZm Wm§~{dë`m OmVmV. CXm. {ZamYma, n[aVŠ`m _{hbm§gmR>r AmUboë`m

`moOZm H$_r H$aUo qH$dm ~§X H$aUo Ago _{hbm§À`m l_eŠVrMm A{YH$ èhmg hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gdm©{YH$ Xþb©{jV _{hbmdJ© Amho.

XoemÀ`m gdmªJrU {dH$mgmgmR>r `m dJm©H$S>o Xþb©j H$aUo åhUOo XoemVrb Xm[aÐçaofoImbrb bmoH$m§Zm dmT>{dUo

Amho. {ejU d g§gH¥$Vr {Q>H$dÊ`mH$[aVm _{hbm§Zm g_mZ g§Yr Amdí`H$ Amho.

8) H$m_Jma Midirdarb n[aUm_>> …

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd y_rda H$m_Jmam§Mo H§$ÌmQ>rH$aU, ZmoH$arMr Agwa{jVVm. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm

A^md, H$m_Jma H$m`Úm§Mr AË`ën hmoUmar A§_b~OmdUr `m_wio H$m`_ñdê$nr H$m_Jma dJ© gmVË`mZo KQ>V

Amho. AË`mYw{ZH$sH$aUmZo g§nyU© CÚmoJm_Ü o _moR>çm à_mUmV aMZmË_H$ ~Xb hmoV AmhoV. OmJ{VH$saUmÀ`m

à{H«$ oV {dXoer H§$nÝ`m _moR>çm à_mUmV dmT>V AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm {Z_m©UM hmoUma ZmhrV Aem

àH$maMo dmVmdaU {Z_m©U Ho$bo OmV Amho. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo {dKQ>Z doJmZo hmoV Amho. gÜ`m ^maVmVrb 40

Xebj H$m_Jma g^mgX EHy$U 66000 H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm_Ü o {d^mJbo AmhoV. `m_wio H$m_Jmam§Mr eŠVr

{d^mJbr OmdyZ H$m_Jma Midi H$_Hw$dV ~ZV Amho.

3.3 gmam§e> …

KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ 3 _Ü o AmnU "Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y' `mMr g{dñVa MMm© Ho$br Amho. _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m

XmoZ dJm©_Ü o {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m g§~§YmZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y Ago åhUVmV. Va _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb

V§Q>çmbm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh Ago åhUVmV. Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmg doVZ, _hmJmB©, ^Îmm d ~moZg, H$m_mMo Vmg,

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H$m_mMr pñWVr, ñd §MbrV §ÌmMm dmna, ì`dñWmnZmMo J¡adV©Z, H$_Hw$dV H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm, gm_m{OH$

gwa{jVVm, H$m_Jmam§Mr ~o{eñV, _mbH$m§À`mH$Sy>Z H$ama d {Z`_ nmiÊ`m§V Q>mimQ>mi BË`mXr H$maUo H$maUr yV

R>aVmV `m H$bhmMo H$m_JmadJ©, _mbH$ dJ©, g_mO, d amîQ´>mda Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, amOH$s`, _Zmod¡km{ZH$

{dn[aV n[aUm_ hmoV AgVmV.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y gwairV Agë`mg Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm {Q>Hy$Z amhVo Ë`m_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r

§ÌUm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. `m §ÌUo_Ü o H$m ©g_rVr, l_H$ë`mU A{YH$mar, VS>OmoS> A{YH$mar,

VS>OmoS> _§S>i, _Ü`ñWr, l_Ý`m`mb`, Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ý`m`mb`, Mm¡H$er Ý`m`mb`, amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`, H|$Ðr`

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y §ÌUmMr {Z_uVr ^maVmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©UM hmody Z oV

åhUyZ AZwemgZ g§{hVm, doVZ _§S>io, Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§Vr, g§ wŠV ì`dñWmnZ n[afXm, g§ wŠV {dMma {d_e©,

EopÀN>H$ _Ü`ñWVm, ñWm`r {Z`_, AË`mdí`H$ godm H$m`Xm, _mbH$-H$m_Jma H$m © g_rË`m BË`mXtMr

ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. VgoM Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r {Ìnjr` §ÌUm H$m © H$aVo. hr §ÌUm

Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© Q>miUo, H$m_Jma d _mbH$m§Vrb _V oX H$_r H$aUo, H$m_mMr pñWVr gwYmaUo, H$m_Jma

H$m`ÚmMo nmbZ H$aUo d CËnmXZmV dmT> H$aUo Aem àH$maMr y{_H$m nma nmS>Vo.

_mbH$ Am{U H$m_Jma `mÀ`m§Vrb doVZ, H$m_mMr pñWVr, nañna g§~§Y `m {df`r Agbobo _V oX

AmnAmngmV g_OyVrZo {_Q>{dÊ`mMo gmYZ åhUOo gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm hmo . gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr d¡{eîQ>ço,

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMm CÔoe, gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r Amdí`H$ AQ>r d gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr H$m },

gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr H$m ©nÕVr, gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVrb A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV Pmbobm ~Xb d Am¡Úmo{JH$

H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mVrb Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`dmXmMr y{_H$m, `mMrhr g{dñVa MMm© `m KQ>H$m_Ü o Ho$br Amho.

VgoM `m KQ>H$m_Ü o AmnU OmJ{VH$sH$aU g§H$ënZoMr MMm© H$éZ OmJ{VH$sH$aU d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y,

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Ymda Pmbobo n[aUm_, `m§Mm Aä`mg H$éZ eodQ>r OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio

H$m_Jma dJm©da H$moUVo n[aUm_ Pmbobo AmhoV mMmhr AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho. Ë`m_Ü o H$ama H$m_Jma nÕVrMm

CX`, ~hþamîQ´>r` H§$nÝ`mMm \$m`Xm, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb H$m_Jma, H$m_Jma H$nmV, _wXVnyd© ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr,

~oamoOJmar, _{hbmdJ©, H$m_Jma Midi BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm g{dñVa AmT>mdm KoVbm Amho.

3.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãXm§Mo AW© …-

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y … _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb g§~Y.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh … Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© qH$dm V§Q>m.

3) H$m © g{_Vr … H$maImZm g{_Vr.

4) doVZ _§S>i … doVZ Am`moJ.

5) ~moZg … H$m_Jmam§Zm _mbH$mÀ`m Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m.

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6) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm … gm_wXm{`H$ dmQ>mKmQ>r.

7) ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr … H$m_JmamZo ñdV…hÿZ ZmoH$arMm amOrZm_m XoUo.

8) _Ü`ñWr … EImÚm Ì`ñWm_m\ª$V g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aUo.

9) {Ìn{j` §ÌUm … H$m_Jma, _mbH$ d gaH$ma `m§À`m à{V{ZYtMm gh^mJ.

10) OmJ{VH$sH$aU … d¡ídrH$sH$aU.


A) Imbrb n¡H$s `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1) _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb g§~Ymg ---- åhUVmV.

A) Am¡Úmo{JH$ em§VVm ~) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y

H$) H$m © g{_Vr S>) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xo

2) H$m_Jma d _mbH$ `m§À`mV {Z_m©U hmoUmam g§Kf© åhUOo ---- hmo .

A) g_oQ> ~) Am¡Úmo{JH$ J¡adV©Z

H$) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh S>) g_PmoVm

3) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo à_wI H$maU ---- Amho.

A) ~moZg ~)H$m_mMo Vmg

H$) H$m_mMr n[apñWVr S>) doVZ

4) ^maVmV H$maImZm H$m`Xm ---- gmbr H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

A) 1929 ~) 1948

H$) 1951 S>) 1952

5) {Ìnjr` §ÌUoV _mbH$, H$m_Jma d ---- `m {VÝhr njm§Mo à{V{ZYr AgVmV.

A) gaH$ma ~) ì`dñWmnH$

H$) amOH$s` nj S>) gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm

6) ^maVmV ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaU ---- gmbr ñdrH$maÊ`mV Ambo.

A) 1985 ~) 1991

H$) 1995 S>) 2000

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7) ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr `moOZm ---- gmR>r am~{dbr OmVo.

A) H$m_Jmam§ ~) eoVH$è`m§

H$) g§ moOH$m§ S>) _mbH$dJm©

8) gaH$maZo CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo doVZmMo àíZ gmoS>{dÊ`mgmR>r ---- _§S>io ñWmnZ Ho$br AmhoV.

A) ~moZg ~) Z\$m H$) doVZ S>) H$moUVohr Zmhr

9) ---- AW©ì`dñWoV H$m_Jma d H$maImZXma `m§Mo {hVg§~Y nañna{damoYr AgVmV.

A)OmJ{VH$ ~) g_mOdmXr H$) gmå`dmXr S>) ^m§S>dbemhr.

10) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ---- H$nmV Pmbr Amho.

A) ~oH$mar ~) l_ H$) amoOJmar S>) d¥Õr

~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y åhUOo H$m`?

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$moUË`m XmoZ dJm©V hmoVmo?

3) {Ìnjr` §ÌUoV H$moUmH$moUmMo à{V{ZYr AgVmV?

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm åhUOo H$m`?

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©V gdm©V OmñV ZwH$gmZ H$moUmMo hmoVo?

6) ^maVmV ~moZg _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$moUË`m gmbr H$aÊ`mV Ambr?

7) amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H$moU H$aVo?

8) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJmMo H$í`mV énm§Va hmoVo?

9) gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m CÚmoJm§V H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m` åhUVmV?

10) ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr åhUOo H$m`?

H$) OmoS>çm Owidm

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© A) 1947

2) H$maImZm H$m`Xm ~) ~oH$marV dmT>

3) ~moZg H$) doVZ d ~moZg àíZ

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4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm S>) Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m

5) OmJ{VH$sH$aU B) 1956

B©) gm_y{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r


A) `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z [aH$må`m OmJm ^am.

1 = (~) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y.

2 = (H$) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh

3 = (S>) doVZ

4 = (~) 1948

5 = (A) gaH$ma

6 = (~) 1991

7 = (A) H$m_Jma

8 = (H$) doVZ

9 = (S>) ^m§S>dbemhr

10 = (~) l_

~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm

1) _mbH$ d H$m_Jma `m§À`mVrb g~§YmZm Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~Y åhUVmV.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh H$m_Jma d H$maImZXma `m§À`mV hmoVmo.

3) H$m_Jma, _mbH$ d gaH$ma `m§Mo à{V{ZYr {Ìnjr` §ÌUoV AgVmV.

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm åhUOo doVZ, H$m_mMr n[apñWVr B. ~m~r _mbH$ d H$m_Jma à{V{ZYr AmnAmngmVrb

g_OyVrZo gmoS>{dVmV.

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©V gdm©V OmñV ZwH$gmZ H$m_Jma dJm©Mo hmoVo.

6) ^maVmV 1961 gmbr ~moZg _§S>imMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

7) H|$ÐgaH$ma amîQ´>r` Ý`m`mb`mMr {Z wŠVr H$aVo.

8) OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio OJmMo IoS>çmV énm§Va hmoVo.

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9) gaH$maÀ`m _mbH$sÀ`m CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm gaH$mar H$_©Mmar åhUVmV.

10) ñdV…À`m BÀN>oZo KoVbobr {Zd¥Îmr åhUOo ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr.

H$) `mo½` OmoS>çm

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© H$) doVZ d ~moZg àíZ

2) H$maImZm H$m`Xm A) 1948

3) ~moZg S>) Zâ`mVrb dmQ>m

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm B©) gm_y{hH$ dmQ>mKmQ>r

5) OmJ{VH$sH$aU ~) ~oH$marV dmT>


A) XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMr H$maUo ñnîQ> H$am?

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {Z_m©U hmody Z oV åhUyZ ^maVmV H$moUVo Cnm` `moObo OmVmV?

3) ^maVmVrb {Ìnjr` §ÌUoMr y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$am?

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡Xm g§H$ënZm ñnîQ> H$éZ Vmo eñdr hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m AQ>r Amdí`H$ AgVmV?

5) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mVrb Ý`m`mb`rZ g{H«$`dmXmMr y{_H$m ñnîQ> H$am?

6) OmJ{VH$sH$aU d Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~YmMm AmT>mdm ¿`m?

7) OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo H$m_JmadJm©da Pmbobo n[aUm_ ñnîQ> H$am?

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bhmMo n[aUm_.

2) Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$bh {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>rMr §ÌUm.

3) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr C{ÔîQ>ço.

4) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmMr H$m ©nÕVr.

5) _wXVAdYrnyd© ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥Îmr.

6) OmJ{VH$sH$aU d _{hbm§Mo Xm[aÐç.

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7) {Ìnjr` ì`dñWoMr C{ÔîQ>ço.

8) gm_wXm{`H$ gm¡ÚmVrb A{bH$S>rb àd¥Îmr.

3.8 joÌr` H$m`© :

1) Amnë`m H$m ©joVmVrb EImÚm CÚmoJmVrb _mbH$ d H$m_Jma g§~YmMm Aä`mg H$éZ Ë`m§À`m

g_ñ`m OmUy ¿`m.

2) Amnë`m n[agamVrb EImÚm CÚmoJmVrb _{hbm H$m_Jmam§Mm gdmªJrU Aä`mg H$am.

3) Amnë`m n[agamVrb {d{dY H$maImÝ`mVrb _mbH$ dJm©À`m AS>MUrMm Aä`mg H$éZ

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMm Ë`m§À`mda H$moUVm n[aUm_ Pmbm `mMm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

3.9 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© J«§W :

1) l_mMo AW©emñÌ … S>m°. à^mH$a Xoe_yI

2) l_ AW©emñÌ … S>m°. _¥Um{bZr \$S>Udrg, S>m°. àmMr Xoenm§S>o•

3) doVZ {gÕm§V … S>m°. Oo. E\²$ nmQ>rb, S>m°. ìhr. ~r. H$H$S>o

4) l_ g_ñ`m Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§~§Y … àm. kmZoída _oYo

5) ^maVmMr AW©ì`dñWm … S>m°. àH$ma Xoe_wI

6) l_mMo AW©emñÌ … {Xbrn ZoaH$a

7) OmJ{VH$sH$aU ^maVmg_moarb AmìhmZo … àm. OJZ H$amS>o

8) Zì`m OJmMo AW©H$maU … S>m°. _YygwXZ gmR>o

9) OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U ^maV … Z{bZr n§S>rV

10) Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOemñÌ … {dídZmW Pm

11) ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm … S>m°. g. lr. _w. XogmB©, S>m°. gm¡. {Z_©i ^mboamd

12) Indian Economy : Misra and Puri.

13) Indian Economy : Ruddra Datt, K.P.M Sundaram

♦♦♦

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AZwH«$_{UH$m …

4.0 CÔrï>o

4.1 àñVm{dH$.

4.2 {df` {ddoMZ.

4.2.1 emgZ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm-gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr g§H$ënZm,Am{U {VMr CËH$m§Vr,

gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m, gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm g§X^m©Vrb emgZmMo YmoaU

4.2.2 l_ H$ë`mU- g§H$ënZm Am{U CËH$m§Vr, ^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_

4.2.3 ñÌr _Owa Am{U ~mb _Owam§À`m {dfoe g_ñ`m,l{_H$m§À`m dV©Zm_Ü o/dmJUyH$sV oX d qbJ

nyd©J«h

4.2.4 l_ ~mOmamVrb gwYmaUm- {ZH$mg YmoaU, gwajm OmirMr JaO, l_ ~mOmamV bd{MH$Vm

AmUÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm Xwgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U l_ ~mOma

4.3 gmam§e

4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX.

4.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ.

4.6 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao.


4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X © nwñVHo$

4.0 C{Ôï>o (Objectives)

`m KQ>H$mVrb Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmg nwT>rb ~m~tMr H$ënZm oB©b :-

A) emgZ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm- gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr g§H$ënZm, Am{U {VMr CËH$m§Vr,

gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m, gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm g§X^m©Vrb emgZmMo YmoaU g_OyZ KoVm

oB©b.

KQ>H$ - 4

emgZ g§ñWm Am{U l_(State and Labour)

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~) l_ H$ë`mU - g§H$ënZm Am{U CËH«$m§Vr, ^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_ ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

H$) ñÌr _Owa Am{U ~mb _Owam§À`m {dfoe g_ñ`mMm, l{_H$m§À`m dV©Zm_Ü o dmJUyH$sV oX d qbJ nyd©J«h

§mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

S>) l_ ~mOmamVrb gwYmaUm- {ZH$mg YmoaU, gwajm OmirMr JaO, l_ ~mOmamV bd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r

Cnm``moOZm, Xwgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ, OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U l_ ~mOma g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

4.1 àñVm{dH$ (Introduction) :

_mJrb KQ>H$mV AmnU Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$

g§Kf© hmoD$ Z oV mgmR>r §ÌUm, {Ìnjr` H$ama, gm_w{hH$ gm¡XmeŠVr, maVmVrb l_ H$m`Xo, Am§VaamîQ´>r` l_

_mZHo$, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Midi, {VMr CËH$m§Vr, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m nmíd© y_rda l_ g§KQ>Zm MidirMo

_hËd `m{df`rMm g{dñVa Aä`mg Ho$bobm Amho.

àñVyV KQ>H$ H«$_§mH$ 4 _Ü o emgZ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm åhUOo H$m`? gm_m{OH$

gwa{jVVoMr g§H$ënZm, Am{U {VMr CËH$m§Vr, gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m `mVrb \$aH$,

gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm g§X^m©Vrb emgZmMo YmoaU g_OyZ KoVm oB©b. l_ H$ë`mU g§H$ënZm Am{U CËH$m§Vr,

^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_ ñnï> H$aVm oB©b. ñÌr _Owa Am{U ~mb _Owam§À`m {deof g_ñ §mMm Aä`mg

H$aVm oB©b. l_ ~mOmamVrb gwYmaUm§VJ©V doJdoJi`m Cnm``moOZmMm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV. {ZH$mg YmoaU,

gwajm OmirMr JaO, l_ ~mOmamV bd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>r Cnm``moOZm, Xwgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ,

OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U l_ ~mOma `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

4.2.1 gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVoMr g§H$ënZm d CËH«$m§Vr (Concept of Security and its Evalution) :

gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm ho AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ g_mOì`dñWoMo à_wI d¡{eîQ> Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$

{dH$mg d ZmJarH$aUm_yio _OyamMm EH$ \$ma _moR>m dJ© {Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. hm dJ© CËnmXZ ì`dñWoVrb

_hËMmMm KQ>H$ _mZbm OmVmo. CËnmXZmMm g§ moOH$ d _Oya hm _mZdr Agë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m {hVmMr OmonmgZm

H$aUo _hËdmMo Amho.

g_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m ~m~V ^maVmVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ nmíd© y_r d g§X © Vnmgbo AgVm H$mhr VaVyXr

Ho$ë`mMo g_OVo. H$m¡{Q>ë`mMo AW©emñÌ, _Zwñ_¥Vr, ewH««$ñ_¥Vr, ZmaXñ_¥Vr BË`mXr àmMrZ J§«Wm_YyZ ñdH$s`m§~amo~aM

na{H$`m§Zmhr gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ Ho$br OmV Agë`mMo g§X © AmT>iyZ oVmV. `mdê$Z àmMrZ ^maVr`

gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWoMr {Z{_©Vr Aem àH$mao Ho$br hmoVr H$s Á`m_Ü o _Oyam§Mr d gd©gm_mÝ` _mZdmMr gm_m{OH$

gwajm ghOnUo hmoV Ago.

B gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVoMr CËH«$m§Vr (Evolution of Social Security) :

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H«$m§VrZ§VaÀ`m H$mimV gd©M g_mOm_Ü o ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ ho nydr©nojm A{YH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMo d

E_.E. ^mJ-2 / AW©emó ....9

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g_ñ`m_` Pmbo Amho. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV ì`ŠVtda oUmè`m AmH$pñ_H$ g§H$Q>mMo à_mU dmT>V Mmbbo Amho.`mVyZM nmpíM_mË` Xoem§_Ü o gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm H$m ©H«$_mMr gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mV Ambr. gZ 1935 _Ü oA_o[aHo$V gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm hm eãX à`moJ H$m`m©b`rZ Cn`moJmgmR>r n{hë`m§Xm H$m`Xm Ho$ë`mZ§Va dmnabmJobm. maVmV ñdmV§Í`nyd© H$mimV gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm H$m ©H«$_mMr gwê$dmV Pmbr Agbr Var Ë`m H$m ©H«$_mMoñdê$n _`m©{XV hmoVo. ñdmÎm§Í`moÎma H$mimV `m H$m ©H«$_mbm JVr {_imbr.

