labs 17 + 18 muscles. bone practical wed 7/11 @ 8am 40 – 50 stations about half axial, half...
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Labs 17 + 18
Muscles
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Bone Practical
• Wed 7/11 @ 8am• 40 – 50 stations• About half axial, half appendicular bones• Disarticulated bones: Skulls, partial skulls,
vertebrae, ribs, skeletons, arm bones, leg bones, hand, foot, os coxa, sternum, clavicle, scapula
• Know names and locations of all bones and bone parts on the list
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Muscle Labs
• Most of the labs for the next two weeks will consist of looking at models and diagrams to learn the muscles.
• The models will be the same models used on the practical quizzes
• I will post these lectures on the website
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Final Practical
• Covers head and face; neck; chest; abdominal; and back and shoulder, upper arm; lower arm; hip and thigh; upper leg; and lower leg
• Brain and cranial nerves
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Quiz format
• 40+ stations, about half with models and half with B/W photocopies of figures straight out of your book.
• 50 pts, plus bonuses
• Know locations, origins and insertions (for the ones in bold on the muscle list) and general functions
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Divisions of the Muscular System
1. Axial muscles:– position head and spinal column– move rib cage– 60% of skeletal muscles
2. Appendicular muscles:– support pectoral and pelvic girdles– support limbs– 40% of skeletal muscles
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Origins and Insertions
• Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment (origin) and 1 moving point of attachment (insertion)
• Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton
• Origin is usually proximal to insertion
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Origin and Insetaions
• Fixed end in (b) below is the origin, while moving end is the insertion
Figure 10–13
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Actions
• Movements produced by muscle contraction
• Body movements – e.g., flexion, extension, adduction, etc.
• Described in terms of bone, joint, or region
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Muscle Interactions
• Muscles work in groups to maximize efficiency
• Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles
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Muscle Terminology Based on Function
• Agonist (prime mover):– produces a particular movement
• Antagonist:– opposes movement of a particular agonist
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Muscle Terminology Based on Function
• Synergist:– a smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist– helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist
(fixator)
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Muscle Opposition
• Agonists and antagonists work in pairs:– when 1 contracts, the other stretches– i.e., flexors–extensors, abductors–adductors,
etc.
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How does the name of a muscle help identify its location, appearance, or
function?
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Names of Skeletal Muscles
• Correct names of muscles include the term muscle
• Exceptions: – platysma– diaphragm
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Descriptive Names for Skeletal Muscles
1. Location in the body
2. Origin and insertion
3. Fascicle organization
4. Relative position
5. Structural characteristics
6. Action
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Location in the Body
• Identifies body regions:– e.g., temporalis muscle
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Origin and Insertion
• First part of name indicates origin
• Second part of name indicates insertion:– e.g., genioglossus muscle
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Fascicle Organization
• Describes fascicle orientation within muscle:– rectus (straight) = parallel to body or limb– transversus = perpendicular to the midline– oblique
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Relative Position
• Externus (superficialis):– visible at body surface
• Internus (profundus):– deep muscles
• Extrinsic:– muscles outside an organ
• Intrinsic:– muscles inside an organ
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Structural Characteristics
• Number of tendons (or heads):– bi = 2, tri = 3
• Shape: – trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
• Size…
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Names for Muscle Size (1 of 2)
• Longus = long
• Longissimus = longest
• Teres = long and round
• Brevis = short
• Magnus = large
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Names For Muscle Size (2 of 2)
• Major = larger
• Maximus = largest
• Minor = small
• Minimus = smallest
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Action
• Movements: – e.g., flexor, extensor, retractor
• Occupations or habits: – e.g., risor = laughter
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Naming Skeletal Muscles
Table 11–1 (1 of 2)
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Naming Skeletal Muscles – contiuned
Table 11–1 (2 of 2)
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Lab 17
• Do the three activities, which include:– Draw the sarcomere (use space at bottom of
page 239
• Due next week in lab
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Lab #18
Muscles of the Head and Neck
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Quiz 8 – Muscles I
• Next week: on head and face; neck; chest; abdominal; and back and shoulder (20 pts)
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Quiz format
• 20+ stations, about half with models and half with B/W photocopies of figures straight out of your book.
• 20 pts, plus bonuses
• Know locations, origins and insertions (for the ones in bold on the muscle list) and general functions (though you will need to know functions mostly for the exam).
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What are the principle axial muscles of the body, their origins, insertions, actions, and innervation?
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The Axial Muscles
• Divisions based on location and function:– muscles of head and neck– muscles of vertebral column– oblique and rectus muscles– muscles of pelvic floor
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6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
• 1. Muscles of facial expression:– originate on skull
• 2. Extrinsic (outside) eye muscles:
(don’t need to know)
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6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
• 3. Muscles of mastication:– move the mandible
• 4. Muscles of the tongue:– names end in glossus (FYI)
• 5. Muscles of the pharynx:– begin swallowing process (FYI)
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6 Muscle Groups of the Head and Neck
• 6. Anterior muscles of the neck:– control position of larynx– depress the mandible– support tongue and pharynx
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Muscles of Facial Expression
• Orbicularis oris:– constricts the mouth opening
• Buccinator:– moves food around the cheeks
• Corrugator supercilli – wrinkles forehead
• Orbicularis oculi – sphincter of eye
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Others
• Zygomaticus – pull skin of mouth up and out when smiling
• Levator labii superiorus – raises upper lip
• Depressor labii inferiorus – “pouting” muscle
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Muscles of the Epicranium (Scalp)
• Temporoparietalis
• Occipitofrontalis:– frontal and occipital bellies– separated by epicranial aponeurosis
• Platysma:– covers anterior surface of neck
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Muscles of Facial Expression
Figure 11–4a
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Muscles of Facial Expression
Figure 11–4b
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Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (1 of 2)
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Summary: Muscles of Facial Expression
Table 11–2 (2 of 2)
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3 Muscles of Mastication
• Masseter:– the strongest jaw muscle
• Temporalis:– helps lift the mandible
• Pterygoid muscles (FYI):– position mandible for chewing
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Muscles of Mastication
Figure 11–6
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Summary: Muscles of Mastication
Table 11–4
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Muscles of the Tongue
Figure 11–7
Don’t need to know any of these
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Muscles of the Neck
• Digastric:– from chin to hyoid– also hyoid to mastoid
• Platysma:– covers anterior surface of neck
• Sternocleidomastoid:– from clavicle and sternum to mastoid
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Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Figure 11–9
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Summary: Anterior Muscles of the Neck
Table 11–7
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Today: Lab #18
• Examine the relevant muscles of the head, jaw, and neck
• Remember: if it’s not on the list, you don’t have to locate it or write about it in the lab report
• Lab report for #18 due next week