la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (upsc) hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa...dgykrh gsa fdlh lekt ds fodflr o l{ke gksus dh...

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk

(Hkkx&1)

641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009nwjHkk"k % 011-47532596, 8750187501Vksy izQh % 1800-121-6260Web : www.drishtiias.comE-mail : [email protected]

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la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (UPSC)

1. jktO;oLFkk % ,d ifjp; 5–35

2. dqN izeq[k ns'kksa dh laoSèkkfud ;kstukvksa dk ifjp; 36–52

3. egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd n'kZu 53–81

4. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku % ,d ifjp; 82–112

5. lafoèkku dh izLrkouk 113–120

6. Hkkjr la?k vkSj mldk jkT;{ks=k 121–149

7. ukxfjdrk 150–166

UPSC DLP fo"k; lwph (Contents)

jktO;oLFkk% ,d ifjp; (Polity : An Introduction)

1.1 jkT;] jkT; ds rÙo rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh

vko';drk

1.2 jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk D;ksa iM+rh gS\

1.3 'kklu ds vax

1.4 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj&11.5 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa ds fofHkUu izdkj&21.6 yksdra=k o lafoèkkuokn dk ,sfrgkfld fodkl

1.7 yksdra=k ds izdkj

1.1 jkT;] jkT; ds rÙo rFkk jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vko';drk (State, Elements of State and the Need of Political System)

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk dks le>us ls igys ”k:jh gS fd jktO;oLFkk (Polity) dh dqN ewyHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa rFkk ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh (Terminology) ls vki ifjfpr gksaA ,slh dqN egÙoiw.kZ voèkkj.kk,¡ rFkk mudh O;k[;k vkxs nh xbZ gSaA

jkT; D;k gS\ (What is State?)jktO;oLFkk ls tqM+h lcls izkFkfed voèkkj.kk ^jkT;* (State) gSA jkT; 'kCn dk iz;ksx ;w¡ rks fofHkUu izkarksa

(Provinces)] tSls mÙkj izns'k] rfeyukMq vkfn dks lwfpr djus ds fy;s Hkh gksrk gS] fdarq bldk okLrfod vFkZ fdlh izkar ls u gksdj fdlh lekt dh jktuhfrd lajpuk (Political Structure) ls gksrk gSA oLrqr% ;g ,d vewrZ (Abstract) voèkkj.kk gS vFkkZr~ bls ckSf¼d Lrj ij le>k rks tk ldrk gS] ¯drq ns[kk ugha tk ldrkA mnkgj.k ds fy;s Hkkjr dh ljdkj] laln] U;k;ikfydk] jkT;ksa dh ljdkjsa] ukSdj'kkgh ls tqM+s lHkh vfèkdkjh bR;kfn dh lexz lajpuk gh jkT; dgykrh gSA fdlh lekt ds fodflr o l{ke gksus dh igpku bl ckr ls Hkh gksrh gS fd og ,d Lora=k jkT; ds :i esa fodflr gks ldk gS ;k ugha\ fo'o ds vfèkdka'k fodflr ns'kksa esa ,d fLFkj jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk fn[kkbZ nsuk (tSls la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] baXySM] vkWLVªsfy;k esa) vkSj fLFkj jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ls oafpr ns'kksa (tSls dqN le; igys ds viQxkfuLrku) esa fodkl izfØ;k dk vo#¼ gks tkuk blh ckr dk izek.k gSA

jkT; ds rÙo (Elements of State)fdlh Hkh jkT; ds gksus dh 'krZ gS fd mlesa pkj rÙo fo|eku gksa&

z Hkw&Hkkx (Geographical Area): vFkkZr~ ,d ,slk fuf'pr HkkSxksfyd izns'k gksuk pkfg;s] ftl ij ml ^jkT;* dh ljdkj viuh jktuhfrd fØ;k,¡ djrh gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] Hkkjr dk laiw.kZ {ks=kiQy Hkkjr jkT; dk HkkSxksfyd vkèkkj ;k Hkw&Hkkx gSAz tula[;k (Population): jkT; gksus dh 'krZ gS fd mlds Hkw&Hkkx ij fuokl djus okyk ,d ,slk tuleqnk; gksuk pkfg;s] tks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vuqlkj lapkfyr gksrk gksA ;fn tula[;k gh ugha gksxh rks jkT; dk vfLrRo fujFkZd gks tk,xkAz ljdkj (Government): ljdkj ,d ;k ,d ls vfèkd O;fDr;ksa dk og lewg gS] tks O;kogkfjd Lrj ij jktuhfrd 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djrk gSA ^jkT;* (State) vkSj ^ljdkj* (Government) esa ;gh varj gS fd jkT; ,d vewrZ lajpuk (Abstract structure) gS] tcfd ljdkj mldh ewrZ (Concrete) o O;kogkfjd vfHkO;fDrA

vè;k;

1

jkT; ds rÙo (Constituents of State)

Hkw&Hkkx (Geographical Area)

tula[;k (Population)

ljdkj (Government)

laizHkqrk (Sovereignty)

29jktO;oLFkk % ,d ifjp;

cgqfodYih; iz'u

1. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lh ,d vuqlwph esa ny&cny fojksèk fo"k;d micaèk gS\

UPSC (Pre) 2014 (a) nwljh vuqlwph (b) ik¡poha vuqlwph (c) vkBoha vuqlwph (d) nloha vuqlwph 2. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s%

laoSèkkfud ljdkj og gS UPSC (Pre) 2014

1. tks jkT; dh lÙkk ds fgr esa O;fDr dh Lora=krk ij izHkkodkjh izfrcaèk yxkrh gSA

2. tks O;fDr dh Lora=krk ds fgr esa jkT; dh lÙkk ij izHkkodkjh izfrcaèk yxkrh gSA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\

(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 3. jkT; ds fy;s vfuok;Z rÙo gSa% 1. tula[;k 2. ljdkj 3. laizHkqrk 4. Hkw&Hkkx dwV% (a) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 2, 3 vkSj 4 (c) dsoy 1, 3 vkSj 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 4. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. jkT; ds pkjksa rÙo oSdfYid :i ls vfuok;Z

gksrs gSaA 2. ;fn pkjksa rÙoksa esa ls ,d Hkh vuqifLFkr gks rks

jkT; dh voèkkj.kk fujFkZd gks tkrh gSA mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 5. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. laizHkqrk jkT; dk lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ rÙo gSA 2. laizHkqrk jkT; dh og lkoZHkkSe 'kfDr gS] ftlls

og fdlh Hkh ckÞ; vFkok vkarfjd fu.kZ;ksa dks ysus ds fy;s Lora=k gSA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

