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LANGE'S HANDBOOK

OF CHEMISTRY

John A. Dean

Professor Emeritus of Chemistry University of Tennessee, Knoxville

Fifteenth Edition

McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York St. Louis San Francisco Auckland Bogotá

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Copyright © 1999, 1992, 1985, 1979, 1973, 1967, 1961, 1956 by McGraw- Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright renewed 1972 by Norbert Adolph Lange. Copyright 1952, 1949, 1946, 1944, 1941, 1939, 1937, 1934 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base retrieval system without the prior written permis- sion of the publisher.

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ISBN 0-07-016384-7 The sponsoring editor for this book was Robert Esposito, and the production supervisor was Clare B. Stanley. It was set in Times Roman by Progressive Information Technologies. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company.

Information contained in this work has been obtained by McGraw- Hill, Inc., from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other profes-sional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate profession should be sought.

Grateful acknowledgment is hereby made of an indebtedness to those who have contributed toprevious editions and whose compilations continue in use in this edition. In particular, acknowledg-ment is made of the contribution of L. P. Buseth, who prepared the conversion tables for the thirteenthedition and who prepared the table on the U.S. Standard Sieve Series.

xvii

ABOUT THE EDITOR

John A. Dean assumed the editorship of Lange's Handbook of Chemistry in 1968 withthe Eleventh Edition. He is currently Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the Universityof Tennessee at Knoxville. The author of nine major chemistry reference books usedthroughout the world, John Dean's research interests, reflected in over 105 researchpapers and scholarly publications, include instrumental methods of analysis, flame emis-sion and atomic absorption spectroscopy, chromatographic and solvent extraction meth-ods, and polarography. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. in Chemistry from theUniversity of Michigan at Ann Arbor. In 1974, he was given the Charles H. Stone Awardby the Carolina-Piedmont Section of the American Chemical Society. In 1991, he wasawarded the Distinguished Service Award by the Society for Applied Spectroscopy; bythe same organization he was awarded Honorary Membership in 1997.

PREFACE TOFIFTEENTH EDITION

This new edition, the fifth under the aegis of the present editor, remains the one-volumesource of factual information for chemists, both professionals and students—the first placein which to “look it up” on the spot. The aim is to provide sufficient data to satisfy allone’s general needs without recourse to other reference sources. A user will find thisvolume of value as a time-saver because of the many tables of numerical data which havebeen especially compiled.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately 4300 organic compounds arecompiled in Section 1, an increase of 300 entries. All entries are listed alphabeticallyaccording to the senior prefix of the name. The data for each organic compound include(where available) name, structural formula, formula weight, Beilstein reference (or if un-available, the entry to the Merck Index, 12th ed.), density, refractive index, melting point,boiling point, flash point, and solubility (citing numerical values if known) in water andvarious common organic solvents. Structural formulas either too complex or too ambig-uous to be rendered as line formulas are grouped at the bottom of each facing double pageon which the entries appear. Alternative names, as well as trivial names of long-standingusage, are listed in their respective alphabetical order at the bottom of each double pagein the regular alphabetical sequence. Another feature that assists the user in locating adesired entry is the empirical formula index.

Section 2 on General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics has had thetable on general conversion factors thoroughly reworked. Similarly the material on Statis-tics in Chemical Analysis has had its contents more than doubled.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of inorganic compounds are compiled in Section3, which has undergone a small increase in the number of entries. Many entries under thecolumn “Solubility” supply the reader with precise quantities dissolved in a stated solventand at a given temperature.

Several portions of Section 4, Properties of Atoms, Radicals, and Bonds, have beensignificantly enlarged. For example, the entries under “Ionization Energy of Molecularand Radical Species” now number 740 and have an additional column with the enthalpyof formation of the ions. Likewise, the table on “Electron Affinities of the Elements,Molecules, and Radicals” now contains about 225 entries. The Table of Nuclides hasmaterial on additional radionuclides, their radiations, and the neutron capture cross sec-tions.

Revised material for Section 5 includes the material on surface tension, viscosity, di-electric constant, and dipole moment for organic compounds. In order to include moredata at several temperatures, the material has been divided into two separate tables. Ma-terial on surface tension and viscosity constitute the first table with 715 entries; includedis the temperature range of the liquid phase. Material on dielectric constant and dipole

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moment constitute another table of 1220 entries. The additional data at two or more tem-peratures permit interpolation for intermediate temperatures and also permit limited ex-trapolation of the data. The Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air has been revisedand expanded to include over 450 compounds. Flash points are to be found in Section 1.Completely revised are the tables on Thermal Conductivity for gases, liquids, and solids.Van der Waals’ constants for gases has been brought up to date and expanded to over 500substances.

Section 6, which includes Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, andHeat Capacities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, and Heats of Melting, Vaporization,and Sublimation and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures for organic and inorganiccompounds, has expanded by 11 pages, but the major additions have involved data incolumns where it previously was absent. More material has also been included for criticaltemperature, critical pressure, and critical volume.

The section on Spectroscopy has been retained but with some revisions and expansion.The section includes ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence, infrared and Ramanspectroscopy, and X-ray spectrometry. Detection limits are listed for the elements whenusing flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argoninduction coupled plasma, and flame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonanceembraces tables for the nuclear properties of the elements, proton chemical shifts andcoupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13, boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-19, and phosphorus-31.

In Section 8, the material on solubility constants has been doubled to 550 entries.Sections on proton transfer reactions, including some at various temperatures, formationconstants of metal complexes with organic and inorganic ligands, buffer solutions of alltypes, reference electrodes, indicators, and electrode potentials are retained with somerevisions. The material on conductances has been revised and expanded, particularly inthe table on limiting equivalent ionic conductances.

Everything in Sections 9 and 10 on physiochemical relationships, and on polymers,rubbers, fats, oils, and waxes, respectively, has been retained.

