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L’INSTITUT D’ARCHEOLOGIE DE L’UNIVERSITE JAGELLONNE DE CRACOVIE

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUESNOUVELLE SERIE 1

KRAKÓW 2009

© Copyright by Institute of Archaeology of the Jagiellonian University

Kraków 2009

REDACTIONWojciech Blajer

CONSEIL EN REDACTION

Jan Chochorowski, Krzysztof Ciałowicz, Piotr Kaczanowski, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Ewdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Jacek Poleski, Joachim Śliwa, Paweł Valde-Nowak

TRADUCTION

Piotr Godlewski, Romana Kiełbasińska et auteurs des articles

SECRETAIRE DE LA REDACTIONMarcin S. Przybyła

ILLUSTRATIONS

Urszula Bąk, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Urszula Socha et auteurs des articles

MAQUETTE DE COUVERTUREJacek Poleski

MISE EN PAGES

Wydawnictwo i Pracownia Archeologiczna “PROFIL” Magdalena Dzięgielewska

EN COUVERTURETrois figurines d’ivoire de site prédynastique de Tell el-Farkha

ADRESSE DE LA REDACTION

Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, ul. Gołębia 11, PL 31-007 Krakówwww.archeo.edu.uj.pl/ra

ISSN 0137-3285

Cette publication est financée aux moyens destinés à l’activité statutaire de la Faculté d’Histoire de l’Université Jagellonne

To Readers and co-Authors of „Recherches Archéologiques”

FOUILLES ARCHEOLOGIQUES EN POLOGNE

Bolesław Ginter, Marta Połtowicz-Bobak: Dzierżysław 35 – an open-air Magdalenian site in Upper Silesia (part III)

Paweł Valde-Nowak: Early farming adaptation in the Wiśnicz Foothills in the Carpathians. Settlements at Łoniowa and Żerków

Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at the multi-cultural site 1 in Grodowice, Kazimierza Wielka district, season 2005

Tobias L. Kienlin, Paweł Valde-Nowak: Bronzezeitliches Siedlungswesen im Vorfeld der polnischen Westkarpaten: Geomagnetische Untersuchungen und Geländebegehungen im Bereich des Dunajectals

Wojciech Blajer: Die Ausgrabungen an der Fundstelle 5 in Lipnik, Kr. Przeworsk (Siedlung der Trzciniec-Kultur, Gräberfeld der Tarnobrzeg-Gruppe), in den Jahren 2004 – 2006 (7.–9. Grabungssaison)

Anna Gawlik, Piotr Godlewski: Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006

Ulana Zielińska: Bone material from the Lusatian culture settlement in WitówKarol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz: Investigations

in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie

Agnieszka Klimek, Łukasz Oleszczak, Zbigniew Robak: Forschungen an der Fundstelle der Lausitzer Kultur in Sufczyce, Fst. 8, Kr. Staszów, im Jahre 2005

Marcin S. Przybyła: Sondierungsausgrabungen auf der Siedlung aus der Bronzezeit und der römischen Kaiserzeit in Markowa, Kr. Łańcut, Fst. 85

Marzena J. Przybyła: Bericht von den Rettungsausgrabungen in Lipnik, Fst. 3, Gde. Kańczuga, Kr. Przeworsk, Woiw. Podkarpackie. Saison 2003 – 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: The research on the multicultural site no. 1 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie during the years 2003 to 2004

Michał Grygiel, Jacek Pikulski, Marek Trojan: Rescue excavations on the Late Roman period settlement on site 3 in Zagórzyce, com. and distr. Kazimierza Wielka, voiv. Świętokrzyskie

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak, Joanna Zagórska-Telega: Prusiek, Fst. 25, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie – das erste Gräberfeld der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den polnischen Karpaten

Renata Madyda-Legutko, Elżbieta Pohorska-Kleja, Judyta Rodzińska-Nowak: Pakoszówka, Gde. und Kr. Sanok, Woiw. Podkarpackie, Fst. 1 (Siedlung aus der Römischen Kaiserzeit)

Marcin Biborski: Abschließende Grabungsuntersuchungen an der Fundstelle 8 in Mokra, Gde. Miedźno, Kr. Kłobuck, Woiw. Śląskie

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Jacek Poleski: Results of excavations conducted on the stronghold at Damice, commune Iwanowice, district Kraków, in the years 2004 – 2006

Dariusz Niemiec: Fragment der städtischen Wehrmauer des Krakauer Kazimierz, freigelegt 2005 an der Podgórska-Straße im Bereich des Spitals der Barmherzigen Brüder

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologische Grabungen im Bereich des Wróblewski-Collegium der Jagiellonen Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2003 – 2005

Dariusz Niemiec: Archäologisch-architektonische Untersuchungen im Hof des Collegium Novum der Jagiellonen-Universität in Kraków in den Jahren 2005–2006

RECHERCHES ARCHEOLOGIQUES A L’ETRANGER

Valery Sitlivy, Krzysztof Sobczyk, Margarita Koumouzelis, Panagiotis Karkanas: The New Middle Palaeolithic Human Occupations in Cave 1 in Klissoura, Greece. The Investigations in 2004 – 2006

Małgorzata Kaczanowska, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Adamantios Sampson: Results of investigations into the Early Mesolithic site of Maroulas on the island of Kythnos (Western Cyclades)

Marek Nowak, Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo, Maria Lityńska-Zając, Tomasz Kalicki, Janusz K. Kozłowski, Georgiy I. Litvinyuk, Marian Vizdal: A settlement of the early Eastern Linear Pottery Culture at Moravany (Eastern Slovakia) – Preliminary report on seasons 2004 and 2006

Krzysztof M. Ciałowicz: Excavations of the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha in 2006Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: The catalogue of graves from Tell el-FarkhaEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Eugenia F. Redina, Jarosław Bodzek, Wojciech Machowski: The

Koshary Project (Ukraine, Odessa province), seasons 2004 – 2006Wiesław Koszkul, Jarosław Źrałka, Bernard Hermes: Archaeological Investigations

at Nakum, Peten, Guatemala: New Data on the Site’s Development and the Discovery of a Royal Tomb

Radosław Palonka, Kristin Kuckelman: Goodman Point Pueblo: Research on the Final Period of Settlement of the Ancestral Pueblo Indians in the Mesa Verde Region, Colorado, USA. The Preliminary Report, 2005–2006 Seasons

THESES DE DISSERTATIONS

Jacek Poleski: Frühmittelalterliche Burgen am DunajecGrażyna Bąkowska: Oriental elements in the iconography of magical gems

(1st – 3rd centuries A.D.)Marcin Biborski: Schwerter aus der jüngeren und spätrömischen Kaiserzeit sowie der

Frühphase der Völkerwanderungszeit aus dem Gebiet des europäischen Barbaricums und des Römischen Kaiserreichs. Typologie, Chronologie, Identifizierung römischer Erzeugnisse

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Mikołaj Budzanowski: The cult niches on the upper court of the temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari. Royal cult aspects in the Temple of Millions of Years Djeser-Djeseru during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut

Joanna Dębowska-Ludwin: Burial custom in Lower Egypt in the Pre- and Early Dynastic period

Anna Gawlik: Scythian influences on the western and north-western borderlands of Great Scythia

