THE EARTH’S LANDSCAPES

PEDRO FLORES. 1º ESO

INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES

THE COMBINATION OF CLIMATE’S ELEMENTS AND FACTORS CREATESDIFFERENT CLIMATES ON EARTH

THE THREE MAJOR CLIMATIC ZONES ON EARTH ARE:

TORRID

BETWEEN THE TROPIC OF CANCER AND CAPRICORNCLIMATES: EQUATORIAL, TROPICAL, DESERT

FRIGID

IN THE POLAR ZONES AND HIGH MOUNTAINSCLIMATES: POLAR AND MOUNTAIN

TEMPERATE

BETWEEN THE TORRID AND FRIGID ZONECLIMATES: OCEANIC, MEDITERRANEAN AND CONTINENTAL

INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES

INTRODUCTION: EARTH’S CLIMATIC ZONES

EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE IS LOCATED AROUND THE EQUATOR, UNTILL 10º

NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR APPROXIMATELY.

TEMPERATURES OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS HIGHER THAN 25ºC AND IT IS CONSTANT ALL THE YEAR. THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS OF 3ºC.

THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE BETWEEN SEASONS OR BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT.

PRECIPITATIONS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT (MORE THAN 2000 MM) AND REGULAR (WITHOUTDRY SEASON)

HIGH HUMIDITY

HEAVY RAINS

RIVERS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

RIVERS ARE REGULAR AND WITH A HIGH FLOW

(AMAZON, CONGO). THEY CARRY A LOT OF MATERIALS.

VEGETATION OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

THE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE RAINFOREST, KNOWN AS THE

JUNGLE IN ASIA. IT IS A DENSE FOREST WITH DIVERSE SPECIES OF TALL TREES. (EBONY, MAHOGANY TREE).

THE UNDERGROWTH IS DARK AND

HUMID (FERN, MOSS)

THE AMAZON FOREST IN AN EXAMPLE

DISTRIBUTION OF THE JUNGLE

AMAZON FOREST

FAUNA OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

DIVERSE FAUNA: MAMMALS, REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS, BIRDS AND INSECTS.

JAGUAR ANACONDAS

TOUCANSFROGS

INHABITANTS OF THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

MOST EQUATORIAL PLACES IN AFRICA AND AMERICA ARE UNPOPULATED,

EXCEPT BY PEOPLE LIKE THE PIGMY OR YANOMAMIS.

ASIA IS POPULATED BECAUSE OF THE

PLANTATIONS.

PEOPLE LIVE ON THE COAST,

PLATEAUS AND THE HILLSIDES.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- TOURISM- PLANTATIONS (COFFEE, TEA, RICE..)

TROPICAL CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

THE TROPICAL BIOCLIMATE EXTENDS FROM THE BORDERS OF THE

EQUATORIAL CLIMATE TO THE PROXIMITIES OF THE TROPICS, BETWEEN 5º

AND 25º NORTH AND SOUTH OF THE EQUATOR.

TEMPERATURES OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

THE AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE IS OVER 18º C AND THE TEMPERATURE RANGE ISBETWEEN 3º AND 10 º C.

THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE IN THE DIFFERENT SEASONS.

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT, FROM 750 TO 1500 MM A YEAR, BUT IRREGULAR,BECAUSE THERE IS A RAINY SEASON (SUMMER) AND A DRY SEASON (WINTER).

THE FURTHER YOU ARE FROM THE EQUATOR, THE LONGER IS

THE DRY SEASON.

RIVERS IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

RIVERS ARE IRREGULAR AND DEPEND ON THE SEASONS:

HIGH OR LOW FLOW (ZAMBEZE, NILE). SOMETIMES THEY SUFFER CATASTROPHIC RISES.

VEGETATION IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

THE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE SAVANNAH: A PLAIN WITH TALL

AND DENSE SCRUBS, BUSHES AND GRASSES, AND SOME

DECIDUOUS TREES (ACACIA, BAOBAB). IT IS GREEN AND DENSE IN THE RAINY SEASON; YELLOW IN THE DRY SEASON.

WHEN IT DETERIORATES IT BECOMES STEPPE.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE SAVANNAH

SAVANNAH

FAUNA OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATETHE FAUNA CONSIST ON BIG HERBIVORE (ELEPHANTS, GIRAFFES, ZEBRAS,…) AND CARNIVORE (LIONS, HYENAS,…)

INHABITANTS OF THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

POPULATION LIVES ON THE COAST

AND RIVER BANKS.

THERE ARE TRADITIONAL SHEPERD

PEOPLE LIKE THE MASAI AND KIKUYUS

(KENIA), PODOKOS (CAMEROON),

SERERE (SENEGAL).

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE TROPICAL CLIMATE

TRADICIONAL ACTIVITIES

- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- TOURISM- PLANTATIONS (COCOA, TEA, SUGGAR, TOBACCO…)

DESERT CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE DESERT CLIMATE

THE DESERT CLIMATE IS CLOCATED NEAR THE TROPICS, IN BOTH

HEMISPHERES, BETWEEN 15º AND 35º LATITUDE NORTH AND SOUTH

APPROXIMATELY.