^maVr` àmMrZ J§«Wm_Ü o gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr ~rOo AmnUmg {XgyZ oVmV. _Zwñ_¥Vr, ewH«${ZVr,H$m¡{Q>ë`mMo AW©emñÌ B. àmMrZ gm{hË` g§nXoVyZ gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm C„oI AmT>iVmo. amOmZo d emgZmZod¥ÜX, {dYdm, AZmW, A§Y, An§J bmoH$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ _XV Ho$br Omdr Agm C„oI AmT>iyZ oVmo. nydr©À`mH$mimV Aem _XVr_wio AZoH$ àH$maMr gwa{jVVm OZVog bm^V Ago. amOml` {_iV Ago. ^maVm_Ü oñdmV§Í` àmárZ§Va H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`mMr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`mZwgma gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m joÌm_Ü oAZoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar H$m_o H$aÊ`mV Ambr. nydr©À`m gm_m{OH$ Agwa{jVon|jm A{bH$S>rb Agwa{jVVm doJir{XgyZ oVo. gÚ n[apñWVrV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg nmpíM_mË` {ejUmMm à^md, pñÌ`m§Mo Am{W©H$ ñdmdb§~Z,ì`ŠVrdmXr d ^m¡{VH$dmX YmaUm, gm_m{OH$ A§XmobZo, AmYw{ZH$ H$m`Xo, OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ImOJrH$aUBË`mXr_wio _Owa gm_m{OH$ Agwa{jV hmody bmJbm Amho. g§ wŠV Hw$§Qy>~ nÜXVr ZîQ> hmodyZ {d^ŠV Hw$Qy>§~ nÜXVr{Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio {dMmam§Mr XodmU KodmU, O~m~XmarMo {d^mOZ Z Pmë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ Agwa{jVVm dmT>VAmho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU, ImOJrH$aUm_wio H$m_Jmam§{df`r H$m`Xo ~Xbë`mZo H$m_Jma A{YH$ Agwa{jV PmbmAmho. OmJ{VH$ nmVirda AmO gJirH$So> ObX JVrZo n[apñWVrV n[adV©Z hmoV Amho. Agwa{jVVoMo ñdê$nd Vrd«Vm dmT>V Amho. Ë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm hm EH$ A{Zdm © ^mJ Pmbm Amho. _Oyam§Zm Ë`m§À`mdarbg§H$Q>mÀ`m H$mimV {d{dY gaH$mar `moOZmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _XV H$aUo ho emgZmMo H$V©ì` Amho. BVHo$M ZìhoVa XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ d gm_m{OH$ àJVrMo _moO_mn gm_m{OH$ gya{jVVm ì`dñWoÀ`m g§X^m©V Ho$bo OmVo.åhUyZM gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm ho AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmMo EH$ à_wI d¡{eîQ>ç _mZbo OmVo. H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m_Ü oXoemVrb gd© ZmJ[aH$m§Zm àm_w»`mZo Jar~ d Xw~©b KQ>H$m§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mMr O~m~XmaremgZmda AgVo.

B gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm ì`m»`m :

gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm hr EH$ ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. Xoe, H$mi d n[apñWVrZwgma gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm`m g§H$ënZoMm AW© ~XbV Agë`m_wio gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr EH$M Aer gd©_mÝ` ì`m»`m gm§JVm oVZmhr. g_mOmV amhÿZ H$m © H$arV AgVmZm ì`ŠVrg_moa CËnÝZmMr Agwa{jVVm, ì`mdgm{`H$ Agwa{jVVm dZ¡g{J©H$ H$maUm_wio Agwa{jVVm, {Z_m©U hmoV AgVmV. m Agwa{jVVo_YyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmV AmnÎmr {Z_m©UPmë`mg Ë`mMo OrdZ CÜdñV hmody Z o `mH$[aVm g_mOmH$Sy>Z åhUOoM gaH$maH$Sy>Z H$aÊ`mV oUmè`m gd©à`ËZm§Mm g_mdoe "gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm' `m g§H$ënZoV hmoVmo. gwa{jVVm gwa{jVVoÀ`m ì`m»`m nwT>rb à_mUoAmhoV.

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1. ga {dë`_ ~odarO, "gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVoVm åhUOo nmM _hmX¡Ë`m§er wÜX H$aUo hmo Vo åhUOo JaOm,AmOma, AkmZ, J{bÀN>Vm d Amig ho hmoV.'

("Social Security is an attack on five giants namely want, ignorance, squalor

and illness")

2. lr. qgJ Am{U ñdaZ, " gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm Z¡g{J©H$ gm_m{OH$, d¡ pŠVH$ d Am{W©H$ H$maUm§_wio

CËnÝZ hmoUmè`m AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§À`m {dê$ÜX g_mOmÛmao {Z_m©U Ho$bobr EH$ nÜXVr hmo '.

3. _m°[ag ñQ>m°H$, ""ì`ŠVr ñdV:Mr j_Vm d XyaX{e©V|Zwgma Ooìhm ñdV: qH$dm Amnë`m Hw$Qy>§~mbm

AmOma, ~oH$mar, d¥ÜXËd d Am¡Úmo{JH$ AnKmV Am{U A`mo½`VonmgyZ AmOrdZ g§ajU XoD$ eH$V

Zmhr, Voìhm Aem n[apñWVrV g_mOmZo {ZpíMV H$m ©H«$_m§Mr AmIUr H$ê$Z {Xboë`m gwajog

gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm åhUVmV.''

4. Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>Zm (ILO)

""gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm åhUOo g_mZmZo `mo½` g§KQ>ZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo Amnë`m {d{dY AmnÎmtÀ`m

àg§Jr ghmæ` H$aUo hmo .''

("Social security is the security that society furnishes, through appropriate or

causation, against certain risks to which its membr are exposed.")

5. Ho$. EZ. doX "" gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm hm Agm EH$ à_wI AmYmañV§ Amho Á`mda H$ë`mUH$mar

amÁ`mMr g§aMZm {Q>Hy$Z AgVo Am{U ~hÿVoH$ Xoem§_Ü o Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$ moOZm§À`m _hËdnyU© mJ

g_Obo OmVo''

gßQ>|~a 1977 _Ü o Zdr {X„r oWo Am`mo{OV Ho$boë`m Am§VaamîQ>r` l_ g§KQ>ZoÀ`m n[afXoV gm_m{OH$

gwajVVoMr g§H$ënZm A{YH$ ì`mnH$ H$aÊ`mV Ambr. Ë`m_Ü o nwT>rb ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

i) gm_m{OH$ {d_m

ii) gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`

iii) H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ bm^

iv) Amamo½`mMr {ZJm d BVa gm_m{OH$ godm

v) g_m{OH$ H$ë`mU godm§er g§~§YrV ~m~r.

WmoS>Š`mV, gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m àË oH$ H$m ©H«$_mMo C{ÔîQ> ZmJ[aH$m§Zm {d{eîQ> {H$_mZ OrdZ_mZ

OJVm oB©b `mMr h_r XoUo Am{U Ë`m§Mo {d{^ÝZ AmnÎmtnmgyZ g§ajU H$aUo ho AgVo.

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B gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m (Social assistant and Social Insurance)

gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm `m g§H$ënZoV gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm d gm_m{OH$ {d_m h`m XmoZ ~m~tMm g_mdoe

hmoVmo. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm XoÊ`mMr hr XmoZ _mÜ`_o qH$dm nÜXVr (Methods) AmhoV.

B gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m (Social Assistant)

gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm nÜXVrMr gwê$dmV 19 ì`m eVH$mV hmoD$Z 20 ì`m eVH$mV doJdoJi`m H$maUm§gmR>r

gm_m{OH$ ghmæ` XoÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrMm CX` Pmbm. g§H$Q>J«ñV ì`ŠVrbm amoI aŠŠ_, dñVy VgoM {d{dY

godm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gmhmæ` {Xbo OmVo Am{U àm_w»`mZo `m_Ü o Ë`m g§H$Q>J«ñV ì`ŠVrMo H$moUVohr Am{W©H$

`moJXmZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio Aer ghmæ`Vm àmá H$aUmam `m _XVrbm Amnbm hŠH$ _mZy eH$V Zmhr. "ì`ŠVrbm

g§H$Q>H$mimV _XV H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÜXVrbm gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Ago åhUVmV.'

""WmoS>Š`mV, g_mOmVrb JaOy ì`ŠVtZm Ho$di yVX oZo ào[aV hmoD$Z Ë`m§À`m JaOm§À`m Vrd«VoZwgma Ooìhm

Am{W©H$ _XV CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo, Voìhm Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$ ghmæ` Ago åhUVmV. ZmJ[aH$ d {deofV:

{n{S>Vm§Zm {H$_mZ OrdZ OJVm `mdo `mgmR>r g_mO d emgZ `m§Mr EH$ gm_m{OH$ O~m~Xmar åhUyZ Aer

ghmæ`Vm Ho$br OmVo. `mgmR>r g~§YrV ì`ŠVrbm H$moUVrhr dJ©Ur Úmdr bmJV Zmhr. ñd §ñ\wVr©Zo emgZ d

gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm {nS>tVm§Mo OrdZ gwIH$a H$aÊ`mgmR>r _XV H$aVmV.

""H$m_Jmam§H$Sy>Z H$moUË`mhr àH$maMr dJ©Ur Z KoVm _mZdVoÀ`m X¥pîQ>H$moZmVyZ Ooìhm Ë`mbm {Zd¥ÎmrdoVZ,

AnKmV d ZwH$gmZ ^anmB©, Am¡fYmonMmamMm IM©, {ejUmMm IM© `mgmaIr _XV CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo

Voìhm Ë`mbm gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm Ago åhUVmV.''

g_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm nwT>rb nmM àH$mao Ho$br OmVo.

1. d¥ÜXmnH$mbrZ _XV 2. _mV¥Ëd _XV 3. d¡ÚH$s` _XV 4. An§JmÀ`m nwZd©gZmg _XV 5. ~oH$mam§Zm

_XV.

B gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`VoMr d¡{eîQ>ço :

1. gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`VoMo \$m`Xo H$m_Jmam§Zm n¡emÀ`m ê$nmZo {Xbo OmVmV. Ë`mgmR>r Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z

H$moUVrhr dJ©Ur KoVbr OmV Zmhr.

2. gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm moOZm§Mr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm H$m_Jmam§_Ü o H$moUVmhr oX^md Ho$bm OmV

Zmhr.

3. gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm `moOZMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aVmZm H$m_Jmam§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrMm Am{U

JaOoMm Vrd«VoZo {dMma Ho$bm OmV Zmhr.

4. g§H$Q>J«ñV ì`ŠVrbm amoI aŠH$_, dñVy d {d{dY godm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _XV Ho$br OmVo d Aem

_XVr_Ü o g§H$Q>J«ñV ì`ŠVrMo H$moUVohr `moJXmZ ZgVo.

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5. gm_m{OH$ ghmæ`Vm `moOZm§Zm {dËVnwadR>m H$aÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar hr emgZmMr AgVo. H$maUgm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoUo ho gaH$maMo _hËdmMo H$V©ì` _mZbo OmVo.

B gm_m{OH$ {d_m (Social Insurance)

gm_m{OH$ {d_m åhUOo H$m_Jmam§Zm Ë`m§À`m dJ©UrVyZ Am{U _mbH$ d emgZmÀ`m _XVrVyZ {Z_m©UPmboë`m {ZYrVyZ Ë`m§Mm hŠH$ åhUyZ \$m`Xo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr nÜXVr hmo . g§H$Q>H$mbrZ g_ñ`m§ZmH$m_Jmam§Zm _XV H$aVm `mdr `mgmR>r H$m_Jma d CÚmoOH$mH$Sy>Z g_mZ dJ©Ur Jmoim H$ê$Z Agm {ZYr {Z_m©UhmoVmo emgZhr m {ZYrbm AZwXmZmÀ`m ê$nmZo _XV H$aVo. Aem[aVrZo {Ìnjr` dJ©UrVyZ hm {ZYr {Z_m©U hmoVmo.

`m `moOZoA§VJ©V Xoem_Ü o Á`m H$mhr {ZpíMV ñdê$nmÀ`m `moOZm g_m{díR> Ho$ë`m OmVmZm.

S>m°. Ama. gr. gŠgoZmÀ`m _Vo, "gm_m{OH$ {d_m Aer EH$ `moOZm Amho Á`m_Ü o bm^ àmá H$aUmè`md BVa ì`ŠVtÀ`m A§eXmZmZo EH${ÌV Ho$br Jobobr aŠH$_ AgVo. d Ë`mVyZ AmOma, AnKmV, ~oH$mar,d¥ÕmdñWm BË`mXrÀ`m doir ì`ŠVtZm bm^ nmohmoM{dbm OmVmo. H$_rV H$_r OrdZñVa {Q>H$dyZ R>odUo hmgm_m{OH$ {då`mMm CX²Xoe AgVmo, Ë`m_wioM gm_m{OH$ {då`mMo \$m`Xo ì`ŠVtZr ^aboë`m hßË`m§nojm{H$VrVar nQ>rZo OmñV AgVmV.''

"gm_m{OH$ {d_m åhUOo g§H$Q> H$mimV qH$dm AS>MUrÀ`m àg§Jr H$m_Jmambm qH$dm ì`ŠVrbm A{YH$Xw:I, `mVZm d Ìmg hmody Z o `mgmR>r Ho$bobr ì`dñWm d Ë`mgmR>r gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m H$m`m©bmgm_m{OH$ {d_m Ago åhUVmV.

g_m{OH$ {då`mÛmao Am{W©H$ gwajm àXmZ H$aÊ`mV oVo. {dî`H$mimV g_ñ`m {Z_m©U hmody Z oV mgmR>rpñdH¥$V Ho$bobr hr à{V~§YmË_H$ nÜXVr Amho. gm_m{OH$ {då`mÛmao CËnmXZmV d¥ÜXr, H$m ©j_VoV dmT>,OrdZ_mZ C§MmdUo B. C{ÔîQ>o gmÜ` Ho$br OmVmV. H$m_Jmam§Zm bmMma qH$dm Jwbm_ Z H$aVm Ë`m§Mm ñdm{^_mZA~m{YV R>odyZ gm_m{OH$ {d_m aŠH$_oVyZ _XV {_iV Agë`mZo hr EH$ AmXe© nÜXVr _mZbr OmVo. AemàH$mao OrdZmVrb {d{dY g_ñ`m nmgyZ ì`ŠVrMo g§ajU H$aÊ`mgmR>r gm_m{OH$ {d_m hr gm_w{hH$ nÜXVrAmho.

B gm_m{OH$ {d_m d¡{eï>ço :

1. H$m_Jma, _mbH$ d emgZmÀ`m EH${ÌV à`ËZmVyZ EH$ gd© gmYmaU aŠH$_ Jmoim hmoVo, Aem {ZYrMmCn`moJ H$m_JmamgmR>r Ho$bm OmVmo.

2. {Ìnjr` gh^mJmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m {ZYrV emgZmÀ`m gh^mJmnojm H$m_JmamMm _m¡{ÐH$ ñdê$nmMmgh^mJ H$_rV H$_r AgVmo. åhUOoM {då`mMr dJ©Ur Ë`m§À`m Xo j_Vonojm A{YH$ AgV Zmhr. Aemgh^mJmVyZ {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m _m¡{ÐH$ {ZYrMm OmñVrV OmñV \$m`Xm H$m_Jmam§Zm {Xbm OmVmo.

3. Aën CËnÝZ nmVir d {H$_mZ OrdZ {Zdm©h nmVir `m§Mm gmH$ë`mZo {dMma H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§À`mH$ë`mUmMr nmVir {ZpíMV Ho$br OmVo.

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4. H$m_Jmam§Mm AmË_gÝ_mZ OmJ¥V R>odyZ d H$m_Jmam§Mm EH$ A{YH$ma åhUyZ Ë`mbm {då`mMr _XV CnbãY

H$ê$Z {Xbr OmVo.

5. AmYw{ZH$ Agwa{jVVoÀ`m OJmV gm_m{OH$ ñdmñW {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r d gm_m{OH$ {hVg§dY©ZmgmR>r H$m_JmamZo

gm_m{OH$ {d_m `moOZoV gh^mJr Pmbo nm{hOo.

6. gm_m{OH$ {då`mVwZ H$m_Jmam§Mo Xw:I A§eV: H$_r H$aVm oVo, na§Vw Ë`mMo nyU©nUo {ZdmaU H$aVm oV

Zmhr.

7. ì`mnmar {då`mnojm gm_m{OH$ {då`mMr g§H$ënZm {^ÝZ Amho H$maU gm_m{OH$ {då`m_Ü o OrdZmÀ`m

{H$_mZ XOm©da a {Xbobm AgVmo. Va ì`mnmar {då`m_Ü o gm_m{OH$ ~m~tda \$magm a {Xbobm ZgVmo.

B gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmMo qghmdbmoH$Z d narjU (Review and

appraisal of state policies with respect to social security)

^maVm_Yrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {dñV¥V d gd©ñner©

`moOZm A§_bmV AmUÊ`mgmR>r JaO AZoH$ dfm©nmgyZ AË §V Vrd«VoZo mgV hmoVr. H$maImÊ`mV H$m_ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm

Amboë`m H$m_Jmam§Mo d§ena§naoZo MmbV Ambobo Xm[aÐç, Aën_Owar, H$O©~mOmarnUm, AmOmanU, amhUr_mZmMm

{ZH¥$ð> XOm©, d¡Ú{H$` gw{dYm§Mm A^md Aem {d{^ÝZ H$maUm§_wio ^maVm_Yrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm {H$_mZ

OrdZ_mZmMr h_r {_idyZ XoÊ`mH$arVm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr EH$ ì`mnH$ `moOZm gwê$ H$aUo AË §V JaOoMo

hmoVo. ^maVm_Ü o gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr H$m`Xo H$aÊ`mV Ambo Ë`mVrb H$mhr _hËdnyU©

H$m`Xo nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.

1. H$m_Jmam§Zm ZwH$gmZ^anmB© XoÊ`mg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm -1923 (Workmen's Compensation

Act.-1923)

H$maImÝ`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm N>moQ>o-_moR>o AnKmV hmoUo hr Zoh_rMrM ~m~ Amho. m AnKmVmMr

n[aUVr EH$ Va H$m_Jmambm _¥Ë y oUo qH$dm An§JËd {Z_m©U hmoUo m_Ü o hmoVo. H$m_Jma hm Hw$Qy>§~mVrb H$_dVm

ì`ŠVr Agë`mZo Ë`mÀ`m _¥Ë y qH$dm An§JmËdm_wio Hw$Qy>§~mVrb Adb§{~V bmoH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ hmb hmoVmV.

H$m ©j_ d ñdm{^_mZr H$m_Jmambm An§JËdm_wio BVam§À`m X oda Adb§~yZ amhdo bmJVo. H$m_Jmam§_Ü o

gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mgmR>r 1923 _Ü o H$m_Jma

ZwH$gmZ anmB© H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV Ambm d 1 Owb¡ 1924 nmgyZ H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr Pmbr. m H$m`ÚmMo

joÌ d Cn wŠVVm dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r 1923 Vo 1974 `m H$mimV `m H$m`ÚmV 11 doim Xwê$ñË`m H$aÊ`mV

Amë`m. H$maImZo, ImUr, dmhVyH$, _io, drO CËnmXZ, aoëdo `mgma»`m gd© ì`dgm`mVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm hm

H$m`Xm bmJy hmoVmo. 1984 À`m nydr© m H$m`Úm§VJ©V Ho$di 1000 ê$n`m§nojm H$_r _m{gH$ CËnÝZ AgUmè`m

l{_H$m§ZmM `m `moOZoMm bm^ {_iV hmoVm. na§Vw AmVm 1984 À`m g§emoYZmÛmao _Owar g§~§YrMo {Z`_ g_má

H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

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`m H$m`ÚmZwgma H$m_Jmambm A§eVm qH$dm H$m`_ ñdê$nmMo An§JËd, _¥Ë y BË`mXrgmR>r Vrd«VoZwgmadoJdoJi`m aH$_o_Ü o ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr VaVyX Ho$br Amho. H$m_Jmam§À`m AnKmVmMo ñdê$n bjmV KoD$Z

Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr aŠH$_ R>a{dÊ`mMr VaVyX H$m`ÚmV Amho.

H$m_Jma ZwH$gmZ ânmB© H$m`ÚmZwgma H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AnKmV qH$dm ì`mdgm{`H$ amoJ

Pmbm VaM _mbH$mH$Sy>Z ZwH$mgmZânmB© {_iVo. hr ZwH$gmZ ânmB© aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar _mbH$mMrAgVo. gaH$maH$Sy>Z qH$dm AÝ` _mJm©Zr _XV {Xbr OmV Zmhr. H$maImÝ`mVrb AnKmVmÀ`m doir H$m_JmamZo_mXH$ nXmWm©Mo godZ Ho$bobo Agob qH$dm H$maImÝ`mVrb gwajm {Z`_mMo _wÔm_ C„§KZ Ho$bobo Agob Va Aem

H$m_Jmam§Zm ZwH$gmZânmB© {Xbr OmV Zmhr. `m H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OmdUr amÁ`ñVamdê$Z H$aÊ`mV oVo dË`mH$[aVm àË oH$ amÁ`mV ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Am wŠV H$m © H$[aV AgVmo nU ZwH$gmZ ânmB©Mr aŠH$_ XoÊ`mMrO~m~Xmar _mÌ godm`moOH$m§da AgVo.