Section 11, Practical Laboratory Information, has undergone significant changes andexpansion. Entries in the table on “Molecular Elevation of the Boiling Point” have beenincreased. McReynolds’ constants for stationary phases in gas chromatography have beenreorganized and expanded. The guide to ion-exchange resins and discussion is new andembraces all types of column packings and membrane materials. Gravimetric factors havebeen altered to reflect the changes in atomic weights for several elements. Newly addedare tables listing elements precipitated by general analytical reagents, and giving equationsfor the redox determination of the elements with their equivalent weights. Discussion onthe topics of precipitation and complexometric titrations include primary standards andindicators for each analytical technique. A new topic of masking and demasking agentsincludes discussion and tables of masking agents for various elements, for anions andneutral molecules, and common demasking agents. A table has been added listing thecommon amino acids with their pI and pKa values and their 3-letter and 1-letter abbrevi-ations. Lastly a 9-page table lists the threshold limit value (TLV) for gases and vapors.

As stated in earlier prefaces, every effort has been made to select the most useful andreliable information and to record it with accuracy. However, the editor’s 50 years of

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PREFACE TO FIFTEENTH EDITION ix

involvement with textbooks and handbooks bring a realization of the opportunities forgremlins to exert their inevitable mischief. It is hoped that users of this handbook willcontinue to offer suggestions of material that might be included in, or even excluded from,future editions and call attention to errors. These communications should be directed tothe editor. The street address will change early in 1999, as will the telephone number.However, the e-mail address should remain as “[email protected].”

Knoxville, TN John A. Dean


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PREFACE TOFOURTEENTH EDITION

Perhaps it would be simplest to begin by stating the ways in which this new edition, the fourth underthe aegis of the present editor, has not been changed. It remains the one-volume source of factualinformation for chemists, both professionals and students—the first place in which to “look it up”on the spot. The aim is to provide sufficient data to satisfy all one’s general needs without recourseto other reference sources. Even the worker with the facilities of a comprehensive library will findthis volume of value as a time-saver because of the many tables of numerical data which have beenespecially compiled.

The changes, however, are both numerous and significant. First of all, there is a change in theorganization of the subject matter. For example, material formerly contained in the section entitledAnalytical Chemistry is now grouped by operational categories: spectroscopy; electrolytes, electro-motive force, and chemical equilibrium; and practical laboratory information. Polymers, rubbers,fats, oils, and waxes constitute a large independent section.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately 4000 organic compounds are compiledin Section 1. These follow a concise introduction to organic nomenclature, including the topic ofstereochemistry. Nomenclature is consistent with the 1979 rules of the Commission on Nomencla-ture, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). All entries are listed alphabeti-cally according to the senior prefix of the name. The data for each organic compound include (whereavailable) name, structural formula, formula weight, Beilstein reference, density, refractive index,melting point, boiling point, flash point, and solubility (citing numerical values if known) in waterand various common organic solvents. Structural formulas either too complex or too ambiguous tobe rendered as line formulas are grouped at the bottom of the page on which the entries appear.Alternative names, as well as trivial names of long-standing usage, are listed in their respectivealphabetical order at the bottom of each page in the regular alphabetical sequence. Another featurethat assists the user in locating a desired entry is the empirical formula index.

Section 2 combines the former separate section on Mathematics with the material involvingGeneral Information and Conversion Tables. The fundamental physical constants reflect values rec-ommended in 1986. Physical and chemical symbols and definitions have undergone extensive re-vision and expansion. Presented in 14 categories, the entries follow recommendations published in1988 by the IUPAC. The table of abbreviations and standard letter symbols provides, in a sense, analphabetical index to the foregoing tables. The table of conversion factors has been modified in viewof recent data and inclusion of SI units; cross-entries for “archaic” or unusual entries have beencurtailed.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately 1400 inorganic compounds are com-piled in Section 3. These follow a concise, revised introduction to inorganic nomenclature thatfollows the recommendations of the IUPAC published in 1990. In this section are given the exactatomic (or formula) weight of the elements accompanied, when available, by the uncertainty in thefinal figure given in parentheses.

In Section 4 the data on bond lengths and strengths have been vastly increased so as to includenot only the atomic and effective ionic radii of elements and the covalent radii for atoms, but alsothe bond lengths between carbon and other elements and between elements other than carbon. All


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lengths are given in picometers (SI unit). Effective ionic radii are tabulated as a function of ioncharge and coordination number. Bond dissociation energies are given in kilojoules per mole withthe uncertainty of the final figure(s) given in parentheses when known. New tables include bonddipole moments, group dipole moments, work functions of the elements, and relative abundancesof the naturally occurring elements. The table of nuclides has been shortened and includes only themore commonly encountered nuclides; tabulations list half-life, natural abundance, cross-section tothermal neutrons, and radiation emitted upon disintegration. Entries have been updated.

Revised material in Section 5 includes an extensive tabulation of binary and ternary azeotropescomprising approximately 850 entries. Over 975 compounds have values listed for viscosity, di-electric constant, dipole moment, and surface tension. Whenever possible, data for viscosity anddielectric constant are provided at two temperatures to permit interpolation for intermediate tem-peratures and also to permit limited extrapolation of the data. The dipole moments are often listedfor different physical states. Values for surface tension can be calculated over a range of temperaturesfrom two constants that can be fitted into a linear equation. Also extensively revised and expandedare the properties of combustible mixtures in air. A table of triple points has been added.

The tables in Section 6 contain values of the enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, entropy,and heat capacity at five temperatures for approximately 2000 organic compounds and 1500 inor-ganic compounds, many in more than one physical state. Separate tabulations have enthalpies ofmelting, vaporization, transition, and sublimation for organic and inorganic compounds. All valuesare given in SI units (joule) and have been extracted from the latest sources such as JANAF Ther-mochemical Tables, 3d ed. (1986); Thermochemical Data of Organic Compounds, 2d ed. (1986);and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Organic Compounds, published under the auspices of the IUPAC(1985). Also updated is the material on critical properties of elements and compounds.