TEMPERATURES IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS OVER 18º C. THERE IS A HIGH TEMPERATURE RANGE BETWEEN DAY AND NIGHT, WITH EVEN 20ºC OF DIFFERENCE.

MAXIMUN TEMPERATURE: 58ºMINIMUN TEMPERATURE: -28º

THERE ARE NO MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEENTEMPERATURES INT HE DIFFERENT SEASONS.

THE MAXIMUM HUMIDITY IN THE DESERT IS 50% AND SOMETIMES IT’S ONLY 20%

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

PRECIPITATIONS ARE VERY SCARCE AND IRREGULAR (LESS THAN 250 MM A YEAR)

RIVERS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

RIVERS IN THE DESERT (UADIS) ONLY CARRY

WATER AFTER PRECIPITATIONS. THE REST OF THE TIME, THE RIVER BEDS ARE TOTALLY DRY.

VEGETATION OF THE DESERT CLIMATE

FLORA IS SCARCE, SMALL AND DISPERSE IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

LOW GRASSES AND ISOLATED

BUSHES WITH PLANTS LIKE CACTUS AND SCRUBS.

IN OASIS WE CAN FIND PALMS AND BUSHES.

DESERT

FAUNA IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

FAUNA IS SCARCE IN THE DESERT CLIMATE.

SNAKES LIZARDS

SCORPIONSCAMELS

HABITANTS IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

THE BOSQUIMANOS, LIVE IN THE KALAHARI DESERT, LOCATED IN THE

SOUTH OF AFRICA. THE LIVE ON HUNTING AND GATHERING OF FRUITS AND

WILD ROOTS.

THE TUAREG WERE NOMAD PEOPLE

WHO LIVED IN THE SAHARA DESERT.

THEY LIVE ON TRADE.

BEDOUINS ARE NOMAD OF THE

STEPPES IN NORTH-EAST AFRICA AND

MIDDLE EAST.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE DESERT CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- HUNTING AND GATHERING- SHEPHERDING- TRADE- AGRICULTURE IN OASIS

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- TOURISM- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE IS LOCATED AROUND THE MEDITERRANEAN

SEA AND THE WESTERN COASTS OF AMERICA, AFRICA AND AUSTRALIA.;

BETWEEN 30º AND 45º NORTH AND SOUTH.

TEMPERATURES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

TEMPERATURE RANGE IS LOW BECAUSE OF THE SEA INGLUENCE. WINTERS ARE MILD ANDSUMMERS ARE HOT OR EVEN TORRID (MORE THAN 22º C)

AVERAGE ANNUAL TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 10º AND 20º C.

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

PRECIPITATIONS ARE SCARCE, BETWEEN 300 AND 800 MM A YEAR, AND IRREGULARBECAUSE SUMMERS ARE DRY.

RIVERS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

MEDITERRANEAN RIVERS HAVE A SCARCE FLOW

RATE (IN SUMMER) AND IRREGULAR (SEGURA,

TÍBER). FLOODS ARE VERY COMMON BECAUSE OF THE HEAVY RAINS.

THE MEDITERRANEAN FOREST IS

COMPOSED BY PERENNIAL TREES

(EVERGREEN OAK, PINE, CORCK

OAK), LOW, SMALL AND WITH HARD LEAVES.

SHRUBS, JUNIPER AND PLANTS LIKE

ALDER TREES, THYME, ROSEMARY

AND LAVENDER.

VEGETATION IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

Mediterranean forest: evergreen oak, cork oak,

and pines.

Jara

Brezo

Lentisco

Retama

Maquia

Tomillo

EspartalGarrigaEstepaLavanda

Romero

Palmito

FAUNA IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

FAUNA IS DIVERSE: SMALL MAMMALS, BIRDS, REPTILES, INSECTS.

LYNX IBERIAN EAGLE

OWLHARE

IT IS AN ENVIRONMENT INHABITED SINCE ANCIENT TIMES AND

TRANSFORMED BY HUMAN BEINGS.

INHABITANTS OF THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- NON-IRRIGATED LANDS (WHEAT, VINES AND OLIVES)- IRRIGATED LANDS (VEGETABLES AND FRUITS).

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- TOURISM- GREENHOUSES

OCEANIC CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

LOCATED ON THE WESTERN COASTS OF THE CONTINENTES, BETWEEN

PARALLELS 40º AND 60º NORTH AND SOUTH.

TEMPERATURES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 0º AND 10ºC. SMALL TEMPERATURE RANGE DUE TO THE INFLUENCE OF THE SEA.

COLD WINTERS (BUT NO LOWER THAN -3ºC).

FRESH SUMMERS (NOT OVER 22ºC).

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

PRECIPITATIONS ARE ABUNDANT (MORE THAN 800 MM A YEAR) AND REGULAR, WITHOUTH ANY DRY MONTH.

RIVERS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

RIVERS HAVE A HIGH FLOW RATE AND REGULAR, LIKE THE THAMES, LOIRE AND RHINE.

VEGETATION IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATETHE TYPICAL VEGETATION IS THE DECIDIOUS FOREST, FORMED

BY TALL TREES, STRAIGH TRUNKS, AND BIG LEAVES (BEECH, OAK, EUCALYOTUS, CHESTNUT, ASH).