Dorota Gorzelany: Burial form vs. ideologia funeraria. Formation of monumental tombs in Macedonia in the Classical and Hellenistic periods and their impact on the funerary complexes of Alexandria

Wojciech Machowski: Kurgans in the necropoleis of ancient cities on the Black Sea northern coast

Jacek Pierzak: Mittelalterliche Topfhelme auf polnischem Boden im Hinblick auf WesteuropaAleksandra Zięba: The Middle Palaeolithic in Kraków region: Piekary IIa and Kraków

ul. Księcia Józefa sites, in European contextLeszek Zinkow: Legacy of the Ancient Egypt in Polish literature (until 1914)Jarosław Źrałka: Terminal Classic Occupation in the Maya sites located in the Triangulo Park

area and the problem of their collapseEwdoksia Papuci-Władyka, Wojciech Machowski, Marta Kania: Black Sea links: exhibition

and conference in Cracow

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Recherches ArchéologiquesSN 1, 2009, 109 – 140

ISSN 0137 – 3285

Excavations on the Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Upper Silesian - Little Po-land group of the Lusatian culture (podgrupa częstochowsko-gliwicka grupy górnośląsko-małopolskiej kultury łużyckiej) cemetery at Zbrojewsko, commune Lipie, site 3 (Fig. 1) were conducted in 2004 – 2006. They were the 43rd, 44th and 45th seasons of excava-tions on this large cemetery, that were initi-ated in 1961 and conducted up to 2005 by Professor Marek Gedl (Gedl 2002). The re-sults of field works were successively pub-lished by Professor or by his collaborators in many archaeological journals (e.g.: „Silesia Antiqua”, „Recherches Archéologiques”, „Śląskie Sprawozdania Archeologiczne”, „Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Ślą-sku i ziemiach pogranicznych”, „Arch�o-„Arch�o-logisches Korrespondenzblatt” and others). The materials from the first 20 seasons (up to 1981) were published by Professor M. Gedl in the form of a series of papers and monographs (Gedl 1966; 1971; 1974; 1991; 1999).

1 Institute of Archeology of the Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Kraków, Gołębia street 11; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Institute of Geography of the University of Humani-ties and Sciences, 25-406 Kielce, Świętokrzyska street 15; [email protected]

In the 2004 – 2005 seasons excavations were led by Professor Marek Gedl with the cooperation of Urszula Bąk, M.A., Barbara Szybowicz, M.A. and Karol Dzięgielew-ski, M.A. In 2006, the investigations were conducted by K. Dzięgielewski with the participation of Barbara Szybowicz. The students of archaeology and cultural stud-ies from the Jagiellonian University, as well as volunteers and hired workers from Lipie and Danków participated in the excavations. During the three seasons reported here, a to-tal area of 980 m2 was explored, yielding 64 archeological features. The investigations of 2004 – 2005 concentrated in the north-west-ern zone of the necropolis, while in 2006 its southern peripheries were examined (Fig. 25).

1. Location of the siteThe site is located on the Silesian Upland, within the geomorphologic unit called the Upper Warta Valley (western sub-region) (Gilewska 1972). Denudated uplands, both of moraine and fluvioglacial accu-mulation character, are predominant in the landscape of this subsequent depression, formed on ore-bearing vesul and baton loams. These flat grounds go down from 280 – 300 m above sea level on SE to 220 m above sea level on NW. Hills within the

Karol Dzięgielewski1, Urszula Bąk1, Tomasz Kalicki2 , Barbara Szybowicz1

Investigations in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck, voiv. Śląskie

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depression, for example those south-east of Krzepice, are formed of resistant upper Jurassic limestone and sometimes also of Quaternary deposits, which are probably re-sidual kame forms.

A flat bottom of the Liswarta valley, in the Danków region north of Krzepice, is 0.5 – 1.0 km wide. The site is located on the valley’s left slope (Fig. 1). The slope is cut by the erosion valley of a small watercourse Stoczek (about 1 km long), which runs NNW-SSE, beginning below a flat plateau at about 230 m above sea level. In its estu-ary part, the erosion valley cuts the sand lev-el along the left slope of the Liswarta valley, while Stoczek (at its mouth) accumulated a small alluvial fan, overbuilding the flood-plain. The site is located within sand level, on a slope gently going down towards the Liswarta, on the area covered presently by a mixed forest.

2. Archeological and geomorphologic investigations in 2004 (northern part of the site)In 2004, the area of 475m2 was excavated and 20 features were discovered. Trench-es were located in the north-western and north-eastern parts of the cemetery (Fig 2,

25). This resulted in a relatively certain de-termination of the north-western border of the cemetery. Archeological results of that season have already been presented else-where (Bąk 2006), therefore only the results of geomorphologic studies are discussed in this chapter. Trenches located in the north-western zone of the cemetery yielded only few graves. Moreover, in the western part of the excavated area another type of soil was found (wet, compact light yellow-white sand), different from the rest of the site, which undoubtedly is related with a small distance from Stoczek. This sediment was found to have alluvial character. A hypothe-sis was formulated that the edge of a depres-sion connected with Stoczek was a natural border of the cemetery in the Bronze Age. However, information about a discovery of an urn on the western side of Stoczek sug-gested that the cemetery could cross the watercourse and continue on the western part. Therefore, two trenches 5×5 meters were opened in the Stoczek valley (“On the meadow”), approximately 5 – 10 meters to the west of its channel (Fig. 2).

According to the oral tradition, manor ponds were once to be located in the de-forested area on the right bank of Stoczek (hence the local name “Grobelki” – a dimin-utive of “the Dams”). However, the trench-es did not produce any such evidence. Only the traces of drainage ditches discovered in section DCCX could perhaps suggest a pos-sible existence of ponds in upper parts of the land. The two trenches “On the meadow” did not yield any archaeological artefacts. In section DCCIX however, a fragment of the Stoczek paleochannel was discovered (Fig. 4, 5). Moreover, in both trenches a 10 to 50 cm thick layer of dark grey-black sand occurred (layer 11)3 (Fig. 3, 5). Grain-size

3 The site’s stratigraphy, and the description of natural layers into which the Lusatian culture graves were dug,

Karol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz

Fig. 1. Zbrojewsko, district Kłobuck. Location of site 3

111Investigations in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko...

analyzes of sediments from soil profile 1 collected within section DCCX (Fig. 3, 6) were conducted in order to establish wheth-er this layer could have been anthropogenic or it was a natural fluvial sediment. These analyzes were supplemented by a grain-size analysis of the fill of the Stoczek paleochan-nel (Fig. 4 – 6).

as well as of those formed after the period of cemetery functioning, will be more comprehensively presented in an intended, separate paper. In this study, only the local layer 11 (in the site’s NW margin) is given more attention.

