lala varley. 1. nacionalidades 2. stem changing verbs 3. para 4. indirect object pronouns 5. pronoun...
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Grammar BookLala Varley
Table of Contents1. Nacionalidades 2. Stem Changing Verbs 3. Para 4. Indirect Object Pronouns 5. Pronoun Placement 6. Gustar 7. Affirmative and Negative Words 8. Superlatives 9. Reflexives10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement11. Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement12. Sequencing events13. Preterite (trigger words)14. –car, -gar, -zar15. Deber and inf.16. Modal verbs16. Present progressive17. Adverbs 18. Trigger words, car gar zar, spock, snake/snakey, cucaracha19. Demonstrative20. Future Tense
21.
Las Nacionalidades
Stem Changers• Boot Verbs change only inside the “boot’’• There are four kind of boot verbs.• O-ue• E-ie• E-I• U-ue
• The endings remain the same for –ar , -er, and –ir verbs.• Nosotros and Vosotros forms do not change.
Para
Indirect Object Pronouns• Can be used to a repetition of the noun and
answer the question whom? Or what? About the verb.
REPLACES• Pes, ya tienes ropa de verano.
• Claro que la tengo.
• Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. They are to replace or accompany indirect objects.
Singular:• Me (me)• Te (you familiar)• Te (you formal, him, her)
Plural:• Nos (us)• Os (you familiar)• Tes (you, them)
Pronoun Placement• 1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive
• 2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense• 3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative
command• 4. place the pronoun before a conjugated
verbHow do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence?• When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun
comes before the verb.• When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it
can either go before the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.
Gustar• When you want to express what activities people like to do
you use these phrases with an infinitive.
me gusta… nos gusta…te gusta… os gusta…le gusta… les gusta…
• When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.
Affirmative and Negative Words• When you want to talk about an indefinite or
negative situation, you use an affirmative or negative word.
Affirmative Words:• Algo (something)• Alguien (someone)• Algun/Alguno(a) (same)• Siempre (always)• Tambien (also)
Negative Words:• Nada (nothing)• Nadie ( no one)• Ningun/Ninguno(a) (none, not any)• Nunca (never)• Tampoco (neither, either)
Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or modify. Alguno and ninhuno have different forms when used before masculine singular nouns.Alguno algun ninguno ningun
Superlatives• Suffix:-Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
*added to adjectives and adverbs*equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or
adverb.
• Change Spelling!-Rico > requisimo-larga> larguisima-feliz > felicismo
*adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding -cisimola
Reflexives
What does a reflexive pronoun do?• Shows that the direct object is the same of the do-er.• In reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.• A person does as well as receives the action.• The subject, the pronoun, and verb are all in the same form.
For example:-Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana.-Ella se despierta muy temprano.-Mis hermanas se maquillan es su cuarto.
How do you form these verbs?1) Conjugate the verb as always2) Add the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se)
Position of Pronouns:1) IN FRONT of a conjugated
verb2) Attached to a gerund3) Attached to an infinitive
Affirmative tu commands + irregulars + pronoun placement
• Di (Decir)• Haz (Hacer)• Ve (Ir)• Pon (Poner)• Sal (Salir)• Se (Ser)• Ten (Tener)• Ven (Venir)
DOP + placement rules are the same thing!
Negative tu command + irregulars + pronoun placement
Tu Commands:1) Positive• Drop the ‘s’2) Negative• put into yo form• Change the vowel• Add an ‘s’3) Irregulars• Decir Di• Hace Haz• Ir Ve• Ser Se• Poner Pon• Venir Ven• Tenir Ten• Salir Sal
Irregular Commands:1) T- tener (no tengas)2) V- venir (no vengas)3) D-dar/decir (no
des/digas)4) I- Ir (no vayas)5) S- ser (no seas)6) H- hacer(no hagas)7) E- estar (no estes)8) S- saber (no sepas)
Pronoun Placement:1) Infinitive2) Gerund3) Before a
conjugated verb4) Affirmative
command**Ex: Do it! Hazlo!
Sequencing EventsFirst Then After Finally
Primero Entonces Luego/Despues Por fin
Antes de/ Despues de
Before/ After
Por la manana/tarde/noche
In/during the … (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)
Preterite
AR: ER/IR:
-é -amosHablé hablamos
-í -imosComí comimos
-astehablaste
-iste comiste
-ó -aronHabló hablaron
-ió -ieronComió comieron
*Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –que in order to keep the hard ‘c’ sound: ex. Yo saqué (sacra) la basura ayer.
-car, -gar, -zar Trigger Words for Preterito:• Un dia• Una vez• Ayer• Hace un año• El mes pasado• Anteayer• Por una hora• Por fin• A las ocho• El cinco de Febrero
-car yo qué
-gar
-zar
yo
yo
gué
cé
Deber + infinitive• The verb deber means should or ought to. To say
what people should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of another verb.