THERE ARE ALSO SHRUB AND GREEN

MEADOWS.

FAUNA IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

FAUNA IS ABUNDANT (MAMMALS, BIRDS…)

BEARS WILD BOARS

SQUIRRELS EAGLES

INHABITANTS IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

IN EUROPE IS A PLACE VERY POPULATED AND TRANSFORMED, WHILE IN

AMERICA AND OCEANIA THE POPULATION DENSITY IS LOWER.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- THERE ARE NOT

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE- INDUSTRY- COMMUNICATIONS- TOURISM- TRADE

CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE IS LOCATED IN THE INTERIOR OF THE

CONTINENTES OF EUROPE, ASIA AND NORTH AMERICA, PLACED FAR AWAY

FROM MASSES OF WATER AND ITS EFFECTS.

TEMPERATURES IN THE OCEANIC CLIMATE

THE ANNUAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IS BETWEEN 0 AND 10ºC. THERE IS NO SEA INFLUENCE, SO THE TEMPERATURE RANGE IS VERY HIGH.

WINTERS ARE VERY COLD, SOME MONTHS BELOW -3º C.

SUMMERS ARE HOT

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

PRECIPIATIONS ARE MODERATE (BETWEEN 300 AND 800 MM A YEAR), BUT LOWERON THE COAST. IT USUALLY RAINS IN SUMMER, IN WINTER IN THE FORM OF SNOW.

RIVERS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

RIVERS ARE LARGE AND WITH A

HIGH FLOW RATE (VOLGA, YUKON).

THEY ARE FROZEN IN WINTER, AND

CARRY A LOT OF WATER IN SPRING

BECAUSE OF THE MELTING OF SNOW.

VEGETATION IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

VEGETATION VARIES WITH LATITUD AND PRECIPITATIONS.

TAIGA OR CONIFER FOREST:

PERENNIAL TREES LIKE FIR TREES

OR PINES.STEPPES IN WARMER AND DRIER

PLACES ESWITH SMALL GRASSES.

MEDOWS IN COLDER AND MORE

HUMID ZONES COMPOSED BY TALL

GRASSES.

FAUNA IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

FAUNA IS COMPOSED BY BIG MAMMALS (BEARS, MOOSES AND WOLVES) AND RODENTS (BEAVERS AND MINKS).

MOOSE BEAVER

MINKBEAR

INHABITANTS IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

GREAT CITIES AND HIGH POPULATED AREAS

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- HUNTING AND GATHERING

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- WOOD INDUSTRY- INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

POLAR CLIMATE

LOCATION OF THE POLAR CLIMATE

LOCATED BETWEEN THE ARTIC AND ANCTARCTIC CIRCLES AND THE POLES (NORTH AND SOUTH). IT COVERS AROUND 28% OF THE EMERGED LANDS.

TEMPERATURES IN THE POLAR CLIMATETEMPERATURES ARE VERY LOW DURING THE WHOLE YEAR. ANY MONTH HAS AN

AVERAGE TEMPERATURE HIGHER THAN 10ºC.

IN WINTER TEMPERATURES CAN REACH -50ºC

THERE IS NO SUMMER, ANY MONTH IS OVER 10 ºC.

THE REASON OF THESE LOW TEMPERATURES IS THEINCLINATION OF THE SOLAR RAYS.

PRECIPITATIONS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE PRECIPITATIONS ARE SCARCE, LOWER THAN 250 MM A YEAR. IN THE FORM OF SNOW.

RIVERS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE

THERE ARE NO RIVERS. WATER IS PRESENT IN THE FORM OF ICE. IN

THE ARTIC, THE ICEFIELD HAS 5 METERS OF THICKNESS.

IN THE ANCTARCTICA, THE ICEFIELD HAS 2000 METERS OF

THICKNESS.

VEGETATION IN THE POLAR CLIMATEIN THE GLACIAR ZONE THERE IS NO VEGETATION. THE LOW

TEMPERATURES AND THE PERMAFROST DON’T ALLOW IT TO GROW.

AROUN THE POLES, THERE IS THE TUNDRA (GRASSS AND SCRUBLAND).

POLAR LANDSCAPE

FAUNA IN THE POLAR CLIMATE

FAUNA IS SCARCE. THERE ARE ANIMALS WITH THICK SKINS (POLAR BEARS, REINDEERS) AND FAT (SEAL, ARCTIC FOX).

SEAL REINDEER

POLAR BEARPENGUIN

INHABITANTS IN THE POLAR CLIMATE

ONLY 0,02% OF WORLD

POPULATION LIVES HERE.

IN THE ARCTIC THERE ARE ESKIMOS

OR INUIT (AMERICA) AND LAPPS

(ESCANDINAVIA).

IN ANCTARCTICA JUST SCIENTIFIC

STATIONS

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN THE POLAR CLIMATE

TRADITIONAL ACTIVITIES

- HUNTING AND GATHERING

MODERN ACTIVITIES

- SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES- TRADE ROUTES

MOUNTAIN CLIMATE