AnKmVm_wio H$m_JmamMm _¥Ë y Pmë`mg ZwH$gmZânmB©Mr aŠH$_ Ë`mÀ`mda Adb§~yZ AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm

(Am{lVm§Zm) àmá hmoVo. H$m`ÚmZo Am{lVm§Mr dJ©©dmar XmoZ àH$mamV Ho$br OmVo. H$mhr ì`ŠVtZm AmnU g§~§{YVH$m_JmamMo A{lV AmhoV ho XmI{dÊ`mH$[aVm nwadm XoÊ`mMr JaO ZgVo. CXm. {dYdm nËZr, {dYdm AmB©, 18dfm©Imbrb _wbo. `mCbQ> H$mhr A{lVm§Zm AmnU g~§{YV H$m_JmamMo Am{lV AmhmoV `mH$[aVm nwamdm Úmdm

bmJVmo. CXm. A{ddm{hV qH$dm {dYdm ~hrU, {dYdm qH$dm Aënd`ñH$ {ddm{hV _ybJr BË`mXr.

Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm àXmZ H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ H$m_Jmam§Zm ZwH$gmZânmB©

XoÊ`mg§~YrÀ`m H$m`ÚmMr Cn wŠVVm H$moUmbmhr ZmH$maVm oV Zmhr, na§Vw H$m`ÚmÀ`m A§_b~OmdUr_YyZH$m`Úm_Yrb H$mhr nwT>rb Xmof bjmV Ambo.

1. AnKmV Pmë`mZ§Vahr H$m_Jma ZwH$gmZânmB© _mJmV Zmhr. H$maU H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMr{^Vr AgVo.

2. H$m_Jmam§Zm qH$dm Ë`m§À`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm ~ZdyZ godm`moOH$ H$m`ÚmZo R>adyZ {Xboë`m aŠH$_onojmH$_r aŠH$_ XoVmV d Ë`m§À`m hŠH$mEodOr CnH$mamMr ^mfm H$aVmV.

3. ZwH$gmZ ânmB© H$m`Xm g§K{Q>V H$m_Jmam§n ©V _`m©{XV amhVmo Ag§KVrV H$m_Jmam§Zm `m H$m`ÚmMobm^ {_iV ZmhrV.

4. H$m_Jmam§Zm ì`mdgm{`H$ AmOmamMr bmJZ Pmë`mg Ë`m§Zm H$moUË`mVar g~~rdê$Z H$m_mdê$Z

H$_r Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio ZwH$gmZ ânmB© Úmdr bmJV Zmhr. H$m_JmamMo ZwH$gmZ hmoVo.

Ago Xmof Agbo Var amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ, amÁ`{d_m _hm_§S>i d Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>Zm BË`mXr g§ñWm

doimodoir H$m`ÚmVyZ gwYmaUm H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§gmR>r gw{dYm nwa{dÊ`mÀ`m {e\$maer H$aVmV.

2. H$_©Mmar ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr H$m`Xm 1952 (Employee's Provident Fund Act, 1952)

H$m_Jmam§Zm {Zd¥ËVrZ§Va Amnë`m {H$_mZ JaO nyU© H$aUo eŠ` ìhmdo d Ë`m§À`m _ZmV Am{W©H$

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gwa{jVVoMr ^mdZm {Z_m©U ìhmdr h`m CÔoemZo 4 _mM© 1952 amoOr H$_©Mmar ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr H$m`Xm

H$aÊ`mV Ambm Am{U 1 Zmoìh|~a 1952 nmgyZ H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~mOdUr gwê$ Pmbr. H$_©Mmar {dî` {Zdm©h

{ZYr H$m`ÚmZwgma V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambobr `moOZm gwê$dmVrbm {g_|Q>, {gJmaoQ²g, B§{O{Z`[a¨J, bmohnmobmX,

H$mJX d dñÌmoÚmoJ Aem CÚmoJmV Á`m{R>H$mUr {H$_mZ 50 H$m_Jma H$m_ H$arV AmhoV Aem H$maImÝ`m§_Ü o

H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$m_Jmam§Zm bmJy H$aÊ`mV Ambr. `m H$m`ÚmV doimodoir gwYmaUm H$ê$Z H$m`ÚmMo ñdê$n d

ì`már dmT>{dÊ`mV Ambr. 30 gßQ>|~a 1983 n ©§V 173 CÚmoJmVrb 20 nojm OmñV H$m_Jma AmhoV d drOoMm

dmna H$aÊ`mV oVmo, Aem CÚmoJm§Vrb H$_©Mmè`m§Mm `m H$m`ÚmV A§V^m©d Ho$bm Jobm.

`m H$m`ÚmZwgma H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m nJmamVyZ 6.25 Vo 8 Q>ŠHo$ n ©§V aŠH$_ H$nmV Ho$br OmVo d VodT>rM

aŠH$_ godm`moOH$mbm Ë`m H$_©Mmè`mÀ`m ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr_Ü o O_m H$amdr bmJVo. hr gd© EH${ÌV aŠH$_

ì`mOmgh H$m_Jmambm Ë`mÀ`m {Zd¥ËVrZ§Va {Xbr OmVo. _mÌ H$m_JmamZo EH$m dfm©À`m ZmoH$arÀ`m H$mimV

{H$_mZ 240 {Xdg H$m_ Ho$bobo Agbo nm{hOo, VaM m moOZoÀ`m \$m`Xm H$m_Jmambm {_iVmo. EH$m dfm©À`m

H$mbmdYrZ§Va `m {ZYrMr aŠH$_ nJmamVyZ H$nmV H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Ho$br OmVo.

H$m_JmamÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYrVrb O_m aŠH$_ H$m_JmamZo nydr©M dmag {Xboë`m ì`ŠVrbm

XoÊ`mV oVo `m H$m`ÚmMr ì`már dmT>dyZ Mm¡Ï`m `moOZoV {dñVma H$ê$Z Ë`mAmYmamda H$O© XoÊ`mMr gw{dYm

XoÊ`mV Ambr Amho. hr `moOZm bmJy H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H|${Ð` {dídmg _§S>i ~Z{dÊ`mV Ambo VgoM `m H$m`ÚmV

_¥Ë y ghmæ`Vm {ZYr (Death Relief Fund) Mr ñWmnZm H$aÊ`mV Ambr. H$m_JmamÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m

Hw$Qy>§~mbm Am{W©H$ ghmæ`Vm {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r 1 _mM© 1971 nmgyZ H$_©Mmar Hw$Qy>§~ {Zd¥ËVr doVZ `moOZm gwê$

Ho$br. Ë`m_Ü o doimodoir gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

3. H$_©Mmar amÁ` {d_m H$m`Xm 1948 (The Employee's State Insurance Act - 1948)

^maVmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ H$m_Jmam§gmR>r Ho$boÀ`m gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm H$m`Úm§n¡H$s H$_©Mmar amÁ` {d_m

H$m`Xm hm AË §V _hËdmMm H$m`Xm Amho. H$maU Amamo½` ajU, _mV¥Ëd bm^, AnKV {d_m `m gd© `moOZm§Mo

EH$ÌrH$aU H$ê$Z hm H$m`Xm 19 E{àb 1948 _Ü o {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mV Ambm. gZ 1951, 1966 Vo 1975

`m dfm©V `m H$m`ÚmmV gwYmaUm H$aÊ`mV Amë`m. gZ 1948 gmbr `m H$m`ÚmV AbrH$S>rbÀ`m gwYmaUm

hmodyZ ESI Act 1984 hm H$m`Xm 27 OmZodmar 1985 nmgyZ ApñVËdmV Ambm.

amÁ` H$_©Mmar {d_m moOZm hm gm_m{OH$ {d_m nÜXVrV gm_m{dï> Agbobm n{hbm H$m`Xm Amho. Am{¾`

Am{f`mVrb _{hbm H$m`Xm åhUyZhr mMm C„oI Ho$bm OmVmo. H$_©Mmar amÁ` {d_m _hm_§S>imÛmao m H$m`ÚmMo

àemgZ nm{hbo OmVo. ñdmWr© g{_Vr, {M{H$Ëgm bm^ n[afX qH$dm à{V{ZYr _§S>io `m H$m`ÚmMo àemgZ

nmhVmV. àemgZ _§S>imV 40 g^mgX AgVmV `m_Ü o bmoH$g^m gXñ` ImgXma, H|$Ð d amÁ` emgZmMo

à{VZYr, d¡Ú{H$` joÌmVrb ì`ŠVr, H$m_Jma qH$dm l_rH$ d _mbH$mMo à{V{ZYr AgVmV. H|${Ð` H$m_Jma

_§Ìr hm amÁ` H$_©Mmar {d_m _hm_§S>imMm AÜ`j d Amamo½`_§Ìr hm CnmÜ`j AgVmo. àmXo{fH$ d ñWm{ZH$

nmVirda hr _§S>io AgVmV. 2 Cn{d^mJr` H$m`m©b o, 700 ñWm{ZH$ CnñWm{ZH$ Am{U doVZ H$m`m©b` gd©

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amÁ`m_Ü o hmoVr. 31 _mM© 1994 n ©§V 12 amÁ`m_Ü o Am§Y« àXoe, {~hma, JwOamV, H$Zm©Q>H$, Ho$ai, _Ü`àXoe,n§Om~, amOñWmZ, Vm{_iZmSy>, CÎmaàXoe npíM_ ~§Jmb `m `moOZmoMr A§_b~OmdUr H$aÊ`mV Ambr. 1

OmZodmar 1995 n ©§V gw_mao 66.41 bmI H$_©Mmè`m§Zm `m H$m`Úm§VJ©V gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMm bm^ {_iVhmoVm. gmd©O{ZH$ d ImOJr Aem XmoÝhr joÌmVrb H$maImÝ`mV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè`m§Zm hm H$m`Xm bmJyhmoVmo.

H$_©Mmar amÁ` {d_m, H$m`Úm_Ü o ñdV:Mm {d_m CVadyZ KoUmè`m H$m_Jmam§H$[aVm nwT>rb nmM {d{dYàH$maÀ`m bm^m§Mr VaVyX H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho.

A) AmOmanUm~Ôb bm^ (Sickness Benefit's)

H$_©Mmè`m§Zo ñdV:Mm {d_m CVa{dbm Agob d Vmo AmOmar nS>bm Va Ë`mbm AmOmanUm~ÔbMo {d_mMobm^ àmá hmoVmV. AmOmanUmVrb n{hë`m XmoZ {XdgmÀ`m (à{VjoMm H$mi) H$mimV bm^ {_iV ZmhrV, na§Vwg§~§{YV H$m_Jma nwÝhm 15 {Xdgm§À`m AmV AmOmar nS>ë`mg Ë`mbm XmoZ {XdgmMm bm^ _mJÊ`mMm A{YH$ma

AgVmo. EH$m dfm©V gVV H$mbmdYrV H$moUË`mhr H$m_Jmambm 56 {Xdgm§nojm OmñV {Xdg AmOmanUm~Ôbbm^ {_iy eH$V Zmhr. H$m_Jmambm hm bm^ gamgar X¡{ZH$ _OyarÀ`m {Zåå`m XamZo àmá hmoVmo.

~) _mV¥Ëdbm^ (Maternity Benefit's)

H$_©Mmar amÁ` {d_m H$m`Úm§VJ©V gh^mJr ñÌr H$m_Jmam§Zm àgyVrnyd© d àgwVrníMmV 12 AmR>dS>`mMrnyU© H$m`Úm_Ü o Amho. hm bm^ {_i{dÊ`mgmR>r {d_mYmaH$ ñÌr H$m_JmamZo Vr H$m_Jmda CnpñWV Agboë`m

_wXVr_Yrb AmR>dS>çmÀ`m {H$_mZ XmoZ V¥Vr`m§e AmR>dSo> qH$dm H$_rV H$_r 12 doiog Amnbo A§eXmZ {XboboAgbo nm{hOo. _mV¥Ëdbm^ àmá H$aÊ`mgmR>r ñÌr H$m_Jmambm J ©YmaUm Pmë`mZ§Va {VZo {d_m {M{H$ËgmA{YH$mè`mH$Sy>Z J^m©dñWoMo à_mUnÌ àmá H$aUo A{Zdm © Amho.

H$) An§JËd qH$dm Ag_W©Vo~Ôb bm^ (Disablement Benefit's)

H$m_Jma H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AnKmV hmodyZ An§JËd qH$dm AmOmanU Amë`mg Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_H$m_ H$aÊ`mÀ`m j_Voda d A§{V_V: AWm©OZmda hmoVmo. Aemdoir An§JËd Amë`mg Ë`mbm An§JËd bm^

àmá hmoVmo. An§JËd bm^ àmá H$aÊ`mH$[aVm g§~{YV H$m_JmamZo ñdV:Mm {d_m H$mTy>Z KoVbm Agob Ë`m{XdgmnmgyZ Ë`m H$m_Jmambm An§JËd bm^ àmá H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma {_iVmo. An§JËdmÀ`m ñdê$nmda An§JËdbm^mMr _wXV Adb§~yZ AgVo. Á`m H$m_JmamMo An§JËd H$m`_ ñdê$nr AgVo. Aem H$m_Jmambm Ë`mÀ`m

h`mVrn ©§V An§JËd bm^ àmá H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo; na§Vy Á`m H$m_JmamMo An§JËd AñWm`r ñdê$nmMoAmho Ë`m§Zr An§JËdmMo bm^ An§JËd Ago n ©§VM {_iVmV.

S>) A{lVm§Mm bm^ (Dependant's Benefit's)

A{lVm§Mm bm^ hm ñdV:Mm {d_m CVa{dboë`m H$m_JmamMm AnKmVm_wio _¥Ë y Pmë`mg Ë`mÀ`mdaAdb§~yZ AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm hmoVmo. H$m_JmamÀ`m _¥Ë yZ§Va Ë`mÀ`m {dYdm nËZrbm Vr Ord§V Agon ©§V qH$dm

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{VZo nwÝhm: {ddmh H$aon ©§V nyU© XamÀ`m VrZ-n§M_m§f mJm~amo~a AgUmar aŠH$_ Am{lVmMm bm^ åhUyZ {Xbr

OmVo. XmoZ {dYdm Agë`mg Ë`m§Zm Am{lVmMr aŠH$_ g_mO à_mUmV dmQy>Z {Xbr OmVo. d¡Y qH$dm XËVH$

_wbmbm Am{U d¡Y A{ddm{hV _wbrbm 15 dfm©n ©§V qH$dm d¡Y _wbrMo b¾ hmoB©n ªV hm bm^ {_iVmo. {dYdm

nËZr d d¡Y AnË` Zgë`mg H$_©Mmar Ý`m`mb`mìXmao KoVboë`m {ZU© mZwgma KoVboë`m {ZU© mZwgma bm^mMo

{dVaU Ho$bo OmVo.

B) d¡Ú{H$` bm^ (Medical Benefit's)

d¡Ú{H$` bm^ hm {d_m CVa{dboë`m H$m_Jmambm godoÀ`m ñdê$nmV àmá hmoVmo. {d_m H$mT>bobm H$m_Jma

qH$dm Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qy>§~mVrb BVa ì`ŠVtZm d¡Ú{H$` CnMmamMr JaO {Z_m©U Pmë`mg Ë`m d¡Ú{H$` bm^ àmá

H$aÊ`mMm A{YH$ma AgVmo. H$m_Jma hm d¡Ú{H$` bm^ ~mh` amoJr åhUyZ CnMmamÀ`m ñdê$nmV, H$m_Jmambm

XdmImÝ`mV ^aVr H$ê$Z KoD$Z Z§Va Ë`mbm CnMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV d S>m°ŠQ>aZo H$m_JmamÀ`m Kar OmD$Z

Ë`mbm `mo½` Vmo CnMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV àmá H$aVm oVmo. {d_m CVa{dboë`m H$m_Jmam§H$[aVm d Ë`m§À`m

ZmVodmB©H$mH$[aVm d¡Ú{H$` CnMmamMr `mo½` Vr ì`dñWm H$aUo hr àË oH$ amÁ` gaH$maMr O~m~Xmar _mZbr

OmVo.

4. A§Voï>r bm^ :

{d_mYmaH$ H$m_JmamÀ`m _¥Ë yÀ`m níMmV Ë`mÀ`m A§Ë`{dYrgmR>r IM© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$Qy>§~mVrb gdm©V

_moR>>çm gXñ`mbm qH$dm Hw$Qy>§~ Zgob Va Á`m ì`ŠVrZo IM© Ho$bm Agob Ë`mbm H$mhr aŠH$_ amoI ñdê$nmV

{Xbr OmVo. gZ 1968 nmgyZ A§Voï>r bm^ `moOZm Om{ha H$aÊ`mV Ambr.

5. H$moigm ImU H$_©Mmar ^{dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr Am{U ~moZg H$m`Xm :

(The Coal Mines Provident Fund and Bonus Act)

gZ 1948 gmbr H$moigm ImUrV H$m_ H$aUmè`m H$_©Mmè §mgmR>r {dî`H$mbrZ d godm{Zd¥ËVrZ§VaÀ`m

OrdZmg§~§Yr VaVyX H$aÊ`mgmR>r hm H$m`Xm A_§bmV AmUbm. `m H$m`ÚmZo XoemVrb gd© H$moigm ImUrVrb

H$m_Jmam§Zm ~moZg d ^{dî`{Zdm©h {ZYr XoÊ`mMr gŠVr H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. ImUrV H$m_ H$aUmè`m§Zr 48

{Xdg godmH$mb nyU© Ho$bm åhUOo Ë`m§Zm m H$m`ÚmÝd o g§ajU XoVm oVo. gZ 1967 gmbmn ©§V 1300 H$moigm

ImUrVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm hm \$m`Xm bmJy hmoVm. H$m_JmamÀ`m nJmamVrb 10% aŠH$_ d _mbH$m§H$Sy>Z VodT>rM

aŠH$_ O_m H$ê$Z hr aŠH$_ EH${ÌV ì`mOmgh {dî` {Zdm©h {ZYr åhUyZ godm {Zd¥ËVrÀ`m doiog H$m_Jmambm

{Xbr OmVo.

`m{edm` emgZmZo H$m_JmamMo OrdZ ZmoH$arÀ`m H$mbmdYrV d {Zd¥ËVrZ§Vahr gwa{jV amhmdo `mX¥ï>rZo

BVahr H$mhr `moOZm qH$dm H$m`Xo V`ma Ho$bo AmhoV. `m_Ü o {Zd¥ËVr doVZ, _¥Ë y ghm`Vm 1964 d XoUJr

`moOZm 1972 Mmhr g_mdoe hmoVmo.

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4.2.2 l_ H$ë`mU (Labour Welfare) :

l_ H$ë`mU hr ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho. bmoH$emhr, amÁ`ì`dñWoMo d g_mOdmXr g_mOaMZoMo C{Ôï>

ñdrH$maboë`m ^maVmgma»`m XoemV Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmH$arVm bmJUmao g_mO ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aUo _hËdmMo

hmoVmo. XoemV g_mOmMr {d{eï> àH$maMr KS>U {Z_m©U Pmmë`m{edm` XoemÀ`m Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmbm doJ dmTy>

eH$V Zmhr. H$m_Jmam§À`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm {d{dY moOZm ì`dpñWVnUo AmmIyZ Ë`m§Mr H$m ©j_nUo A§_b~OmdUr

H$aÊ`mV Amë`mg ObX Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgmbm g§ wŠVrH$ d nwaoH$ R>aob Aem g_mOg§KQ>ZoMr {Z{_©Vr XoemV

hmody eH$Vo åhUyZM H$m_Jmam§À`m H$ë`mUmMm {dMma _hËdmMm Amho.

l{_H$m§Mo H$ë`mU m g§ko_Ü o gd©gmYmaUnUo {dlm§Vr , H$a_UyH$, Amamo½` d d¡Ú{H$` gw{dYm, CnhmaJ¥ho

{ZdmgmMr d dmhVyH$ gw{dYm BË`mXr ~m~tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. H$m_Jma H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_m§_Ü o H$m_Jmam§_Yrb

qMVm, ì`mYr Z¡amí` Zï> hmodyZ Ë`mÀ`m ì`H$Vr_ËdmV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m H$m ©H«$_m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

Ë`mM~amo~a H$m_Jmam§Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmTy>Z CËnmXH$Vm dmT>{dÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo H$aÊ`mV oUmè`m gd© à`ËZ§mZm

H$m_Jma H$ë`mU `m g§H$ënZoV A§V ©yV H$aVm oB©b. H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmMr ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo -

1. Am°W©a Ooåg Q>m°S> :-

""H$m_Jmam§À`m gwIH$[aVm Ë`m§Mo m¡{VH$ OrdZ_mZ gwYmaÊ`mH$[aVm Ë`m§À`m H$m_m{Z{_ËV {Xë`m OmUmè`m

doVZmì`{V[aŠV Á`m gwIgmo r d gdbVr {Xë`m OmVmV, Ë`mbm H$m_Jma H$ë`mU åhUVm oB©b.''