The section on Spectroscopy has been expanded to include ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy,fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectroscopy. Retained sections have been thoroughlyrevised: in particular, the tables on electronic emission and atomic absorption spectroscopy, nuclearmagnetic resonance, and infrared spectroscopy. Detection limits are listed for the elements whenusing flame emission, flame atomic absorption, electrothermal atomic absorption, argon ICP, andflame atomic fluorescence. Nuclear magnetic resonance embraces tables for the nuclear propertiesof the elements, proton chemical shifts and coupling constants, and similar material for carbon-13,boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, silicon-29, and phosphorus-31.

Section 8 now combines all the material on electrolytes, electromotive force, and chemical equi-librium, some of which had formerly been included in the old “Analytical Chemistry” section ofearlier editions. Material on the half-wave potentials of inorganic and organic materials has beenthoroughly revised. The tabulation of the potentials of the elements and their compounds reflectsrecent IUPAC (1985) recommendations.

An extensive new Section 10 is devoted to polymers, rubbers, fats, oils, and waxes. A discussionof polymers and rubbers is followed by the formulas and key properties of plastic materials. Foreach member and type of the plastic families there is a tabulation of their physical, electrical,mechanical, and thermal properties and characteristics. A similar treatment is accorded the varioustypes of rubber materials. Chemical resistance and gas permeability constants are also given forrubbers and plastics. The section concludes with various constants of fats, oils, and waxes.

The practical laboratory information contained in Section 11 has been gathered from many ofthe previous sections of earlier editions. This material has been supplemented with new materialunder separation methods, gravimetric and volumetric analysis, and laboratory solutions. Significantnew tables under separation methods include: properties of solvents for chromatography, solventshaving the same refractive index and the same density, McReynolds’ constants for stationary phasesin gas chromatography, characteristics of selected supercritical fluids, and typical performances inHPLC for various operating conditions. Under gravimetric and volumetric analysis, gravimetricfactors, equations and equivalents for volumetric analysis, and titrimetric factors have been retained


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PREFACE TO FOURTEENTH EDITION xiii

along with the formation constants of EDTA metal complexes. In this age of awareness of chemicaldangers, tables have been added for some common reactive and incompatible chemicals, chemicalsrecommended for refrigerated storage, and chemicals which polymerize or decompose on extendedstorage at low temperature. Updated is the information about the U.S. Standard Sieve Series. Ther-mometry data have been revised to bring them into agreement with the new International Temper-ature Scale–1990, and data for type N thermocouples are included.

Every effort has been made to select the most useful and most reliable information and to recordit with accuracy. However, the editor’s many years of involvement with handbooks bring a realiza-tion of the opportunities for gremlins to exert their inevitable mischief. It is hoped that users of thishandbook will offer suggestions of material that might be included in, or even excluded from, futureeditions and call attention to errors. These communications should be directed to the editor at hishome address (or by telephone).

John A. Dean


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PREFACE TOFIRST EDITION

This book is the result of a number of years’ experience in the compiling and editing of data usefulto chemists. In it an effort has been made to select material to meet the needs of chemists whocannot command the unlimited time available to the research specialist, or who lack the facilities ofa large technical library which so often is not conveniently located at many manufacturing centers.If the information contained herein serves this purpose, the compiler will feel that he has accom-plished a worthy task. Even the worker with the facilities of a comprehensive library may find thisvolume of value as a time-saver because of the many tables of numerical data which have beenespecially computed for this purpose.

Every effort has been made to select the most reliable information and to record it with accuracy.Many years of occupation with this type of work bring a realization of the opportunities for theoccurrence of errors, and while every endeavor has been made to prevent them, yet it would beremarkable if the attempts towards this end had always been successful. In this connection it isdesired to express appreciation to those who in the past have called attention to errors, and it willbe appreciated if this be done again with the present compilation for the publishers have giventheir assurance that no expense will be spared in making the necessary changes in subsequentprintings.

It has been aimed to produce a compilation complete within the limits set by the economy ofavailable space. One difficulty always at hand to the compiler of such a book is that he must decidewhat data are to be excluded in order to keep the volume from becoming unwieldy because of itssize. He can hardly be expected to have an expert’s knowledge of all branches of the science northe intuition necessary to decide in all cases which particular value to record, especially when manydiffering values are given in the literature for the same constant. If the expert in a particular fieldwill judge the usefulness of this book by the data which it supplies to him from fields other than hisspecialty and not by the lack of highly specialized information in which only he and his co-workersare interested (and with which he is familiar and for which he would never have occasion to consultthis compilation), then an estimate of its value to him will be apparent. However, if such specialistswill call attention to missing data with which they are familiar and which they believe others lessspecialized will also need, then works of this type can be improved in succeeding editions.

Many of the gaps in this volume are caused by the lack of such information in the literature. Itis hoped that to one of the most important classes of workers in chemistry, namely the teachers, thebook will be of value not only as an aid in answering the most varied questions with which they areconfronted by interested students, but also as an inspiration through what it suggests by the gapsand inconsistencies, challenging as they do the incentive to engage in the creative and experimentalwork necessary to supply the missing information.

While the principal value of the book is for the professional chemist or student of chemistry, itshould also be of value to many people not especially educated as chemists. Workers in the naturalsciences—physicists, mineralogists, biologists, pharmacists, engineers, patent attorneys, and librar-ians—are often called upon to solve problems dealing with the properties of chemical products ormaterials of construction. For such needs this compilation supplies helpful information and willserve not only as an economical substitute for the costly accumulation of a large library of mono-graphs on specialized subjects, but also as a means of conserving the time required to search for


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information so widely scattered throughout the literature. For this reason especial care has been takenin compiling a comprehensive index and in furnishing cross references with many of the tables.

