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ANIMAL AND PLANT MOVEMENT ACROSS A LANDSCAPE

Dr Syartinilia WijayaEkologi lanskap (ARL 631)

May 11 2010

Introduction

Analog

Driving an ambulance across town from an accident site to a hospital

With a straight road connecting the two locations you get your accident victims to the hospital in good time

The speed to reach the hospital depends on

- Structure of the landscape

- The direction of movement relative to landscape structure

The effect of landscape structure on the movement

of animal and plants

Patterns of movementDescribe major types of flows of species energy and materials

Continuous movement

An object moving between two points exhibits continuous movement if its speed never drops to zero It may have a constant speed or may significantly accelerate or decelerate its rate of movement

Example Caribou bulls in continous movement over relatively homogeneous tundra

Saltatory movement

An object may move for a while stop amd move again As it moves across a landscape between two points certain places along the route serve as stopping points for the object

rdquoJump dispersalrdquo

Example A heavy rain falling on a recently plowed field on a hillside

Two important types of stops made by dispersing species

Rest stopWhen individual animals arrive at a spot remain for a

brief period and move on Only temporary locations for species

Stepping stoneA spot that is colonized by a speciesndash where the species

arrives and successfully grows and reproduces The species expands its distribution of successfully reproducing individuals provides a new source for further dispersing of individuals

Stepping-stones are most likely to be useful in cases where animals

1 Can detect a stepping-stone from a core area or other source

2 Are not constrained or directed by habitat boundaries

3 Are unwilling to enter corridors that are dominated by edge habitat

4 Experience high levels of predation within corridor

bullSpecies movement among habitat patches can be facilitated through the

protection of discrete spatial features such as stepping stones and linkages or

through surrounding matrix lands that allow movement among patches

bullProximity and location of patches and the specific behavior and life histories of the

target species are also factors in determining species movement among habitat

patches

bullConnectivity could potentially facilitate some adverse affects such as spreading

invasive species disease and wildfire Connectivity to habitat patches in

conservation networks in neighboring study areas should also be taken into

consideration

Sourcehttpwwwdefendersorgprogra

ms_and_policyhabitat_conserv

ationconservation_planningcnd

principlesshtml

1022011

2

Movement of Animals

Animals in a landscape move in three ways within Home range in Dispersal and in Migration

Home range

the area around its home (eg nest or burrow) that is used for feeding and other daily activities

Territory a similar concept is used by many authors to refer to the area defended against intrusions by other individuals of the same species

Dispersal

The one -way movement of an individual from the home range where it was born to a new home range

Migration

The cyclic movement of animals between separated areas that are used during different seasons

Migrating species have adapted to climatic and other conditions associated with the changing seasons and thus tend to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions and to utilize favorable ones

Two types of migration

1 Latitudinal migration

the movement of animal species from north to south and vice versa

2 Vertical Migration

the movement animal species between higher and lower elevations in mountains is also common and also involves the avoidance of unfavorable and selection of favorable conditions

ex European ibex feeds on the alpine vegetation in summer and

winters in low elevation meadows

Home range

Oriental Honey-buzzards using satellite tracking

Fixed Kernel Method

Dispersal of Javan Hawk-EaglePredicted probability model of JHE

habitat distribution

Distribution of habitat patches

Threshold probability

value at 05

Migration route ofOriental Honey-buzzards

Barriers and Conduits perceived by different species

Barriers

ex vegetation corridor road trail corridor

Barrier can subdivide populations of species into metapopulations

The effectiveness of the barrier would appear to be closely related to corridor width

Conduits

ex tunnel water way

disturbance-tolerant species

plants and animals are primary flows along corridors (other than movements directly related to stream flow or human transport)

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3

Movement of Plants Plant dispersal

the process of propagule movement and a species is only considered to have spread if it succesfully colonizes or becomes established at a new site

Type of the dispersal abilities related to the distances crossed by plant

Long-distance dispersal

going to a different landscape altogether

ex coconuts float across oceans seeds are carried thousands of kilometers on the feet and feathers of ducks winds loft lightweight propagules over mountain ranges

Short-distance dispersal

usually measured in meters to hundred of meters within a landscape heavier seeds

Three general types of plant movement appear to occur no matter what the dispersal mechanism or distance travelled

1Species distribution boundaries fluctuate with short-term cyclic environmental changes

2Long-term environmental change makes species go extinct adapt or move

3Species arrives in a new area and spreads widely

Metapopulation A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated

populations of the same species which interact at some level

The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1970 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats

In Levins own words it consists of a population of populations

A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied

In classical metapopulation theory each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events) the smaller the population the more prone it is to extinction

Although individual populations have finite life-spans the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may for example be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect)

The development of metapopulation theory in conjunction with the development of source-sink dynamics emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this

Source httpwwwcaukyeduagcpubsforfor76for76pdf

1022011

2

Movement of Animals

Animals in a landscape move in three ways within Home range in Dispersal and in Migration