Deber
debo debemos
debes debéis
debe deben
MODAL VERBS• When verbs are used in modal verb combinations:• The second verb isn't conjugated, but rather left in the
infinitive form. You would NEVER say “no puedo nado”
Deber - should/ought toDesear – to desireNecesitar – to needPoder – can/could/might be able toQuerer – want/would like toSaber – to know how to/knowSoler – usually/used to
Present Progressive• Some verbs you know have irregular present
participle forms.• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb emds in a vowel,
change the –iendo to-yendo to form the present participle.• e i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the
stem• Some other verbs also have vowel change in the stem.
Adverbs• For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente
to feminine form. • When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from
the first one.
adjective adverb
Cuidadoso(a)careful
Cuidadosamentecarefully
Rápido(a)quick
Rápidamentequickly
Lento(a)slow
Lentamenteslowly
Tranquilo(a)calm
Tranquilamentecalmly
Negative tú commands• Use when telling someone NOT to do• Formed by taking you form for the present tense,
dropping the -o and adding the appropriate ending.
Ex. Hablo -es for –ar verbs Vuelvo -as for –er and –ir verbs
Infinitive Yo form Negative tú command
Hablar Hablo No hables
Volver Vuelvo Vuelvas
Venir
Irregular negative tú commands • A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands.
Notice thar none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive (yo form) Negative tú command
Dar (doy) No le des mi dirección a nadie.
Estar(estoy) No estés triste.
Ir (voy) No vayas a la tienda.
Ser (soy) No seas mala.
Preterite, Snake, Snakey y Cucaracha
SNAKEStem Changers• Dormi
r
Dormí
Dormimos
Dormiste
Durmió
Durmieron
SNAKEYY Changers• Leer
Leí
Leimos
Leiste
Leyó
Leyeron
CUCARACHAAndar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
-e -imos
-iste -isteis
-o -ieron
AR ER/IR
É Í
Aste Iste
Ó Ió
Amos Imos
Aron ieron
EL PRETÉRITO
Demonstrative adjectives nad pronouns• Point out nouns• -this, that, these, those• Proceed nouns they follow and agree in gender
and numberEste esta estos estasEse Esa esos esasAquel aquella aquellos aquellas*This and these get the “t’s”*esto, eso and aquello are neuters*no accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns
Ordinal numbers • Primera• Segunda• Tercera• Cuarta• Quinta• Sexta• Sptima• Octava• Novena• Decima
Un canto de las preposiciones• Izquierda (de), derecha (de)• delante (de), detrás (de)• Cerca (de), lejos (de)• …..y algo mas• Afuera (de), adentro (de)• Debajo (de, encima (de)• Entre, al lado (de)• …..se termina la rima
The Future Tense• You can use: ir + a + infinitiveEx. Vamos a ESTUDíAR en la biblioteca.• You can use the present tense when the context
makes it clear that you are talking about the future.
Ex. Mañana ALQUILAMOS una película.• You can also use the future tense. You form the
future tense by adding a special set of endings to the infinitive.
Ex.Comer To eat
Comeré Comeremos
Comerás Comeré
Comer
Possessive adjectives and pronouns• Adj (of mine,
yours, his)Mío(s) Mía(s)tuyo(s) tuya(s)Suyo(s) suya(s)Nuestro(s)nuestra(s)Vuestro(s)vuestra(s)*placed AFTER the noun they modifyDemonstrative adj. :(article) + (noun) + de+ (sub. Pronoun)
PronounsSame form as stressed adj.
Definite articles:EL LOSLA LAS
*omitted when stressed poss. Pronoun follows the verb ser
imperfecto• Triggers:• Todos los días• A menudo• A veces• Siempre• Cada día• Los lunes• Generalmente• Mientras• De vez en
cuando• Muchas veces• frecuentement
e
Uses:1. Ongoing action (was/were)2. Repeated action (used to)3. No definite beginning or end4. Time/date/age/feelings/
descriptions5. Interrupted activity (cuando)
reflexive• Me • Te• se• Nos• Os• Les
Demonstrative Adjectives and PronounsDemonstrate or point out nouns This, that, these, thoseProceed nouns that follow & agree in GENDER & NUMBER1. este, esta, estos & estas are close to the speaker2. Ese, esa, esos & esas aren’t necessarily close to the
speaker but are close to the listener3. Aquel, aquella, aquellos & aquellas are away from both
the speaker and the listener
NEUTERS:• Esto, eso & aquelloUse if unsure about generNEVER carry an accent mark!!!
No accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents on pronouns.
Aquí- this & theseAllí- that over thereAllá- that WAY over there
THIS AND THESE GET THE “T’S”
FIN