6. fczfV'k Hkkjr esa ok;ljk; dk 'kklu oLrqr% jkT; ugha Fkk%

(a) fuf'pr Hkw&Hkkx ds vHkko ds dkj.k (b) tula[;k ds vHkko ds dkj.k (c) ljdkj ds vHkko ds dkj.k (d) laizHkqrk ds vHkko ds dkj.k 7. Hkkjr esa jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh vko';drk ds

dkj.k gSa% 1. Hkkjr esa jk"Vª&fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k vHkh py jgh

gS] ftls jk"Vª fojksèkh rkdrsa uqdlku igq¡pk ldrh gSaA

2. Hkkjr dh vkarfjd lqj{kk ds le{k dbZ pqukSfr;k¡ gSaA

3. Hkkjr ,d dY;k.kdkjh jkT; (Welfare state) dh Hkwfedk esa gSA

4. Hkkjrh; lekt rhoz lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds nkSj ls xq”kj jgk gSA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 3 vkSj 4 (b) dsoy 1, 3 vkSj 4 (c) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 8. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. jkT; ls vfHkizk; fdlh lekt dh jktuhfrd

lajpuk (Political Structure) ls gSA 2. jkT; ,d vewrZ (Abstract) voèkkj.kk gSA 3. ljdkj] jkT; dh ewrZ o O;kogkfjd vfHkO;fDr gSA mijksDr esa ls dkSu&ls dFku lgh gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3

9. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl ns'k esa izR;{k yksdra=k dk mnkgj.k ik;k tkrk gS\

(a) vesfjdk (b) fczVsu (c) Hkkjr (d) fLoV~”kjySaM

10. fuEufyf[kr esa ljdkj ds vax ds :i esa tkus tkrs gSa% 1. U;k;ikfydk 2. foèkkf;dk 3. dk;Zikfydk

dwV% (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3

30 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk (Hkkx&1)

11. fuEu esa ls fdls turk fuf'pr vofèk ds fy;s izR;{k ;k ijks{k :i ls pqurh gS\

(a) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk (b) LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk (c) jktuhfrd o LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk nksuksa (d) u rks jktuhfrd vkSj u gh LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk 12. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl dk;Zikfydk dk p;u foèkkf;dk

(Legislature) ds lnL;ksa esa ls gh gksrk gS\ (a) vè;{kh; dk;Zikfydk (b) lalnh; dk;Zikfydk (c) nksgjh dk;Zikfydk (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA 13. Hkkjrh; 'kklu&iz.kkyh dk Lo:i gS% (a) vè;{kh; (b) lalnh; (c) vè;{kh; o lalnh; nksuksa (d) mijksDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA 14. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr esa eaf=keaMy lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fl¼kar

ij dk;Z djrk gSA 2. eaf=keaMy dk lkewfgd mÙkjnkf;Ro yksdlHkk ds

izfr gksrk gSA mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

15. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr dh 'kklu O;oLFkk ,dkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh

dk loZJs"B mnkgj.k gSA 2. la?kkRed 'kklu iz.kkyh esa U;k;ikfydk ges'kk

de”kksj gksrh gS rFkk laln dh 'kfDr cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSA


16. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr esa ,dhÑr U;kf;d O;oLFkk gSA 2. Hkkjr esa dsanz vkSj jkT; Lrj ij fHkUu&fHkUUk o

i`Fkd~ U;k;ikfydk,¡ gSaA


17. Hkkjr esa lafoèkku ds vkèkkjHkwr y{k.kksa (Basic Structure of Constitution) dk fuèkkZj.kdÙkkZ gS%

(a) laln (b) U;k;ky; (c) jk"Vªifr (d) eaf=keaMy

18. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr dh fofèk&O;oLFkk ewyr% ldkjkRed fofèk

(Positive law) ds fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr gSA 2. Hkkjrh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa U;k;ikfydk dh U;kf;d

iqujh{k.k (Judicial review) dh 'kfDr izkÑfrd fofèk (Natural Law) ds rÙo dks 'kkfey djrh gSA


19. 'kfDr;ksa ds i`FkDdj.k (Separation of powers) rFkk fu;a=k.k o larqyu (Checks and Balances) dk fl¼kar eq[;r% ik;k tkrk gSµ

(a) vesfjdh 'kklu iz.kkyh esa (b) Hkkjrh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa (c) fczfV'k 'kklu iz.kkyh esa (d) fLoV~”kjySaM dh 'kklu iz.kkyh esa

20. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr esa fczVsu dh rjg dk;Zikfydk foèkkf;dk

ds Hkhrj ls gh curh gSA 2. Hkkjrh; U;k;ikfydk dks vesfjdh U;k;ikfydk

dh rjg U;kf;d iqujh{k.k (Judicial review) dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA


21. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl 'kklu iz.kkyh esa lÙkk dh oSèkrk dk Ïksr turk Lo;a gksrh gS\

(a) vfHktura=k (b) èkeZra=k (c) jktra=k (d) yksdra=k


22. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjr izfrfufèkewyd yksdra=k (Representative

Democracy) dk mnkgj.k gSA 2. Hkkjr esa dsanzh; foèkkueaMy nks lnuksa ls ;qDr gSA


23. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa lgh ugha gS% (a) ledkyhu fo'o es a vfèkdk a'k ns'kk s a dh

'kklu&O;oLFkk yksdrkaf=kd <k¡ps ij gh lapkfyr gksrh gSA

(b) rkuk'kkgh O;oLFkk esa 'kklu dh laiw.kZ 'kfDr;k¡ ,d gh O;fDr vFkok dHkh&dHkh fdlh ,d gh xqV ds gkFk esa gksrh gSaA

(c) èkeZra=k ,slh 'kklu O;oLFkk gS] ftlesa ljdkj dh oSèkrk èkkfeZd xzaFkksa ij fVdh gksrh gSA

(d) jktra=k lafoèkkuokn dk loksZÙke mnkgj.k gSA

24. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. lafoèkkuokn ij vkèkkfjr 'kklu dks gh vkerkSj

ij ^fofèk dk 'kklu* (Rule of Law) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

2. dqyhura=k (Aristocracy) esa lkekftd ijaijkvksa ds vkèkkj ij mPpdqy ds yksx jkT; dh lÙkk vius oxZ rd lhfer dj ysrs gSaA


25. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. vkerkSj ij yksdrkaf=kd iz.kkfy;k¡ lafoèkkuokn ds

nk;js esa vkrh gSaA 2. lafoèkkuokn ,d fopkjèkkjk gS] ftlesa lafoèkku

;k foèkkuksa ds fuf'pr leqPp; dks loksZPprk izkIr gksrh gSA


26. Hkkjrh; yksdra=k dks vkykspuko'k ^HkhM+ra=k* (Mobocracy) dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafdµ

(a) vfèkdka'k turk ds xjhc o vui<+ gksus ds dkj.k lÙkk dh izfrLièkkZ oLrqr% nks&rhu NksVs&NksVs xqVksa ds chp gh gksrh gSA

(b) Hkkjrh; 'kklu&O;oLFkk esa oa'kokn ds y{k.k ik, tkrs gSaA

(c) gekjs ns'k dh turk dk ernku O;ogkj (Voting behaviour) izk;% ikjaifjd ekU;rkvksa rFkk Hkkoukvksa ds mHkkj ds vuq:i lapkfyr gksrk gSA

(d) pquko izpkj esa èkkfeZd usrkvksa dh cM+h Hkwfedk jgrh gS vkSj vkerkSj ij ljdkjsa Hkh èkkfeZd Hkkoukvksa okys eqíksa ij dBksj fu.kZ; ysus ls cprh gSaA

