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MENDELNET 2016 533 | Page LAND FUND ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL OF EROSION RISK REDUCTION MEASURES FOR AREA OF HUSTOPEČE JAN SZTURC, PETR KARASEK Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno CZECH REPUBLIC [email protected] Abstract: The article deals with the identification of risk areas in selected cadastral area Hustopeče in terms of soil conservation. Based on defined risks and their threat level, it is possible to design complex system of measures to protect soil and landscape. Gradually are defined and described various risk factors, which may effect on the landscape – water and wind erosion, size of land blocks, land use. The multi-criteria analysis was made to define the most threatened parts of land blocks in study area. The result is synthetic map showing the most vulnerable land blocks in the area. It was found, that the Hustopeče cadastre is highly vulnerable to soil degradation. Most of land blocks are in categories with high risk of soil erosion. The possible protective measures are described. Key Words: soil, erosion, anti-erosion measures, land consolidation, Hustopeče INTRODUCTION The landscape is an open system shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human activities (Antrop 1998), which are changes in time and space. This leads to constant changes in the landscape of varying intensity and scope. The intensity of these changes depends on the position, the attractiveness of the area and degree of maturity or development company. One of the most visible manifestations are changes in land use, which are reflected changes in the relationship of natural and socio-economic sphere in a specific area (Jeleček et al. 1999). The largest and most significant changes of the landscape started in Industrial Revolution in the middle of 18th century. Furthermore these changes escalated the most in the second half of the 20th century. Changes in the landscape can be divided into controlled or uncontrolled. Steered by changes such changes mean that their planned decisions and behavior affects the person. Directed changes are the changes, which affect the peoples by the planning decisions and and their behavior. It is for example a deliberate political decision making, planning and landscape management. Adverse changes may be caused by changes in natural conditions, whether it is a long term climate change or sudden natural disasters (Semančíková et al. 2008). Soil erosion is in the Czech Republic the degradation process, which significantly affecting currently more than half of the arable land. Every year is threatened by erosion devastated more than 50% of arable land, which is about 1.5 million hectares, currently affected by water erosion is 40% of arable lands. Often in culture cropland shallow soils that are completely washed off, or which can be measured by one step shift soil depth (from 60 cm to 30 cm or less) (Dumbrovský 2009). Not only the high percentage of arable land, but especially the size of land parcels on sloping areas allowing extensive devastation of the land fund. In 1955, the average size of land was 10 hectare, now they are 50 and 100 or more per hectare blocks. Impair the physical and chemical properties of soils, biological degradation results in a reduction of organic matter in the soil and the quantitative and qualitative loss of soil microorganisms (Podhrázská and Karásek 2014). Wind erosion is defined as the erosion of the soil surface by mechanical force winds (abrasion), soil particles being carried away by the wind (deflation) and their storage at another location (accumulation) (Pasák 1984). In Bohemia is punished or is it prone by the soil eolization 26% and in Moravia 45% of agricultural land. It is evident that the mainly southern Moravia belong to the territories threatened by the strong wind (Švehlík 1996).

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Page 1: LAND FUND ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL OF EROSION RISK …mendelnet.cz/pdfs/mnt/2016/01/93.pdf · Hustopeče cadastre is highly vulnerable to soil degradation. Most of land blocks are in

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LAND FUND ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL OF EROSION RISK REDUCTION MEASURES FOR AREA OF HUSTOPEČE

JAN SZTURC, PETR KARASEK

Department of Applied and Landscape Ecology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno

CZECH REPUBLIC [email protected]

Abstract: The article deals with the identification of risk areas in selected cadastral area Hustopeče in terms of soil conservation. Based on defined risks and their threat level, it is possible to design complex system of measures to protect soil and landscape. Gradually are defined and described various risk factors, which may effect on the landscape – water and wind erosion, size of land blocks, land use. The multi-criteria analysis was made to define the most threatened parts of land blocks in study area. The result is synthetic map showing the most vulnerable land blocks in the area. It was found, that the Hustopeče cadastre is highly vulnerable to soil degradation. Most of land blocks are in categories with high risk of soil erosion. The possible protective measures are described.

Key Words: soil, erosion, anti-erosion measures, land consolidation, Hustopeče

INTRODUCTION The landscape is an open system shaped by the interaction of natural processes and human

activities (Antrop 1998), which are changes in time and space. This leads to constant changes in the landscape of varying intensity and scope. The intensity of these changes depends on the position, the attractiveness of the area and degree of maturity or development company. One of the most visible manifestations are changes in land use, which are reflected changes in the relationship of natural and socio-economic sphere in a specific area (Jeleček et al. 1999). The largest and most significant changes of the landscape started in Industrial Revolution in the middle of 18th century. Furthermore these changes escalated the most in the second half of the 20th century.

