land transportation history

TOUR 161

LAND

TRANSPORTATION:

HISTORY Lecture 4

Ancient

Rome

Industrial

Revolution

20th

Century

Recent

Innovations

HISTORY OF LAND TRANSPORTATION

Throughout most of history, transport

relied on animal and

even human power,

traversing dirt tracks


museudantu.org.br

One of the earliest paved road networks

was the Royal Roads

of Ancient Persia

[>500 BC]


It was used primarily for communication

as well as trade

purposes


commons.wikimedia.org

Ancient Romans [

Viae, or roads, included layers of

earth, stones,

cement, lava, and

other materials

ANCIENT ROME


Used primarily for the expansion and

defense of the

empire

Also used for communication and

trade

ANCIENT ROME

Road network interconnected 113

provinces [Bailey &

Miller, 1900]

29 military highways

372 major roads

400,000 kilometers

ANCIENT ROME

pixgood.com

Passports were used to monitor travelling

civilians

Tolls and taxes were collected for

construction and

maintenance of viae

ANCIENT ROME

kahnhome.org

Villas, inns, and hostels provided

accommodation

Led to growth of towns and cities that

served as way

stations

ANCIENT ROME

photographersdirect.com

Next wave of development took

more than a

millennium [1,000

years] after, during

the Industrial

Revolution


Post-Ancient Rome: Medieval Period was

characterized by

isolation

Renaissance Period was associated with

maritime exploration

Invention of machines during the

1800s

Mass production and mass consumption

became possible

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

marandathornburg.wikispaces.net

Shift in economic base from agriculture

to manufacturing

Migration of people from rural to urban

areas


4eme7travelbloggers.blogspot.com

Global population exploded as societies

were modernized

and incomes

increased


theactuary.com

Introduction of coal-powered steam

locomotives led to

development of rail

transport

Trains carried freight as well as passengers


motordb.net

Rail transport became a key feature

of industrialization,

providing

accessibility and

growth to cities and

countries


First intercity route [Manchester to

Liverpool, UK] in 1830

First transcontinental route [California to

Iowa, US] in 1869

Electric railways were introduced during

the late 1800s

Trams Light rail

Rapid transit


Used by major cities to improve mobility

amid growing

populations

London Underground

New York City Subway

In the Philippines, the Compania de los

Tranvias de Filipinas

opened in 1888,

serving Manila and

its suburbs


Binondo

Intramuros

Malate

Sampaloc

Tondo

Malabon

Eventually taken over by the Manila Electric

Railroad and Light

Company

[MERALCO]


theurbanroamer.com

The Ferrocarril de Manila Dagupan opened in 1892 in

Tutuban

Followed by a south line called Bicol

Express


flickr.com

Now known as the Philippine National

Railways [PNR],

currently serving

Metro Manila and

southern Luzon



Locomotives were also introduced in

the Visayas

Panay

Negros

Cebu


blogofayoungstudent.blogspot.com

The Ford Model T, the first mass-

produced

automobile, or car,

was introduced in

1908

20TH CENTURY

carlustblog.com

Cars became popular as they provided

individuals with more

freedom to travel

Not dependent on routes and schedules

20TH CENTURY

Also became a symbol of affluence

among the growing

middle class

The London General Omnibus Company

[LGOC] B-type, the

first mass-produced

bus, was introduced

in 1910

20TH CENTURY

ltmcollection.org

Since then, the automotive industry has become one of the worlds largest, driving many national economies

20TH CENTURY

In 2014, 89.5m units were manufactured [OICA] Passenger cars

Light commercial vehicles

Heavy trucks

Buses and coaches

20TH CENTURY


MAJOR INDUSTRY PLAYERS

OICA, 2014

Top Countries Total [mil]

1) CHINA 23.8

2) US 11.7

3) JAPAN 9.8

4) GERMANY 5.9

5) SOUTH KOREA 4.5

6) INDIA 3.8

7) MEXICO 3.4

8) BRAZIL 3.1

9) SPAIN 2.4

10) CANADA 2.4

MAJOR INDUSTRY PLAYERS

OICA, 2013

Largest Manufacturers Country Total [mil]