27. Hkkjrh; jkTkO;oLFkk esa fujadq'kra=k (Autocracy) ds y{k.k dkiQh de n`f"Vxkspj gksrs gSa] D;ksafdµ

1. ljdkj ij foi{k vkSj tuer dk ncko gksrk gSA 2. turk dks ewy vfèkdkj rFkk U;k;ikfydk dks

U;kf;d iqujh{k.k dh 'kfDr izkIr gSA

dwV% (a) dsoy 1 (2) dsoy 2

(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (4) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

28. fuEufyf[kr esa ls fdl O;oLFkk dks ^vfouk'kh jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh laxBu* dgk tkrk gS\

(a) ifjla?kkRed O;oLFkkA (b) ,dkRed O;oLFkkA (c) la?kkRed O;oLFkkA (d) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

29. vfouk'kh jkT;ksa dk fouk'kh laxBu* dgykus okyh O;oLFkk gksrh gSµ

(a) ,dkRed O;oLFkkA (b) ifjla?kkRed O;oLFkkA (c) la?kkRed O;oLFkkA (d) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

30. og jktuhfrd iz.kkyh] ftlesa izkarksa ;k dk;Zdkjh bdkb;ksa dk fuekZ.k la?k dh bPNk ij fuHkZj gksrk gS] dgykrh gSµ

(a) la?kkRed O;oLFkk (b) ifjla?kkRed O;oLFkk (c) ,dkRed O;oLFkk (d) mijksDr lHkh


31. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. orZeku esa vesfjdk la?k (Federation) u gksdj

ifjla?k (Confederation) cu x;k gSA 2. ,dkRed O;oLFkk dks fouk'kh jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh

laxBu* dgk tkrk gSA


32. la?kkRed O;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa 'kkfey rÙo gS@gSaµ 1. jkT;ksa vkSj dsanz ds eè; 'kfDr;ksa vkSj nkf;Roksa dk

Li"V forj.kA 2. lafoèkku dh loksZPprkA 3. U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=krkA

dwV% (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 1 vkSj 2 (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2 vkSj 3 33. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. ,dkRed O;oLFkk esa dk;Zikfydk ;k foèkkf;dk

ds Lrj ij dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa esa lekukarj <k¡pk ugha ik;k tkrkA

2. ,dkRed O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd&fodsanzhdj.k (Political decentralisation) dsanz ljdkj dh iz'kklfud dk;Z&;kstuk dk ifj.kke gksrk gS] izkarksa ds vfèkdkjksa dk ughaA


34. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. Hkkjrh; 'kklu dk Lo:i lkekU;r% la?kkRed gS]

fdarq ladV ds le; ,dkRed gks tkrk gSA 2. Hkkjr dh la?kkRed O;oLFkk fczVsu ds leku gSA


35. lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh dh fo'ks"krkvksa esa 'kkfey gSaµ 1. dk;Zikfydk dk fuekZ.k foèkkf;dk esa ls gksrk gSA 2. dk;Zikfydk ds nks izeq[k gksrs gSaµ ,d ukeek=k

dk rFkk nwljk okLrfodA 3. 'kfDr iFkDdj.k rFkk fu;a=k.k o larqyu dk fl¼kar

izHkkoh <ax ls ik;k tkrk gSA

4. foèkkf;dk dk leFkZu [kks nsus ij ljdkj Hkax gks tkrh gSA

dwV% (a) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3 (b) dsoy 2, 3 vkSj 4 (c) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 4 (d) dsoy 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4

36. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. vè;{kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ljdkj ij ges'kk

vfLFkjrk dk [krjk Nk;k jgrk gSA 2. lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa ljdkj ij cgqer dk

[krjk ugha jgrk gS rFkk og fuf'pr dk;Zdky rd dk;Z djus esa l{ke jgrh gSA


37. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. vè;{kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa jk"Vªkè;{k dk p;u

foèkkueaMy ds lnL;ksa }kjk gksrk gSA 2. vè;{kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh esa jk"Vªifr ij ;g ckè;rk

gksrh gS fd og foèkkf;dk ds lnL;ksa esa ls gh vius eaf=keaMy dk p;u djsA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 38. vè;{kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh ds lacaèk esa vlR; gSµ (a) jk"Vªifr okLrfod jkT;kè;{k gksrk gSA (b) foèkkueaMy egkfHk;ksx ds ekè;e ls jk"Vªifr dks

gVk ldrk gSA (c) jk"Vªifr dks ;g 'kfDr gksrh gS fd og vius

foosdkuqlkj foèkkueaMy dks Hkax dj ldsA (d) ;g 'kklu iz.kkyh 'kfDr&i`FkDdj.k rFkk fu;a=k.k

o larqyu ds fl¼karksa ij vkèkkfjr gksrh gSA 39. vè;{kh; 'kklu iz.kkyh ds ykHk gSaµ 1. blesa 'kklu dh fLFkjrk gksrh gS vkSj jk"Vªifr

fuf'pr gksdj viuh ;kstukvksa dks ykxw dj ikrk gSA

2. eaf=keaMy ds p;u esa ;ksX;rk vkSj dq'kyrk dks iwjk egÙo feyrk gSA

3. pw¡fd dk;Zikfydk dks foèkkf;dk dh f”kEesnkjh ugha fuHkkuh iM+rh] vr% iz'kklfud n{krk cuh jgrh gSA


dwV% (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 3 (c) dsoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2 vkSj 3

40. laoSèkkfud jktra=k (Constitutional Monarchy) dh iz.kkyh dc vkjaHk gqbZ\

(a) Úk¡lhlh Økafr ds cknA (b) baXySaM dh jDrghu Økafr ds cknA (c) vesfjdh Økafr ds cknA (d) izFke fo'o;q¼ ds cknA

41. lafoèkkuokn dh 'kq#vkr ekuh tkrh gS% (a) vesfjdk ls (b) Úk¡l ls (c) fczVsu ls (d) HkwriwoZ lksfo;r la?k ls

42. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. vesfjdh lafoèkku 1787 bZ. esa ykxw gqvk] tks

vius izdkj dk igyk fyf[kr lafoèkku FkkA 2. ;|fi lafoèkkuokn dh 'kq#vkr fczVsu esa gqbZ rFkkfi

ogk¡ fyf[kr lafoèkku ugha gSA


43. :lks ds usr`Ro esa x.kra=kkRed 'kklu i¼fr ds fy;s la?k"kZ dk lacaèk gS%

(a) Úk¡l lsA (b) :l lsA (c) fczVsu lsA (d) vesfjdk lsA

44. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu ls dkjd lafoèkkuokn ds le{k pqukSfr;ksa ds :i esa igpkus tkrs jgs gSa%

1. ,f'k;k vkSj vÚhdk ds vfèkdka'k uoLora=k ns'kksa esa lSfud 'kklu dh LFkkiukA

2. fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa O;fDr iwtk o dfj'ekbZ usr`Ro dk cgqr vfèkd egÙoA