Changes in the landscape can be divided into controlled or uncontrolled. Steered by changes such changes mean that their planned decisions and behavior affects the person. Directed changes are the changes, which affect the peoples by the planning decisions and and their behavior. It is for example a deliberate political decision making, planning and landscape management. Adverse changes may be caused by changes in natural conditions, whether it is a long term climate change or sudden natural disasters (Semančíková et al. 2008).

Soil erosion is in the Czech Republic the degradation process, which significantly affecting currently more than half of the arable land. Every year is threatened by erosion devastated more than 50% of arable land, which is about 1.5 million hectares, currently affected by water erosion is 40% of arable lands. Often in culture cropland shallow soils that are completely washed off, or which can be measured by one step shift soil depth (from 60 cm to 30 cm or less) (Dumbrovský 2009). Not only the high percentage of arable land, but especially the size of land parcels on sloping areas allowing extensive devastation of the land fund. In 1955, the average size of land was 10 hectare, now they are 50 and 100 or more per hectare blocks. Impair the physical and chemical properties of soils, biological degradation results in a reduction of organic matter in the soil and the quantitative and qualitative loss of soil microorganisms (Podhrázská and Karásek 2014).

Wind erosion is defined as the erosion of the soil surface by mechanical force winds (abrasion), soil particles being carried away by the wind (deflation) and their storage at another location (accumulation) (Pasák 1984). In Bohemia is punished or is it prone by the soil eolization 26% and in Moravia 45% of agricultural land. It is evident that the mainly southern Moravia belong to the territories threatened by the strong wind (Švehlík 1996).

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Natural environmental factors causing wind erosion of soil by wind express vulnerability termed erodibility. Due to, that complex effect of all factors influencing wind erosion is relatively complicated, many authors are focused on the evaluation sectional factors. Various methods have been developed for ratings erosion processes (Holý 1994).

Current status of variable factors determining immediate erodibility (wind speed, soil moisture, surface roughness), it is important for retrospective detection, for example, to estimate the loss of soil erosion at a particular event. Determination erosion risks territory for wind erosion for design and engineering work for the protection of soil, water and land, must be based on methods other hand allowing the blanket, not a spot determination of endangerment territory and also provide guidance on the spatial and functional layout measures against wind erosion (Podhrázská and Karásek 2014).

In terms of protecting soil and water plays a vital role the way how we use farmland and their surface area. Negatively to the relational processes of soil–water–plant reflects, in particular the area of arable land, which are in terms of agricultural use of the most exploited. In addition to the supply of chemicals into the soil and agronomical measures adversely affects its low diversity and short term (seasonality) vegetation cover, because outside the growing season is arable land prone to degradation processes. These factors drastically affect all other risk processes, soil–water. In terms of protection of farmland and water quality can be regarded as the most effective permanent grassing. Evaluation of land use (Land use / Land cover) can be done to help Land Parcel Identification System (LPIS) database and orthophotos. Depending on the method you can use production blocks classified into 3 categories (arable land, special cultures like vineyards, orchards, hop fields, grassland). The highest risk is a production blocks as arable land, the lowest risk contrary to the culture of permanent grassland (Podhrázská and Karásek 2014).

From historical maps, historical photographs and aerial image shows that the 50s of the 20th century was characterized in our countryside grained mosaic facets of fields, meadows, pastures, supplemented by smaller islands of forests and rural settlements in the vicinity of roads and waterways. With the advent of modern agricultural technology have become habitat forming the natural boundaries of indigenous ownership of land an obstacle and they were removed. The average size of land has increased from 0.23 hectares in 1948 to approximately 20 hectares at present. Utilized agricultural land can be classified according to the surface area into 5 categories according to the size of the contiguous block production – very small (5 he), small (5–20 he), medium (20–40 hectares), large (40–60 hectares) and extreme (over 60 he). The weights of the individual classes are determined by the impact of a flat stretch of land at risk of soil degradation and water quality 1 to 5 (Podhrázská and Karásek 2014).

MATERIAL AND METHODS The method of multi-criterion analysis is based on the evaluation of four risk factors according to

valid methodology of Research Institute of Soil and Water Conservation. Four information layers (factors) were selected as relevant for soil and water conservation in the landscape. These factors provided spatial information on the potential risk of the particular factor and were classified into categories 1 to 5 (the value of 5 means the highest risk – weight value of the particular factor).