It is hoped that this book will be of the same usefulness to the worker in science as is the dictionaryto the worker in literature, and that its resting place will be on the desk rather than on the bookshelf.

Cleveland, Ohio N. A. LangeMay 2, 1934


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For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of that section. See also the alpha.betical index in the back of this handbook.

Preface to Fifteenth Edition

Preface to Fourteenth Edition

Preface to First Edition xv

Acknowledgments xvii

vii

1.1

2.1

3.1

4.1

5.1

6.1

7.1

8.19.1

10.111.1

Section 1. Organic CompoundsSection 2. General Information, Conversion Tables, and MathematicsSection 3. Inorganic CompoundsSection 4. Properties of Atoms, Radicals, and BondsSection 5. Physical PropertiesSection 6. Thermodynamic PropertiesSection 7. SpectroscopySection 8. Electrolytes, Electromotive Force, and Chemical

EquilibriumSection 9. Physicochemical RelationshipsSection 10. Polymers, Rubbers, Fats, Oils, and WaxesSection 11. Practical Laboratory Information

Index follows Section 11

1 Index Terms Links

Abbreviations: of amino acids, 3 letter and 1 letter 11.102of ligand names 3.11mathematical 2.23of SI units 2.3of states of aggregation 2.6of words 2.26

ABS copolymers 10.20properties of 10.50

Absolute configuration 1.49Absorbance:

defined 7.39to percent absorption, table 2.96to transmittance, table 2.98

Absorption bands, electronic, for chromophores 7.19

Absorption cross section of nuclides 4.58Absorption edges, X-ray, wavelengths of 7.8Absorption indicators 11.95Absorption energies, X-ray, critical 7.7Absorption lines, atomic, of elements 7.29Absorption maxima, wavelengths, of

acid-base indicators 8.116Absorption, percent, conversion to

absorbance, table 2.96Absorptivity, defined 7.38Abundance, natural:

of isotopes 4.81of nuclides 4.59 7.89

Accuracy 2.118Acetal copolymers 10.8 10.22Acetal homopolymers 10.8 10.22Acetal polymers, properties of 10.22Acetals:

nomenclature of 1.23as plastic materials, formulas and

properties of 10.8 10.22Acetamide, binary azeotropes with 5.74Acetate, formation constants with 8.88Acetic acid:

binary azeotropes with 5.63pKa values of 8.81ternary azeotropes with 5.80

Acetone, binary azeotropes with 5.74pKa values in 8.81

Acetonitrile: formation constances with 8.88pKa values in 8.81

Acetylacetone, formation constants with 8.88Acetylene, solubility in water at various

temperatures 5.3Acid anhydrides:

infrared frequencies of 7.50nomenclature of 1.23Raman frequencies of 7.78

2 Index Terms Links

Acid-base indicators 8.115Acid-base titrations:

indicators for 8.116primary standards for 11.74volumetric (titrimetric) factors for 11.76

Acid chlorides, infrared frequencies of 7.50Acid dissociation constants:

Harnmett and Taft equations for estimation of 9.2

of indicators 8.116of inorganic materials 8.18of organic materials 8.24at various temperatures 8.73

Acid halides: infrared frequencies of 7.50Raman frequencies of 7.78

Acid halogenides 3.8Acid peroxides, infrared frequencies of 7.50Acid titrants, volumetric factors for 11.76Acid value:

of fats and oils 10.69of waxes 10.72

Acids: concentrations of commonly used 11.106functional derivatives of inorganic,

nomenclature of 3.8inorganic, nomenclature of 3.8organic, nomenclature of 1.29 1.38standardization of basic solutions 11.75trivial names for inorganic (table) 3.8

Acrylic poly(vinyl chloride) alloy, properties of 10.24

Acrylic polymers: description of 10.8properties of 10.8 10.24

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymers 10.19

AcryIonitrile- butadiene-styrene-poly ( vinyl chloride ) alloy, properties of 10.24

Activity coefficients 8.2at high ionic strengths 8.5

Acyclic conformation isomers 1.39Acyl halides, nomenclature of 1.24Acylals, nomenclature of 1.23Addition compounds, nomenclature of 3.112Additives to polymers 10.4Adjusted retention time 11.27Adsorption indicators 11.95Affinities, electron:

of atoms 4.24of molecules 4.25of radicals 4.27

Affixes, multiplying 1.21

3 Index Terms Links

Aggregation, states of, abbreviations for 2.7Air:

autoignition temperatures of combustible mixtures 5.139

buoyancy reduction factor for weighings 2.83flammable limits of combustible mixtures in 5.139moist, density of 5.88refractive index of 5.135saturated, mass of water vapor in at various

temperatures 5.156solubility in water at various temperatures 5.3specific gravity at various temperatures 5.88

Alcoholometer 2.66Alcohols:

binary azeotropes with 5.57 5.66nomenclature of 1.24retained trivial names of 1.24ternary azeotropes with 5.81

Aldehydes: binary azeotropes with 5.59infrared frequencies of 7.51nomenclature of 1.26Raman frequencies of 7.78

Alicyclic ring systems, carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.101

Aliphatic hydrocarbons, monocyclic, nomenclature of 1.5

Alizarin red, formation constants with 8.89Alkali titrants, volumetric factors for 11.77Alkane carbon-hydrogen and

carbon-carbon bonds Raman frequencies of 7.71Alkane carbons, estimation of carbon-13

chemical shifts 7.102Alkane residues, infrared frequencies of 7.41Alkanes:

carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.102nomenclature of 1.1proton chemical shifts 7.92Raman frequencies of 7.71

Alkenes: carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.103infrared frequencies of 7.54nomenclature of 1.4proton chemical shifts 7.92Raman frequencies of 7.79