2. Am§Vaamï´>r` l_ g§KQ>Zm :-

""H$maImÝ`mV H$m_Jmam§gmR>r qH$dm H$maImÝ`m^modVr Ë`m§À`mgmR>r d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qy>§~mgmR>r Á`m godm,

gmo r d g§Yr _mbH$ ñdIwfrZo CnbãY H$ê$Z XoVmV. d Á`m`moJo H$m_Jma {ZamoJr d gwg§dmXr dmVmdaUmV

CËnmXZ H$ê$ eH$VmV Ë`m§Zm H$m_Jma H$ë`mU åhUmdo.''

3. l_ _§Ìmb`mÀ`m aoJo g{_VrMm Ahdmb (1946) :

""H$m_Jmam§À`m ~m¡pÜXH$, emar[aH$ , Z¡{VH$ Am{U Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Oo à`ËZ _mbH$, emgZ AWdm

BVa g§ñWm H$aVmV Am{U Oo à`ËZ Ho$di H$m`ÚmMr A§_b~OdUr åhUyZ AWdm H$amamMr A§_b~OmMUr

åhUyZ Z H$aVm ñdIwfrZo Ho$bo OmVmV, Ë`m§Zm H$m_Jma H$ë`mU åhUVm oB©b.''

4. H$m_Jma ZoVo H¡$. Zm. _. Omoer :

"H$maImZXmar H$m`Xm Am{U VËg_ H$m`Xo `mV {Xboë`m H$m_Jmam§À`m {H$_mZ pñWVr~m~VÀ`m

{Z`_m§ì`{V[aŠV Oo \$m`Xo d gmo r gw{dYm _mbH$ ñdIwfrZo H$m_Jmam§Zm XoVmV Ë`m§Zm H$m_Jma H$ë`mU åhUmdo.'

5. àm. [a`S©>gZ :

"H$m_Jmam§Mo Amamo½`, Amam_, H$m ©j_Vm, Am{W©H$ gwa{jVVm, {ejU d H$a_UwH$s_Ü o a Q>mH$Ê`mÀ`m

CÔoemZo `moOÊ`mV Amboë`m {^ÝZ Cnm`m§Mm l_ H$ë`mU `m g§H$ënZoV g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.'

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WmoS>Š`mV, H$m_Jmam§À`m gmo rgmR>r doJdoJi`m gw{dYm CÚmoOH$m§H$Sy>Z ñdIwfrZo àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m

à{H«$ obm H$m_Jma H$ë`mU åhUVm oB©b.

B ^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m`©H«$_ :

^maVmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mr J«m_rU nmíd© y_r, Ë`m§Mo na§namJV Xm[aÐç d H$O©~marnUm, H$m_Jmam§Mm {ZH¥$ð>

amhUr_mZ XOm©, Ë`m§À`m JaOm d Anojm {dMmamV KoVm {dH$grV Xoem§nojm maVmV l_rH$m§À`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm

{d{dY gmo r d gw{dYm CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mÀ`m moOZobm _hËd àmá hmoVo. maV gaH$maZo 1966 gmbr EH$m

{g_m g{_VrìXmao (Committee on Labour Welfare) H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY moOZm AmIyZ Ë`mMo

`mo½` _yë`_mnZ H$ê$Z Ë`m moOZmÀ`m A§_b ~OmdUrV gwYmaUm KS>dyZ AmUë`m. maVmV l_ H$ë`mUm~m~V

H|$Ð gaH$ma, amÁ` gaH$ma d god `moOH$ VgoM H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr Ho$boë`m `moOZ§Mm g_mdoe l_ H$ë`mU

`moOZmV hmoVmo.

A) H|$Ð gaH$maMo H$m_Jma H$ë`mU H$m`©H«$_ :

H$m_Jmam§À`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm Ë`m§Zm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m gmo r d gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMr

O~m~Xmar ~hþg§»` maVr` H$maImZXmam§Zr Z ñdrH$maë`m_wio, gaH$mabm nwT>mH$ma KoD$Z m g§X^m©V H$maImZXmam§Mr

O~m~Xmar {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm H$mhr {deof H$m`Xo H$aUo Amdí`H$ hmoVo.

H|$Ð gaH$maZo nwT>mH$ma KodyZ l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m ~m~VrV H$maImZXmam§Mr O~m~Xmar {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm

H$mhr H$m`Xo Ho$bo AmhoV. l_rH$m§À`m H$ë`mUH$[aVm {d{dY àH$maMr VaVyX AgUmao nwT>rb à_mUo H$m`Xo gÚm

ApñVËdmV AmhoV. gZ 1948 bm ^maVr` H$maImZm H$m`Xm (Indian Factory Act), 1946 Mm A «H$

ImUr H$ë`mU {ZYr H$m`Xm, 1947 Mm H$moigm Am{U H$m_Jma H$ë`mU {ZYr H$m`Xm 1957 (Plan tations

Labour Act 1951), ImU H$m`Xm (1952) (The Mines Act) ì`mnmar OhmOm§Mm H$m`Xm 1923 ,

JmoXt_Yrb H$m_Jmam§Mm H$m`Xm, _moQ>ma dmhVyH$ H$_©Mmar H$m`Xm 1961 H$moigm ImUr l_ H$ë`mU {ZYr

H$m`Xm 1947, {dS>r d {gJmaoQ> H$m_Jmam§À`m amoOJma {df`H$ pñWVrg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm 1966 BË`mXr

H$m`Úm§Mm g_mdoe H$ê$Z H$m_Jma H$ë`mU gmÜ` H$aÊ`mV Ambo. {Z`moOZ H$mbmdYrV CÚmoOH$m§Mr H$m_Jmam§À`m

{hVmgmR>r "H$ë`mU {dídñV {ZYr' gwê$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r CÚmoOH$m§Mr _mZ{gH$ V`mar Ho$br. Ë`mMmM n[aUm_

åhUyZ 1952 d 1954 gmbr Ho$§ÐmZo amÁ`m§Zm AmXoe H$mTy>Z H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmgmR>r H$ë`mU {dídñV {ZYr gwê$

H$aÊ`mg ^mJ nmS>bo.

~) amÁ` gaH$maMo H$m_Jma H$ë`mU H$m`©H«$_ :

H|$Ð gaH$maà_mUoM amÁ` gaH$mahr l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmV {Za{Zami`m `moOZm gwê$ H$ê$Z H$m_Jmam§Mo

{hVg§~§Y OmonmgÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. _hmamï´>, CËVaàXoe, npíM_ ~§Jmb hr amÁ o H$m_Jma H$ë`mU,

H$m ©H«$_m_Ü o AJ«oga am{hbr AmhoV. 1953 _Ü o _w§~B© amÁ`mV _w§~B© l_ H$ë`mU {ZYr H$m`Xm H$aÊ`mV

Ambm. H$m_Jmam§Zr X§S> åhUyZ {Xbobr aŠH$_, XoU½`m ho l_ H$ë`mU {ZYrMo _hËdmMo ñÌmoV hmoVo. _hmamï´>mghr

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gd© amÁ` gaH$mao Amnmnë`m amÁ`mVrb H$m_Jmam§À`m H$ë`mUmgmR>r H|$X« gaH$maÀ`m gwMZoZwgma {d{dY

H$m ©H«$_mMo Am`moOZ d A§_b~OmdUr H$arV AgVo.

_hmamï´>mVrb H$m_Jma H$ë`mU Ho$§Ðo AmXe© d H$m ©j_ _mZbo OmVmV. m H|$ÐmMr {d^mJUr "A', ~, H$,

S> Aem JQ>mV Ho$br Jobr Amho. H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmMo H$m ©H«$_ H$m`m©ÝdrZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV _hmamï´> l_

H$ë`mU _§S>imMr ñWmnZm Ho$br. Ë`mZwgma {ZYr {Z_m©U H$ê$Z Vmo {ZYr gmd©O{ZH$ d gm_m{OH$ {ejU H§$o§Ðo

C^maUo, gmd©O{ZH$ godm, gwÅ>r {dlm_J¥ho, gm_m{OH$ H$m_o, H$m_Jmam§Mo amhUr_mZ d gm_m{OH$ n[apñWVr

C§Mmdob Aem ~m~rìXmao H$m_Jma H$ë`mU H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dÊ`mV Ambo.

amÁ`mVrb H$m_Jma H$ë`mU H|$ÐmìXmao {d{dY H$m ©H«$_ am~{dbo OmVmV. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo :-

i) Ñí` H$a_U_yH$ - {MÌnQ>, ZmQ>H$, g§JrV, àXe©Zo {MÌo B.

ii) emar[aH$ {ejU d Amamo½` - ì`m`m_emim , H«$rS>m§JUo B.

iii) Amamo½` {ejU - AnKmV Q>miÊ`mg§~§Yr gyMZm, àW_monMma gm_mÝ` ñdÀN>Vm , Amamo½`{df`H$

gëbm, d¡Ú{H$` VnmgUr, Amamo½`{df`H$ _m{hVrnÌHo$, CnmhmaJ¥hm§Mr ñWmnZm B.

iv) e¡j{UH$ H$m © - dmMZmb o, J«§Wmb o , àm¡T> {ejUmÀ`m gmo r H$m_Jma H$m`Xo, H$m_Jma Midir~Ôb

Img à{ejU B.

H$) godm`moOH$m§Zr l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmV Ho$bobo H$m`© :

H$m_JmamÀ`m H$ë`mUmH$[aVm H$maImÝ`mV d H$maImZm n[agamV {^ÝZ gmo r d gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z

XoUo hr godm`moOH$mMr qH$dm H$maImZXmamMr O~m~Xmar Amho. ^maVmVrb ~hÿg§»` H$maImZXma H$m_Jmam§gmR>r

gwI gw{dYm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mÀ`m ~m~VrV CXgrZ d {damoYr gwa hmoVm. _mÌ {Z`moOZ H$mbmdYrV Ho$§Ð emgZmZo

{d{dY H$m`Xo H$ê$Z H$ë`mUmÀ`m ~m~VrV H$maImZXmamMr y{_H$m {ZpíMV Ho$br. Ë`m_wio H$maImZXmam§Zm l_

H$ë`mUmMr O~m~Xmar ñdrH$maÊ`mm{edm` n`m© am{hbm Zmhr. H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo dmT>Vo ~i, H$m_Jmam§À`m

_ZmV KSy>Z Ambobr amOH$s` OmJ¥Vr, g§n d Koamd h`m àH$mam_wio CËnmXZmda hmoUmam {dnarV n[aUm_ Aem

{d{dY H$maUm§_wio gwÜXm XoemVrb H$mhr _moR>çm H$maImZXmam§Zr H$m_Jmam§Zm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m gmo r d

gdbVr CnbãY H$ê$Z XoÊ`mg àd¥ËV Pmbo.

godm`moOH$m§Zr gwVr H$mnS> CÚmoJ, Á yQ> CÚmoJ, ImUr _io BË`mXr CÚmoJmV l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m {d{dY

gmo r - gw{dYm {Z_m©U Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$m_Jma§mMo g§K{Q>V d Ag§KQ>rV Ago {d^mOZ Ho$ë`mg g§K{Q>V nojm

Ag§K{Q>V CÚmoJmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m ~hþg§»` H$m_Jmam§À`m ~m~VrV {H$_mZ _Oyar H$m`Xm H$m ©pÝdV H$aÊ`mV

Z Amë`m_wio hçm H$m_Jmam§Zm A{Ve` Anyar _XV {_iVo. Ag§K{Q>V CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§H$[aVm Ë`m§Mo

godm`moOH$ H$m_Jmam§Zm Amdí`H$ Agboë`m gmo r d gdbVr nwa{dÊ`mH$[aVm Zoh_rM Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmV.

Ë`m_wio Ag§K{Q>V CÚmoJmVrb H$m_Jmam§Mo OrdZ_mZ AË §V {ZåZ XOm©Mo AgVo.

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S>) H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo l_ H$ë`mUmMo H$m`© :

godm`moOH$ d gaH$ma à_mUoM H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr hr _hËdmMr y{_H$m gmo r gw{dYm§Mr CnbãY H$ê$Z

XoÊ`mV Amho. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _OwarXamV dmT>, H$m_mMo Vmg {ZpíMV H$aUo, Amamo½` B. ~m~V godm`moOH$mer

bT>m d dmQ>mKmQ>rMo H$m © H$arV AgVmV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m H$m_Jmam§Mm amhUr_mZ XOm©, e¡j{UH$ XOm©

dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm d H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`pŠV_ËdmMm gdm©§JrU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`pŠV_ËdmMm

gdm©§{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `moOZm AmIVmV d H$m`m©ÝdrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm_Yrb Am{W©H$ XwamdñWm, EH$mË_VoMm A^md, {ZajaVm, A{Z`_rV CnpñWVr, Xm[aÐç,

X¡ddmX, amOH$s` X~md B. H$mhr KQ>H$m§_wio ^maVr` H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmMo H$m © _mJo nS>V

Amho.

^maVmVrb B§Q>H$, qhXy _OXya g^m, Aem _moR>`m Xhm H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Zr {d{dY amÁ`mV ñnYm©, n[ag§dmX,

_Zmoa§OZmMo H$m ©H«$_, {d{dY à{ejUmMo CnH«$_ gd© am~{dbobo AmhoV.

B) g_mOgodm g§ñWm Am{U l_ H$ë`mU :-

nmíMmË` Xoemà_mUo maVmVhr H$mhr g_mOgodmg§ñWm l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmV ag KoD$ bmJë`m AmhoV.

^maVmV {Za{Zamiçm Am¡Úmo{JH$ H|$Ðm_Ü o H$moUË`m g_mOgodm g§ñWm l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmV H$m © H$arV

AmhoV. ~m°å~o gmoeb gpìh©g brJ, godmgXZ g§ñWm, §J _oÝg p¼íMÝg Agmo{gEeZ (Y.M.C.A.) amoQ>ar

Šb~, bm° Ýg Šb~ `mgma»`m g§ñWm§Zr l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m joÌmV _hËdmMo H$m © H$arV AmhoV. H$m_Jma

dñVr_Ü o amÌrMo dJ© Mmb{dUo, àmW{_H$ emim§Mo g§MmbZ H$aUo. J«§Wmb o d dmMZmb`mMr ì`dñWm H$aUo,

Ago `m g§ñWmMo H$m © Amho.

XoemVrb g_mOgodmg§ñWm ~amo~aM {d{^ÝZ H$m`Úm§Zr l_ H$ë`mUmÀ`m ~m~VrV godm`moOH$m§da Á`m

{d{dY O~m~Xmè`m AmhoV Ë`m O~m~Xmè`m godm`moOH$m§Zr nyU© H$amì`mV h`mH$[aVm Xoem_Yrb {d{^ÝZ

g_mOgodm g§ñWm Amnë`m H$m`m©_wio Amdí`H$ Agbobo dmVmdaU XoemV {Z_m©U H$ê$ eH$VmV.

4.2.3 l{_H$m§À`m {deof g_ñ`m (Special Problems of Labour)

l_rH$m§À`m g_ñ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr àË oH$ XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` OrdZmV {Za§VanUo

MmbV amhUmar à{H«$`m Amho. {d{eï> n[apñWVr_Ü o qH$dm {d{eï> H$maUm§_wio l_ g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ago

{ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm oV Zmhr. J«m_rU nmíd© y_r, {ZajaVm, Aën_Oyar, H$m¡eë`mMm A^md BË`mXr gd©g_mdoe

g_ñ`m ~amo~a ~mb_Oya d ñÌr _Oya§mÀ`m H$mhr {deof g_ñ`m AmhoV. Ë`mnwT>rb à_mUo Aä`mgVm oVrb.

B ~mb _Oya (Child Labour) :

~mb _OyamMr g_ñ`m hr {dídì`mnr AgyZ Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ db` Amho. maVmV ~mb_OyarMr

àWm Iyn àmMrZ Amho. XoemV Jwbm_rÀ`m H$mbmdYrV eoVr d BVa ì`dgm`mV ~mb_Oyam§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV

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hmoVm. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmZ§Va H$maImZo, CÚmoJY§Xo {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio ~mb _Oyam§Mr g_ñ`m Vrd« d Jw§VmJw§VrMr

Pmbr. ~mb _Oyar H$m`Úm_wio CÚmoJmVrb ~§YZmV AgUmè`m ~mb _Oyam§Mr g§»`m H$_r Pmbobr Zmhr. àma§ r

am° b H${_eZÀ`m Ahdmbm_Ü o CÚmoJ, ImUr, _io d JmoÚg§_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmè`m ~mb H$m_JmamÀ`m pñWVrMo

Aën _OyarMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bobo hmoVo.

B ~mb _OwarMm AW© (Meaning of Child labour) :

Am{W©H$,gm_m{OH$, Z¡g{J©H$ g§H$Q>o, wÜX `m_wio AZoH$ Hw$Qy>§~o ~oKa hmoVmV. AZoH$ bhmZ _wbo AZmW

hmoVmV AWdm Hw$Qy>§~mVrb Xm[aÐç, {ejUmMm A^md Aem H$maUm§Zr AZoH$ _wbm§Zm _mob_Oyar H$ê$Z CnOr{dH$m

H$amdr bmJVo. Hw$Qw>§~mbm Am{W©H$ hmV^ma bmJmdm åhUyZ AZoH$ _ybm§Zm ~mb_Oyar H$amdr bmJVo. ~mb_OyarÀ`m

ì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo -

1. emh nr. E_. `m§À`m_Ü o "~mb_Oyam§À`m g§X^m©V ~mbH$mMr d Ë`m~amo~a Ë`m§À`m l_mMr `mo½`

Aer ì`m»`m Ho$bobr Zmhr.'

(Neither the 'child' nor the nature of labour in the context of child labour, has been

welf defined - P.M. Shah)

2. "H$moUVohr CÚmoJ, ImUr, H$maImZo BË`mXr_Ü o _mZ{gH$ d em[a[aH$ l_ H$aUmè`m 14 dfm©À`m

Imbrb _wbm§Zm ~mb _Oya åhQ>bo OmVo.'

gZ 1946 À`m l{_H$ AZwg§YmZ g{_VrZo maVmÀ`m g§X^m©V Aer à{V{H«$`m ì`ŠV Ho$br H$s, maVmV

AZoH$ CÚmoJm§_Ü o bhmZ _ybm§Zm ~oH$m`XoeranUo H$m_mda KoUo hm l_rH$m§À`m n[apñWVr~m~V EH$ H$mim S>mJ

Amho. ^maVr` g§{dYmZmÀ`m 24 ì`m AZwÀN>oXmV åhQ>bo Amho H$s 14 dfm©À`m Imbrb _wbm§H$Sy>Z ImUr d

H$maImÝ`m§_YyZ H$m_ H$adyZ KoVbo OmUma Zmhr, {deofH$ê$Z Or H$m_o Ë`m§À`m Amamo½`mda {dnarV n[aUm_

KS>dyZ AmUVmV.

B ~mb_Oyam§Mo dJr©H$aU (Classification of Child Labour) :

~mb _Oya H$moUË`m {R>H$mUr Am{U H$moUË`m H$maUm_wio H$m_ H$aVmV `mdê$Z nwT>rb XmoZ {d^mJmV

dJr©H$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

A) n{hë`m ^mJmV Oo ~mb_Oya Amnë`m Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m na§namJV H$m_mV AmB© - d{S>bm§~amo~a H$m_

H$aVmV Vr _wbo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ H$bm {eHy$Z nwT>o ì`dgm` MmbdVmV.

~) Xwgè`m mJmV Oo ~mb_Oya Amnë`m Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m ~mhoarb CÚmoJmV qH$dm à{Vð>mZm_Ü o _Oyarda H$m_

H$aVmV. ~mhoarb CÚmoJmV qH$dm à{Vð>mZm_Ü o _Oyarda H$m_ H$aVmV. `m ~mbH$m§Mo Am{W©H$ d

emararH$ emofZ \$ma _moR>`m à_mUmda Ho$bo OmVo åhUyZ ~mb_Oyam§Mr g_ñ`m hmo OmñV J§ ra

ñdê$nmMr Amho.

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B ^maVmVrb ~mb_OyarMo ñdê$n (Nature of Child Labour in India) :

^maVmV gZ 1991 À`m OZJUZoZwgma EHy$U 1.42 H$moQ>r ~mb_Oya hmoVo. gaH$maZo EHy$U 26 H$moQ>r

~mbH$mn¡H$s (14 dfmªn ©§VÀ`m) 1.75 H$moQ>r ~mbHo$ l_rH$mÀ`m ê$nmV H$m_ H$arV Agë`mMo _mÝ` Ho$bo Amho.

l_ _§Ìmb`mÀ`m AmH$So>dmarZwgma àË oH$ {Vgè`m Hw$Qy>§~mV EH$ ~mbH$ _Oya Amho. ^maVmV doJdoJi`m

A§XmOmZwgma ~mb_Oyam§Mr g§»`m {^ÝZ Agbr Var g_ñ`m Odinmg gma»`mM AmhoV. ^maVmV gdm©{YH$

~mb_Oya Am§Y«àXoemV AmT>iVmV. Am§Y«àXoe (16.6 :) _Ü` àXoe d H$Zm©Q>H$ (13.9 :), _hmamï´>mV

(12.9:) V{_iZmSy> (10.8 :) Amo[agmV (10.9 :), amOñWmZ (9.9 :) d JwOamW (8.8 :) Agm ~mb

_Oyam§~m~V H«$_ AmT>iVmo. ~mb_Oyam§_Ü o _wbtnojm _ybm§Mo à_mUo OmñV AmT>iVo. VgoM ehar ^mJmnojm

J«m_rU ^mJmVrb ~mb_Oyam§Mr g§»`m OmñV Amho.