Home range

the area around its home (eg nest or burrow) that is used for feeding and other daily activities

Territory a similar concept is used by many authors to refer to the area defended against intrusions by other individuals of the same species

Dispersal

The one -way movement of an individual from the home range where it was born to a new home range

Migration

The cyclic movement of animals between separated areas that are used during different seasons

Migrating species have adapted to climatic and other conditions associated with the changing seasons and thus tend to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions and to utilize favorable ones

Two types of migration

1 Latitudinal migration

the movement of animal species from north to south and vice versa

2 Vertical Migration

the movement animal species between higher and lower elevations in mountains is also common and also involves the avoidance of unfavorable and selection of favorable conditions

ex European ibex feeds on the alpine vegetation in summer and

winters in low elevation meadows

Home range

Oriental Honey-buzzards using satellite tracking

Fixed Kernel Method

Dispersal of Javan Hawk-EaglePredicted probability model of JHE

habitat distribution

Distribution of habitat patches

Threshold probability

value at 05

Migration route ofOriental Honey-buzzards

Barriers and Conduits perceived by different species

Barriers

ex vegetation corridor road trail corridor

Barrier can subdivide populations of species into metapopulations

The effectiveness of the barrier would appear to be closely related to corridor width

Conduits

ex tunnel water way

disturbance-tolerant species

plants and animals are primary flows along corridors (other than movements directly related to stream flow or human transport)

1022011

3

Movement of Plants Plant dispersal

the process of propagule movement and a species is only considered to have spread if it succesfully colonizes or becomes established at a new site

Type of the dispersal abilities related to the distances crossed by plant

Long-distance dispersal

going to a different landscape altogether

ex coconuts float across oceans seeds are carried thousands of kilometers on the feet and feathers of ducks winds loft lightweight propagules over mountain ranges

Short-distance dispersal

usually measured in meters to hundred of meters within a landscape heavier seeds

Three general types of plant movement appear to occur no matter what the dispersal mechanism or distance travelled

1Species distribution boundaries fluctuate with short-term cyclic environmental changes

2Long-term environmental change makes species go extinct adapt or move

3Species arrives in a new area and spreads widely

Metapopulation A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated

populations of the same species which interact at some level

The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1970 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats

In Levins own words it consists of a population of populations

A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied

In classical metapopulation theory each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events) the smaller the population the more prone it is to extinction

Although individual populations have finite life-spans the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may for example be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect)

The development of metapopulation theory in conjunction with the development of source-sink dynamics emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this

Source httpwwwcaukyeduagcpubsforfor76for76pdf

1022011

3

Movement of Plants Plant dispersal

the process of propagule movement and a species is only considered to have spread if it succesfully colonizes or becomes established at a new site

Type of the dispersal abilities related to the distances crossed by plant

Long-distance dispersal

going to a different landscape altogether

ex coconuts float across oceans seeds are carried thousands of kilometers on the feet and feathers of ducks winds loft lightweight propagules over mountain ranges

Short-distance dispersal

usually measured in meters to hundred of meters within a landscape heavier seeds

Three general types of plant movement appear to occur no matter what the dispersal mechanism or distance travelled

1Species distribution boundaries fluctuate with short-term cyclic environmental changes

2Long-term environmental change makes species go extinct adapt or move

3Species arrives in a new area and spreads widely

Metapopulation A metapopulation consists of a group of spatially separated

populations of the same species which interact at some level

The term metapopulation was coined by Richard Levins in 1970 to describe a model of population dynamics of insect pests in agricultural fields but the idea has been most broadly applied to species in naturally or artificially fragmented habitats

In Levins own words it consists of a population of populations

A metapopulation is generally considered to consist of several distinct populations together with areas of suitable habitat which are currently unoccupied

In classical metapopulation theory each population cycles in relative independence of the other populations and eventually goes extinct as a consequence of demographic stochasticity (fluctuations in population size due to random demographic events) the smaller the population the more prone it is to extinction

Although individual populations have finite life-spans the metapopulation as a whole is often stable because immigrants from one population (which may for example be experiencing a population boom) are likely to re-colonize habitat which has been left open by the extinction of another population They may also emigrate to a small population and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect)

The development of metapopulation theory in conjunction with the development of source-sink dynamics emphasised the importance of connectivity between seemingly isolated populations Although no single population may be able to guarantee the long-term survival of a given species the combined effect of many populations may be able to do this

Source httpwwwcaukyeduagcpubsforfor76for76pdf

1022011

4

References

Forman RTT and Godron M 1986 Landscape Ecology Jhon Willey amp Sons Canada

Hellmund PC and Smith DS 2006 Designing greenways sustainable landscape for nature and people Island Press America

Barnes TG Landscape ecology and Ecosystem Management

httpwwwcaukyeduagcpubsforfor76for76pdf

[11 May 2010]

httpwwwdefendersorgprograms_and_policyhabitat_conservationconservation_planningcndprinciplesshtml [11 May 2010]

Thank you