The 80 cm thick profile of sediments from section DCCX (Fig. 3) was analyzed by siev-ing. The fraction smaller than 0.09 mm was separated using a laser (Fritsch Laser Ana-lysette 22) (Fig. 6). In the whole profile fine- and medium-grained sands were present, with admixture of coarse sands (10 – 15%), in normal sequence, as the share of the thinnest fractions decreases with increasing depth. In two uppermost samples, which can be de-scribed as silt sands (Mz = 3.2 – 2.9φ), very badly sorted (δ = 2.2 – 2.0), the share of dust and loam fractions amounted to 30 – 40%. Below, in badly sorted (δ = 1.7 – 1.1) sands

Fig. 2. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Hipsometric map of NW part of the site with trenches from year 2004 marked

112 Karol Dzięgielewski, Urszula Bąk, Tomasz Kalicki, Barbara Szybowicz

(Mz = 2.5 – 2.0φ), the share of fraction under 0,09 mm gradually decreases to about 10% in two lowest samples. The mean size curve is characteristically “vertical” for samples 3 – 4, which correspond to dark-grey layer (11) in the wall profile. This rather homoge-nous layer can be the remains of fossil soil, and at the same time can mark the beginning of overbank accumulation on the Stoczek bank.

Grain-size analysis confirmed natural character of layer 11 (fossil soil/Stoczek overbank sediment) and the lack of traces of human activity on the Stoczek right bank in the Bronze Age. Probably, this watercourse constituted a barrier for further develop-ment of the necropolis in that direction. In-formation about an accidental discovery of a Lusatian culture urn in the forest on the

Stoczek western bank should therefore be related to other zone of Zbrojewsko necrop-olis (for example the central-western zone), or to another, as yet undiscovered cemetery.

Fig. 4. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cross-section of Stoczek paleochannel recorded in section DCCIX

Fig. 3. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Soil profile (1) in section DCCX: a – photography; b – location of collected sediments samples

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3. Excavations in 2005 (northern part of the site)The 2005 excavations were led in the north-ern part of the site, both at its western and eastern borders (Fig. 14, 25). Total area of 315 m2 was excavated (regular sections 5×5 meters – 200 m2, and soundings – 115 m2). Eleven archeological features were discovered (1614 – 1624). The trenches on the western side were planned to verify the north-eastern border of the cemetery, pre-liminary suggested by excavations in the seasons 2002 – 2003 (Bąk 2006, 77). There-fore, close to the area excavated in 2004 (which in most part produced no archeologi-cal record), the following soundings were made: 1/05 (10×1.5 m), 2/05 (15×1.5 m), 3/05 (25×1.5 m), 4/05 (20×2 m) (Fig. 25).

In principle, sounding trenches confirmed the supposed northern and north-western borders of the cemetery, as they produced no archeological features which could be indisputably attributed to the Lusatian culture. The same applies to two sections (DCCXXVIII, DCCXXIX) at the cemetery northern margin. A supposed grave 1622 (cremation in pit) discovered in sounding 4/05 contained only a single pottery frag-ment and few bones, which did not allow de-termining its chronology (Fig. 7:B). Features 1623 (Fig. 7:D) and 1624 (Fig. 8:A – B), dis-covered in the northern margin of sounding 4/05, can be linked with the Younger or Late Roman period. This is suggested, among other things, by a fragment of the so called “grey pottery”, wheel-made, with polished

Fig. 5. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Section DCCIX, profiles E and N

Investigations in 2004 – 2006 at the Bronze Age cemetery (site 3) at Zbrojewsko...

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decoration, found in feature 1624 (Fig. 8:1). The character of these features is not certain. While it is relatively safe to describe feature 1623 as a posthole, it cannot be excluded that feature 1624 was a cremation grave. Its fill contained sparse, small, charred bones. However, a possibility of the bone material redeposition from an older cemetery should be also taken into consideration. Features 1623 and 1624, together with a fragment of wheel-made vessel found in 2004 in section DCXCVII (Bąk 2006, 75, Fig. 16), con-firm the penetration of the northern part of the site during the Younger or Late Roman period.

In soundings 1/05 and 2/05, situated on the edge of Stoczek floodplain, there were discovered alluvial sand deposits connected with this creek (layers 11 and 12). A fragment of its paleochannel was recorded in the western part of section DCCXXII.

Other trenches were opened in peripheral zones of a large cluster of graves located in the northern part of the site: sections DCCXV, DCCXVI and DCCXVII in the western part of the cluster (Fig. 14); sec-tions DCCXXX, DCCXXXI, DCCXXXII in its eastern part (Fig. 25). The western sections confirmed a supposed borderline of the cluster, as they yielded only three Lusa-tian culture graves (features 1614, 1614A, 1616). They were cremation graves in pits, urnless, very poorly equipped. In the case of feature 1614, pit shape and dimensions, as well as its orientation (N-S) refer to skel-eton graves (Fig. 9:A – D). However, unlike in many other features of that kind at Zbro-jewsko, charred human bones were not scat-tered along the whole grave pit, but were assembled in one cluster, which contained the remains of a pyre as well (Fig. 9:B). Feature 1614A was a small pit grave, if not simply one more cluster of bones within feature 1614 (Fig. 9:A). The graves in ques-tion can be dated to Bronze Age Period V. This is suggested, in the first place, by frag-ments of a bowl with protrusions on its rim (Fig. 9:6) and of a vase decorated with ver-tical grooves on the upper part of the belly (Fig. 9:7), found in the fill of feature 1614. Feature 1616 was also a pit grave, in an oval pit having dimensions of about 50×35 cm (Fig. 7:A). It contained only sparse, not characteristic pottery shards.

In the zone in question, a concentration of pottery fragments was also recorded. From these shards it was possible to re-construct the bottom part of a Lusatian pot (Fig. 8:2).

Fig. 6. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Graining; statistical grain-ing coefficients (Folk-Ward) for sediments from profile of section DCCX and from paleochannel in section DCCIX: A – sands of various grain size, B – silt sands, C – fossil soil, D – soil. Fractions: 1 – coarse-grained sand (-1 to 1φ), 2 – medium-grained sand (1 – 2φ), 3 – fine-grained sand (2 – 4φ), 4 – coarse- and medium-grained dust (4 – 6φ), 5 – fine-grained dust (6 – 8φ),

loam (above 8φ)


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Fig. 7. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts and cross-sections of features: A – grave 1616; B – grave 1622; C – feature 1619 (border stone?); D – feature 1623 (Roman Period

posthole)Fig. 8. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts, cross-sections and inventories of features: A, B – feature 1624 (Roman Period pit); C – pottery cluster 1615 (Lusatian culture); 1 – pottery fragment from feature 1624; 2 – fragment

of clay vessel from cluster 1615Trenches located in the eastern part of the

cemetery were intended to determine the range of a group of graves from Bronze Age Period IV, investigated for several seasons. Also in this zone graves were much more sparsely distributed, as compared to the pre-viously investigated sections located more to the west. Three sections investigated in 2005 yielded only 2 graves (1620, 1621) and one pit of undefined function (1617) (Fig. 10:A,C); the latter perhaps of not Lusatian chronology. In section DCCXXXI, traces of a modern era road ruts (contemporary?) were found (feature 1618) (Fig. 10:A,B), probably associated with forest manage-ment works. Feature 1619 was a large er-ratic boulder, discovered in the eastern part of section DCCXXX (Fig. 7:C). It had at-tracted attention because similar stones or stone constructions marked the northern border of the cemetery.

Cremation urn burial 1621 should be dated to Bronze Age Period IV. The urn was placed at the bottom of a small oval pit, dug 40 cm deep into yellow sand (Fig. 11:B, 15). Human bones were found mainly among fragments of the urn. The urn from grave 1621 is a typical Period IV biconical vase, with broad mouth and sharp carination accentuated by three surrounding grooves (Fig. 11:1). The decoration of the lower part of the body with irregular, mostly oblique, incised lines is an atypical element. Such ornament occurs more frequently on the ter-ritory of Wielkopolska (Łuka 1951, 92, fig. 54:d; Kaczmarek 2002, plate 13:B4). Apart from the urn, a few pottery shards from other vessels were found in the fill of grave 1621 (Fig. 11:2 – 4).


