lake erie overview dr. jeffrey m. reutter, director ohio sea grant and stone laboratory the ohio...
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Lake ErieLake ErieOverviewOverview
Dr. Jeffrey M. Reutter, DirectorOhio Sea Grant and Stone Laboratory
The Ohio State University
Office of Congresswoman Marcy KapturOffice of Congresswoman Marcy KapturToledo, OhioToledo, Ohio
20 February 200820 February 2008
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Today’s TalkToday’s Talk
Great Lakes and Lake Erie 101Great Lakes and Lake Erie 101 Background on 6Background on 6 key issues key issues causing causing
huge changes in Lake Erie.huge changes in Lake Erie. Climate Change/Lake Levels/Severe StormsClimate Change/Lake Levels/Severe Storms Sedimentation/Water Clarity/DredgingSedimentation/Water Clarity/Dredging Nutrients and PhosphorusNutrients and Phosphorus HABs—Harmful Algal BloomsHABs—Harmful Algal Blooms Dead ZoneDead Zone AIS—Aquatic Invasive SpeciesAIS—Aquatic Invasive Species
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Lake Erie Cross Section
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Forest / Agriculture / Residential /Other
Percent of Basin
Great Lakes Basin Land Use 1985
5 6 3 1 51
9
210 73
44
27
67
39
91
41
68
21
49
0%
10%20%
30%
40%
50%60%
70%
80%90%
100%
L. Superior L. Michigan L. Huron L. Erie L. Ontario
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As a Result, Lake Erie Gets:As a Result, Lake Erie Gets:
More sedimentMore sediment More nutrients (fertilizers and sewage)More nutrients (fertilizers and sewage) More pesticidesMore pesticides
The above 3 items are exacerbated by stormsThe above 3 items are exacerbated by storms
And is still biologically, the most productive And is still biologically, the most productive of the Great Lakesof the Great Lakes
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Lake Erie StatsLake Erie Stats
Drinking water for 11 million peopleDrinking water for 11 million people Over 20 power plantsOver 20 power plants 300 marinas in Ohio alone300 marinas in Ohio alone Walleye Capital of the WorldWalleye Capital of the World 40% of all Great Lakes charter boats40% of all Great Lakes charter boats $1 billion sport fishery$1 billion sport fishery Largest freshwater commercial fishery Largest freshwater commercial fishery
in the worldin the world
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Historical Trends:Historical Trends:The Lake Erie EcosystemThe Lake Erie Ecosystem
Getting worse annually to 1970Getting worse annually to 1970 Stable 1970-75Stable 1970-75 Improving 1975-1990 or 1995Improving 1975-1990 or 1995 1995+ Getting worse1995+ Getting worse
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SedimentationSedimentation
Reduced water qualityReduced water quality Nutrients and contaminants attached to Nutrients and contaminants attached to
sediment particlessediment particles Can trace Maumee River sediments Can trace Maumee River sediments
from open lake disposal to Fairport from open lake disposal to Fairport
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Nutrients and PhosphorusNutrients and Phosphorus
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Blue-green Algae BloomBlue-green Algae Bloomcirca 1970, Lake Eriecirca 1970, Lake Erie
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““I heard Lake Erie is the I heard Lake Erie is the place fish go to die.”place fish go to die.”
--Johnny Carson, 1976--Johnny Carson, 1976
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Phosphorus LoadingPhosphorus Loading
Limiting nutrient for plant growthLimiting nutrient for plant growth 29,000 tons in 196929,000 tons in 1969 Hit 11,000 target by mid-80sHit 11,000 target by mid-80s Became Walleye Capital of the WorldBecame Walleye Capital of the World Soluble form increasing since 1995Soluble form increasing since 1995
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Dissolved Reactive PhosphorusDissolved Reactive PhosphorusMaumee
0.0
0.4
0.8
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Sandusky
-0.2
0.2
0.6
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Cuyahoga
-0.1
0.4
0.9
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Grand
-0.3
0.0
0.3
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Source: P. Richards, Heidelberg College
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Impacts of Increased Impacts of Increased Phosphorus ConcentrationsPhosphorus Concentrations
HABsHABs MicrocystisMicrocystis Microcystin levels 60 times WHOMicrocystin levels 60 times WHO Cylindrospermopsis Cylindrospermopsis
Nuisance Algae BloomsNuisance Algae Blooms Lyngbya—Lyngbya—Western Basin AttachedWestern Basin Attached Cladophora—Whole Lake AttachedCladophora—Whole Lake Attached
Dead ZoneDead Zone
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HABsHABs(Harmful Algal Blooms):(Harmful Algal Blooms):Western Basin ProblemWestern Basin Problem
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Blue-green Algae BloomBlue-green Algae Bloomcirca 1970, Lake Eriecirca 1970, Lake Erie
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HAB RequirementsHAB Requirements
Warm water (summer problem)Warm water (summer problem) High phosphorus levelsHigh phosphorus levels Zebra/quagga mussels (remove Zebra/quagga mussels (remove
competition)competition)
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HABs:HABs:Western Basin ProblemWestern Basin Problem
But Contribute to But Contribute to Oxygen Demand inOxygen Demand in
the Central Basin, i.e.the Central Basin, i.e.the Dead Zone the Dead Zone
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Dead Zone:Central Basin Problem
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Lake Erie Cross Section
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The Dead Zone:The Dead Zone:Anoxic HypolimnionAnoxic Hypolimnion
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Central Basin with Thermocline
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Wind Tilting Thermocline
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Global warming and Global warming and climate change are real and climate change are real and will make these problems will make these problems
worse!worse! Warm water favors HABsWarm water favors HABs Warm water increases oxygen depletion ratesWarm water increases oxygen depletion rates Lower water levels make it easier to resuspend Lower water levels make it easier to resuspend
and transport bottom sedimentsand transport bottom sediments More severe storms will resuspend more sediment More severe storms will resuspend more sediment
and increase erosion and sediment loadingand increase erosion and sediment loading Lake levels will go downLake levels will go down
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AISAIS Over 180 species in Great LakesOver 180 species in Great Lakes 75% since Seaway opened75% since Seaway opened Zebra and quagga musselsZebra and quagga mussels Phragmites and loosestrifePhragmites and loosestrife Round gobiesRound gobies Next?Next? How do we close the door?How do we close the door?
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Zebra Mussel Zebra Mussel vsvs Quagga Mussel Quagga Mussel
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Because Lake Erie is the Because Lake Erie is the southernmost, shallowest, southernmost, shallowest,
warmest, and most nutrient-warmest, and most nutrient-enriched of the Great Lakes, it enriched of the Great Lakes, it
is likely that AIS will always is likely that AIS will always present the greatest problem, present the greatest problem, and have the greatest impact, and have the greatest impact,
in Lake Erie.in Lake Erie.
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1974—Before Zebra Mussels1974—Before Zebra Mussels
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1994—After Zebra Mussels1994—After Zebra Mussels
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For more informationFor more information
Ohio Sea Grant and Ohio Sea Grant and Stone LabStone Lab
Ohio State Univ.Ohio State Univ. 1314 Kinnear Rd.1314 Kinnear Rd. Col, Oh 43212Col, Oh 43212 614-292-8949614-292-8949 [email protected]@osu.edu www.ohioseagrant.owww.ohioseagrant.o
su.edu/su.edu/
Stone LaboratoryStone Laboratory Ohio State Univ.Ohio State Univ. Box 119Box 119 Put-in-Bay, O 43456Put-in-Bay, O 43456 614-247-6500614-247-6500