Alkyd molding polymers, properties of 10.24 10.42Alkyd polyester thermosetting polymers,

properties of 10.42Alkyd polymers 10.9Alkyl carbon-13 chemical shifts, effect of

substituents upon 7.102Alkyl groups, effects of substituent groups

on carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.102

4 Index Terms Links

Alkynes, nomenclature of 1.4Allotropes 3.5Alloy polymers:

description of 10.10properties of 10.24

Allyl alcohol: binary azeotropes with 5.71ternary azeotropes with 5.78

Allyl polymers: description of 10.10properties of 10.26

Allyl-diglycol-carbonate polymer, properties of 10.26

Alphabet, Greek 2.25Alternate names of organic compounds 1.74 1.76 Alternative hypothesis 2.126Altitude-gravity correction in barometry 2.77Altitude-temperature factor in barometry 2.78Alumina, solvent strength parameters 11.16Aluminum:

bond dissociation energies 4.41gravimetric factors 11.41

Amides: infrared frequencies of 7.52inorganic 3.9nomenclature of 1.27

Amidines, infrared frequencies of 7.54Amines:

binary azeotropes with 5.59infrared frequencies of 7.41nomenclature of 1.27

Amino acids, pI and pKa values 11.102Ammonia:

formation constants with 8.83liquid, vapor pressure of 5.27solubility in water at various temperatures 5.3

Ammoniameter 2.66Ammonium compounds:

gravimetric factors 11.41nomenclature of 1.28

Ammonium ion, infrared frequencies of 7.46Amorphous polymers 10.2Amount of substance 2.3Ampere, definition of 2.3Analytical reagents for gravimetry 11.67Analytical weights, tolerances for 11.71Analyzing crystals, for X-ray spectroscopy 7.13Angle, trigonometric functions of 2.113 2.115Angles in unit cells 4.58Anhydrides, of inorganic acids 3.9Aniline, binary azeotropes with 5.75Animal fats and oils, properties of 10.69Anion-exchange resins, guide to (table) 11.33

5 Index Terms Links

Anions, inorganic: nomenclature of 3.6 3.10selectivity coefficients in ion exchange 11.38

Anomalous electron moment correction 2.4Antifreeze solutions, aqueous 5.83Antimony:


Antioxidants for polymers 10.4Antistatic agents for polymers 10.4Antoine equation 5.29Aqueous tension of solutions 11.6Aramid polymer, properties of 10.38Areas:

between abscissa values of normal distribution curve 2.122

by approximation 2.111of surfaces 2.109

Argon, solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8

Argon ICP, detection limits of elements (table) 7.29

Argon-ion laser plasma lines 7.88Arithmetic means of set of numbers 2.118Arithmetic mean 2.118Aromatic bands, infrared frequencies of 7.57Aromatic compounds:

carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.104 7.105monocyclic, nomenclature of 1.5proton chemical shifts 7.96Raman frequencies of 7.82

Aromatic nylon polymer, properties of 10.38Aromatic polyester polymers, properties of 10.42Arsenazo, formation constants with 8.89Arsenic:


Astatine bond dissociation energy 4.41Atmospheres, conversion to other

pressure units 2.87Atom radius of an element 4.29Atomic absorption:

electrothermal, detection limits of elements to 7.29

flame, detection limits of elements 7.29Atomic and group refractions (table) 5.136Atomic fluorescence, plasma, detection

limits of elements 7.29Atomic mass constant 2.4Atomic number of elements 4.2Atomic quantities, symbols, SI units and

definitions 2.6Atomic refractions 5.135Atoms, electron affinities of 4.24

6 Index Terms Links

Aurintricarboxylic acid, formation constants with 8.89

Autoignition temperature of combustible mixtures in air 5.139

Average linear velocity of mobile phase 11.27Avogadro number constant 2.4 5.169Axes in unit cells 4.58Azeotropic mixtures:

binary 5.58ternary 5.77

Azo compounds: infrared frequencies of 7.55nomenclature of 1.28Raman frequencies of 7.81

Azoxy compounds: infrared frequencies of 7.55nomenclature of 1.28

Balling hydrometer 2.68Band asymmetry 11.28Barium:


Barkometer (barktrometer) 2.66Barometric corrections:

for capillarity 2.71 2.75for latitude-gravity 2.75reduction to sea level 2.78for temperature 2.72

Barometry 2.7Base width of chromatographic peak 11.29Bases:

concentration of commonly used 11.106primary standards for aqueous acidic

solutions 11.74Bates brewers' saccharometer 2.68Bates-Guggenheirn convention for pH 8.115Baume degrees, conversion to density 2.85Baume hydrometers 2.67Beck's hydrometer 2.67Beer's law 7.39Beilstein's Handbuch references for

organic compounds 1.74 1.76Benzene:

absorption bands (ultraviolet) of 7.23binary azeotropes with 5.76carbon-13 chemical shifts in substituted 7.104proton chemical shifts in

monosubstituted 7.96Raman frequencies of substitution

patterns 7.82vapor permeability of polymers 10.69

Benzene ring, substitution patterns, Raman frequencies 7.83

7 Index Terms Links

Benzoylacetone, formation constants with 8.89Benzyl alcohol, binary azeotropic mixtures 5.71Berthelot's equation of state 5.170Beryllium:


Best-fit line 2.133errors in slope and intercept 2.135

Binary azeotropes 5.58containing alcohols 5.66containing ketones 5.74containing organic acids 5.62containing water 5.58

Binary compounds between nonmetals 3.2Biological buffers, pH range 8.110Biological materials, pH measurement of 8.106Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) ether, binary

azeotropes with 5.76Bismuth:


Bisphenol epoxy resin, properties of 10.28Bivalent sulfur, nomenclature of 1.37Blackbody radiation 7.38 7.39Blaze wavelength 7.40Block copolymers 10.3

of styrene, properties of 10.54Blood, pH measurement of 8.106Body-centered cubic structure 4.57Bohr magneton 2.4Bohr radius 2.4Boiling point:

of chromatographic solvents 11.16of inorganic compounds 3.14molecular elevation of 11.13of organic compounds 1.76organic solvents arranged by 11.10of water at various pressures 5.56