3. vusd ns'kksa esa ncko lewgksa dh l'kDr izHkkoh {kerkA 4. xjhch] fuj{kjrk vkSj vaèkfo'okl tSlh leL;k,¡A dwV% (a) dsoy 1 vkSj 4 (b) dsoy 1, 3 vkSj 4 (c) dsoy 2, 3 vkSj 4 (d) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4

45. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. ftu lektksa esa tulkèkkj.k ds laLdkj :f<+oknh

;k lkearh gksrs gSa] ogk¡ lafoèkkuokn dks lqfuf'pr djuk vis{kkÑr vklku gksrk gSA

2. Hkkjrh; 'kklu O;oLFkk lafoèkkuoknh 'kklu dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrh gSA


46. izR;{k yksdra=k esa ;fn dksbZ ukxfjd ;k ukxfjdksa dk lewg fdlh u, dkuwu ;k lafoèkku la'kksèku dk izk:i Lo;a rS;kj djrk gS rks ;g izfØ;k dgykrh gS%

(a) igy (Initiative)A (b) tuer laxzg (Referendum)A (c) izR;korZu (Recall)A (d) buesa ls dksbZ ughaA

47. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu lh izR;{k yksdra=k dh fo'ks"krk,¡ gSa\

1. igy (Initiative)A 2. okil cqykus dk vfèkdkj (Right to Recall)A 3. tuer laxzg (Initiative)A

dwV% (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) dsoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2 vkSj 3

48. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. mnkjoknh yksdra=k O;fDr rFkk mldh Lora=krk dks

egÙoiw.kZ ekurk gSA 2. mnkjoknh yksdra=k bl ekU;rk ij vkèkkfjr gS fd

izR;sd O;fDr vius ckjs esa loZJs"B fu.kZ; Lo;a ys ldrk gSA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (c) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2

49. mnkj yksdra=k ds leFkZdksa ds vuqlkj yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu iz.kkyh gsrq fuEufyf[kr 'krs± gSaµ

1. ,d ls vfèkd jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk mEehnokjksa dh mifLFkfr gksuh pkfg;sA

2. izR;sd o;Ld ukxfjd dks erkfèkdkj izkIr gksuk pkfg;sA

3. fuf'pr varjky ds ckn Lora=k o fu"i{k pquko laiUu gksus pkfg;sA

4. fofHkUu fgr lewgksa vkSj ncko lewgksa dks ljdkj ij ncko Mkyus dh vk”kkknh gksuh pkfg;sA


mijksDr esa ls dkSu&ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 4 (b) dsoy 2, 3 vkSj 4 (c) dsoy 1, 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 50. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa esa dkSu&lk dFku lgh ugha gS\

(a) lektoknh yksdra=k ds leFkZd yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk leFkZu djrs gSaA

(b) lektoknh yksdra=k ds leFkZd laj{k.kkRed HksnHkko o lkekftd U;k; dk leFkZu djrs gSaA

(c) lektoknh yksdra=k dh ;g ekU;rk gS fd vkfFkZd lekurk ykus esa fgald Økafr dk lgkjk ysuk rdZlaxr gSA

(d) Hkkjr lS¼kafrd rkSj ij lektoknh yksdra=k dk leFkZd gSA

51. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s% 1. fczfV'k iz.kkyh f}nyh; O;oLFkk dk izfrfufèk

mnkgj.k gSA 2. yscj ikVhZ vkSj da”kosZfVo ikVhZ dk lacaèk fczVsu

ls gSA

mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku gS@gSa\ (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 52. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj dhft;s& 1. Hkkjr esa cgqnyh; yksdra=k gSA 2. Hkkjr ds lafoèkku esa cgqnyh; yksdra=k dk Li"V

mYys[k gSA


mÙkjekyk

1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (c) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c) 31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (d) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (c) 49. (d) 50. (c) 51. (c) 52. (a)

nh?kZmÙkjh; iz'u

1. Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd izØe dks ncko lewg fdl izdkj izHkkfor djrs gSa\ D;k vki bl er ls lger gSa fd gky ds o"kks± esa vukSipkfjd ncko lewg] vkSipkfjd ncko lewgksa dh rqyuk esa ”;knk 'kfDr'kkyh :i esa mHkjs gSa\ UPSC(Mains) 2017

2. Hkkjr esa yksdra=k dh xq.krk dks c<+kus ds fy;s Hkkjr ds pquko vk;ksx us 2016 esa pqukoh lqèkkjksa dk izLrko fn;k gSA lq>k, x, lqèkkj D;k gSa vkSj yksdra=k dks liQy cukus esa os fdl lhek rd egÙoiw.kZ gS\ UPSC(Mains) 2017

3. ¶Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd ikVhZ iz.kkyh ifjorZu osQ ,sls nkSj ls xq”kj jgh gS] tks var£ojksèkksa vkSj fojksèkkHkklksa ls Hkjk izrhr gksrk gSA¸ ppkZ dhft;sA UPSC(Mains) 2016

4. dqN o"kks± ls lkalnksa dh O;fDrxr Hkwfedk esa deh vkbZ gS] ftlds iQyLo:i uhfrxr ekeyksa esa LoLFk jpukRed cgl izk;% ns[kus dks ugha feyrhA ny ifjorZu fojksèkh dkuwu] tks fHkUu mís'; ls cuk;k x;k Fkk] dks dgk¡ rd blds fy;s mÙkjnk;h ekuk tk ldrk gS\ UPSC(Mains) 2013

5. ^fofèk ds 'kklu* ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ Hkkjr dk lafoèkku fdl izdkj bldh LFkkiuk lqfuf'pr djrk gS\ 6. Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh leh{kk dh vko';drk dk ijh{k.k dhft;sA 7. Hkkjr dh lalnh; 'kklu O;oLFkk esa foiFkxeu Li"V dhft;sA


8. lafoèkku D;k gksrk gS\ Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds eq[; Ïksr D;k gSa\ 9. D;k vki lksprs gSa fd Hkkjr ds lafoèkku ds iqufoZyksdu dh vko';drk gS\ vius fopkj ds leFkZu esa rdZ is'k

dhft;sA 10. ns'k dh jkT; O;oLFkk esa 26 uoacj ds egÙo dks Li"V dhft;sA 11. orZeku le; esa jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh Hkwfedk dkiQh c<+ xbZ gS vkSj ;g fliQZ dkuwu dk ikyu djokus rd

lhfer ugha gSA fVIi.kh djsaA 12. jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ blds fofHkUu :iksa dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA 13. Hkkjr dh fofèk&O;oLFkk fofHkUu fofèk;ksa ds leUo; ls fufeZr gqbZ gSA Li"V djsaA 14. dsanz rFkk izkarksa ds lacaèkksa ds vkèkkj ij 'kklu iz.kkfy;ksa dks Li"V djsaA 15. la?kkRed O;oLFkk dks ^vfouk'kh jkT;ksa dk vfouk'kh laxBu* dgk tkrk gSA fVIi.kh djsaA 16. lalnh; 'kklu iz.kkyh D;k gS\ ;g vè;{kh; iz.kkyh ls dSls fHkUu gS\ 17. lafoèkkuokn D;k gS\ orZeku le; esa blds le{k fo|eku pqukSfr;ksa dk leh{kkRed fo'ys"k.k djsaA