The surface of agricultural land was identified in these localities using data from the database of the Ministry of Agriculture CR – Land Parcel Information System (LPIS). The land blocks were analysed for the particular risks and thematic layers were created for synthetic evaluation of these risks.

Input data for the first map (size of agricultural land blocks) are the orthophoto image and LPIS database. Land blocks was classify into five different categories (according to size of land blocks). The second map (map of land use) are input data LPIS database and orthophoto image. The land blocks was classify into three categories according to land use of arable land. The highest coefficient (arable land), vineyards and orchards – medium coefficient, grassland with the lowest coefficient. The result of these analyzes are maps that can identify potential dangers in terms of the method of use and the size of agricultural land.

The next stage was handled the analysis of the area in terms of water and wind erosion. Water erosion is creating as potential water erosion in study area. Analysis of the potential water erosion is based on two factors of equation USLE (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). We used a combination of K factor (soil erodibility) and LS factor (a combination of the length and slope). Input data for this analysis

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are the database Estimated pedologic-ecological unit, LPIS database and a digital terrain model. Map of potential water erosion shows areas without risk, vulnerable, slightly endangered, endangered and highly or extremely vulnerable.

Analysis of potential wind erosion is based on a published methodology "Optimizing windbreak functions in agricultural landscapes" (Podhrázská et al. 2008), which uses risk assessment area, on the basis of soil and climatic characteristics. The final layer is divided into 5 categories classified as water erosion.

Location of model territory

Hustopeče is located on the south-eastern Moravia, 28 km east from Brno and 25 km northwest from Breclav. The city lies on the northern edge of the Pannonian biogeographic province (Culek 1996) and the western edge of the vast Carpathian arc (Buček 2010).

Cadastre of Hustopeče consists of a relatively complex and spatially contrasting relief. They are created as distinctive flat depressions and gently rolling hills and higher ground ridges relief highlands with steeply sloping hillsides, articulated variety of dry valleys (Kirchner 2010). Study area (Hustopeče region) is mostly used as arable land or orchards/vineyards.

Table 1 and Figure 1 confirms the most abundant type of land – arable land, which reaches 47% of the acreage of the cadastral area. Table 1 Total value of land types according to the land registry; Figure 1 Land use Hustopeče

Land use Hustopeče he %

Arable land 1 159 47.09 Gardens 107 4.35 Vineyard 274 11.13 Orchard 118 4.79 Permanent grassland 102 4.14

Forest 34 1.38 Water area 20 0.81 Built-up area 96 3.90 Other area 551 22.39 Total 2 461 100

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Map of the size of agricultural land - Figure 2 (left) shows size of production blocks (in five

categories according to size of blocks in hectares). The map shows that there occur many soil blocks in size 40 hectares and higher, also occur here also land blocks extreme sizes that are potentially susceptible to degradation and may require special protection.

Figure 2 (right) shows map of land use in model territory. This map shows that there is the most abundant arable land, which is confirmed by the Czech statistical office data in Table 1 aggregate value of land species. It also confirmed the fact that the prevalence of permanent grassland is minimal. This phenomenon can be regarded as typical for the region of South Moravia

Arable land; (47.09)

Vineyard(11.13)Gardens

(4.35)

Orchard (4.79)

Permanent grassland

(4.14)

Forest(1.38)

Water area(0.81)

Built-up area(3.9)

Other area(22.39)

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Figure 2 The map of land size (left) and the map of land use (right)

Map of the potential water (Figure 3 on the left) and wind erosion (Figure 3 on the right) shows

the degree of potentially risks areas in the study area. A red areas are the most risked parts of the territory, the brightest displayed areas potentially without threat. Most of agricultural land is located on sloping land – with height erosion risk (red colour). Also, it can be stated that erosion can be greatly influenced by how the way land use and the size of land parcels, which could lead to land degradation. Figure 3 The map of potential susceptibility of land to water erosion (left) and map of potential vulnerability to wind erosion (right)

Then was made an identification of the most risky agricultural land in study area. It was made by

multi-criteria evaluation of analytical input layers (four maps) and their synthesis. The "synthetic risk map of agricultural land in terms of land degradation and decreasing water quality" shows the most risked areas in study area. The red and orange areas are the most threatened. There should be processed some corrective measures. Also the effect of any measures will be hi than in other places.