Boiling point temperature, calculation of 5.30Boltzmann constant 2.4Bond dipole moments 4.53Bond dissociation energies 4.41Bond lengths and strengths 4.29

(See also entries for specific elements) Bonds, spatial orientation of 4.56Borate, reference pH buffer solution at

various temperatures 8.105Boron:

bond dissociation energies 4.42bond lengths with other elements 4.39gravimetric factors 11.44

Boron compounds: infrared frequencies of 7.61nomenclature of 1.29

8 Index Terms Links

Boron-11 chemical shifts 7.111Boyle's law 5.169Branched polymers 10.3BR rubber 10.59Bragg equation 7.40Bridged hydrocarbons, nomenclature of 1.10Briggsian system of logarithms 2.102Brix hydrometer 2.67 2.68Bromide, formation constants with 8.84Bromine:

bond dissociation energies 4.42gravimetric factors 11.44overpotential of 8.140solubility in water at various temperatures 5.3

Buffer solutions: for control purposes 8.110standard reference 8.104

Buna N rubber 10.59Buna S rubber 10.61Buoyancy effect when weighing in air 2.83Burets, tolerances for 11.103Burning rate of polymers 10.22Butadiene-maleic acid copolymer,

properties of 10.421-Butanol:

binary azeotropes with 5.69ternary azeotropes with 5.78

2-Butanol, ternary azeotropes with 5.782-Butanone, binary azeotropes with 5.742-Butoxyethanol, binary azeotropes with 5.72Butyl rubber 10.60Butyric acid, binary azeotropes with 5.64 Cadmium:


Calcium: bond dissociation energies 4.42gravimetric factors 11.45

Calcium chloride solutions, percent humidity of 11.7

Calcium hydroxide reference pH buffer solution at various temperatures 8.105

Calibration of conductivity vessels 8.160Calmagite, formation constants with 8.90Calomel reference electrodes, EMF as

function of temperature 8.113Candela, definition of 2.3Capacity factor (see Partition ratio) Capillarity correction for barometer 2.75Carbon:

attached to double bond, estimation of chemical shifts of 7.103


9 Index Terms Links

Carbon-carbon: bond lengths 4.36single bonds, Raman frequencies of 7.75spin coupling constants 7.108

Carbon dioxide: gas permeability of polymers and rubbers 10.66solubility in water at various temperatures 5.4

Carbon-fluorine spin coupling constants 7.109Carbon-halogen bond lengths 4.36Carbon-hydrogen:

bond lengths 4.37infrared absorption frequencies 7.41Raman frequencies 7.71spin coupling constants 7.107

Carbon-metals bond lengths 4.38Carbon monoxide solubility in water at

various temperatures 5.4Carbon-nitrogen, bond lengths 4.37Carbon-nitrogen bonds, Raman frequencies of 7.74Carbon-nitrogen double bonds, Raman

frequencies of 7.77 7.80Carbon-nitrogen spin coupling constants 7.116Carbon-oxygen bond lengths 4.37Carbon-selenium bond lengths 4.38Carbon-silicon bond lengths 4.38Carbon-sulfur bond lengths 4.38Carbon tetrachloride vapor permeability

for polymers 10.69Carbon-13:

alkanes, estimation of chemical shifts of 7.102attached to double bond, estimation of

chemical shifts 7.103chemical shifts 7.99of carbonyl groups 7.106in substituted benzenes 7.104in substituted pyridines 7.105

Carbon-13 spin coupling constants 7.107Carbonate reference pH buffer solution

at various temperatures 8.105Carbonyl groups:

carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.106infrared frequencies of 7.5Raman frequencies of 7.78

Carboxylate ions, Raman frequencies of 7.79Carboxylic acids:

infrared frequencies of 7.52nomenclature of 1.29Raman frequencies of 7.79

Carter's hydrometer 2.67Cations

exchange resins for (guide) 11.34inorganic, nomenclature of 3.6relative selectivity in ion exchange 11.37

10 Index Terms Links

Cellulose acetate polymers: description of 10.10properties of 10.26

Cellulose-acetate-butyrate polymer: description of 10.11properties of 10.26

Cellulose-acetate-propionate polymer: description of 10.11properties of 10.28

Cellulose nitrate polymer: description of 10.11properties of 10.28

Cellulose triacetate 10.10Cellulosic polymers:


Celsius to Fahrenheit conversion factors 2.54Centered period, use of 3.2Centistokes, conversion factors 2.82Cerium:

bond dissociation energies 4.43equations and equivalents for 11.66gravimetric factors 11.47

Cesium: bond dissociation energies 4.44gravimetric factors 11.47

Chain compounds, formulas for 3.2Chain-transfer agents for polymers 10.4Characteristic of a common logarithm 2.102Characteristic low-mass neutral fragments

from the molecular ion 7.127Charge numbers in inorganic formulas 3.4Charge-to-mass ratio for electron 2.4Charles' law 5.169Chemical Abstracts indexing system 1.49Chemical blowing agents for polymers 10.6Chemical nomenclature:

inorganic 3.1organic 1.2

Chemical reactions, symbols, SI units and definitions 2.7

Chemical resistance: or polymers 10.64of rubbers 10.65

Chemical shifts: of boron-11 7.111of carbon-13 7.99attached to a double bond 7.103in carbonyl groups 7.106in substituted benzenes 7.104in substituted pyridines 7.105of fluorine-19 7.117of nitrogen-15 7.112of phosphorus-31 7.119


Chemical shifts: (Cont.) of protons in methine and methylene

groups, estimation of 7.94of protons, in monosubstituted benzene 7.96of residual protons in incompletely

deuterated solvents 7.98of silicon-29 7.118

Chemical structures: of crystals 4.58of ion-exchange resins 11.32of polymers 10.8 10.58of rubbers 10.58