18. lektoknh yksdra=k ls D;k le>rs gSa\ ;g lafoèkku ls dSls fudV lacaèk j[krk gS\

dqN izeq[k ns'kksa dh laoSèkkfud ;kstukvksa dk ifjp; (Introduction to the Constitutional Schemes

of Some Major Countries)

2.1 fczfV'k laoSèkkfud ;kstuk

2.2 vesfjdk dh laoSèkkfud ;kstuk

2.3 fLoV~”kjySaM dh laoSèkkfud ;kstuk

2.4 Úk¡l dh laoSèkkfud ;kstuk

2.5 teZuh dh laoSèkkfud ;kstuk

2.6 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ij vU; lafoèkkuksa dk izHkko

Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk ds fofHkÂ i{kksa dk foLr`r vè;;u djus ls igys csgrj gksxk fd vki fo'o ds dqN izeq[k ns'kksa ds lafoèkkuksa rFkk mudh jktO;oLFkkvksa ls ifjfpr gksaA ,slk djus ds nks ykHk gksaxsµ

(d) ;g le>uk vklku gksxk fd Hkkjrh; lafoèkku o jktO;oLFkk esa dkSu&dkSu lh fo'ks"krk,¡ fdl ns'k ls yh xbZ gSa\ ([k) Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk dh rqyuk vU; jktuhfrd iz.kkfy;ksa ls djuk ljy gks tk,xkA

2.1 fczfV'k laoSèkkfud ;kstuk (British Constitutional Scheme)Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ij lcls ”;knk izHkko fczfV'k jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dk gSA ;g LokHkkfod

Hkh gS] D;ksafd yacs le; rd fczVsu ds vèkhu jgus ds dkj.k gekjs Lokèkhurk la?k"kZ ds usrkvksa dks fczfV'k jktuhfrd iz.kkyh ds y{k.kksa ls ifjfpr gksus dk i;kZIr volj feyk FkkA la{ksi esa fczfV'k jktuhfrd iz.kkyh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk,¡ bl izdkj gSaµ

z fczfV'k 'kklu iz.kkyh laoSèkkfud jktra=k (Constitutional Monarchy) ij vkèkkfjr gSA lu~ 1688 ls igys fczVsu esa jktra=k (Monarchy) py jgk Fkk] fdarq 1688 bZ- esa gqbZ xkSjoe;h Økafr (Glorious Revolution) us jktra=k dks gVk dj laoSèkkfud jktra=k dh LFkkiuk dj nhA bldk vFkZ gS fd vktdy fczVsu esa jktk ds ikl ukeek=k dh 'kfDr gS] tcfd okLrfod 'kfDr;k¡ lafoèkku ds varxZr dke djus okyh laLFkkvksa tSls laln ds ikl vk xbZ gSaA ;g ”k:j gS fd fczfV'k O;oLFkk esa vHkh Hkh jktra=k (Monarchy) vkSj dqyhura=k (Aristocracy) ds dqN y{k.k cps gq, gSa] tSls jkteqdqV (Crown) dh laLFkk rFkk ykWM~lZ lHkk (House of Lords) dh fujarjrkA

z fczVsu dk yksdra=k lalnh; iz.kkyh (Parliamentary system) ij vkèkkfjr gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd dk;Zikfydk (Executive) dk xBu foèkkf;dk (Legislature) vFkkZr~ fczfV'k laln ds lnL;ksa esa ls gh gksrk gSA pw¡fd lalnh; O;oLFkk dk tUe fczfV'k laln ls gh gqvk Fkk] blfy;s lalnh; iz.kkyh dks osLVfeaLVj (Westminster) iz.kkyh Hkh dgk tkrk gSA è;krO; gS fd ^osLVfeaLVj* yanu dk og LFkku gS] tgk¡ fczfV'k laln Hkou fLFkr gSA

z fczVsu dk lafoèkku vfyf[kr lafoèkku (Unwritten Constitution) gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ;gk¡ vkSipkfjd :i ls xfBr fdlh lafoèkku lHkk (Constituent assembly) us dksbZ ,slk vdsyk nLrkos”k rS;kj ugha fd;k gS]ftls fczfV'k lafoèkku dh laKk nh tk ldsA fczVsu esa lafoèkku èkhjs&èkhjs fodflr gqvk gS] ftldk dqN fgLlk yksdfofèk;ksa (Common Laws)] dqN laoSèkkfud ijaijkvksa (Constitutional Conventions)] dqN U;k;ky;h fu.kZ;ksa (Case laws) rFkk dqN laln ds vfèkfu;eksa (Parliamentary Acts) ij vkèkkfjr gSA

z fczVsu dh laln vR;fèkd 'kfDr'kkyh gS] ftldk ewy dkj.k lafoèkku dk vfyf[kr gksuk gSA pw¡fd lafoèkku laln dh 'kfDr;ksa ij dksbZ fu;a=k.k ykxw ugha djrk] blfy;s fczVsu dh laln fofèk fuekZ.k dh lkèkkj.k izfØ;k ls gh lafoèkku dks cny ldrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd fczfV'k lafoèkku dks lquE; ;k yphyk lafoèkku (Flexible Constitution) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fczfV'k laln dh 'kfDr;ksa ij fVIi.kh djrs gq, ,d izfl¼ fofèkosÙkk ,MoMZ dkWd us dgk gS fd ^^fczfV'k laln ,slk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z dj ldrh gS] tks fd izkÑfrd n`f"V ls vlaHko u gksA**

vè;k;

2

egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd n'kZu (Important Political Philosophy)

3.1 mnkjokn

3.2 lkE;okn ;k ekDlZokn

3.3 lektokn3.4 xkaèkhokn

3.5 iQklhokn3.6 ukjhokn

3.7 vacsMdjokn

3.8 euqokn

3.1 mnkjokn (Liberalism)mnkjokn ,d egÙoiw.kZ jktuhfrd n'kZu gS] ftldk xgjk lacaèk iwathokn ds lkFk gSA iwathokn ,d vkfFkZd iz.kkyh

gS] ftls oSpkfjd leFkZu nsus okyk n'kZu mnkjokn gSA mnkjokn dk vkjaHk 17oha 'krkCnh ds vafre pj.k esa gqvk vkSj tks dbZ ifjorZuksa ds lkFk vkt rd ,d izeq[k jktuhfrd fopkjèkkjk cuk gqvk gSA mnkjokn ^fycjfy”e* (Liberalism) 'kCn dk fganh vuqokn gSA bls mnkjokn (Liberalism) blfy;s dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g O;fDr ds fy;s vfèkdre Lora=krk (Liberty) dh ekax djrk gSA