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Fig. 9. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts and cross-sections of graves 1614 and 1614A, with selected pottery from grave 1614 equipment: 1-7 – pottery


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Feature 1620 is probably the remains of an inhumation grave, with a typical orienta-tion along the north-south axis (Fig. 12:A). An outline of the grave pit was hardly de-tectable, and bones were not preserved. The only equipment was a small bronze ring (Fig. 12:11), found in the NW part of the pit. Artifact planigraphy4 for the layers located outside archeological features allowed sev-eral pottery fragments from the upper layers to be assigned to this grave.

In addition, the investigated area (espe-cially sandy, aeolian layer, into which the graves were dug) produced several dozen fragments of Lusatian culture pottery.

4 Since 2005 two-dimensional fixing (planigraphy) has been applied for all the artifacts found in layers outside archeological features, starting from subsoil layer. This allows features to be identified more quickly. Also, this makes it possible to assign part of the material to the features, which become visible only at lower levels. Other methods have been applied as well to improve the detectability of features, particularly of grave pits, including a routine sprinkling of the cleared levels.

In the forest subsoil, some traces of the modern age penetration of the area were found as well (glass, pottery and iron artifacts).

Photographic documentation and draw-ings were made not only for the artifacts acquired during the excavations, but also for a bronze pin found a few years ear-lier in the southern part of the Zbrojewsko cemetery by a forester Z. Korzekwa from Lipie. According to the discoverer’s ac-count, the pin was found about 20 cm be-low the ground level, next to a pine where he had made a hole to collect a soil sam-ple for research on tree pest. Although the place of discovery approximately indicated by Z. Korzekwa is located within the al-ready excavated area, making such a find – close by a tree – is likely, because during archeological investigations a certain area around the trunks of bigger trees was al-ways left intact, and metal detector was not used. The finder of the pin was not inclined to give it to the archeologists, so all what

Fig. 10. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts and cross-sections of features 1618 (modern road) and 1617 (prehistoric pit)


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was done was the documentation. Legal or official measures were not taken, as this might cause that in the future foresters would conceal possible discoveries of that kind.

The pin is preserved in two fragments (part of needle is broken) and represents a younger variant of eyelet pins (Fig. 13), dat-ed to Bronze Age Period III. It has a profiled head with circular cross-section, decorated with incision. A small strap handle, set on pin’s bend, has a roof-shaped cross-section. Several specimens of such pins come from, among other places, the early Lusatian part of Zbrojewsko cemetery (Gedl 1966, plate I:1; 1991, plate V:5).

The investigations conducted in 2005 have contributed to establishing the northern and north-western borders of the cemetery at Zbrojewsko. Trenches in the eastern part confirmed the fact that also in this direction there is a border zone of one of large grave clusters or the whole cemetery, although

this border is not as distinct as it is in the north and west.

4. Investigations in 2006 (southern part of the site)In the 2006 excavations were focused on the southern edge of the already investigated area (Fig. 16, 25). Previous works conducted in this region (Gedl 1990; 1992) suggested that another grave cluster could begin here, perhaps not related with grave concentra-tions located more to the north and dated to the Younger Bronze Age (Bąk, Szybowicz 2007). Results of the season 2006 seem to confirm it. The discovery of another grave cluster in this place is surprising, as at a dis-tance of merely 20 meters to the south, there runs a distinct geomorphologic boundary. It is the edge of sandy level – elevated above the Liswarta floodplain – on which the cem-etery is located. Altogether, a total area of 190 m2 was excavated in 2006 and yielded 33 archeological features (nos. from 1625 to 1655, 1645A and 1649A) including 31 buri-als, 1 concentration of stones (feature 1638) and a posthole or a trace of a small stake (feature 1649A) (Fig. 16). All these features can be attributed to the Lusatian culture from the Younger and Late Bronze Age. In con-trast to a tendency noticed during the earlier investigations in this part of the cemetery, significantly more cremation graves were discovered (23) than inhumations (7 or 8). One can notice a distinct chain of cremation burials, particularly in the eastern part (Fig. 16). The majority of those burials were pro-vided with stone constructions (17 features) (Fig. 26), whose shape and dimensions most often resembled the constructions erected over inhumation graves (11 features). They consisted of up to four layers of stones, of various dimensions (sometimes quite large). Cobble layers were most often rectangu-lar or oval, and their dimensions ranged from 1.6×0.7 m (grave 1637) to 2.4×1.3 m

Fig. 11. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layout and cross-section of urn grave 1621, and its equipment: 1– 4 – clay vessels


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(grave 1642) and 2.9×1 m (grave 1625). Cobble pavements over those cremation graves which resembled inhumation graves were usually complete (Fig. 17, 21:A,B), which distinguished them from other cre-mation burials that had only fragmentary layers in most cases. A floor of almost all the graves of this category was surrounded by a rectangle of stones, which marked the grave chamber’s boundary (Fig. 18, 27, 28). Sometimes this framing was only fragmen-tary (for example limited to the southern and northern ends). Pit burials were clearly predominant among the graves in question (10 features). Charred bones were scattered mainly in basin-shaped depressions in the central or southern parts of grave chambers,

while vessels were placed in their northern parts (Fig. 27). Only once, under a large, oval stone construction resembling an inhu-mation grave, was an urn burial discovered (grave 1630) (Fig. 18). Moreover, in grave 1636 (see below), both pit and urn burial types were recorded (probably, it was the burial of mother and children) (Fig. 21:A – C, 28). Graves belonging to the described cat-egory were among the best equipped with ceramic vessels (up to 15).

Among other cremation graves with stone constructions one can mention urn graves with one layer of cobbles (features 1631, 1634) and pit graves with small, oval, and most often incomplete cobble pavement (graves 1645A, 1649, 1654) (Fig. 22:A). In

Fig. 12. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layout and cross-section of inhumation grave 1620, and its equipment: 1 – bronze ring


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majority, these graves were not surrounded by stone framings. In addition, there were 4 urn graves discovered without any stone constructions. Cinerary urns were placed in small pits of dimensions matching fairly exactly the dimensions of vessels. Only in the case of graves 1647 (Fig. 17) and 1650 were the pits slightly larger than urns placed inside, while in the case of grave 1651 an outline of a grave pit was not detectable at all (Fig. 23). To this category belong both burials dated probably to Bronze Age Period IV (graves 1629, 1651 [?]).

There were only two cremation-pit graves discovered without any stone constructions (graves 1640, 1655). Grave 1655, with a

hardly visible, irregularly oval pit of basin-like profile, contained no equipment at all (Fig. 19). From the ceiling part of feature 1640 come sparse pottery fragments, plani-graphically (cf. footnote 4) collected from the trench, prior to discovering the grave itself. Bones from the above feature could not be collected, as – in the opinion of the anthropologist participating in the explora-tion – they had the form of bone powder.