Chemical symbols and definitions 2.6Chemicals:

common reactive and incompatible 11.130flammable 11.136recommended for refrigerated storage 11.136which polymerize or decompose on

extended refrigeration 11.136Chi square distribution 2.128

percentiles of 2.129Chiral compounds, sequence rules for 1.44Chirality and optical activity 1.45Chloride, formation constants with 8.83Chlorinated polyester polymer, properties of 10.28Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride), properties of 10.56Chlorine:

bond dissociation energies 4.44gravimetric factors 11.47overpotential of 8.140solubility in water at various temperatures 5.4

Chlorosulfonated polyethylene 10.58Chromatographic behavior of solutes 11.27Chromatographic solvents 11.16Chromatography, symbols and

definitions for 2.8Chromium:


Chromophores, electronic absorption bands for 7.19

Circle, properties of 2.110Citrate reference pH buffer solution at

various temperatures 8.105Citric acid, formation constants with 8.90Clapeyron equation 6.3Clausius-Clapeyron equation 6.3Cleaning solutions for fritted glassware 11.69Cobalt:


Coefficient of linear expansion, of polymers 10.22Coefficient of variation, in statistics 2.114Coefficient of viscosity 5.137


Collective inorganic names 3.4Colloid chemistry, symbols, SI units, and

definitions for 2.10Colloids, protective 11.95Column efficiency 11.27Column selectivity factor (see Relative

retention) Combustible mixtures in air 5.139Commercial plastics, properties of 10.22Common logarithms 2.102Complexometric titrations 11.89

indicators for 11.96Compressibility factor, in gas

chromatography 11.26critical 6.134

Compressibility of water 5.156Compressive modulus of polymers 10.22Compressive strength, rupture, of polymers 10.22Compton wavelength of electron, neutron,

and proton 2.4Conductance 8.157

of electrolyte solution, defined 8.169 relations in 8.168

Conductivities, equivalent, of electrolytes in aqueous solutions 8.163

Conductivity: defined 8.168equivalent 8.169electrical, of various pure liquids 8.161of standard potassium chloride solutions 8.160of water at various temperatures 8.168

Conductivity, thermal: of elements 4.2of gases at various temperatures 5.148of liquids at various temperatures 5.151of solids 5.154

Cone, volume and area of 2.112Confidence level and limits 2.124Configuration, electronic, of elements 4.2Conformational isomers 1.39Conjunctive nomenclature 1.21Constants, fundamental 2.117Control charts 2.137Conversion factors 2.35

temperature 2.54Cooling mixtures 11.3Coordination bonds, dipole moments 4.54Coordination compounds, inorganic

nomenclature of 3.10Copolymerization 10.3Copper:


Copper vs. copper-nickel alloy thermocouple 11.140 11.149


Correction for solvents in ultraviolet-visible region 7.23

Coupling agents for polymers 10.4Covalent radii of elements 4.35Critical compressibility factor, defined 6.143Critical density 6.143Critical phenomena 6.142Critical pressure 6.142

of elements and compounds 6.142Critical temperature, of elements and

compounds 6.141Critical volume, of elements and compounds 6.142Critical X-ray absorption energies 7.8Cross-linked polymer, defined 10.3Cross section, thermal neutron absorption,

of nuclides 4.59Crucibles used for fusions 11.70Cryoscopic constants 11.4Crystal lattice types 4.57Crystalline polymers 10.2Crystal structures, in inorganic

nomenclature 3.10Crystals, analyzing, for X-ray spectroscopy 7.15Cube, area and volume of 2.112Cubic crystal lattices 4.57Cubical coefficients of thermal expansion 11.105Cumulated double bonds:

infrared frequencies of 7.49Raman frequencies of 7.77

Curium, bond dissociation energy 4.44Curve fitting 2.133Cyanato type compounds, nomenclature of 1.36Cyanide, formation constants with 8.84Cyclic compounds, conformations of 1.41Cyclic hydrocarbons with side chains,

nomenclature of 1.11Cyclic ring systems:

carbon-13 chemical shifts in 7.100nitrogen-15 chemical shifts in 7.113proton chemical shifts in 7.93

Cyclohexanol, binary azeotropes with 5.70Cylinder, volume and area of 2.112 Dalton's law of partial pressures 5.170Dative bonds, dipole moments 4.54Debye-Hückel equation 8.2 8.5Decay of radionuclides 4.59Definitions of physical and chemical

quantities 2.6Deflection temperature of polymers under

flexural load 10.22Degree Celsius (see Celsius to Fahrenheit

conversion factors)


Degree Fahrenheit (see Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion factors)

Degree kelvin 2.3Degree of ionic character of bonds 4.29Degrees of freedom, in statistics 2.123Deionizer, in flame photometry 7.41Demasking 11.93Demasking agents (table) 11.100Density:

of aqueous glycerol solutions 5.138conversion to degrees Baumé and

Twaddell 2.85critical 6.143determined, with pyknometer 5.89with plummet or sinker 5.89of elements 3.12hydrometers and relation between scales 2.66of inorganic compounds 3.12of mercury 5.87of moist air 5.88of organic compounds 1.76 of solvents 11.18and specific gravity 2.66 5.87 of sucrose solutions 5.138of water 5.85

Derivatives and differentiation 2.104Desiccants 11.5Detection limits, atomic absorption and

atomic emission 7.29Determinative errors 2.118Deuterated solvents, chemical shifts:

of carbon-13 7.110of residual protons 7.98

Deuterium oxide, vapor pressure of 5.30Dew point readings and relative humidity 11.9Diallyl phthalate molding polymers,

properties of 10.26Diallyl phthalate polymers 10.10Diamagnetic shielding factor, spherical

water molecule 2.41,2-Diarninocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-

acetic acid formation constants with 8.90Diastereomers 1.39Diatomic molecules:

binding energies of 4.41bond lengths 4.29

Dibenzoylmethane, formation constants with 8.91Dichromate, volumetric factors for 11.79Dielectric constant:

discussion of 5.137of inorganic compounds 5.130of organic compounds 5.105of water at various temperatures 5.134of polymers 10.22