mnkjokn dk mn~Hko 17oha 'krkCnh esa gqvkA ml le; cgqr&lh ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ Fkha] ftUgksaus bl fopkjèkkjk ds fodkl esa ;ksxnku fn;kA iqutkZxj.k vkSj èkeZ lqèkkj vkanksyu us èkeZ ds Hkhrj rk£ddrk dks c<+kok fn;k] ftlls euq"; vkSj mlds lkalkfjd fgrksa dks egÙo feyuk 'kq: gqvkA blh le; oSKkfud Økafr ds dkj.k iwathokn dk fodkl 'kq: gqvkA iwathoknh iz.kkyh esa ftl cqtZqok (iwathifr) oxZ us lkear oxZ ds le{k pqukSrh izLrqr dh] mlh cqtZqok oxZ ds i{k esa mnkjoknh fopkjèkkjk dh LFkkiuk gqbZA cqtZqok oxZ us lkearksa dks feyus okys fo'ks"kkfèkdkjksa dks pqukSrh nh] Lora=krk vkSj lekurk tSls jktuhfrd vkn'kks± dh ekax mBkbZ rFkk vuqcaèk dh Lora=krk (Freedom of Contract) tSls vk£Fkd fopkjksa dks izLrqr fd;kA ;s lHkh fopkj oLrqr% iwathoknh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s vko';d fLFkfr;k¡ fu£er djus okys fopkj FksA blfy;s jktuhfr n'kZu esa izk;% ekuk tkrk gS fd mnkjokn iwathokn dk oSpkfjd rdZ gSA

mnkjokn ds fofHkUu :i (Various forms of Liberalism)mnkjokn dk fodkl dbZ pj.kksa esa gqvk gSA blds fodkl ds izeq[k pj.kksa dk laf{kIr foospu bl izdkj gS&

1.îkjaifjd* ;k ûdkjkRed* mnkjokn (‘Classical’ or ‘Negative’ Liberalism);g mnkjokn dk vkjafHkd pj.k gS] tks 17oha 'krkCnh ds var ls 'kq: gksdj yxHkx 1850 bZ- rd pyrk jgkA bl

oxZ ds izeq[k fopkjd gSa& tkWu ykWd] ,Me fLeFk] tsjseh csaFke rFkk gcZVZ LisaljA tkWu ykWd dks mnkjokn dk tud Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bu fopkjdksa dks îkjaifjd mnkjoknh* blfy;s dgrs gSa] D;ksafd mnkjokn ds fopkjksa dh vkjafHkd èkkj.kk bUgksaus izLrqr dh FkhA bUgsa ûdkjkRed mnkjoknh* blfy;s dgrs gSa] D;ksafd bUgksaus Lora=krk vkSj lekurk tSls jktuhfrd vkn'kks± dh ifjHkk"kk udkjkRed i¼fr ls dhA udkjkRed mnkjokn ds izeq[k fopkj bl izdkj gSa&

z euq"; ,d rk£dd izk.kh gS rFkk vius thou ds lacaèk esa loZJs"B fu.kZ; og Lo;a gh ys ldrk gSA

z O;fDr ds oS;fDrd rFkk lkekftd fgrksa esa dksbZ var£ojksèk ugha gSA O;fDrxr fgr dh lkèkuk ls gh O;fDr lkekftd fgr esa lgk;d gksrk gSA

z izR;sd O;fDr dks dqN ewy vfèkdkj izkÑfrd :i ls gh izkIr gSa] ftuesa Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj] thou dk vfèkdkj rFkk O;fDrxr laifÙk dk vfèkdkj izeq[k gSaA

vè;k;

3

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku% ,d ifjp; (Indian Constitution: An Introduction)

4.1 lafoèkku lHkk rFkk lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k

4.2 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku dh fo'ks"krk,¡

4.3 lafoèkkuksa dk oxhZdj.k vkSj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku

4.4 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ifjla?kkRed gS] la?kkRed ;k ,dkRed\

4.5 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds fofHkUu Hkkx rFkk fo"k;

4.6 Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn

4.7 lafoèkku dh vuqlwfp;k¡

4.1 lafoèkku lHkk rFkk lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k (Constituent Assembly and the Making of Constitution)

vkerkSj ij fdlh Hkh izHkqlÙkklaiUu (Sovereign) yksdrkaf=kd (Democratic) ns'k esa mlds lafoèkku ds fuekZ.k dk dk;Z ,d tuizfrfufèk laLFkk }kjk fd;k tkrk gS] tks lafoèkku ds fofHkÂ i{kksa] mís';ksa] izkoèkkuksa vkfn ij fopkj djrh gS rFkk lafoèkku cu tkus ds ckn mls vaxhdkj (Adopt) Hkh djrh gSA bl izdkj dh laLFkk dks ^lafoèkku lHkk* (Constituent Assembly) dgrs gSaA Hkkjr dk lafoèkku cukus ds fy;s ,slh lHkk dk fuokZpu tqykbZ&vxLr 1946 esa gqvk FkkA

lafoèkku lHkk dh ekax (Demand for the Constituent Assembly)Lokèkhurk laxzke ds nkSjku Hkkjr ds usrkvksa us yxkrkj bl ckr dh ekax dh Fkh fd Hkkjr ds Lora=k gksus ij Hkkjr

dh turk dk izfrfufèkRo djus okyh lafoèkku lHkk }kjk ns'k ds lafoèkku dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA 'kq: esa vaxsz”k ljdkj bl ij lger ugha Fkh fdarq Lokèkhurk laxzke ds vafre nkSj esa (nwljs fo'o ;q¼ dh 'kq#vkr ds le;) mls Lohdkj djuk iM+k fd Hkkjr dk lafoèkku Hkkjroklh gh rS;kj djsaxsA 1942 esa fczfV'k ljdkj ds dSfcusV ea=kh lj LVSiQMZ fØIl }kjk izLrqr ^fØIl fe'ku ;kstuk* (Cripps Mission Plan) ds varxZr fczfV'k ljdkj us vk'oklu fn;k fd ¶Hkkjr esa ,d fuokZfpr lafoèkku lHkk gksxh] tks ;q¼ ds ckn Hkkjr dk lafoèkku rS;kj djsxhA¸ fdarq eqfLye yhx us fØIl izLrko dks vLohdkj dj fn;kA mldh ekax Fkh fd Hkkjr dks nks Lok;Ùk fgLlksa esa ck¡Vdj nksuksa fgLlksa ds fy;s vyx&vyx lafoèkku lHkk cukbZ tkuh pkfg;sA fØIl fe'ku ds foiQy gksus ds ckn 1946 esa tc dSfcusV fe'ku (Cabinet Mission) Hkkjr vk;k rks lafoèkku lHkk ds xBu dk ekxZ rS;kj gks x;k D;ksafd dSfcusV fe'ku us nks lafoèkku lHkkvksa dh ekax dks Bqdjkus ds ckn Hkh lkaiznkf;d vkèkkj ij fuokZpu ds fl¼kar dks eku fy;k Fkk] ftlus eqfLye yhx dks dkiQh gn rd larq"V dj fn;kA

lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu (Formation of the Constituent Assembly)dSfcusV fe'ku }kjk izLrqr fd;s x, lq>koksa ds vuqlkj uoacj] 1946 esa lafoèkku lHkk dk xBu gqvkA fe'ku dh