B ~mb_OyamÀ`m g_ñ`m (Problems of Child Labour) :

^maVmVrb ~mb _Oyam§À`m g§» oV dmT> hmoÊ`mMr H$maUo nwT>rb à_mUo AmhoV.

1. Xm[aÐç :- maVmV AmOhr gw_mao 30% Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU Amho. Ë`m_wio Jar~ Hw$Qy>§~mVrb bhmZ _ybm§Zm

Cn{OdrHo$gmR>r ~mb_Oya åhUyZ H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. {Zanoj Xm[aÐçmMo à_mU àM§S> Agë`m_wio ~mb_Oyar

dmT>V Amho.

2. ~oH$mar :- dmT>Ë`m bmoH$g§» o~amo~a XoemV ~oamoOJmarhr dmT>V Agë`m_wio ~mb_Oyar dmT>Vo. CnrdrHo$gmR>r

bhmZ _ybm§Zmhr H$m_mda nmR>dmdo bmJVo. mVyZ ~mb l{_H$m§À`m KQ>Zm dmT>V OmVmV. ~mb_Oyam§Mr g_ñ`mhr

àË`jnUo ~oH$mar OmoS>bobr Amho.

3. A{ejrVnUm :- ^maVr` g§{dYmZmZo 14 dfm©À`m AmVrb _ybm§Zm gŠVrMo d _mo\$V {ejU {_imbo

nm{hOo. {ejUmMm hŠH$ g§{dYmZmZo gdm©§Zm {Xbm Amho. na§Vy àË`jmV emio~mhoa amhUmè`m _ybm§Mo à_mU àM§S>

Amho. `mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ~mb _OyarV dmT> hmoVo.

4. bmoH$g§» oVrb dmT> :- Xm[aX« Am{U bmoH$g§»`m dmT> `m_Ü o ghg§~§Y Amho. Xm[aX« ho bmoH$g§»`m

{dñ\$moQ>mMo EH$ à_wI H$maU Amho. Xm[aÐç dmT>- bmoH$g§»`mdmT> `m_yio Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r ~mb

_Oyar H$amdr bmJVo.

5. H$maImZXmamMr y{_H$m :- ~mb _Oyar dmT>Ê`m_Ü o H$maImZXmamMr Agm_m{OH$ _mZ{gH$Vm {XgyZ

oVo H$maU H$maImZXmam§Zm AZoH$ H$bm Hw$garMr, ~marH$ d H$m¡eë`mMo H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr H$bm BË`mXr H$maUo

Amho. embrMo {dUUo, H$mbrZ CÚmoJ, {hè`m§Zm nm°{be H$aUo, H$mM CÚmoJ, Oar dH©$ H$aUo `mgma»`m

hñVmoÚmoJm§_Ü o bhmZ _ybm§Zm H$m_mda bmdbo OmVo. ~mb_OyarMo gm_m{OH$ Am{W©H$ n[aUm_ OmñV Agë`mZo

`m g_ñ oMo Jm§ r © OmUdVo. ~mb _Oyar_wio Hw$nmofU, amoJJ«ñV {nT>r, emar[aH$ Ad`d J_mdUo, A_mZdr

dmJUyH$, A{V[aŠV H$m_mMm Ìmg, gm_m{OH$ {dH$mgmbm _`m©Xm BË`mXr Xwîn[aUm_ g_mOmV {Z_m©U

hmoVmV.

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6. _OyarMr g_ñ`m :

g§nyU© OJmV {H$_mZ d g_mZ _OwarMo Xa {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Ho$boë`m à`ËZm§Zm `e Ambo ZmhrV.

Oo Xoe Aem Xa {ZpíMVrH$[aVm _§Oyar ILO H$Sy>Z KoB©b Ë`mbm H$m`Xoera[aË`m Vo nyU© H$amdo bmJob. Ago gd©

Xoem§Zm eŠ` hmoV Zgë`mZo qH$dm AZoH$ Am§V[aH$ AS>MUr Agë`mZo Ë`m§Zm A§_bmV AmUVm oV Zmhr.

da Z_yX Ho$boë`m g^m Am{U {e\$maet_Ü o EHy$U 5350 H$m`m©H$[aVm _Oyar XoÊ`mV Ambr. hr _Oyar

àË oH$ Xoem_Ü o doJdoJiçm àH$mao {d^mJbr Jobr. \«$m§g, ñnoZ Aem Xoem§Zm Ë`mMm \$m`Xm A{YH$ Pmbm.

Ë`m~amo~a hohr bjmV KoÊ`mV oVo {H$ àË oH$ XoemMm l_mMm XOm© Ë`m§À`m XoemV Pmboë`m _OwarÀ`m g§»`mda

Adb§~yZ ZgVmo Va Ë`m Xoem§V hr _Oyar {H$Vr à_mUmV g§a{jV Ho$br Jobr Amho h`mda Vmo Adb§~yZ AgVmo.

åhUOo g o_Ü o _mÝ`Vm {_iyZ XoemZo A_§b~OmdUr H$aUo A{YH$ _hËdmMo AgVo. l_ g_ñ`m§À`m {e\$maer

d _§OwarH$[aVm gXñ` amï´>m§Zm Imbrb nmM _w»` _wÚm§A§VJ©V _§Oyar {_i{dÊ`mH$[aVm à`ËZ H$aVm oVmo.

(1) Ago Xoe Á`m§Mm l_mMm XOm© C§M Amho.

(2) Ago Xoe Á`m§Mr ñdV§Ì C^maUr Amho.

(3) Á`m Xoem§_Ü o gm_y{hH$ gm¡XmepŠV à_mUo H$ama H$aÊ`mMo g^m§_Ü o _m§S>VmV.

(4) bhmZ àXoe /Xoe.

(5) Am¡Úmo{JH$X¥ï>çm àJV.

h`m nmM _wÚm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z Oo Xoe Á`m JQ>m_Ü o oV AgVrb Ë`m X¥ï>rZo {e\$maer Ho$ë`m Va g oV

_§Oyar XoÊ`mMo _mJ© emoYVm oVmV. ^maV AOyZhr Am¡Úmo{JH$X¥ï>çm _mJmgbobm g_Obm OmV Agë`mZo

Ë`mH$[aVm H$mhr {H$_mZ XOm© {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV Ambobm Amho.

B ñÌr _Oya (Female Labour) :

nwê$f àXmZ ^maVr` g_mO ì`dñWoV ñÌr`m§Zm amoOJma {Z{_©Vr d AW©ì`dñWoVrb CËnÝZ {hññ`mÀ`m

X¥{ï>Zo Jm¡U ñWmZ {XgyZ oVo. ñÌr`m§Zm Myb Am{U _yb Aem ñdê$nmMr H$m_o AgV. Hw$Qy>§~mbm Am{W©H$ AS>MU

Agob VaM Hw$Qy>§~r`mÀ`m nadmZJrZo amoOJma {_i{dVmV `m_Ü ohr Xþæ`_ ñdê$nmMr, H$_r H$ï>mMr H$m_o

ñÌr`m§À`m dmQ>`mbm oVmV.

A{bH$S>rb H$mimV "_{hbm g~brH$aU' d ñdmdb§~Z`m_wio ñÌr §mMo amoOJma, amOH$maU, {ejU,

g_mOH$maU `m_Ü o nXmn©Z Pmbo Amho. ñÌr`m§Zm g_mZVoMo d _mZmMo ñWmZ àmá Pmbo Amho.

ñÌr AWm©OZm©gmR>r ~mhoa nS>br Ë`m_wio {VMo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ à{V{ð>V Pmbo. OrdZ_mZ dmT>bo. KamV

pñÌ`m§À`m eãXm§Zm _mZ d qH$_V àmá Pmbr Am{W©H$ ñW¡ © {Z_m©U hmodyZ ZmoH$ar d {ejUmMo _hËd dmT>bo.

eoVr joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo {dH$grV Xoemnojm H$m_ H$aUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo à_mU BVa {dH$gZerb

E_.E. mJ-2 / AW©emó ....10

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XoemV A{YH$ Amho. maVmV _mÌ eoVr joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo à_mU BVa {dH$gZerb Xoem§À`m nojmhr~aoM A{YH$ Amho. gZ 1971 nmgyZ gmVË`mZo eoVrVrb pñÌ`m§Mm gh^mJ H$_r H$_r hmoV OmdyZ CÚmoJ dgodmjoÌmVrb ñÌr`m§Mm gh^mJ qH$dm amoOJma dmT>V Amho.

g_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$X¥ï>çm _mJmgboë`m dJm©Vrb pñÌ`m Á`m nÜXVrZo AWm©O©Z H$aVmV Ë`mMm Am¡nMm[aH${ejUmer g§~§Y Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o {ZajaVm _moR>`m à_mUmda AgVo. Ë`mMo emofU hmody Z o åhUyZ g§KQ>Zm~m§YUo, g_mZ H$m_ g_mZ dooVZ, Xmê$~§Xr, Hw$Qy>§~ {Z`moOZ B. ~m~r g_mOmbm d emgZmbm H$aVm oVrb.

g_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$X¥ï>çm _mJmgboë`m dJm©Vrb pñÌ`m Á`m nÕVrZo AWm©OZ H$aVmV Ë`mMm Am¡nMm[aH${ejUmer g§~§Y Zmhr. Ë`m§À`m_Ü o {ZajaVm _moR>`m à_mUmda AgVo. Ë`mMo emofU hmody Z o åhUyZ g§KQ>Zm~m§YUo, g_mZ H$m_, g_mZ doVZ, Xmê$~§Xr, Hw$Qy>§~ {Z`moOZ B. ~m~r g_mOmbm d emgZmbm H$aVm oVrb.

ñÌr _Oyam§n¡H$s 94 : ñÌr_Oya Ag§KQ>rV joÌmV Va \$ŠV 6 : pñÌ`m g§K{Q>V joÌmV H$m_ H$aVmV.Ag§K{Q>V joÌmV _OyarMo Xa H$_r, ZmoH$arMr A{ZpíMVVm d A{Z`_rVVm VgoM {Zd¥ËVr doVZmMm A^mdAgVmo.

B ñÌr _Oyam§À`m g_ñ`m (Problems of female labourers) :

1. ~oamoOJmar A{YH$ :

nwê$fmnojm ñÌr`m§Mr ~oamoOJmar A{YH$ à_mUmV {XgyZ oVo. Z{dZ A{W©H$ YmoaUmZ§Va {Z_m©U Pmboë`mg§H$Q>m_wio nwê$fm§nojm ñÌr §mMo ~oamoOJmarMo à_mU dmT>bo Amho. CËnmXZ d {d{dY godm§Mo ImOJrH$aU `m_wiopñÌ`m§Mr ~oamoOJmar dmT>br Amho.

2. H$m_mÀ`m pñWVrV g_ñ`m :

l_ ~mOmamVrb dmT>Ë`m bdMrH$Vo_wio ñÌr H$m_Jmam§Zm H$_r doVZmda, A{ZpíMV, VmËnwaVo qH$dm H§$ÌmQ>rnÜXVrZo H$m_ H$amdo bmJV Agë`m_wio H$m_mÀ`m pñWVrV KgaU hmoV Amho. H$m`_ ñdê$nmMm {ZpíMV amoOJmaZgë`m_wio H$m_mMm XOm© Kgabobm {XgyZ oVmo.

3. pñÌ`m§Mo Xm[aÐç :

Z{dZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUm_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$ aMZoV ImOJrH$aU d CXmarH$aUmMm à^md dmT>ë`m_wio m§S>dbXmadJ© H$m_Jmam§Mr A{YH$ {nidUyH$ H$ê$ bmJbm Amho. `m_Ü o àm_w»`mZo pñÌ`m§Mo Am{W©H$ emofU Pmë`m_wioË §mÀ`m Xm[aÐçmV dmT> Pmbr Amho. OJ^amVr AZoH$ Xoem§_Yrb AmH$So>dmardê$Z AemM àH$maMm {ZîH$f©H$mT>Vm oB©b

4. KaH$m_mMr Zmo §X Zmhr :

pñÌ`m§À`m KamVrb H$m_mMr d _ybm§Mr, Wmoam§Mr XoI^mb d H$miOr KoVboë`m H$m_mMr Zmo§X Hw$R>ohrKoVbr OmV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm nJmar ZmoH$amgmaIo R>am{dH$ doioMo ~§YZ ZgVo. Ë`m_wio pñÌ`m gaH$maÀ`m H$m_Jma

YmoaU d {Z`_m§nmgyZ d§MrV amhVmV.

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5. ñÌr {ejUmdarb IMm©V KQ> :

g_m{OH$ gw{dYoda hmoUmè`m IMm©Vrb KQ> d {ejUmgmR>r {Xë`m OmUmè`m AW©gmhmæ`V hmoUmar KQ>

EH$m ~mOybm Am{U Xwgè`m ~mOybm nJmar d {~ZnJmar O~m~Xmar hmoV Agbobr dmT> `m_yio _ybtMo CÝZVr d

pñÌ`m§Mo {ejU `m_Ü o KQ> hmoVmZ {XgVo.

6. doVZ{^ÝZVm :

àm_w»`mZo Ag§K{Q>V joÌmV H$m_H$aUmè`m nwê$f d ñÌr H$m_Jmam§À`m doVZmV {^ÝZVm {XgyZ oVo.

_{hbm§Zm nwê$fm§À`m VwbZoZo H$_r doVZmda H$m_ H$amdo bmJVo. g_mZ H$m_mgmR>r pñÌ`m§Zm nwê$fmÀ`m VwbZoZo doVZ

H$_r {Xbo OmVo. g§K{Q>V joÌmV _mbH$ d gaH$maH$Sy>Z oXmË_H$ dmJUyH$ {_iVo.

7. pñÌ`m§Mo Amamo½` d AÝZgwajm :

{Z`m©VàXmZ eoVr CËnmXZ d {nH$mMm AmH¥$Vr~§Y VgoM AÝZYmÝ`mÀ`m qH$_VrV hmoUmar gmVË`nyU© dmT>.

`m_wio ñÌr`m§À`m nmofoUj_ AÝZnXmWm©V KQ> hmoV Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU ì`dñWoVb «ï> H$ma^ma `m_yio

Jar~ ñÌr`m§À`m Cn^moJ AmH¥$Vr~§Ymda {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. `m_wio pñÌ`m§_Ü o "A°{Z{_`m' `m amoJmMm

àmXw m©d _moR>`m à_mUmV AmT>iyZ oV Amho.

8. H$m¡Qw> §{~H$ qhgmMma d VmUVUmd :

Vkm§À`m Aä`mgmdê$Z Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s pñÌ`m A{YH$ Q>oÝeZ_Ü o H$m_ H$aVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mda

A{YH$ VmU oVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a Ë`m§À`mda hmoUmè`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ qhgmMmam_wio Ë`m A{YH$M VUmdmImbr H$m_

H$aVmZm AmT>iVmV.

B l{_H$m§À`m dV©Zm_Ü o/dmJUyH$sV oX d qbJ nyd©J«h (Discrimination and Gender bias in

Treatment of Labour)

gd© OJ^a AmnUmg Ago {XgyZ oVo pñÌ`m§Mo doVZ ho nwê$fm§À`m doVZmnojm ~aoM H$_r Amho. ^maV hr

`mg AndmX Zmhr. ^maVmV Ag§K{Q>V joÌmV g_mZ H$m_ g_mZ A^md {XgyZ oVmo. AZoH$ joÌmV pñÌ`m§Zm

nwê$fm§nojm H$_r doVZ {_iVo. MrnbrZ d ñbmoZ (1976), S>m°ëQ>Z d _oba (1987), J«rZhmb±§§J (1980),

Omoer d OodmoZ (1987), _oba (1987) `m§Zr ñÌr - nwê$fmVrb doVZ {^ÝZVm qbJ oXm_yio {Z_m©U hmoVo.

`m{df`r Aä`mg Ho$bm. qbJ oX g§nwï>mV Amë`mMo àW_Xe©Zr dmQ>Vo nU AZw dOÝ` nwamì`mH$Sy>Z l_

~mOmamV qbJ oXmMm doVZ Xamda n[aUm_ Pmë`mMo {XgVo. g_mZ H$m_ g_mZ doVZ H$m`ÚmZwgma ñÌr d

nwê$fm§Zm H$moUVmhr oX Z H$aVm g_mZ doVZ {Xbo nm{hOo.

{dgmdo eVH$ ho qbJ g_mZVoÀ`m X¥ï>rZo _hËdmMo _mZbo OmVo. AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ amï´>mZo pñÌ`m§Zm

amoOJmarMr g§Yr XodyZ qbJ g_mZVoMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. qbJ oX nyd©J«hm_wio Am{W©H$ {dH$mg KQ>V qH$dm

H$_r hmoV Amho qbJ oXm_yio H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mÀ`m {R>H$mUr Ym¡ © d H$m ©j_VoMm A^md {XgyZ oVo Ë`m_wio

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CËnmXZmMo _yë` H$_r amhVo. {ejUmVrb qbJ oXmÀ`m nyd©J«hm_wio pñÌ`m H$_r {ejU KoVmV d Ë`mMm n[aUm_

H$m¡eë`mMm A^md {Z_m©U hmoÊ`m_Ü o hmoVmo. `m _mZdr ^m§S>dbmMr H$m¡eë`mMr H${Zð> nmVir ñWyb amï´>r`

CËnmXZmMm d¥ÜXrXa H$_r hmoÊ`mg H$maUr yV R>aVo.

Xwgè`m ~mOybm qbJ oXm_yio pñÌ`m§Zm H$_r doVZ {_iVo åhUyZ {dXoer àË`j Jw§VdUyH$ (FDI) _moR>`m

à_mUmda dmT>Vo H$maU H$_r doVZ Xamda ñÌr H$m_Jma CnbãY hmoVmV.

^maVmV ñÌr`m§Mm H$m_mVrb gh^mJ hm 25.7 % Amho Va nwê$fm§Mm ñÌr`m§À`m XwßnQ> (51.9) Amho

`mM~amo~a _{hbm§Mm gmjaVm Xa hr nwê$fm§nojm H$_r Amho. A{bH$So> pñÌ`m Hw$Qy>§~mÀ`m ~mhoa nSy>Z AZoH$

CËnmXH$ H$m_mV gh^mJr hmoV AmhoV. Ë`mMm n[aUm_ åhUyZ ñÌr gmjaVm dmT>V Amho. Va OÝ_Xa KQ>V Amho.

A{bH$S>rb UNDP AhdmbmV _mZd {dH$mg {ZX}fm§H$mV ^maVmMm 119 dm H«$_ Amho Va qbJ {df_Vm

{ZX}em§H$mV 0.748 _yë`mgh ^maVmMm 122 dm H«$_ bmJVmo. H$moUË`mhr H$ë`mUH$mar, bmoH$emhr d

{dH$gZerb XoemgmR>r Am{W©H$ {H«$`m§_Yrb qbJ oX hm _hËdmMm _wÔm R>aVmo, Aem emgZmÀ`m YmoaUmV

ñÌr`m§Zm g_mZ g§Yr d ZwH$gmZ anmB© Amdí`H$ AgVo. ghñÌH$ {dH$mg Ü o ho l_~mOmamV d {ejUm_Ü o

qbJ g_mZVm dmT>{dÊ`mda ^a XoVo. pñÌ`m§Mm Hw$Qy>§~m~mhoarb Am{W©H$ H$m_mVrb gh^mJ hm gm_m{OH$,

Am{W©H$, bmoH$g§»`memñÌr`, gm§ñH¥$VrV nmíd© y_r BË`mXrZwgma àXoemZwgma ~XbVmZm {XgyZ oVo.

4.2.4 l_ ~mOmamVrb gwYmaUm (Labour Market Reforms) :

`m àH$aUmV _w»`V: l_ ~mOmamÀ`m H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m g§H$ënZm AmnU bjmV KoUma AmhmoV. l_

~mOmamMr ì`m»`m, l_ ~mOma Am{U dñVy ~mOma `mVrb \$aH$, l_ ~mOmamMr d¡{eîR>ço, l_ ~mOmamVrb

ñnY}Mo AnyU©Ëd, l_ Xb gh^mJ Xa, l_mMm nwamdR>m, l_mgmR>r AgUmè`m _mJUrMo ñdê$n, l_mMr

{nidUyH$ H$m d H$er hmoVo ? `mgma»`m {d{dY àíZm§Mo g¡ÜXm§{VH$ {díbofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r darb g§H$ënZm

bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§~§{YH$ ^mJ `m àH$aUmV `mo½` Ë`m {R>H$mUr _m§S>bobm Amho.