Inhumation graves were concentrated mostly in NW part of the area investigated in 2006 (Fig. 16) and were connected with a group of similar burials discovered in the years 1989 – 1990 (Fig. 25) (Gedl 1990; 1992). As the conditions at the site are not conducive to preservation of not cremated remains, inhumation graves are identified basing on the lack of charred bones on pit bottom and the presence of equipment ele-ments. It cannot be excluded however, that grave 1641, which yielded neither bones nor grave goods, played the role of a symbolic burial. During the earlier investigations, such cases were usually interpreted as un-equipped inhumation graves. Inhumation graves had stone constructions consisting most often of 2 – 3 stone layers, rectangu-lar or oval, ranging from 1.5×0.8 m (grave 1646) and 1.7×0.85 m (grave 1632) to 2.80×1.40 m (grave 1628). As a rule, stone framings, which marked a pit into which the body was placed, were in these graves smaller by 0,5 m than the cobbled area. Therefore one can conclude that the small-est graves must have been children buri-als. This is confirmed by the fact, that such graves often contained only small vessels (e.g. grave 1632).

Inhumation graves discovered in 2006 can be dated exclusively to Bronze Age Pe-riod V. They were less lavishly furnished with ceramic goods (up to 5 vessels) than the cremations with stone constructions. Moreover, their grave assemblages were

Fig. 13. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Bronze eyelet pin found accidentally in southern part of the site


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Fig. 14. Zbrojewsko, site 3. NW part of the site during excavations in 2005

Fig. 15. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cross-section of urn grave 1621 with grave pit apparent


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Fig. 16. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Detailed scheme of SW part of the site with the area investigated in 2006 marked. Legend: 1 – equipped graves with stone constructions, 2 – equipped graves with fragmentary stone constructions, 3 – unequipped graves with stone constructions, 4 – graves with stone constructions resembling inhumation buri-als, 5 – urn graves, 6 – graves with stone constructions other than resembling inhumation burials, 7 – pit graves, 8 – vessels in clear sand, 9 – unidentified pits, 10 – shards clusters, 11 – graves from Bronze Age Period IV, 12 – graves

from Bronze Age Period III or IV, 13 – investigated area, 14 – area investigated in 2006


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more standardised (a bowl, a pot, 1 – 2 scoops, and a small vase, less often a cup or large vase). None of the burials in question contained bronze artifacts, and the only non-ceramic element of equipment was a pierced (intentionally?) shell from grave 1639. In the burials in question, distinct traces of grave pits, which would differ in color from dark yellow-grey aeolian sand (layer 4) into which they were dug, were encountered considerably rarer than in the case of cre-mation burials. Hardly perceptible traces of pits were recorded only in two cases (graves 1626, 1632). Inhumation graves, as well as the cremations with stone constructions re-sembling inhumation graves, were oriented along N-S axis or slightly deviated towards NW-SE.

When discussing grave construction, one should mention two details that attracted at-tention during the 2006 investigations. The first is the occurrence of stones with numer-ous tiny holes (natural erosion cavities) in the grave cobbled layers (particularly in their ceiling parts). Although they wear no

traces of processing by man (similarly to all other stones used for constructing graves), they should be treated as a serious archeo-logical source due to their appearance – probably non-accidental – in the prominent places of graves (graves 1635, 1636, 1641, 1642) (Fig. 29). Judging from the depth on which the ceiling parts of pavements are presently recorded (even only 5 – 10 cm un-der the ground level), originally they were likely to be visible above the ground. The importance attached to such stones in the Lusatian culture could perhaps be analogous to that observed at the same time in the Nor-dic cultural circle, where similar specimens, the so-called Schalensteine (often with arti-ficially made cavities), were used as covers of grave chambers or for other, nowadays unknown cultic purposes (Brøndsted 1962, 128 – 130; Struve 1976, 101–107; Kock Jo-hansen 2000, 230).

The next question concerns an above-ground indication of the location of the graves. Although for some time the upper parts of the cobbles were visible on the

Fig. 17. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cremation in pit with stone construction (1645) and urn cremation (1647) dug into it


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ground, during the younger phase of using the cemetery (time span of 150 – 200 years; Bronze Age Period V) they must have been gradually covered by earth. However, the number of overlapping graves from the younger phase is relatively small5 (Fig. 17). Therefore, the graves must have been ad-ditionally marked in some way. In the dis-cussed season, we managed to record two constructions which might play such a role. A cluster of 6 stones was found at 20 – 30 cm to the north from grave 1630 (urn cremation with a stone construction resembling inhu-mation graves). The stones were placed on the grave’s central axis and were arranged one on top of the other in three levels (3, 1, and 2 stones) (Fig. 20). Their arrange-ment made the impression that originally

5 In the season 2006: grave 1647 dug into grave 1645 and grave 1648 partially destroying the cobbles of gra-ves 1652 and 1653.

they were supporting something, for ex-ample a small pole. As there were no other loose stones discovered in close proximity, a connection of this cluster of stones with grave 1630 seems to be unquestionable. The second case concerns a child’s crema-tion burial 1649, provided with a stone con-struction in the form of a small oval cob-ble pavement (discovered at the depth of 20 cm) (Fig. 22:A – C, 28). Ten centimeters below, slightly to the south from the layer of cobbles, a trace of a small circular pole (17 cm in diameter) with dark-grey humus fill (feature 1649A) was outlined against the background of the grave pit. Its profile was slightly slant, narrowing at the bottom to a peak, and the layer of bedrock sand (layer 4) around its walls bore distinct traces of “bends”, being the evidence of the action of pushing a pole into the ground (Fig. 30:B). Of course, it cannot be excluded that the pole was younger and unconnected with the

Fig. 18. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Urn cremation with stone construction (1630)


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grave, but its location exactly at the pit bor-der, next to the grave cobbles seems to ad-vocate the interpretation proposed above.

Cremation graves with stone construc-tions resembling inhumation burials were best equipped with pottery. In grave 1636, in which the cremains of an adult woman and five children were laid (in three urns and two pits), 15 vessels and 3 clay rattles were discovered (Fig. 21:A – C, 28). A large biconical urn with a gentle carination (Fig. 21:16) was located in the northern part of the pit and was crushed by a stone from the framing of the grave. The remaining ves-sels (including 2 bowls used as cinerary

urns) touched it from the south. A layer containing charred child bones occupied the grave’s southern end. As many as 9 ves-sels from the equipment of this grave were scoops, most often carinated, with concave (Fig. 21:12,13,15) and flat bottoms (Fig. 21:8,15), as well as conical and semispheri-cal ones with concave bottoms (Fig. 21:5,7). In addition, the grave equipment included 2 bowls (Fig. 21:10,17), a miniature vase (Fig. 21:4), a two-handled pot (Fig. 21:18), and a flat plate-disc, placed vertically next to the pot and, probably, covering it originally (Fig. 21:14). Stone framing of the grave in question was made of particularly large

Fig. 19. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Weakly visible cremation grave in pit (contour was digitally marked with the white line)


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stones, each having at least one flat side, ar-ranged in such a way that the flat sides were facing the inside of the grave chamber. Oth-er lavishly equipped cremation graves with stone constructions were following: grave 1644 (12 vessels) (Fig. 31), 1635 (8 vessels and a rattle) (Fig. 24:A – C, 29), 1627 (8 ves-sels) and 1642 (6 vessels).