;kstuk ds vuqlkj lafoèkku lHkk dk Lo:i fuEufyf[kr izdkj dk gksuk Fkkµ

z lafoèkku lHkk ds dqy lnL;ksa dh la[;k 389 gksuh FkhA buesa ls 296 lhVsa fczfV'k Hkkjr ds izkarksa dks vkSj 93 lhVsa ns'kh fj;klrksa (Princely states) dks nh tkuh FkhaA

z gj fczfV'k izkar o ns'kh fj;klr dks mldh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa lhVsas nh tkuh FkhaA vkerkSj ij izR;sd nl yk[k yksxksa ij ,d lhV dk vkoaVu gksuk FkkA

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4

lafoèkku dh izLrkouk (Preamble of Constitution)

5.1 izLrkouk dh fo"k;&oLrq 5.2 izLrkouk dh mi;ksfxrk

izLrkouk ;k mísf'kdk (Preamble) fdlh lafoèkku ds n'kZu dks lkj&:i esa izLrqr djus okyh laf{kIr vfHkO;fDr gksrh gSA lcls igys vesfjdh lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa us vius lafoèkku esa izLrkouk dks lfEefyr fd;k FkkA blds ckn] tSls&tSls fofHkUu ns'kksa us vius lafoèkku cuk,] muesa ls dbZ ns'kksa us izLrkouk dks egÙoiw.kZ ekudj bls lafoèkku esa 'kkfey fd;kA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku lHkk us Hkh izLrkouk dks 'kkfey djus ij lgefr trkbZA oLrqr% ;g izLrkouk lafoèkku lHkk }kjk 22 tuojh] 1947 dks Lohdkj fd;s x, mlh mn~ns'; izLrko (Objective Resolution) dk fodflr :i gS] ftls iafMr usg: us izLrqr fd;k Fkk vkSj ftlesa fufgr vkn'kks± ij ewy LohÑfr ds vkèkkj ij gh lafoèkku ds fofHkUu micaèk (Provisions) cuk, x, FksA mn~ns'; izLrko (Objective Resolution) vkSj izLrkouk (Preamble) feydj Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds n'kZu dks ewrZ :i iznku djrs gSaA

izLrkouk ds lanHkZ esa dbZ ¯cnqvksa ij fopkj fd;k tkuk visf{kr gS] tSlsµz izLrkouk dh D;k mi;ksfxrk gS\

z izLrkouk lafoèkku dk vax gS ;k ugha\

z D;k izLrkouk esa vuqPNsn 368 ds micaèkks a (Provisions) ds rgr la'kksèku (Amendment) fd;k tk ldrk gS\

z ;fn Hkkjrh; foèkkf;dk (Legislature) ;k dk;Zikfydk (Executive) dh uhfr;k¡ izLrkouk esa mfYyf[kr fopkjks a ds vuq:i u gksa rks D;k izLrkouk esa fyf[kr fopkjks a dks U;k;ky; }kjk izofrZr (Enforce) djk;k tk ldrk gS\

5.1 izLrkouk dh fo"k;&oLrq (Content of the Preamble)izLrkouk (mísf'kdk) Preamble

ge] Hkkjr ds yksx] Hkkjr dks ,d laiw.kZ izHkqRo&laiÂ

lektoknh iaFkfujis{k yksdra=kkRed x.kjkT; cukus ds

fy;s] rFkk mlds leLr ukxfjdksa dks%

lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd U;k;]

fopkj] vfHkO;fDr] fo'okl] èkeZ vkSj mikluk dh Lora=krk]

izfr"Bk vkSj volj dh lerk

izkIr djkus ds fy;s]

rFkk mu lc esa O;fDr dh xfjek vkSj jk"Vª dh ,drk vkSj

v[kaMrk lqfuf'pr djus okyh caèkqrk c<+kus ds fy;s

n<+ladYi gksdj viuh bl lafoèkku lHkk esa vkt rkjh[k

26 uoacj] 1949 bZú (fefr ekxZ'kh"kZ 'kqDy lIreh] laor~

nks g”kkj Ng foØeh) dks ,rn~}kjk bl lafoèkku dks

vaxhÑr] vfèkfu;fer vkSj vkRekfiZr djrs gSaA

WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a S O V E R E I G N S O C I A L I S T S E C U L A R DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens : JUSTICE: social, economic and political; LIBERTY: of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;EQUALITY of status and of opportunity;and to promote among them allFRATERNITY: assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation;IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

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5

Hkkjr la?k vkSj mldk jkT;{ks=k (Union of India and its Territories)

6.1 lafoèkku dk Hkkx&1 % vuqPNsn 1– 4 6.2 Lora=krk ds i'pkr~ ns'k ds Hkhrj ,dhdj.k vkSj iquxZBu

6.1 lafoèkku dk Hkkx&1 % vuqPNsn 1–4 (Part-1 of Constitution Article 1-4)

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds Hkkx&1 (vuqPNsn 1 ls 4) esa bl ckr dh ppkZ dh xbZ gS fd Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=k (Indian territory) esa fdl&fdl izdkj dh bdkb;k¡ gksaxh vkSj mudk Hkkjr la?k (Union of India) ds lkFk D;k lacaèk gksxk\

bl Hkkx dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy;s ge lHkh vuqPNsnksa ij Øe'k% fopkj djsaxsµ

vuqPNsn&1 (Article–1)

lafoèkku ds vuqPNsn&1 ds rhu [kaM gSa& vuqPNsn&1(1)] 1(2) rFkk 1(3)A bu rhuksa esa Hkkjr la?k rFkk mlds

jkT;{ks=k ls lacafèkr cqfu;knh lwpuk,¡ nh xbZ gSaA

vuqPNsn&1(1) [Article–1(1)]

vuqPNsn&1(1) esa dgk x;k gS fd ¶bafM;k vFkkZr~ Hkkjr jkT;ksa dk la?k (Union) gksxk¸ (India, that is Bharat, shall be a union of states)A

;g dFku fuEu n`f"V;ksa ls egÙoiw.kZ gS%

z blesa ^bafM;k] nSV b”k Hkkjr* dk tks iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] mls ysdj iz'u mBrk gS fd lafoèkku fuekZrkvksa dks ,d gh ns'k ds nks ukeksa dk mYys[k djus dh D;k vko';drk Fkh\ oLrqr% lafoèkku lHkk esa ns'k ds uke ds eqn~ns ij dkiQh ppkZ gqbZ FkhA tks yksx Hkkjr dh izkphu ijaijk vkSj laLÑfr ij cy ns jgs Fks] mudh bPNk Fkh fd ns'k dk uke ^Hkkjr* gksuk pkfg;sA nwljh vksj] dqN usrkvksa dh jk; Fkh fd ^bafM;k* uke ls Hkkjr dks iwjs fo'o esa igpkuk tkrk gS rFkk ;g vkèkqfud uke gS] blfy;s ns'k dk uke bafM;k gh gksuk pkfg;sA è;krO; gS fd la;qDr jk"Vª la?k (United Nations Organisation) esa Hkh ml le; Hkkjr dk uke ^bafM;k* Fkk rFkk gekjs ns'k ds lHkh varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrs Hkh ^bafM;k* uke ls gq, FksA pw¡fd lafoèkku lHkk fookn ds ekeyksa esa loZlEefr (Consensus) u gks ikus dh n'kk esa lek;kstu (Accomodation) ds fl¼kar ds vuq:i dk;Z djrh Fkh] blfy;s mlus nksuksa gh ukeksa dks 'kkfey dj ysuk mfpr le>kA fookn bl ij Hkh Fkk fd ^bafM;k] nSV b”k Hkkjr* dguk T+;knk mfpr gS ;k ^Hkkjr] nSV b”k bafM;k\* fdarq] bl fookn ij ”;knk cy u nsrs gq, ^bafM;k] nSV b”k Hkkjr* vfHkO;fDr dks pqu fy;k x;kA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd ns'k dk vkSipkfjd uke ^bafM;k* gSA