B l_ ~mOmanoR> - ì`m»`m :

"" Á`m à{H«$ oZo EImÚm {d{eîQ> àH$maÀ`m l_mMm nwadR>m d Ë`mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr m§À`mV g_Vmob

{Z_m©U hmoVmo qH$dm g_Vmob {Z_mU© H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ hmoVmo Ë`mg l{_H$ ~mOmanoR> Ago åhUVm oB©b.''

gd© gm_mÝ`V: Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s, {d{eîQ> àH$maÀ`m l_mgmR>r AgUmar _mJUr d Ë`m l_mMm

nwadR>m `m§À`mV g_Vmob àñWm{nV H$aÊ`mMr Or à{H«$`m hmoVo {Vbm "l_mMr ~mOmanoR>' ho Zm§d XoVm oB©b.

A_[aHo$À`m l_ImË`mZo l_ ~mOanoR>oMr Ho$bobr ì`m»`m bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIr Amho.

Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV amhÊ`mMo {R>H$mU Z ~XbVm H$m_Jma amoOJma ghO ~Xby eH$VmV Aem

Am{W©H$X¥îQ>çm EH$mË_ ^moJmo{bH$ àXoemg "l_mMr ~mOmanoR>' Ago Zm§d XoVm oB©b.''

AWm©V g¡ÜXm§{VH$X¥îQ>çm doVZ {ZpíMVrÀ`m g§X^m©V l_~mOmanoR>oMr m¡Jmo{bH$ qH$dm joÌmË_H$ d¡{eîR>ç

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qH$dm bjU hm _hËËdmMm ^mJ Zmhr. àË`j ì`dhmamÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oMr ^m¡Jmo{bH$ ì`már hmKQ>H$ _hËËdmMm R>aVmo ho {dgê$Z MmbUma Zmhr. åhUyZM {díbofUmÀ`m ì`mdhm[aH$ _m`m©Xm bjmV KoD$Z AgoåhUVm oB©b H$s, "" Á`m ^m¡Jmo{bH$ joÌmV {d{eîR> àH$maMo l{_H$ d _mbH$ l_eŠVrMr IaoXr Am{U {dH«$rH$aVmV Ë`mbm l_mMr ~mOmanoR> åhUmdo.' H$mhr l{_H$m§À`m ~m~VrV (gwVma, bmohma, h_mb B.) hr m¡Jmo{bH$_`m©Xm EImXo Jm§d qH$dm g§nyU© OJmBVH$s l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oMr ì`már hmoD$ eHo$b.

l_~mOmamÀ`m darb ì`m» oVyZ Ago bjmV oVo H$s, l_ ~mOmanoR> hr _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z l_mMm nwadR>m dl_mMr _mJUr `mVyZ {ZpíMV hmoVo. VgoM dñVy~mOmamV dñVyMr qH$_V Á`mà_mUo _mJUr nwadR>`mÀ`mg§Kfm©VyZ {ZpíMV hmoVo Ë`mà_mUo l_mMr qH$_V doVZ hr l_mÀ`m _mJUr nwadR>çmdê$Z {ZpíMV hmoVo. mgmR>rl_mMr ~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVyMr ~mOmanoR> `mVrb \$aH$ bjmV KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

B l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVyMr ~mOmanoR> (Labour Market and Goods Market) :

dñVy ~mOmanoR>oà_mUo l_mMrhr ~mOmanoR> AgVo. l_mMm nwadR>m H$aUmao l{_H$ d Ë`mMr _mJUr H$aUmaoCËnmXH$ `m§À`m g§nH$m©Mm g_mdoe l_ ~mOmanoR>oV Ho$bm OmVmo, Ago Agbo Var l_~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVyMr~mOmanoR> `mV _yb yV \$aH$ Zmhr. dñVyÀ`m ~mOmamà_mUoM _mJUr, nwadR>m, g_Vmob qH$_V `m g§H$ënZm§Mmg_mdoe l_ ~mOmanoR>oVhr hmoVmo. l_mMr qH$_V (doVZ) XoIrb _mJUr d nwadR>m `m§À`m g_VmobmZo R>aVo.^m§S>dbemhr AW©ì`dñWoV `m XmoZ ~mOmamV H$moUVmM \$aH$ AmT>iV Zmhr nU àË`jmV `m XmoZ ~mOmanoR>oV\$aH$ Agë`mMo AmT>iVo. l_mMo ñdê$n BVa dñVynojm {^ÝZ Amho Ë`m_wio l_mMr ~mOmanoR> d dñVyMr~mOmanoR> `mV nwT>rb \$aH$ {XgyZ oVmo.

(A) l{_H$ ~mOmanoR>oV l{_H$ doVZg§doXZerb AgVmV. mMm AW© doVZXamVrb ~Xbm_wio Ë`m§À`mdaVmËH$mi n[aUm_ hmoVmo, _mÌ dñVy~mOmamV l_~mOmaBVH$s g§doXZerbVm ZgVo.

(~) l_~mOmanoR>oV l{_H$ l_mMm nwadR>m H$aVmV Va dñVy ~mOmanoR>oV ^m§S>dbXma dñVy§Mm nwadR>mH$aVmV.

(H$) l_~manoR>oV l_mMm nwadR>m H$aUmao l{_H$ Amnë`m g§KQ>Zm àñWm{nV H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mMmdoVZXamda n[aUm_ hmoVmo. _mÌ dñVy ~mOmamV dñVy {ZOr©d AgVmV, Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m g§KQ>ZoMmàíZM {Z_m©U hmoV Zmhr.

(S>) l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV l_mMr _mbH$s H$YrM ~XbV Zmhr, _mÌ dñVy ~mOmamV dñVyMo hñVm§VaUPmë`mg dñVydarb _mbH$s VmËH$mi ~Xbo.

B {ZH$mg YmoaU (Exit Policy) :

l_~mOmamÀ`m bd{MH$Vo{edm` (Flexibility) H$m ©j_ Am¡Úmo{JH$aU gmÜ` H$aUo AdKS> Amho, Ë`mgmR>r{ZH$mg YmoaUmg§~§YrMm àñVmd gwê$dmVrbm gßQ>|~a 1991 _Ü o gmXa H$aÊ`mV Ambm. OmJ{VH$ ~±H$ Am{UZmUo{ZYrZo Amnbm H$mhr doi `mgmR>r H$mT>mdm Am{U gaH$maZo Aem àH$maÀ`m l_YmoaUmVrb gwYmaUm

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gwMmì`mV H$s, Á`m_Ü o godm`moOH$m§Zo H$m_Jmam§Zm EH$m KQ>H$ g§ñWoVyZ XwgarH$So> ñWbm§V[aV (Shift) hmoÊ`mg

Am{U OmXm H$m_Jma Agë`mg H$nmV H$aÊ`mg Ë §mZm nadmZJr {_imdr. H$m_Jma H$nmV hr H$m_Jma dJm©À`m

X¥ï>rZo YmoŠ`mMr ~m~ Amho. EH$m A§XmOmZwgma ~§X nS>boë`m H$maImÝ`mVrb H$m_Jmam§Mr g§»`m 45 bmImn ©§V

Amho. Ë`mVrb 4.1 bmI H$m_Jma gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmVrb AmhoV Va Cd©[aV gd© H$m_Jma ImOJr joÌVrb AmhoV

Va Cd©[aV gd© H$m_Jma ImOJr joÌmVrb AmhoV. Oa gd© AmOmar CÚmoJ ~§X Pmbo Va ~oH$marMr g_ñ`m dmT>ob.

ZdrZ Am{W©H$ YmoaUmÝd o maV gaH$maZo ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Zm nadmZo {Xbobo AmhoV. _mJrb H$m§hr dfm©V

gaH$maZo H$mhr naXoer _moR>`m CÚmoJY§ÚmZm Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m_wio ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m ^maVr` H§$nÝ`mda

dmB©Q> n[aUm_ hmoV AmhoV. ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§À`m ñnY}V {Q>H$Ê`mgmR>r ^maVr` H§$nÝ`m§Zm XoIrb Ë`mÀ`m

YmoaUmZwgma H$m © H$amdo bmJVo. åhUOoM Ë`m§Zm ^m§S>dbàYmZ V§ÌkmZ AmË_gmV H$amdo bmJVo. ^m§S>dbàYmZ

V§ÌkmZ ImOJr d gmd©O{ZH$ joÌmgmR>r Amdí`H$ Amho. åhUyZ ~è`mM ^maVr` CÚmoJg§ñWm§Zr Ë`m§À`m

H$m_JmamgmR>r ñdoÀN>m {Zd¥ËVr moOZm (Voluntary Retirement Scheme - VRS) àUmbr am~dbr Amho.

l_mÀ`m ~imda `m H§$nÝ`m§Zr Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r CÚmoJm_Ü o Oê$a Vmo ~Xb H$aUo Am{U

gmYZgm_J«rZo g‚m amhUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {~PZog ñQ>°ÊS>S©> [agM© ã wamoÀ`m EH$m Aä`mgmZwgma 23 {Z_m©U

CÚmoJg§ñWmMr ImOJr joÌmgmR>r AgUmar {dH«$r 17 Q>Š`m§Zr H$_r Pmbr Ë`m_wio 1998 - 99 _Ü o

2,50,079 H$m_Jmamn¡H$s 2,09,691 H$m_Jmam§Zm 2000-01 _Ü o H$_r H$aÊ`mV Ambo.

darb MM}VyZ Ago {XgyZ oVo H$s, H§$nÝ`m qH$dm CÚmoJY§Xo Amnbm Z\$m dmT>dUo hmM EH$_od CÔoe

Amnë`mnwT>o R>odVmV H$maU dmT>Ë`m ñnY©obm Vm|S> XoÊ`mgmR>r Xoer H§$nÝ`m {d^mOZmnojm _w»` ñnY}H$So> A{YH$

bj XoV AmhoV. {~Z{H$\$m`Vera Am{U Ag§~§{YV CÚmoJm§Zm Vo ~mhoa H$mTy>Z \o$H$V AmhoV. Ooìhm Xwgè`m

H§$nÝ`m§~amo~a gh`moJ H$aUo qH$dm Xwgè`m H§$nZr_Ü o {dbrZ hmoUo Aem ì yhaMZm H§$nÝ`m§Zr ñdrH$maë`m VoìhmM

VRS `moOZm ñdrH$mabobr {XgyZ oVo. H$m_Jma ho ^maVr` _hm_§S>ir` joÌm_Ü o KSy>Z Amboë`m nwZa©MZm,

{dbrH$aU BË`mXr Jmoï>tMm ~ir R>abobo AmhoV.

Am{W©H$ gwYmaUm§À`mZ§Vahr H$m_Jmam§Zm H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$Ê`mMr à{H«$`m MmbyM am{hë`m_wio

"{ZH$mg YmoaUmMm' (Exit Policy) {dMma H«$_àmá Pmbm. Ë`m_wio H$m_mdê$Z H$mTy>Z Q>mH$boë`m H$m_Jmam§À`m

àíZm§Mr gmoS>dUyH$ H$aÊ`mÀ`m X¥ï>rZo _mJm©§Mm Adb§~ Ho$bm OmD$ eH$Vmo. 1. nwaogo Am{U mo½` Ago gm_m{OH$

gwajm Omio (Social Security Net) {Z_m©U H$aUo Am{U 2. bdH$amV bdH$a ApñVËdmV Agboë`m

H$m_Jmam§Mm àdof - {ZH$mg - nwZà©doe BË`mXr~m~VrV Agbobo àfmgH$s` AS>Wio Xya H$aUo.

B gm_m{OH$ gwajm Omio (Social Security Net)

gm_m{OH$ gwajml{_H$m§Zm {_iUmè`m gmo r, Ë`m§Mo H$m_mMo Vmg, H$m_mMm n[aga B. gd© ~m~tda bj

XoÊ`mMo H$m © gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>Zm H$aV AgVo. gm_m{OH$ g§KQ>ZmÀ`m Á`m g_ñ`m AgVmV Ë`m àm_w»`mZo

CËnmXH$Vm, gm_m{OH$ àd¥ËVr, amoOJma Am{U qH$_VrV hmoUmè`m ~Xbm§er OmoS>bobo AgVmV Am{U Ë`m_wio m

g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m l{_H$m§Zm OmñVrV OmñV gmo r gdbVr XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. l{_H$m§Zm mo½` doiobm Am{U

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hì`m Ë`m à_mUmV doVZ XoUo, Ë`m§À`m H$m_mÀ`m n[apñWVr_Ü o gwa{jVVm AmUUo doimodoir Ë`m§Zm à{ejU

XoD$Z nXmoÝZVr H$aUo Ë`m§À`m OrdZ ñVamVrb d H$m`m©Vrb n[apñWVrV gwYmaUm H$aUo, l{_H$mÀ`m AmdS>rZwgma

CÚmoJmV Ë`mbm ñWmZ {ZdSy>Z XoUo. B. ~m~r `m àW_ àH$maÀ`m H$m`m©er OmoS>boë`m Amho.

Or {dH$mgmË_H$ ñdê$nmMr AgVmV, Ë`m_Ü`ogm_m{OH$ gwajm Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg A{YH$

_hËdmMm AgVmo. Ë`m~amo~a Ë`m§À`m dV©_mZ XOm©bm gwYmaÊ`mH$[aVm AZoH$ àH$maMo à`ËZ `m g§ñWoVyZ Ho$bo

OmVo. Ogo - {Zdmg ì`dñWm, _Zmoa§OZmMo gmYZ, Amamo½`mÀ`m gmo r B. XoUo åhUOoM g_ñV joÌmVrb

H$ë`mUmV dmT> H$er H$aVm oB©b Am{U l{_H$m§À`m JwUm§Mm {dH$mg H$gm hmoB©b mda a {Xbm OmVmo. BVHo$M

Zmhr Va CÚmoJm_Ü o Am{U g_mOm_Ü o l{_H$m~amo~a EH${ÌV H$m © H$go H$am`bm nm{hOo Am{U O~m~Xmar H$er

ñdrH$mabr nm{hOo hmhr Ë`m_mJMm CÔoe AgVmo. l{_H$m§Zm AZwemgZ hmoUmè`m {d{dY ~Xbm§Mr _m{hVr Oa

doimodoir {Xbr Va nwT>rb oUmè`m AS>MUr H$_r hmoVrb Am{U Ë`mMo Mm§Jbo ñdê$n _moR>`m CÚmoJm_Ü o {XgyZ

oB©b Agm à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. Oa Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb hmoV Agob Va Ë`mMm n[aUm_ l_H$nmV åhUyZ hmoD$ Z o mMr

nU H$miOr KoVbr OmVo. åhUyZ l{_H$m§Zm Ë`mZwgma {ejU, à{ejU XoUo hr EH$ gm_y{hH$ O~m~Xmar g_Obr

OmVo.

WmoS>Š`mV l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVyMr ~mOmanoR> `mV \$aH$ Amho. Varhr A°S>_ pñ_W, So>pìhS>

[aH$mS>m}, Oo. Eg. {_b `mgma»`m AW©emñÌkm§Zr l_~manoR>oV nyU© ñnYm© H$YrM AmT>iV Zmhr. l_mÀ`m

~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnY}Mr d¡{eîQ>oç AgVmV. Am{W©H$X¥îQ>çm {dH${gV XoemVrb l_~mOmahr nyU© ñnY}Mm

ZgVmo. aVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemVrb l_~mOmahr nyU© ñnY}Mm ZgVmo. maVmgma»`m {dH$gZerb XoemV

Va l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnYm© Á`m H$maUm_wio AmT>iVo Vr H$maUoM l_~mOmanoR>oMr Img d¡{eîQ>ço åhUyZ

AmoiIbr OmVmV.

B l_ ~mOmamV bd{MH$Vm AmUÊ`mgmR>rCnm``moOZm (Measures to bring flexbility in Labour

Market)

l_mMr _mJUr Am{U l_mMm nwadR>m EImÚm {R>H$mUmnwaVm qH$dm àXoemnwaVm _`m©{XV Agë`mMo {XgVo.

gmYmaUnUo l{_H$ EH$m {R>H$mUmhÿZ Xwgè`m CÚmoJmgmR>r {d{eîQ> àH$maMm l{_H$ Amdí`H$ AgVmo. Vmo XoIrb

ñWm{ZH$ ~mOmanoR>oVyZ l{_H$ {Z wŠV H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. `m_wio l_ ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnYm© AmT>iVo.

ho l_~mOmanoR>oMo EH$ _hËËdmMo d¡{eîQ>ç Amho. l{_H$m§Mr l_ H$aÊ`mMr Zmed§V Agë`m_wio `m j_VoMm

Vm~S>Vmo~ Cn`moJ H$aVm Z Amë`mg Ë`mMm gmR>m H$amV oV Zmhr. {d{eîQ> doio_Ü o l{_H$m§À`m l_VoMm mo½`

Cn`moJ H$aVm Z Amë`mg `m j_VoMm Z§Va H$Yrhr Cn`moJ H$aVm oV Zmhr. `m H$maUm_wioM l_ H$aÊ`mMr

eŠVr d V`mar AgUmè`m ì`ŠVtZm H$m_ Z {_imë`mg Ë`m§À`m l_eŠVrMm Zoh_rH$aVmM Anì`` hmoD$Z

Ë`m§Mo AË §V ZwH$gmZ hmoVo. mbmM Xwgè`m mfoV l_mMr amIrd qH$_V eyÝ` Ago åhUVmV. AZoH$ gm_m{OH$

àíZm§À`m {Z{_©VrgmR>r VgoM l_ ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mMo ho EH$ _hËËdmMo H$maU Amho. l_

ho _mZdr g§gmYZ Zmed§V Agë`mZo d l{_H$m§Zm d Ë`m§À`m Hw$Qw>§{~`m§Zm OJÊ`mgmR>r gmYZm§Mr Amdí`H$Vm

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Agë`mZo l{_H$m§Zm Amnbo l_ oB©b Ë`m qH$_Vrbm {dH$mdo bmJVmV. CËnmXH$ m n[apñWVrMm \$m`Xm KoD$Z

l{_H$m§Zm H$_r doVZ XoVmo. Ë`m_wio l_ ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU©Vm {Z_m©U hmoVo. åhUyZM l_mMr amIrd qH$_V eyÝ`AgVo. l_ ~mOmanoR>oMo ho Xwgao d¡{eîR> Amho.

H$moUË`mhr dñVyÀ`m ~mOmamV nyU© ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoÊ`mgmR>r Vr dñVy EH${OZgr Agmdr bmJVo, VaM Ë`mdñVyMr ~mOmamV EH$M qH$_V àñWm{nV hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV EH${OZgr l_ H$YrMAmT>iV ZmhrV. àË oH$ l{_H$mMr H$m ©j_Vm, {ejU, à{ejU, àm_m{UH$nUm `mV \$aH$ AgVmo, Ë`mdê$Z

l_mMo dJr©H$aU Hw$eb, AY©Hw$eb, d AHw$eb l_ AemàH$mao Ho$bo OmVo. BVHo$M Zìho Va EH$mM àH$maMoH$m_ H$aUmao XmoZ l{_H$ gmaIo AgV ZmhrV. l{_H$m§À`mV {d{dYVm Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm {_iUmè`m doVZmVhr{^ÝZVm AgVo. Ë`m_wio ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnYm© ApñVËdmV oVo. åhUyZM l{_H$m§À`mVrb {d{dYVm ho

l_~mOmanoR>oMo AmUIr EH$ d¡{eîR>ç Amho.

l_mMr ~mOmanoR> Am{U dñVyMr ~mOmanoR> `m§À`m d ñdê$n dada nmhVm g_mZ Agbo Var Ë`m§À`mV_hËdmMm \$aH$ Amho. dñVyÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV {dH«$oVm d J«mhH$ m§À`mVrb g§~§Y {d{Z_`mÀ`m jUmnwaVoM VmËnwaVo

AgVmV. Vgo l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV AgV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wioM Á`m ì`pŠVJV KQ>H$mH$So> dñVyÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV\$mago bj {Xbo OmV Zmhr, Ë`m§Zm l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oV Img _hËd àmá hmoVo. l_mMr _mJUr hr dñVy dgodm§À`m CËnmXZmgmR>rM Ho$br OmVo. åhUOo l_mMr _mJUr hr ì wËnÝZ _mJUr (Derived Demand) AgVo.