The context in which a large, flat plate from grave 1644 was discovered was in-teresting. The plate was set vertically in the eastern part of a vessel cluster, in the grave’s northern part, in the place where one stone in the framing was missing. Perhaps the plate played the role of its substitute (Fig. 31).

Also, two fragments of bronze artifacts were recovered from cremation graves (a spiral made of bronze band found in cobble pavement of grave 1644 and two fragments of a bronze wire from urn from grave 1650).

They were the only bronze objects discov-ered in 2006.

The oldest of the investigated graves can be dated to the Younger Bronze Age (Bronze Age Period IV – graves 1629 and perhaps 1651). They are cremation graves, without stone constructions, containing no other equipment besides urns. Dating is based on the stylistics of cinerary urns (biconical, sharply profiled vases). The urn from child burial 1651 (Fig. 23:1), although fits into the stylistics typical of Bronze Age Period IV, may as well represent the late segment of the Bronze Age (V). In the southern zone of Zbrojewsko cemetery graves dated to Period IV are rare and considerably dispersed.

The other graves can be related to the close of the Bronze Age (Period V). Bi-conical vases occurring in their equipment are characterized by gentle carination (Fig.

Fig. 20. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cobbles of urn cremation 1630 with fragments of stone construction (from N) that probably was marking the grave on the ground


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Fig. 21. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts of grave 1636 (A – C) and its equipment: 1 – 3 – clay rattles; 4 – 18 – clay ves-sels. Burial symbols on the layout of grave pit (C): A – woman, Adultus (20 – 25 years old), B – child, Infans I (3 – 4 years old); C – child, Infans I (2 – 3 years old); D – child, Infans I (3 – 4 years old); E – child, Infans I (2 – 3 years

old); F – child, Infans (4 – 5 years old). Numbers at vessel drawings correspond to numbers on grave layout


128

21:16, 24:7) and are decorated with multiple incised lines arranged in rafter-like patterns (Fig. 24:6,7). To the same stylistics belongs the decoration of small vases (Fig. 21:4, 22:1, 24:6) and cups. Bowls, most often carinated, usually were provided with three triangular protuberances on their rims, with the central one placed always over the han-dle and the two other set symmetrically at a small distance from it (Fig. 21:5,6, 22:4, 24:4,5). These elements can be considered to be the indicators of the late phase. Much less distinctive chronologically are other vessels, like egg-shaped pots with knobs (Fig. 24:1) or handles (Fig. 21:18) and semispheri-cal (Fig. 21:5,6, 22:4, 24:4,5) or carinated (Fig. 21:9,13,15) scoops. Also flat plates with one side decorated (Fig. 21:14, 31:a) belong to the forms typical for later phases of the Lusatian culture. Till now, they were not known from Zbrojewsko, despite a great number of investigated graves. Therefore, it is interesting that two such specimens were discovered in the graves situated not far one from another (1636, 1644). Perhaps, their presence indicates some chronological dif-ferences between the presently investigated grave cluster and other clusters located fur-ther to the north.

Among particularly interesting assem-blages one should mention that recovered from pit cremation grave 1635. Apart from typical vessels, it contained a vase with a flar-ing rim, decorated with a set of incised lines and stamped circles on the upper part, and with four finger-tipped cordons on the lower part of the body (Fig. 24:7). This form refers to collared urns of H type, distinguished by Z. Durczewski (1946, 42 – 43; 1948, plate XXXIII:11 – 13), who regarded them as the imitations of bronze vessels. They are rare in the Upper Silesia - Little Poland group of the Lusatian culture. One can mention some examples from Kraków subgroup (podgrupa krakowska) (Kraków-Skotniki – Durczewski

1948, plate XXXIII:11 – 12; Podłęże, dis-trict Wieliczka – Potocki 1966, 166, Fig. 7), Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup (podgrupa częstochowsko-gliwicka) (Danków, dis-trict Kłobuck – Gedl 1963, 177, plate II:1; Opatów) and Kępno subgroup (podgrupa kępińska) (Lipie, district Kępno – Durczew-Durczew-ski 1948, plate XXXIII:13, LXVII:12; two small vases from Dąbrowa, district Wieluń – Durczewski 1948, plate LXXX:4,5). In particular, the vessels from Kraków-Skot-Kraków-Skot-niki have the proportions similar to those of the Gevelinghausen-Vejo-Seddin type bronze vessels, dated to period HaB2 – 3 (Gedl 2001). On the other hand, the vessel from Zbrojewsko, like that from Lipie, does not differ much from typical vases of the pe-riod. Therefore, they cannot be seen as the imitations of bronze forms.

A vase from grave 1635 was not a ciner-ary urn. Inside, there was an atypical ves-sel having oval cross section, semispheri-cal bottom, two handles at the narrower sides and rich decoration (Fig. 24:8). The ornament covered only the vessel’s front and consisted of 3 horizontal lines incised directly under neck, two groups of 26 ob-lique lines divided by a vertical line running more or less through the vessel’s center, and fragmentary lines “flanking” the composi-tion. Vessel dimensions: height 15.5 cm, rim: 18.5×9.5 cm. The vessel must have undoubtedly been designed for hanging, as its arch-shaped bottom precludes standing. Clay and firing technology were in no way different from other vessels found on the cemetery (fairly large amounts of medium- and coarse-grained granite temper and a small admixture of sand; brown-grey-black, spotted firing).

The vessel’s function remains unclear. It cannot be excluded that it imitates some organic container (e.g. a leather one). The closest analogies come from the Kępno sub-group cemeteries at Laski, district Kępno


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Fig. 22. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts and cross-sections of grave 1649 and posthole 1649A (A – D) and the equip-ment of grave 1649: 1-4 – clay vessels


130

(Malinowski 1990, 49; 1991, 40; 1993, 32 no. 3636, 54 no. 6537) and at Lipie, district Kępno (Durczewski 1946, 88; 1948, plate LIX:50,51, LXXXVI:13 – 15). They were however unornamented and smaller than the specimen from Zbrojewsko (height: Li-pie 5.3 – 7 cm; Laski 7 – 9 cm). Moreover, the vessels from Lipie had holes instead of handles. Z. Durczewski and T. Malinowski included them into the so-called “snuff-box” category (“tabakiery”). “Snuff-boxes” or “boxes with lids” in their classic form were

typical of western groups of the Lusatian culture (Gediga 1967, 121–122). They were quite rare in the Upper Silesia-Little Poland group, occurring mainly on the territory of the Kępno (Durczewski 1946, 88; 1948, plate LXXVI:10 – 12) and Kraków (Fraś, Pawlikowski 2005, fig. 3:j) subgroups. They differed from the specimens described above mainly by flat bottom, careful manufacture, exquisite decoration and the presence of two pairs of handles (or hollows) – at rim and at base. The third pair occurred on lids, which

Fig. 23. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layout of graves 1633 and 1651 (A), cross-section of grave 1633 (B), and the equip-ment of grave 1651: 1 – clay vessel


131

Fig. 24. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Layouts and cross-section of grave 1635 (A – C) and its equipment: 1 – 9 – clay vessels


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very often accompanied such vessels. Pro-ceeding from these differences one might think that the vessel from Zbrojewsko and analogous specimens from the Kępno sub-group constitute a type functionally separate from “snuff-boxes”. The problem is howev-er more complicated, as from the cemetery at Laski several other vessels are known, which combine the features of “snuff-box-es” (2 pairs of handles or holes) and of the vessel from Zbrojewsko (arch-shaped base, slightly profiled rim) (Malinowski 1993, 28 no. 2421, 32 nos. 3247, 3593). Perhaps, a development of a specific local variant of “snuff-boxes” should be taken into account for the Kępno subgroup territory.