z bl dFku esa iz;qDr 'kCn ^;wfu;u* Hkh O;k[;k dh vis{kk j[krk gSA lafoèkku lHkk ds le{k ;g iz'u dkiQh egÙoiw.kZ Fkk fd Hkkjr dh 'kklu iz.kkyh dks ,dkRed <k¡ps (Unitary structure) ds vuqlkj j[kk tk, ;k la?kkRed (Federal structure) <k¡ps ds vuqlkj\ lafoèkku lHkk 'kq: esa jkT;ksa dks vfèkdkfèkd Lok;Ùkrk nsus ds i{k esa Fkh fdarq Hkkjr&ikd foHkktu ds ckn mldh jk; cny xbZA og le> xbZ fd fofHkUu fj;klrksa (Princely states) ls feydj cus ns'k ds le{k ,d cM+h pqukSrh jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dks cuk, j[kus dh gSA blds fy;s ”k:jh

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ukxfjdrk (Citizenship)

7.1 ifjp;7.2 Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrk dk Lo:i

7.3 laoSèkkfud izkoèkku

7.4 ukxfjdrk vfèkfu;e] 1955

7.5 fons'kh fuokfl;ksa ds fo'ks"k ntsZ

7.1 ifjp; (Introduction)Hkkjrh; lafoèkku vuqPNsn 1&4 (Hkkx&I) rd Hkkjr ds jkT;{ks=k ls lacafèkr micaèk nsus ds ckn vuqPNsn 5&11

(Hkkx&II) esa Li"V djrk gS fd bl jkT;{ks=k esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa esa ls ukxfjd (Citizens) dkSu gksaxs\ lafoèkku esa ukxfjdrk ls lacafèkr cgqr de izkoèkku nsrs gq, fliZQ ;g crk;k x;k gS fd lafoèkku ykxw gksus ds fnu fdu O;fDr;ksa dks Hkkjr dk ukxfjd ekuk tk,xk\ ckn dh fLFkfr;ksa ds fy;s ukxfjdrk lacaèkh dkuwu cukus dh iw.kZ 'kfDr laln dks nh xbZ gSA bl 'kfDr ds vkèkkj ij laln us loZizFke 1955 esa ûkxfjdrk vfèkfu;e* (Citizenship Act) ikfjr fd;k FkkA mlds ckn] mlus le;≤ ij bl vfèkfu;e esa izklafxd la'kksèku Hkh fd;s gSaA

O;fDr;ksa ds fofHkUu oxZ (Different categories of persons)fdlh ns'k esa jgus okys O;fDr;ksa dks muds dkuwuh ntsZ (Legal status) ds vkèkkj ij lkèkkj.kr% fuEu oxks± esa

foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ

z ukxfjd (Citizens)µ ûkxfjd* fdlh ns'k ds îw.kZ lnL;* gksrs gSaA os jkT; rFkk lafoèkku ds izfr fu"Bk (Allegiance) j[krs gSaA mUgsa lHkh ewy vfèkdkj o cgqr ls dkuwuh vfèkdkj izkIr gksrs gSa rFkk muls jkT; }kjk ?kksf"kr dÙkZO;ksa dk ikyu djus dh vis{kk dh tkrh gSA dksbZ O;fDr fdl ns'k dk ukxfjd gS] bldh lkekU; dlkSVh ;g gS fd mlds ikl fdl ns'k dk ikliksVZ gS ;k og fdl ns'k dk ikliksVZ izkIr djus dh vgZrk j[krk gS\

z vU;ns'kh; O;fDr (Aliens)µ ;s os O;fDr gSa tks fdlh vU; ns'k ds ukxfjd gSaA rduhdh rkSj ij bUgsa ^fons'kh* (Foreigner) Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa (Aliens) dks nks oxks± esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSµ ^fe=k vU;ns'kh;* (Friendly aliens) rFkk ^'k=kq vU;ns'kh;* (Enemy aliens)A ftu ns'kksa ds lkFk gekjk ;q¼ py jgk gksrk gS] muds ukxfjdksa dks ^'k=kq vU;ns'kh;* dgrs gSa tcfd 'ks"k ns'kksa ds ukxfjd ^fe=k vU;ns'kh;* dgykrs gSaA

z vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa (Aliens) dks os lHkh vfèkdkj izkIr ugha gksrs tks ukxfjdksa ds ikl gksrs gSaA ns'k ds lafoèkku rFkk vU; vfèkfu;eksa esa Li"V fd;k tkrk gS fd muds ikl dkSuµls vfèkdkj ugha gksaxsA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] Hkkjr esa vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa dks vuqPNsn 21 ds rgr thou dk vfèkdkj* izkIr gS drq vuqPNsn 19 }kjk iznÙk Lora=krk dk vfèkdkj* izkIr ugha gSA 'k=kq vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa (Enemy aliens) dks oqQN vU; vfèkdkjksa ls Hkh oafpr fd;k tk ldrk gS tks fe=k vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa (Friendly aliens) dks fn;s x, gksaA mnkgj.k ds fy;s] vuqPNsn 22(3) esa fxjÝrkjh ls laj{k.k ds lacaèk esa tSls foLr`r vfèkdkj Hkkjr ds ukxfjdksa rFkk fe=k vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa dks izkIr gSa] oSls 'k=kq vU;ns'kh; O;fDr;ksa dks ughaA

z jkT;foghu O;fDr (Stateless Persons)µ ;g ,d vR;Ur NksVk oxZ gS ftlesa fojy (Rare) mnkgj.k gh 'kkfey gksrs gSaA dbZ ns'kksa esa bl oxZ esa ,d Hkh O;fDr ugha gksrkA lkèkkj.kr% voSèk vkizokfl;ksa (Illegal immigrants) dh ubZ ihf<+;k¡ bl fLFkfr esa gksrh gSaA dHkh&dHkh ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ukxfjdrk lacaèkh nLrkos”kksa ds vHkko esa dksbZ O;fDr jkT;foghu ?kksf"kr dj fn;k tk,A

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la?k yksd lsok vk;ksx (upsc) hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,oa...dgykrh gsa fdlh lekt ds fodflr o l{ke gksus dh...

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