Ë`m_wio dñVy d godm§À`m ~mOmanoR>oV Á`m à_mUmV AnyU© ñnYm© AmT>iVo Ë`m à_mUmV l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>oVhrAnyU© ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo.

nyU© ñnY}V J«mhH$ Am{U {dH«$oË`m§Mr g§»`m Iyn _moR>r AgVo. l_ ~mOmanoR>oV l_ {dH$Umao l{_H$ Ag§»`

AgVmV Va l_mMr _mJUr H$aUmao J«mhH$ åhUOo H$maImZXma \$ma WmoSo> AgVmV. d Ë`m§À`m hmVr CËnmXZmMrgmYZo EH$dQ>bobr AgVmV. BVHo$M Zìho Va AZoH$ H$maImZXma àË`j AàË`j[aË`m EH${ÌV `oD$Zl_~mOmanoR>oVrb doVZXa Imbr AmUÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmV. Aem àH$mao l_mÀ`m ~mOmanoR>og J«mhH$m§Mr

_ŠVoXmar AgUmar ~mOmanoR> (Monopsony) Ago åhUVmV. m_wio l_ ~mOmanoR>oV AnyU© ñnYm© {Z_m©U hmoVo.l_ ~mOmanoR>oV _ŠVoXmar \$ma ¹${MV AmT>iVo. AË §V Xw{_©i Aem H$m¡eë`mMm l_nwadR>m Agob qH$dm EImXm^mJmVrb g§nyU© l_ nwadR>`mda nyU© {Z §ÌU R>ody eH$Umar g_W© H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm ApñVËdmV Agë`mgM Aer

_ŠVoXmar {Z_m©U hmoD$ eH$Vo.

B Xþgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ-2002 (Second National Commisstion on Labour-2002) :

{S>g|~a 1966 _Ü o Zo_boë`m n{hë`m amï´>r` l_ Am`moJmZo Am°JñQ> 1969 _Ü o Amnbm Ahdmb gmXaHo$bm. `m Am`moJmZo g§K{Q>V d Ag§K{Q>V Aem XmoÝhr joÌmVrb H$m_Jmmam§er g§~§{YV ~m~tMo n[ajU H$ê$ZAmnbm Ahdmbm_Ü o AZoH$ H$m_Jma H$m`ÚmMm nm`m nŠH$m Ho$bm. Ë`mZ§Va maVr` Am{U OmJ{VH$ Am{W©H$

n`m©daUmV _hËdnyU© ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo. Ë`mgmR>r gaH$maZo a{dÐ d_m© m§À`m AÜ`jVoImbr AmŠQ>mo~a 1999Xwgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ Zo_bm.

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Am`moJmÀ`m {dMmamW© Imbrb _wÔo R>odÊ`mV Ambo

1. g§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m_Jmmam§er g§~§{YV AmpñVËdmV Agboë`m H$m`Úm§À`m {ddoH$sH$aUmg§~§Yr

gyMZm H$aUo.

2. Ag§K{Q>V joÌmVrb H$m_Jmam§Zm {H$_mZ nmVirMo g§ajU XoÊ`mgmR>r N>Ìr H$m`Xm gwM{dUo.

3. CÚmoJ MmbdÊ`mÀ`m X¥îQ>rZo {d{dY àemgH$s` H$m`Úm§À`m AmT>mdm KoÊ`mgmR>r _o 1998 _Ü o

Zo_boë`m Am`moJmÀ`m {e\$maer A§_b~OmdZrMm AmT>mdm KoUo.

4. ZdrZ Am{W©H$ n`m©daUmMm {dMma H$aVm ObX Vm§{ÌH$ ~Xb, CËnmXZ nÕVrVrb ~Xbmbm

Amdí`H$ AgUmè`m nm{R>ã`mMr JaO.

29 OyZ 2002 _Ü o Am`moJmZo Amnbm Ahdmb n§VàYmZm§Zm gmXa Ho$bm. emgZ g§ñWm Am{U gm_m{OH$

gwa{jVVm, gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr, gm_m{OH$ ghm`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m, gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm g§X^m©Vrb

emgZmMo YmoaU g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.l_ H$ë`mU g§H$ënZm Am{U CËH$m§Vr, ^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_

ñnï> H$aVm oB©b. ñÌr _Owa Am{U ~mb _Owam§À`m {dfoe g_ñ`mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b. gm_m{OH$ gwYmaU

gwajm OmirMr JaO, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kfm©Mr H$maUo, Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Ke© {_Q>{dÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Am¡Úmo{JH$ g§Kf©

hmoD$ Z oV `mgmR>r §ÌUm, gm_w{hH$ gm¡XmeŠVr, ^maVmVrb l_ H$m`Xo, H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Midi, Xwgam

amï´>r` l_ Am`moJ â {Xbobm Amho.

B OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U l_ ~mOma (Globalization and Labour Markets)

OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr bmQ> àË oH$ XoemV dmhV Amho. ^maVm_Ü o Owb¡ 1991 gmbmnmgyZ OmJ{VH$sH$aU,

ImOJrH$aU Am{U {e{WbrH$aU H$aÊ`mMo R>a{dbo. àË oH$ joÌmV h`m ZdrZ Am{W©H$ nÜXVrMm à^md nS>VmZm

{XgV Amho. l{_H$m§À`m ~m~VrV Am_wbmJ« ~Xb KSy>Z Ambo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mda Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$ d Z¡{VH$

n[aUm_ H$m` hmoV Amho h`mMr MMm© hmoUo Amdí`H$ Amho. {H$Vr l_eŠVr H$í`mV Jw§Vbobr Amho, Ë`m§À`mda

H$m` n[aUm_ hmooV Amho Ë`mbm g_OmdyZ KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

øm nÜXVrg§~§Yr Mm§Jbo d dmB©Q> XmoÝhr àH$maMr _Vo EoH$m`bm oV AmhoV. 1991 gmbr l{_H$m§Mr

pñWVr gwYmaob, Ë`m§À`m amhUr_mZmV â nS>ë`mZo amï´>r` CËnÝZ dmT>ob Ago gVV gm§JÊ`mV Ambo. 1994

gmbmn ©§V Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg d g§aMZmË_H$ {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$[aVm Jw§Vboë`m l{_H$m§Zm H$amamZwgma CËnÝZ

XoÊ`mV Ambo. H$ama g§në`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zm H$moUVm amoOJma am{hb Ë`mg§~§Yr _mÌ H$mhrhr emídVr Zmhr. WmoS>Š`mV

h§Jm_r ñdê$nmMo H$m_ ânya bmoH$m§Zm {_imbo, ñWm`r Zmhr.

1999-2000 gmbmn ªV ânya ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m ^maVmV Amboë`m AmhoV Am{U ^maVmVrb Vk

_§S>im§Zm Ë`m§Zr H$m_mda bmdbo Amho. Ë`m§Zm àM§S> nJma d gdbVr AmhoV. h`m H§$nÝ`mMr nÜXVr H$_r

l{_H$m§Zm H$m_mda bmdm`Mr Amho. åhUOoM §Ì gm_J«rMm Cn`moJ Ho$ë`m OmVmo Ë`m_wio H$_r l{_H$m§_Ü o

A{YH$ à_mUmV H$m_ H$ê$Z KoVm oVo. Aem l{_H$m§À`m Am{W©H$ pñWVrV {ZpíMVM gwYmaUm Pmbr Amho.

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Ë`m_wio EH$ dJ© ^anya gwImdbobm Amho.

gaH$mar joÌmV H$m_ H$aUmao l{_H$ øm nÜXVrda A{YH$ ^mî` H$aV Zmhr. Ë`m§À`mH$So> gwê$ Pmboë`m

g_ñ`m§Zm gmoS>{dÊ`mH$[aVm AOyZ R>mog Cnm`_mJ© {_imbobo Zmhr. ImOJr H$aUmÀ`m _mÜ`_mZo gaH$mar ñVamda

MmbUmè`m CÚmoJm§_Ü o AnJw§VdU hmoV Amho. WmoS>Š`mV H$mhr CÚmoJ ~§X nS>V AmhoV. bKw CÚmoJm§Mm {dH$mg

ìhmdm åhUyZ gaH$mar ñVam§da `moOZm Omhra Ho$ë`m OmV AmhoV. gaH$mar `moOZm ñd §amoOJmambm àmYmÝ`

XoUmè`m AmhoV. H$maU gaH$ma ñdV: CÚmoJ gwê$ Z H$aVm ImOJr bmoH$m§Zm àd¥ËV H$aV Amho Am{U ImOJr

^m§S>dbXma H$_r l{_H$ d A{YH$ ^m§S>dbmMm Cn`moJ H$aÊ`mÀ`m _VmMo Agë`mZo _`m©{XV l{_H$m§ZmM

H$m_mda bmdVmV.

B l_ H$nmV H$aUo :

1. ^maVmVrb ImOJr ^m§S>dbXma qH$dm {dXoer ^m§S>dbXma ñdñV l_mMm dmna H$ê$Z KoVmV.

Amnë`m XoemV _moR>`m à_mUmV dmT>V Agboë`m bmoH$g§»`m d ~oamoOJmar_wio AZoH$ g_ñ`m AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s

H$_r nJmamV H$m_ H$aUmao l{_H$ CnbãY Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm \$m`Xm ImOJr ^m§S>dbXma KoVmV. Ago l{_H$

A{e{jV d Ag§K{Q>V Agë`mZo _moR>`m à_mUmda Ë`m§Mo emofU hmoV Agbo Var Vo Ë`m {dê$ÜX AmdmO C§M{dV

Zmhr.

2. OJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio lr_§V Xoem§Zm _moR>`m à_mUmV V§ÌkmZ d gm_J«r AmUVm oVo Am{U H$_r

doVZmV l{_H$m§Zm H$m_mda R>odyZ OmJ{VH$ ñnY}V Amnë`m dñVy {dH$Vm oVmV.

3. dñVy§Mr {d{dYVm ho OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMo d¡{eï> Amho. nU Ë`m dñVyMr _mJUr g§në`mg Ë`m joÌmVrb

l{_H$m§Mr H$nmV Ho$ë`m OmVo. Ë`m_wio l{_H$m§Zm Ho$ìhmhr Ë`m§À`m H$m`m©VyZ _wŠV H$aÊ`mV oVo.

4. A_o[aH$m, B§½b§S>gma»`m Xoem§Mo CËnÝZ d ì`mnma Amer`m`r l_mda Adb§~yZ AmhoV. Z{dZ

Am¡Úmo{JH$ ì`dñWm ñWmnÊ`mH$[aVm _moR>`m à_mUmV l{_H$ XoIrb Amnë`m na§namJV ì`dgm`m§Zm gmoSy>Z

Am¡Úmo{JH$aUmH$So> diVmV. CÚmoJm§_Ü o Ë`m§Zm gmÜ`m H$_©Mmè`m§Mr OmJm {_iVo. Omon ªV Ë`m CÚmoJmMr àJVr

hmoVo Vmon ªV l{_H$m§Zm `mo½` nJma {_iVmo. nU ^{dî`mVrb doVZmMr d ZmoH$arMr h_r ZgVo.

5. ~hþVoH$ H$m_ H$amamZwgma Ho$bo OmVmV. gd©gmYmaU {Zaja l{_H$mbm H$amamV R>abobr aŠH$_

{Xë`mZ§Va Ë`m§M Vo H$m_ g§nV§. A{e{jV ì`ŠVr hr g§Yr naV {_iy eH$Vo. nU A{e{jV d AHw$eb

ì`ŠVrbm {H$Vr {Xdg ~oamoOJma ahmdo bmJob `mMr ñnï> H$ënZm ZgVo.

6. OmJ{VH$sH$aUmV ImOJr Jw§VdU d Am§Vamï´>r` ^m§S>dbmMm dmT>Vm gh^mJ Agë`mZo l{_H$mbm

Ë`mÀ`m na§namJV CÚmoJm§Zm gmoSy>Z Oo ^m§S>dbXma R>adVrb Ë`mà_mUo H$m_ H$amd§ bmJV. Vo H$m_ Z O_ë`mg

Ë`mÀ`m ZmoH$arbm YmoH$m Agy eH$Vm.

7. gaH$mar hñVjon Zgë`mZo l{_H$m§À`m ~mOyZo bT>m XoÊ`mg Vmo H$_Hw$dV nS>Vmo. bhmZ_moR>çm

CÚmoJm§Zm nU {dXoer Jw§VdU H$aÊ`mMr _w m Agë`mZo bKwCÚmoOH$ nU l_ H$nmV H$aVmV.

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AemàH$mao bjmV oVo H$s, OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio Cƒ V§ÌkmZ, {demb ^m§S>db `m§Zm dmd Amho. VgoM

{e{jV, Vk Am{U YmS>gr ì`pŠV§H$[aVm _wŠV AW©ì`dñWoV dmd Amho. `mCbQ> AHw$eb, A{e{jV dg_mOmV H$_r à{Vð>oÀ`m ì`ŠVr Agë`mg Ë`mbm Amnë`m ZmoH$arda Ho$ìhm JXm oB©b `mMr H$miOr gVVAgVo.

B OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U _wXV AdYrnyd© ñdoÀN>m{Zd¥ËVr :-

_wXV AdYrÀ`m nyd© godm{Zd¥ËVr h`mbm V.R.S. ZmdmZo AmoiIë`m OmVo. hr pñWVr ^maVmV AZoH$joÌm_Ü o ê$T> hmoV Amho. Ogo ì`mnmar ~±§H$m, gmd©O{ZH$ joÌ, e¡j{UH$ joÌ B. Ë`m_wio d`mÀ`m 60 ì`m dfr©godm{Zd¥ËV hmoÊ`mÀ`m 10-15 dfm©§AJmoXaM godm{Zd¥ËVr ¿`mdr Aer `moOZm ^maV gaH$maZo AmIbr Amho.godm{Zd¥ËVrÀ`m doiog 60 ì`m dfm©n ªV {_iUmao Ano{jV CËnÝZ Am{U {dî`{ZYrMr aŠH$_ XoD$Z l{_H$m§Zmgodm{Zd¥ËV Ho$ë`m OmVo. Ë`mdoiog hmVmV àM§S> à_mUmV n¡gm oVmo Am{U ì`mOmda XoIrb Ë`mMo Cd©[aV Am wî`Vmo OJy eH$Vmo.

hr moOZm Oar ñdoÀN>oZo {Zd¥ËV hmoÊ`mMr Agob Var H$mhr joÌm§_Ü o l{_H$m§Zm nQ>dyZ XoÊ`mV Ambo Amhod H$mhr {R>H$mUr O~arZo godm{Zd¥ËVr KoÊ`mg ~mÜ` Ho$bobo Amho d Ë`mMo {d{^ÝZ \$m`Xo l{_H$mbm dma§dmagm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. n[aUm_V: `m `moOZo_wio ñWm`r ZmoH$ar Agbobo gmYmaUnUo àË oH$ joÌmVbo30 Vo 35 Q>ŠHo$ bmoH$ H$_r Pmbobo AmhoV. hm nU EH$ l_ H$nmVrMmM ^mJ Amho. Aem l{_H$m§À`m hmVmVânya n¡gm Amë`mZo Ë`m§Mo ^{dî` gwa{jV Pmbo Amho VarXoIrb H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr gj_Vm d eŠVr Agë`mZonydr©À`m nJmamn¡H$s {Zå_o doVZ KoD$Z Vo H$m_ H$am`bm V`ma hmoVmV. Oo l{_H$ Aem nwZH$m`m©bm bmJVZmhr Vo Ag_mYmZr hmoVmV. Ë §mÀ`m OrdZmV {ZagVm oVo d Ë`m§À`m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ g_ñ`m ânya dmT>boë`mAgVmV.

^maVmV mMr gwê$dmV Joë`m nmM-ghm dfm©nmgyZ Oar Pmbobr Agbr Var Wm`b§S>, H$moar`m, qgJmnya,B§S>moZo{e`m, _bo{e`m B. amï´>m§_Ü o Aem ~è`mM g_ñ`m CX² dboë`m AgyZ Ë`m XoemVrb Z¡{VH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$CVmmanU Ambobo AmhoV. Aem KQ>Zm b°Q>rZ A_o[aH$Z Xoem_Ü o gmYmaUnUo 1980 -82 À`m H$mimVKQ>boë`m {XgyZ oVmV.

OmJ{VH$sH$aUm_wio ~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§Mm {eaH$md Pmë`mZo Ë §mMm wdm dJm©H$So> diÊ`mMm H$b A{YH$Amho. Ë`m_wio 50 dfm©§À`m godm{Zd¥ËV ì`ŠVtZm naV H$m_mda ê$Oy H$aUo ho Ë`m§À`m VËdmV ~gV Zmhr.

godm{Zd¥ËV Pmbobm dJ© Á`m g§ñWm§_Ü o anya {_imboë`m godm{Zd¥ËVrÀ`m doVZmbm R>odVmo. Ë`mMo Ë`mbm{deof \$m`Xm Pmbobm {XgV Zmhr. H$maU A{YH$moemMo ì`mOXa OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ o_Ü o hiyhiy H$_rPmbobo AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm Xa_hm {_iUmè`m ì`mOXamÀ`m H$_VaVm Ambobr Amho.

`mdê$Z Ago bjmV òVo H$s, OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m `wdm dJm©§H$[aVm, Hw$eb H$m_Jmam§H$[aVmAmemdmX OmJ{dUmar Amho. nU AmOÀ`m wdm dJm©§Mr pñWVr Ë`mÀ`m d`mÀ`m 45-50 ì`m dfr© godm{Zd¥ËVrbmào[aV H$aUmè`m ì`pŠV§gmR>r Pmë`mg hr à{H«$`m {H$VnV mo½` g_Oë`m OmB©b. maVm_Ü o XoIrb gd©gmYmaU

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Am w_`m©Xm d bmoH$m§Mr H$m ©j_Vm dmT>bobr Amho. Ë`m_wio A{YH$ df© H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr g§Yr Z {_imë`mgAW©ì`dñWoÀ`m Am{W©H$ §ÌUoda Ë`mMo {dnarV n[aUm_ A{YH$ hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

B OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ñÌr dJmª_Ü o dmT>Umao Xm[aÐç (Globalisation and Faminisation of poverty):

hçm à{H«$ oV l_H$nmV VRS YmoŠ`m§À`m ImbmoImb Oa AZmdí`H$ ImOJrH$aU qH$dm {KgS>KmB©Mo

{eWrbrH$aU Pmë`mg Oa gd©àW_ H$moUmda n[aUm_ nS>V Agob Va Vmo Amho ñÌr dJ©, H$maU ~mOmaì`dñWo_Ü o

Ooìhm §Ìgm_J«rMm dmna gwê$ hmoVmo Voìhm Oa l{_H$m§Zm H$_r H$aÊ`mMm _wÔm g_moa Ambm Va gd©àW_ ñÌr

_Owambm H$mT>Ê`mMr ì`dñWm Ho$br OmVo. H$maU g_mOmMr aMZmM Aer V`ma Ho$br Amho H$s, ñÌrbm A{YH$

H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr JaO Zmhr åhUyZ Aem gm_m{OH$ OS>UKS>UoMm \$m`Xm OmJ{VH$sH$aUmMr à{H«$`m bmXUmao

{dH${gV Xoe, Aën{dH${gV Xoem§H$Sy>Z KoV AgVmV. EH$Va ImOJr m§S>dbXmam§À`m hmVm_Ü o CËnmXZmMm.ñdê$n

Joë`mg ImOJr m§S>dbXma ñÌrbm ZmoH$arVyZ H$mT>Ê`mMo R>a{dV AgVmo. mMo ñnï>rH$aU Vmo Imbrbà_mUo.XoVmo.

1. ñÌrMr H$m ©j_Vm H$_r AgVo.

2. A{YH$ Vmg qH$dm Ceramn ª§V ñÌrH$Sy>Z H$m_ H$adyZ KoVm oV Zmhr.

3. _mV¥Ëd bm^mMr gmo H$amdr bmJVo.

4. {ejUmMr nmVir ñÌrMr H$_r AgVo.

darb _wÔo ~XbË`m n[apñWVrZwgma Cn wŠV R>aV Zmhr. ñÌrÀ`m H$m ©j_Vobm d {ejUmÀ`m JwUdËVobm

ImOJr ^m§S>dbXma Oar Aem X¥{ï>H$moZmVyZ ~KV Agbo Var {OWo Vr gj_ Amho d bT>m Xody eH$Vo {VWo Vr

qOH$bobr Amho. Xw m©½`mZo Aem KQ>Zm AndmXmË_H$M Amho. A{YH$m§e Aën{dH${gV Xoem§_Ü o pñÌ`m§Mo emofU

Pmë`mZo OmJ{V{H$H$aUmbm Xmof {Xbm OmV Amho. `m {H«$ obm Xm[aÐçmMo ñÌrH$aU Ago Zmd {Xbobo Amho.