1) Toyota JAPAN 10.3

2) General Motors US 9.6

3) Volkswagen GERMANY 9.4

4) Hyundai SOUTH KOREA 7.2

5) Ford US 6.1

6) Nissan JAPAN 5.0

7) Fiat / Chrysler ITALY / US 4.7

8) Honda JAPAN 4.3

9) Suzuki JAPAN 2.8

10) Peugeot FRANCE 2.8

Also the 5th biggest export in terms of

revenue [UNWTO,

2015], producing a

multiplier effect to

other industries

20TH CENTURY

Fuels [ranked 1st in exports]

Tourism [ranked 4th in exports]

Post-World War 2, cheaper diesel

locomotives replaced

the more expensive

steam engines

20TH CENTURY

skyscrapercity.com

Lower operating and maintenance costs

Economies of scale

Manual labor

Automated systems

Source of power

20TH CENTURY

However, it exacerbated the

growing air pollution

problem in

industrialized

societies

During the latter half of the century, high-

speed trains [>250

kph] were introduced

Japans Shinkansen

Frances TGV

20TH CENTURY

vehiclehi.com

Ran primarily on electricity

Nuclear power

Some used magnetic levitation [maglev]

instead of wheels

20TH CENTURY

youtube.com

Provided an alternative to diesel

for long-distance

travel between cities

Previous electric services only operated

short distances within

cities

20TH CENTURY

energy.gov

20TH CENTURY


The tremendous development of land

transport over the

past 200 years has

produced massive

socio-economic

benefits


However, it has also caused serious socio-

environmental

problems, especially

road transport

Carbon Emissions

Air Pollution

Climate Change Traffic Congestion



OECD

Eco-friendly

models

Public &

shared

transport

Shift in

lifestyles

RECENT INNOVATIONS AND

ALTERNATIVES [MCGRATH, 2012]

Eco-friendly models

More energy-efficient

Usually dont emit pollutants

Fewer carbon emissions when they do

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

Still depend on power plants

Batteries are limited



greenpeace.org



Need less fuel

Use electric motors and batteries

More efficient at low speeds

Better gas mileage

HYBRID VEHICLES

Also use gasoline engines

More efficient at high speeds

Higher initial cost

Eco-friendly models



Dont run on petroleum Compressed natural gas

[CNG]

Ethanol plant materials

Biodiesel vegetable oils and animal fats

Propane [liquefied petroleum gas or LPG]

Hydrogen-powered fuel cells

ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES [AFVs]

Some still produce pollution and

greenhouse gases

Eco-friendly models



pcij.org



Public & shared transport

Alternative to road transport No traffic congestion

Faster than cars and buses

More passengers per vehicle More energy-efficient

Less noise and air pollution

MASS TRANSIT & INTERCITY PASSENGER RAIL

Fewer stops Lesser accessibility

Higher initial costs



Less fuel per passenger

Reduce traffic congestion

Some have dedicated lanes

Faster commute

BUSES

Less comfor table




cities-today.com



Ideal for shor t-term use Owner

Generates revenue

Less maintenance costs

Borrower

More convenient

CAR SHARING

Unregulated




startups.fm



Splits fuel costs Cheaper commute

Cuts emissions per person

CARPOOLING

Schedule coordination




Shift in lifestyles

Cheaper to buy and maintain

Take less space More flexible during rush

hour


Doesnt add to pollution

BIKING

Exposure to elements



happeninginhighlandpark.com



Shift in lifestyles

Benefits health Lowers blood pressure

Maintains good cholesterol levels


WALKING

Takes longer



spacing.ca



greenmeupscottyca.wordpress.com

CASE STUDY:

SINGAPORE

land transportation history

Documents

possible industrial

kilometers ancient rome

materials ancient rome

way stations ancient

history lecture

ancient romans viae

royal roads of ancient

major roads