The two specific vessels from grave 1635 reveal clear references to the Kępno subgroup of the Upper Silesia-Little Po-land group. Close analogies can be found at cemeteries in the vicinity of Kępno (Li-pie, Laski). Also a close interrelation within the assemblage (placing oval vessel into vase) can indicate an allochtonic character of both vessels. Interesting enough, it was a 2 – 3 years old child who was buried in grave 1635. It might have been the child of a women who reached the middle Liswarta basin as a result of exogamic marriage (cf. Rysiewska 1996).

The excavations carried out at Zbrojew-sko in 2006 confirmed the presence of a large (?), so far unknown, cluster of graves from younger phases of the Lusatian culture

(Fig. 25), located on southern fringes of the site. The presently recorded differences between this cluster and previously inves-tigated clusters in the site’s northern and western parts may result from the still pre-liminary state of exploration. It is therefore recommended to continue the excavations, first of all towards south, down to geomor-phologic step which should mark a natural border of the necropolis. Excavations in this zone are also recommended from the point of view of heritage conservation, as graves are being discovered here at very small depths (even only 5 – 10 cm below the ground level). Changes in land use would lead to the destruction of upper parts of the graves.

5. Anthropological analysis of bone ma-terial from selected gravesIn the course of the 2005 – 2006 excavations, charred bone remains were recovered from several dozens features. Anthropological analysis presented here (Table 1) includes all cremation burials explored in 2005 (1614, 1614 A, 1616, 1621, 1622) and selected fea-tures from 2006 (discussed in more detail in the report) (1635, 1636, 1649, 1651).

Bone material was examined according to a generally applied method (Piontek 1985, 206 – 219) with the modifications devel-oped in the Department of Anthropology of the Jagiellonian University (Kaczanowski 1992, 110 – 120).


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Grave number

burial type

number of indi-viduals

aGe and sex of the deceased

remarksWeiGht of bones

1614 cremation, urnless 1

woman, Adultus (18 – 25 years old)

Numerous, small fragments of skull bones, cranial sutures open. A few fragments of trunk bones. Numerous fragments of upper and lower limb bone shafts.

560 g

1614a cremation, urnless 1

woman, Ma-turus – Senilis (40 – 50 years old)

Numerous, small fragments of skull bones, cra-nial sutures poorly distinguishable. Intravital defect of lower incisor. Numerous fragments of trunk bones (ribs and vertebrae) and upper and lower limb bone shafts.

865 g



Few fine fragments of calvarial bones. Cranial sutures open. Several fragments of trunk bones (including bodies of two cervical vertebrae). Fragments of upper and lower limb bone shafts. Fragments of pelvic bones.

630 g

1621 cremation, urn 1


Few, small fragments of calvarial bones. Cranial sutures open. Fragments of upper and lower limb bone shafts. Small fragments of pelvic bones.

310 g

1622 cremation, urnless 1 not determined Few fine fragments of limb bone shafts. 8 g

1635 cremation, urnless 1 child, Infans I

(2 – 3 year old)

Numerous, fine, very fragile fragments of calva-rial bones. Two petrous bones. Fragments of ro-ots of deciduous teeth, permanent teeth buds (I, C, P, M). Fine fragments of rib shafts and unfu-sed vertebral arches. Fragments of limb bone shafts with unfused epiphyses.

122 g

1636

mass cremation, urn and urnless

6

1. woman, Adultus (20 – 25 years old); 2. child, Infans I (3 – 4 years old);3. child, Infans I (2 – 3 years old);4. child, Infans I (3 – 4 years old);5. child, Infans I (2 – 3 years old);6. child, Infans I (4 – 5 years old)

Grave contained bone remains of a woman and five children. Bones were placed in three urns and three concentrations in the grave pit. Each urn or concentration contained the bones of one individual. This allows us to conclude that indi-viduals were cremated separately and deposed to the grave simultaneously or within a very short time period. Bone material from all the burials in this grave contained bone remains from various parts of skeleton.

1.835 g2.45 g3.25 g4.55 g5.43 g6.140 g


child, perinatal age (0 – 3 months)

Fine and very fragile fragments of calvarial bo-nes. Two petrous bones. Several fragments of vertebral bodies and processes and limb bone shafts.

12 g

1651 cremation, urn 1

child, perinatal age (0 – 3 months)

A few fine, very fragile fragments of calvarial bones. Two petrous bones. A fragment of man-dibular body. Few fine fragments of trunk bones and limb bone shafts.

9 g

Table 1. Anthropological determinations of the bone remains from selected graves (excavations in 2005 – 2006)


134

References

Bąk U., 2006 Wyniki badań wykopaliskowych na cmentarzysku z epoki brązu w Zbrojewsku, woje-wództwo śląskie, Badania archeologiczne na Górnym Śląsku i ziemiach pogranicznych w latach 2003 – 2004, pp. 62 – 80.

Bąk U., Szybowicz B., 2007 Uwagi o planigrafii cmentarzyska w Zbrojewsku, woj. śląskie, w naj-młodszym okresie epoki brązu, (in:) J. Chochorowski (ed.), Studia nad epoką brązu i wczesną epoką żelaza w Europie. Księga poświęcona Profesorowi Markowi Gedlowi na pięćdziesięcio-lecie pracy w Uniwersytecie Jagiellońskim, Kraków, pp. 37 – 66.

Badania na cmentarzysku z epoki brązu (stan. 3) w Zbrojewsku, powiat Kłobuck, województwo śląskie, w latach 2004 – 2006

W latach 2004 – 2006 kontynuowano badania wykopaliskowe na birytualnym cmentarzysku podgru-py częstochowsko-gliwickiej grupy górnośląsko-małopolskiej kultury łużyckiej w Zbrojewsku, gm. Lipie, stan. 3, podczas których odsłonięto i przebadano obszar o powierzchni 9,80 ara i wyeksploro-wano 64 obiekty. W latach 2004 – 2005 badania miały na celu uchwycenie północnej granicy cmen-tarzyska. Potwierdzono, że w części północno-zachodniej granicę cmentarzyska stanowiła krawędź doliny niewielkiego cieku (Stoczka). Badania geomorfologiczne potwierdziły, że nawarstwienia, zi-dentyfikowane w wykopach na zachód od tego cieku, mają naturalny charakter. W jednym z sondaży, założonym poza północną granicą cmentarzyska, natrafiono na dwa obiekty, związane z zasiedleniem tego obszaru w młodszym okresie rzymskim. Nie udało się natomiast odnaleźć północno-wschodniej granicy cmentarzyska, choć zanotowane w tej strefie obiekty występowały w znacznym już rozrze-dzeniu. W dalszym ciągu dominowały tu groby z IV okresu epoki brązu.