(Faminization of Poverty)

B§S>moZo{e`m, qgJmnya d H$mhr {dH${gV Xoem§_Ü o XoIrb ñÌr l{_H$m§Mr H$nmV, A{Ve` H$_r nJmamda

H$m_ XoUo Aem KQ>Zm ~aoMXm AmT>iyZ oVmV. maVmV Aem KQ>Zm H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmT>iboë`m AmhoV Ë`m_wio

Ë`mMr Pi gmYmanUo nmM Vo ghm Q>ŠHo$ pñÌ`m§Zm nmohmoMbobr {XgyZ oVo. a{e`m Am{U B§S>moZo{e`m_Ü o

AënH$mbrZ _wbtnmgyZ àm¡T> pñÌ`m§n ©§V doí`m ì`dgm`mH$So> OmÊ`m{edm` H$mhr ñÌr`m§Zm n`m© ZìhVm, Aer

Zmo§X KoÊ`mV Ambobr Amho. `mMo EH$ _hËdmMo H$maU åhUOo {dXoer ^m§S>dbm~amo~a {dXoer ì`pŠV§Mm _wŠV

{eaH$md XoIrb Ago YmoHo$ {Z_m©U H$aVmo.

na§namJV dñVw Á`m ñÌr`m V`ma H$aV hmoË`m Ogo J¥hCÚmoJmVrb dñVy, Hw$Q>ra ì`dgm` B. Vo CËnmXZ nU

~hþamï´>r` H§$nÝ`m§À`m hmVmV Jobobo AmhoV. Ogo - nmnS>, {Mßg, bmoUMr B. Aem ~XbË`m n[apñWVr_wio

ñÌrMm ñdV§Ì MmbUmam CÚmoJnU ~§X nSy>Z Am{W©H$ MUMU OmUdV Amho. Á`m {R>H$mUr ñÌr _w»` H$_mdUmar

ì`ŠVr AgVo Ë`m nyU© Hw$Qw>§~mbm Ë`mMm \$Q>H$m ~gVmo. Am{U AW©ì`dñWo_Ü o ~oamoOJmarbm Vm|S> XoUmao ì`ŠVr

dmT>m`bm bmJVmV.

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gdm©V _moR>m à^md nS>Vmo Vmo ñÌr {ejUmda. Hw$Qw>§~mMo CËnÝZ H$_r Pmë`mg àW_ ñÌrbm {ejUmVyZ ~mhoa

H$mT>bo OmVo. maVmgma»`m Aën{dH${gV XoemV {OWo AmYrnmgyZM ñÌr {ejU H$_r à_mUmV Amho Vo AmUIr

H$_r Pmë`mg Ë`mMm CbQ> n[aUm_ g§nyU© g_mOmda hmoB©b. ñÌrMo ñdV:Mo Amamo½` d Hw$Q>§~mÀ`m Amamo½`mda

XoIrb Ë`mMm {dnarV n[aUm_ hmoVmo. naV EH$m X¥ï> MH«$mMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Am{U g_mOmVrb _moR>r l_eŠVr.dm`m

OmVo. gm_m{OH$ d H$ë`mUH$mar H$m © Wm§~dyZ {Xbo OmVmV. CXm. {ZamYma, n[aVŠ`m ñÌr`m§H$[aVm Agboë`m

`moOZm H$_r H$aUo qH$dm ~§X nmS>Uo Ago Pmë`mg ñÌr l_eŠVrMm A{YH$ èhmg hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

WmoS>Š`mV Ago åhUVm oB©b H$s OmJ{VH$sH$aUmÀ`m à{H«$ oV gdm©{YH$ Xwb©{jV ñÌrdJ© Amho. XoemÀ`m

gdmªJrU {dH$mgmH$arVm m KQ>ZoH$So> Xwb©j H$aUo åhUOo XoemÀ`m Xm[aÐç aofoImbÀ`m bmoH$m§Zm dmT>{dUo Amho.

{ejU Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>H${dÊ`mH$[aVm ñÌrbm g_mZ g§Yr XoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

B OmJ{VH$sH$aU d ~oH$mar (Globalisation and Unemployment) :

Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmZ§Va XoemV {dXoer ^m§S>db, {dXoer dñVy Am{U godm `m H$maUm§_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$

AW©ì`dñWm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U ImOJrH$aUmZo doJ KoVbm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ

~hþamï´>r` H§$nZrgmo~V à{VñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr `m CÚmoJm§Mo _w»` bú` XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ËdarV

H$aUo. Vrd« Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU amoOJmamÀ`m dmT>rgmo~V Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Ano{jV ~w{Z`mXr gmMm àXmZ H$aUo

Am{U ^m§S>dbmda à{Vbm^ àmá H$aUo hmo . na§Vw 235 _Yrb Ho$di 127 CÚmoJ bm^ àmá H$arV Amho. `m

CÚmoJm§Mm 1999 - 2000 Mm Z\$m 13,235 H$moQ>r ê$n on ªV hmoVm d VmoQ>çm_Ü o MmbUmao 106 CÚmoJm§Mm

VmoQ>m 9,274 H$moQ>r ê$n o hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ moJXmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ CËVaXm{`Ëd m_Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoOH$

{d{Z`moOr` ^m§S>dbmda Ý wZV_ ewÜX bm^ gwÜXm àmá H$ê$ eH$bo Zmhr. `m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U

ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m dmT>br. ~aoM gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ ~§X nS>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV Ambobo Amho. `m_wio

amoOJmamMr g_ñ`m J§ ra hmoV Amho.

{dXoer amoOJma emoYUmè`m _mZd l{_H$m§gmR>r amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr AmhoV. 1997 _Ü o 4 Aàdmgr

g§ajH$mH$Sy>Z nadmZJr _m{JVbr hmoVr. AmVm hr g§»`m AmUIr H$_r Pmbr. amoOJma H$m`m©b`mV Zmo§XUr

Ho$boë`m ~oamoOJmam§Mr g§»`m Mma H$moQ>r ghm bmIn ©§V Amho. H$mhr amoOJmaàmá bmoH$ AmR> à{VeV g§K{Q>V

joÌmer Amho Va ~mH$s 52% Ag§K{Q>V joÌmer OmoS>bobo AmhoV. `mdoir XoemVrb ~oamoOJmarMm Xa 2.5

à{VeV Amho. Omo 1987 Z§Va gmd©{YH$ Xa Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ Am{U gaH$mar joÌmV amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr H$_r

hmoV Amho. Am{U ImOJr joÌ Ë`m AZwe§JmZo amoOJma dmT>{dÊ`mgmR>r H$_r nS>V Amho. `m_wio ~oamoOJmam§Mr

g§»`m dmT>V Mmbbobr Amho. H$arAa Am{U amoOJma `mgmR>r {dXoem§_Ü o OmUmè`m ^maVr`m§Mm nm` `mMm

AmboI Imbr PwH$V Mmbbobm Amho. CXmarH$aUmZo Amnë`m XoemVrb amoOJmamV KQ> Ho$bobr Amho. VgoM

{dXoem§_Ü o ^maVr` l{_H$m§Zm amoOJmamÀ`m g§Yr CnbãY Zmhr. gVV ZD$ dfm©nmgyZ Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmH$So>

diboë`m maVmZo Amnë`m ~mOmambm {dH${gV Xoem§gmR>r _wŠV Ho$bo Amho. na§Vw {dH${gV Am{U {dH$gZerb

Xoem§Zr oWrb l_àdmhmbm Amim KmbÊ`mgmR>r ~aoM à{V~§Y bmXbo Amho.

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l_ _§Ìr S>m°. gË`Zmam`U O{Q>`m `m§Mo dŠVì` EH$ _hËdnyU© CnbãYr åhQ>bo OmVo. OyZ 2000 _Ü o

{OZoìhm_Ü o Am`mo{OV Am§Vamï´>r` l_ g§_obZm_Ü o maVr` à{V{ZYr _§S>imZo ZoV¥Ëd H$aVmZm S>m°. O{Q>`m m§Zr

åhQ>bo H$s, ""^m§S>dbmMo OmJ{VH$sH$aU H$aÊ`mH$arVm Oo à{V~§Y bmdbo Vo ~mOybm H$ê$Z àdmgr l{_H$m§À`m

g§ajUmgmR>r à^mdr Cnm` H$am`bm nm{hOo''

ZdrZ wJmV {Za§Va ZdrZ _{hVr, gyMZm Am{U H$m¡eë` nhm`bm {_iob Oo dmT>Umar {dídì`mnr

AW©ì`dñWm Am{U erK«VoZo hmoUmao Am¡Úmo{JH$ n[adV©Z ho Ë`mbm AZwgê$Z Am{U àmg§{JH$ Agob. _m{hVr d

Am¡Úmo{JH$aU dmT>{dë`mZo CËnmXZmbm {díd ì`mnr Am{U {dËVr` ~mOma§mZm EH$sH¥$V Ho$ë`m OmV Amho.

n[aUm_V: Hw$eb l_eŠVrMr _mJUr dmT>V Amho. `mgmR>r {ejU Am{U H$m¡eë` {dH$mgm_Ü o dmT> H$aUo

AmOMr JaO Amho. Amnë`mbm OmñVrV OmñV CËVaXm`r à{ejU àUmbr Am{U g§ñWm§Zm ñWm{nV H$ê$Z l_

H$m¡eë`mbm dmT>{dbo nm{hOo. `m Jmoï>rV H$moUVohr MyH$ Zmhr H$s Á`m Xoem§_Ü o à{fjU àUmbrgmR>r geŠV

g§ñWm§Mo AmYma CnbãY Amho. ho Xoe Amnbo n[adV©Z hmoV AgVm§Zm Vo ghO H$ê$ eH$Vrb Am{U Xwgao Xoe

_mJo amhVrb.

4.3 gmam§e :

godm`moOH$ d gaH$ma à_mUoM H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm§Mr hr _hËdmMr y{_H$m gmo r gw{dYm§Mr CnbãY H$ê$Z

XoÊ`mV Amho. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm _OwarXamV dmT>, H$m_mMo Vmg {ZpíMV H$aUo, Amamo½` B.~m~V godm`moOH$mer

bT>m d dmQ>mKmQ>rMo H$m © H$arV AgVmV. H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm Amnë`m H$m_Jmam§Mm amhUr_mZ XOm©, e¡j{UH$ XOm©

dmT>{dÊ`mH$[aVm d H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`pŠV_ËdmMm gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d H$m_Jmam§À`m ì`pŠV_ËdmMm

gdmª{JU {dH$mg H$aÊ`mH$[aVm {d{dY àH$maÀ`m `moOZm AmIVmV d H$m`m©ÝdrV H$aÊ`mgmR>r à`ËZ H$aVmV.

H$m_Jma g§KQ>Zm_Yrb Am{W©H$ XwamdñWm, EH$mË_VoMm A^md, {ZajaVm, A{Z`_rV CnpñWVr, Xm[aÐç,

X¡ddmX , amOH$s` X~md B. H$mhr KQ>H$m§_wio ^maVr` H$m_Jma g§KQ>ZmMo H$m_Jma H$ë`mUmMo H$m © _mJo nS>V

Amho.

l_rH$m§À`m g_ñ`mMr {Z{_©Vr hr àË oH$ XoemÀ`m Am{W©H$ gm_m{OH$ d amOH$s` OrdZmV {Za§VanUo

MmbV amhUmar à{H«$`m Amho. {d{eï> n[apñWVr_Ü o qH$dm {d{eï> H$maUm§_wio l_ g_ñ`m§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo Ago

{ZpíMVnUo gm§JVm oV Zmhr. J«m_rU nmíd© y_r , {ZajaVm, Aën_Oyar, H$m¡eë`mMm A^md BË`mXr gd©g_mdoe

g_ñ`m ~amo~a ~mb_Oya d ñÌr _Oya§mÀ`m H$mhr {deof g_ñ`m AmhoV. ~mb _OyamMr g_ñ`m hr {dídì`mnr

AgyZ Ë`mg gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ db` Amho. maVmV ~mb_OyarMr àWm Iyn àmMrZ Amho. XoemV Jwbm_rÀ`m

H$mbmdYrV eoVr d BVa ì`dgm`mV ~mb_Oyam§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. Am¡Úmo{JH$sH$aUmZ§Va H$maImZo,

CÚmoJY§Xo {Z_m©U Pmë`m_wio ~mb _Oyam§Mr g_ñ`m Vrd« d Jw§VmJw§VrMr Pmbr. ~mb _Oyar H$m`Úm_wio CÚmoJmVrb

~§YZmV AgUmè`m ~mb _Oyam§Mr g§»`m H$_r Pmbobr Zmhr. àma§^r am°`b H${_eZÀ`m Ahdmbm_Ü`o

CÚmoJ, ImUr, _io d JmoÚg§_Ü o H$m_ H$aUmè`m ~mb H$m_JmamÀ`m pñWVrMo Aën _OyarMo ñnï>rH$aU Ho$bobo

hmoVo.

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Am{W©H$ CXmarH$aUmZ§Va XoemV {dXoer ^m§S>db, {dXoer dñVy Am{U godm `m H$maUm§_wio Am¡Úmo{JH$

AW©ì`dñWm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>br Amho. OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U ImOJrH$aUmZo doJ KoVbm Amho. gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ

~hþamï´>r` H§$nZrgmo~V à{VñnYm© H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr `m CÚmoJm§Mo _w»` bú` XoemMm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg ËdarV

H$aUo. Vrd« Am¡ÚmoJrH$aU amoOJmamÀ`m dmT>rgmo~V Am{W©H$ {dH$mgmgmR>r Ano{jV ~w{Z`mXr gmMm àXmZ H$aUo

Am{U ^m§S>dbmda à{Vbm^ àmá H$aUo hmo . na§Vw 235 _Yrb Ho$di 127 CÚmoJ bm^ àmá H$arV Amho. `m

CÚmoJm§Mm 1999 - 2000 Mm Z\$m 13,235 H$moQ>r ê$n on ©§V hmoVm d VmoQ>çm_Ü o MmbUmao 106 CÚmoJm§Mm

VmoQ>m 9,274 H$moQ>r ê$n o hmoVm. gm_m{OH$ moJXmZ Am{U gm_m{OH$ CËVaXm{`Ëd m_Ü o gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoOH$

{d{Z`moOr` ^m§S>dbmda Ý wZV_ ewÜX bm^ gwÜXm àmá H$ê$ eH$bo Zmhr. `m_wio OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U

ImOJrH$aUmMr à{H«$`m dmT>br. ~aoM gmd©O{ZH$ CÚmoJ$ ~§X nS>Ê`mÀ`m AdñWoV Ambobo Amho. `m_wio

amoOJmamMr g_ñ`m J§ ra hmoV Amho.

4.4 nm[a^m{fH$ eãX :

1. l{_H$ g§KQ>Zm : l{_H$m§_Ü o H$m_ H$aÊ`mMr àd¥ËVr Oa g§K{Q>V ñdê$nmMr Agob Va Ë`mMo ñdê$n

A{Ve` doJio AgVo. Ago ñnï>nUo l{_H$m§Zr l{_H$ g§KQ>Zm§À`m _mÜ`_mZo Xe©{dbobo Amho. Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌmV

l{_H$m§Zr EH$Ì oD$Z H$m © H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`m emofUmÀ`m {dê$ÜX AmdmO C§M{dUo Am{U l{_H$ g_ñ`m§Zm

gmoS>{dUo hm EH$ R>iH$ CÔoí` l{_H$ g§KQ>Zm§Mm AgVmo.

2. l{_H$m§Mm àdmgr ñd^md : ^maVmVrb Am¡Úmo{JH$ eham§_Üò H$m_ H$aUmao A{YH$m§e l{_H$

~mhoê$Z Ambobo AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Zm AZoH$ AS>MUtZm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. IoS>çmVyZ oUmao H$m_Jma h§Jm_r

ñdê$nmMo H$m © H$aVmV.

3. amOZ¡{VH$ JQ>m§Mm à^md : àË oH$ XoemV amOH$s` JQ> l{_H$ g§Kmgmo~V OmoS>bobo AgVmV. h`mV

Xw_V Zmhr. nU ho g§K Ë`m§À`m hmVmMo ~mhþbo ~Zm`bm ZH$mo ho {VVHo$M Iao Amho. Ago Pmë`mg l{_H$ g§KmÀ`m

ZoV¥ËdmV ~è`mM AS>MUr oVmV.

4. _mZdr` godm XoUo : amoOJma d ì`mdgm{`H$ H$m`m©H$[aVm Zo AZoH$ Aä`mgH«$_ Am`mo{OV Ho$bo. AnmÌ

d ñWbm§V[aV Pmboë`m bmoH$m§H$[aVm H$mhr {deof H$m ©H«$_ AmIbo. Zo ì`mdgm{`H$ g„m XoUmao Vk Ago AZoH$

bmoH$m§Zm h`m godm XoÊ`mH$[aVm ê$Oy H$ê$Z _mZdr` {dH$mgmbm â {Xbm.

5. ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU : g§emoYZ d _m{hVr H$m`m©À`m AmYmamda Zo amï´>r` à{ejU H|$Ð

CKS>bo. Ë`mH$[aVm EH$ g_J« `moOZm V`ma H$ê$Z AZoH$ Am¡Úmo{JH$ joÌm§_Ü o Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mgH$[aVm,

_mZdr` {dH$mgmH$[aVm ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU XoÊ`mV Ambo. Ë`m_Ü o H$m¡eë` {Z{_©Vrbm ânya dmd {Xë`m

Jobm.

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4.5 ñd`§AÜ``Z àíZ.

[aH$må`m OmJr `mo½` n`m©` {ZdSy>Z {dYmZo nwU© H$am.

1. gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm hm eãXà`moJ H$m`m©b`rZ Cn`moJmgmR>r n{hë`mXm A_o[aH$m _Ü o ..........

gmbr H$m`Xm Pmbm.

A) 1935 ~) 1936 H$) 1934 S>) darbn¡H$s gd©

2. ......... nma§n[aH$ Am{Zdm © _XVrÀ`m VËdmda AmYm[aV AgVo.

A)gm_m{OH$ {d_m ~) l_ H$ë`mU H$) gm_m{OH$ ghm`Vm S>) darbn¡H$s {VÝhr Zmhr

3. _Owam§Zm ZwH$gmZ^anmB© XoÊ`mg§~§YrMm H$m`Xm ........ gmbr H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

A) 1920 ~) 1921 H$) 1923 S>) darbn¡H$s gd©

4. Xwgam amï´>r` l_ Am`moJmMr ñWmnZm .........gmbr H$aÊ`mV Ambm.

A) 2002 ~) 2003 H$) 2001 S>) darbn¡H$s {VÝhr Zmhr

5. ^maVmVrb H¥$frjoÌmV H$m_ H$aUmè`m pñÌ`m§Mo à_mU {dH${gV Xoem§À`m VwbZoZo .......... Amho

A) H$_r ~) A{YH$ H$) ZJÊ` S>) darbn¡H$s gd©

4.6 ñd`§ AÜ``Z àíZm§Mr CËVao.

A) 1935 ~) gm_m{OH$ ghm`Vm H$) 1923 S>) 2002 B) A{YH$

4.7 gamdmgmR>r àíZ :

A) {XKm©oËVar àíZ.

1) gm_m{OH$ gwajm åhUOo H$m` ? ho gm§JyZ gm_m{OH$ ghm`Vm Am{U gm_m{OH$ {d_m mVrb \$aH$

ñnï> H$am.

2) gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVm g§X^m©Vrb emgZmMo YmoaU ñnï> H$am.

3) ^maVmVrb l_ H$ë`mU H$m ©H«$_ g{dñVa ñnï> H$am.

4) ñÌr _Owa Am{U ~mb _Owam§À`m {dfoe g_ñ`m gm§Jm

5) OmJ{VH$sH$aU Am{U l_ ~mOma `mVrb g§~§Y ñnï> H$am.

~) {Q>nm {bhm.

1) gm_m{OH$ gwa{jVVoMr g§H$ënZm Am{U {VMr CËH$m§Vr,

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2) {ZH$mg YmoaU.

3) l_ H$ë`mU

4) ~mb _Owam§À`m {deof g_ñ`m

5) OmJ{VH$sH$aU.

4.8 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r g§X^© :

1) Datt, G. (1996) Bargaining Power, Wages and employmet : Analysis of Agricultural

Labour Markets in India, Sage Publications and New Delhi.

2) H. B. and T. N. Srinivasan, (Eds.), The Handbook of Development Economics,

North-Holland, New York.

3) Hajela, P. D. (1998), Labour Restricting in Inia : A Critique of the New Economic

Policies, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi.

4) Jhabvala, R. And R. K. Subrahmanya (Eds.) (2000), The Unorganised Sector :

Works Security and Social Protection, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

5) Lester, R. A. (1964), Economics of Labour, (2nd Edition), Macmillan, New York.

6) McConnell, C. R. and S. L. Brue (1986), Contemporary Labour Economics, McGraw

Hill, New York.

7) Papola, T. S., P. P. Ghosh and A. N. Sharma (Eds. (1993), Labour Empoyment

and Industrial Relations in India, B. R. Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.

8) Rosenberg, M. R. (1998), Labour Markets in Low Countries in Chenery,

9) Venkata Ratnam, C. S. (2001), Globalization and Labour Management Relations

Dynamics of Change, Sage Publications / Response Books, New Delhi.

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E_.E. mJ-2 / AW©emó ....11

(labour markets and employment) - shivaji university 2015/m. a. ii sem... · ^m§s>dbxmam§mm...

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