Synthetic map (Figure 4) can be divided into individual data layers and the degree of risk factors can be chosen to focus on the most appropriate procedure and method of protection against these risk areas. For the process of making this synthetic maps were used layers of land size, layer of land use and the potential water and wind erosion. Synthetic map is useful for identify different threat levels of agricultural land in the study area. The map shows that the highest risk are arable land blocks with an area of 20 hectare and higher, mostly with high erosion risks. This map should be used as an input basis identify endangered land blocks / locations in the area of interest, which are suitable for implementation of protective measures to protect soil, water and landscape.

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Figure 4 The synthetic map of riskiness of agricultural land in cadastral Hustopeče

CONCLUSION

Through the identification of selected risk factors in the interest area Hustopeče was by a multi-criteria method processed synthetic map of riskiness of agricultural land. Through the identification of selected risk factors in the interest area Hustopeče was a multi-criteria method processed synthetic map riskiness of agricultural land. Synthetic map, these analytical maps, combining into one comprehensive map work.

The analysis showed that intensively farmed area of interest is threatened by water and wind erosion. Most of the land is used intensively – arable land, or as a special crops – vineyards, orchards. Permanent grasslands are here only in a small extent. After processing of the synthetic maps can be stated not so positive conclusions. Mainly the southern part cadastral area Hustopeče subject to a high or very high risk of degradation of soil / water. The landscape here is very poor for landscape elements, and this fact is reflected in the overall negative assessment. At the interface cadastral area of Hustopeče and neighboring cadastral area of Starovice was previously handled Land consolidation. Land consolidation was made in 2003 and the main reason was to protect the village built before the flood. The main element of this realization is retention reservoir. It was built to protect the urban area in extreme situations. Another important part is the grassed thalweg, which are designed to slow surface runoff and capture sediments.

For the whole study area was in 2014 prepared by the Research Institute for Soil and Water Conservation design of protective measures. It includes elements designed in a simple landscaping, elements of the proposed plan area, but also other newly proposed measures, which together form the skeleton of eco-stabilizing protective measures. The following maps displays the implemented and proposed measures to protect the territory. Map (Figure 5 left) shows the complex proposal of measures to protect soil and water in the landscape. This is a summation of all the measures which have been proposed by Research Institute of Soil and Water Conservation. On the riskiest areas is designed grassland and soil conservation agro-technologies. The Figure 5 (right side) shows the proposal of land consolidation. Protective measures was situated on the border of cadastral areas Hustopeče and Starovice.

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Figure 5 The map of design measures

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was supported by project of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Czech Republic no. QJ1220054 “Impact of a change of climatic factors on the development of wind erosion processes, conceptual solution through the land adjustment measures and Project No. TA04020886 “New technology solution for protection against flooding from extreme rainfall”. REFERENCES Antrop, M. 1998. Landscape change: Plan or chaos? Landscape and Urban planning, (41): 3–4. Buček, A. 2010. Geografická poloha. In: Jan L., Nezhodová S. a kol. Hustopeče: Město uprostřed jihomoravských vinic Město Hustopeče. pp. 31–44. Culek, M. 1996. Biogeografické členění České republiky. Praha: ENIGMA. Dumbrovský, M. a kol. 2009. Hodnocení negativního vlivu degradačních faktorů na půda a návrh možností jeho omezení – vytvoření podkladů pro plnění požadavků daných návrhem směrnice na ochranu půdy EU. Výstup řešení projektu VAVSP2e3. Brno Holý, M. 1994. Eroze a životní prostředí. České vysoké učení technické, Praha. pp. 383 Jeleček, L., Burda, T., Chromý, P. 1999. Historická geografie, 30 HiÜ AV ČR, Praha, pp. 261–270 Kircher, K. 2010. Základní rysyreliéfu a geologického podloží. In: Jan L., Nezhodová S. a kol. Hustopeče: Město uprostřed jihomoravských vinic (pp. 19–27). Město Hustopeče. Pasák, V. 1984. Ochrana půdy přederozí. Státní zemědělské nakladatelství, Praha, pp. 160. Podhrázská, J., Karásek, P. 2014. Systém analýzy území a návrhu opatření k ochraně půdy a vody v krajině. VÚMOP, v. v. i. Brno. Podhrázská, J. et. al. 2008. Optimalizace funkcí větrolamu v zemědělské krajině. Certifikovaná metodika, VÚMOP, v. v. i. Švehlík, R. 1996. Větrná eroze půdy na jižní Moravě. Uh. Brod, pp. 108. Wischmeier, W. A., Smith D. D. 1978. Predicting rainfall erosionlosses – A guide to conservations planning. Agriculture Handbook No. 537, Science and Education Administration, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.