W roku 2006 wykopy założono na południowych peryferiach cmentarzyska, przy krawędzi po-ziomu nadzalewowego Liswarty. Odkrycie 31 grobów potwierdziło dotychczasowe podejrzenia, że w tej strefie może istnieć kolejne duże skupisko grobów z najmłodszej epoki brązu, analogiczne do rozpoznanych już w północnej i zachodniej części cmentarzyska. Wśród przebadanych obiektów były 23 groby ciałopalne (najczęściej jamowe, rzadziej popielnicowe), oraz 7 lub 8 grobów szkieletowych (1 być może symboliczny). Większość posiadała konstrukcje kamienne. W grobach ciałopalnych ja-mowych skupiska przepalonych kości występowały zawsze w południowej lub/i środkowej części grobu, zaś część środkową i północną zajmowały naczynia (do 15 sztuk). W grobach szkieletowych zestawy naczyń były skromniejsze liczbowo i mniej zróżnicowane. Dwa groby popielnicowe można datować na IV okres epoki brązu, zaś wszystkie pozostałe pochówki, odkryte w 2006 r. – na V okres. Do interesujących odkryć należy zestaw naczyń, odkryty w grobie 1635. W jego wyposażeniu zna-leziono wazę z krezą, do której włożone było nietypowe naczynie o owalnym przekroju poziomym i półokrągło ukształtowanym dnie. Obie formy posiadają bliskie analogie na cmentarzyskach podgrupy kępińskiej grupy górnośląsko-małopolskiej. Naczynie owalne było zdobione rytym ornamentem i nawiązywało do przedmiotów określanych jako „tabakiery” lub „puszki z wieczkiem”, rozpowszech-nionych w zachodnich grupach kultury łużyckiej. Różniło się jednak od nich ukształtowaniem dna, co może być wskazówką, że pełniło inną, nie określoną jak dotąd, funkcję.


135

Brøndsted J., 1962 Nordische Vorzeit, 2, Bronzezeit in Dänemark, Neumünster.

Durczewski Z., 1946 Grupa górnośląsko-małopolska kultury łużyckiej w Polsce, cz. I (syntetyczna), Prace Prehistoryczne, 4 (1939 – 1946), Kraków.

1948 Grupa górnośląsko-małopolska kultury łużyckiej w Polsce, cz. II (materiały), Prace Prehisto-ryczne, 6, Kraków.

Fraś J., Pawlikowski S., 2005 Badania archeologiczne prowadzone przez Muzeum Żup Krakowskich

Wieliczka w latach 2003 – 2004, Studia i materiały do dziejów żup solnych w Polsce, 24, pp. 353 – 368.

Gediga B., 1967 Plemiona kultury łużyckiej w epoce brązu na Śląsku Środkowym, Wrocław.

Gedl M., 1963 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Dankowie, pow. Kłobuck, cz. III (Materiały z badań prowadzonych w latach 1959 – 1961), Materiały Archeologiczne, 4, pp. 117 – 216.

1966 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Zbrojewsku, pow. Kłobuck, cz. I (Materiały z badań prowa-dzonych w latach 1959 – 1963), Materiały Archeologiczne, 7, pp. 91 – 124.

1971 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Zbrojewsku, pow. Kłobuck, cz. II (Materiały z badań prowa-dzonych w latach 1964 – 1965), Materiały Archeologiczne, 12, pp. 137 – 192.

1974 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Zbrojewsku, pow. Kłobuck, cz. III (Materiały z badań prowa-dzonych w latach 1966 – 1968), Materiały Archeologiczne, 15, pp. 57 – 118.

1990 Zbrojewsko. Woiwodschaft Częstochowa, Gemeinde Lipie, Fundstelle 3 (Ein bronzezeitliches Gräberfeld), Recherches Archeologiques de 1989, pp. 10 – 24.

1991 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Zbrojewsku, woj. częstochowskie, cz. IV (Materiały z badań prowadzonych w latach 1969 – 1972), Materiały Starożytne i Wczesnośredniowieczne, 6, pp. 191 – 253.

1992 Zbrojewsko. Woiwodschaft Częstochowa, Gemeinde Lipie, Fundstelle 3. Gräberfeld aus der Bronzezeit), Recherches Archéologiques de 1990, pp. 25 – 36.

1999 Cmentarzysko z epoki brązu w Zbrojewsku (badania 1973 – 1981), Kraków.2001 Die Bronzegefäße in Polen, Pr�historische Bronzefunde, II, 15, Stuttgart.2002 Wielkie cmentarzysko grupy górnośląsko-małopolskiej w Zbrojewsku, pow. Kłobuck, (in:)

M.Gedl (ed.), Wielkie cmentarzyska z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza, Warszawa, pp. 247 – 275.

Gilewska S., 1972 Wyżyny Śląsko-Małopolskie, (in:) M. Klimaszewski (ed.), Geomorfologia Polski, 2, Warszawa, pp. 232-339.

Kaczanowski K., 1992 Cmentarzysko ciałopalne kultury łużyckiej w Kietrzu, woj. opolskie (od II okresu epoki brązu do okresu halsztackiego), (in:) J. Holzer et al. (ed.), Zaludnienie ziem pol-skich pomiędzy XIII w. p.n.e. a IV w. n.e., Warszawa, pp. 113 – 120.

Kaczmarek M., 2002 Zachodniowielkopolskie społeczności kultury łużyckiej w epoce brązu, Poznań.

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Łuka L.J., 1951 Cmentarzysko kultury łużyckiej w Czarnkowie z IV – V. okr. epoki brązu, Fontes Praehistorici, 1 (further volumes: Fontes Archaeologici Posnaniensies), pp. 1 – 163.

Malinowski T., 1990 Laski. Materiały z cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej. Część 3, Słupsk.1991 Laski. Materiały z cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej. Część 4, Słupsk.1993 Laski. Materiały z cmentarzyska kultury łużyckiej. Część 5, Słupsk.

Piontek J., 1985 Biologia populacji pradziejowych, Poznań.

Potocki J., 1966 Skarb przedmiotów brązowych z Podłęża, Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, 8, pp. 153 – 168.

Rysiewska T., 1996 Struktura rodowa w społecznościach pradziejowych. Cmentarzyska z epoki brązu i wczesnej epoki żelaza w południowej Polsce, Wrocław.

Struve K.W., 1976 Zur Verbreitung, Datierung und Deutung der Schalensteine, Die Heimat. Zeitschrift für Natur- und Landeskunde von Schleswig-Holstein und Hamburg, 83/4 – 5, pp. 101 – 107.


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Fig. 25. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Overall plan of the site with marked areas investigated in the years 2004 – 2006 (numbering of sections investigated in 2004 and 2006 is presented in Figs. 2 and 16, respectively).

After Gedl 2002 and Bąk, Szybowicz 2007, modified


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Fig. 26. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Documentation of cobble layers of graves in section DCCXLI

Fig. 27. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cremation in pit with stone construction (1653)


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Fig. 28. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Mass cremation in pits and urns with stone construction (1636); large cinerary urn contained the remains of a woman, while the remains of five children were placed in bowls and in two pits

Fig. 29. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cobbles of cremation grave in pit (1635) with centrally placed stone with natural cavities (resembling the so-called Schalensteine)


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Fig. 30. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Cremation in pit 1649 with traces of a pole that probably was marking the grave on the ground

Fig. 31. Zbrojewsko, site 3. Details from the inventory of cremation in pit with stone construction 1644; a – flat clay plate

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