Dielectric strength of polymers 10.22Dienes, absorption maxima of 7.19Dienones, absorption wavelength of 7.22Differentiation, rules for 2.1044,5-Dihydroxybenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid,

formation constants with 8.91Dimensionless quantities, symbols and

definitions 2.222,3-Dimercaptopropan-1-of, formation

constants with 8.92Dimethylglyoxime, formation constants with 8.92Dimethylsulfoxide, pKa values in 8.81Dipole moments 4.53

discussion of 5.136of inorganic compounds 5.130of organic compounds 5.105

2,2-Dipyridyl, formation constants with 8.92Dispersion of data, measures of 2.121Dissipation (power) factor of polymers 10.22Dissociation energy of diatomic molecules 4.41Distribution coefficient in ion exchange 11.39Distribution curve, normal 2.119Distribution of measurements 2.118Distribution ratio, symbols and definitions for 2.8Double bonds:

cumulated: infrared frequencies of 7.49Raman frequencies of 7.77

estimation of chemical shift of protons attached 7.95

infrared red frequencies of 7.49protons attached, estimation of chemical

shift 7.95Raman frequencies of 7.79

Double-bond radii, of elements 4.35Drying agents 11.5Drying and humidification 11.5Duane-Hunt equation 7.39Durometer hardness of rubbers 10.63Dynamic viscosity 5.137Dysprosium, bond dissociation energies 4.44 Ebullioscopic constants 11.13ED PM rubber 10.60EDTA complex, formation constants of 11.97EDTA, values of α4 at various pH values 11.97Effective ionic radii in aqueous solutions 8.4Effective plate number 11.28Einstein equation 7.38Elastomeric fibers 10.18Elastomers, defined 10.2Electric quadrupole moment of elements 7.89Electrical conductivity of pure liquids 8.161Electrical properties of polymers 10.22


Electrical resistivity of elements 4.2Electric current 2.3Electricity, symbols, SI units, and definitions 2.11Electrochemistry, symbols, SI units,

and definitions 2.12Electrode potentials 8.124Electrodes, reference, potential of 8.113Electrolytes, equivalent conductivities in

aqueous solutions 8.163Electromagnetic radiation 7.38

symbols, SI units, and definitions for 2.13Electrometric measurement of pH 8.115Electron affinities, of elements, molecules,

and radicals 4.24Electron magnetic moment 2.4Electron radius, classical 2.4Electron rest mass 2.4Electronegative constituents, in inorganic

formulas 3.3Electronegativity 4.28

of elements (table) 4.29Electronic absorption bands for chromophores 7.19Electronic configuration of elements 4.2Electrothermal atomic absorption, detection

limits of elements 7.29Elementary charge 2.4Elements:

abundance of naturally occurring isotopes 4.81atom radius of 4.29atomic number of 4.2density of 3.12effective ionic radii 4.30electrical resistivity of 4.2electron affinities of 4.24electronegativities of 4.29electronic configuration and properties 4.1ionization energy 4.6isotopes of naturally occurring 4.81linear thermal expansion of 4.2magnetic moment of 7.89names and symbols for 3.3nuclear properties of 4.42 7.89potentials of 8.124quadrupole moment of 7.89sensitive emission limes of 7.34standard stock solutions 11.107symbols of 4.2 thermal conductivity of 4.2work functions of 4.80X-ray filters for 7.14

Ellipse, area of 2.111Ellipsoid, area and volume of 2.113Elongation, at break of polymers 10.22

ultimate, of rubbers 10.60


Emergent stem correction of thermometers 11.150Emission energies, X-ray 7.10 Emission limits of elements 7.29Emission spectra, X-ray 7.3Emission wavelengths, of fluorescent

compounds 7.25Empirical formula index of organic

compounds 1.58Enantiomers 1.46Enclosing marks, use in inorganic formulas 3.2Energy equivalents 2.4Energy of ionization of molecular and

radical species 4.8Engler degrees 2.82Enones, absorption wavelength of 7.22Enthalpies:

of inorganic compounds 6.81of organic compounds 6.5

Enthalpy: of formation 6.2of ions 4.8of melting: of inorganic compounds 6.124of organic compounds 6.51of sublimation 6.3of inorganic compounds 6.124of organic compounds 6.51of a system 6.4of vaporization 6.3of inorganic compounds 6.124of organic compounds 6.51

Enthalpy change of bonds (see Bond dissociation energies)

Entropies: of inorganic compounds 6.81of melting 6.4 6.51of organic compounds 6.5of sublimation 6.4of vaporization 6.4

Entropy of a system 6.5Epichlorohydrin rubber 10.59Epoxy casting resins, properties of 10.30Epoxy polymers 10.11Epoxy resins, properties of 10.28Epoxy silicone polymers, properties of 10.48Equations of state for real gases 5.170Equivalent conductances:

of hydrogen ion at various temperatures 8.168of hydroxyl ion at various temperatures 8.168

Equivalent conductivity: defined 8.169of electrolytes in aqueous solutions 8.163

Equivalent ionic conductances, limiting 8.157


Equivalent weights for redox determinations 11.84(See also Titrimetric factors) Erbium, bond dissociation energies 4.45

gravimetric factors 11.49Eriochrome Black T, formation constants with 8.92Error curve 2.119Error probability, in statistics 2.123Errors in quantitative analysis 2.118Esters:

binary azeotropes with 5.59infrared frequencies of 7.50of inorganic acids 3.9nomenclature of 1.36Raman frequencies of 7.78Ethane, solubility in water at various

temperatures 5.41,2-Ethanediol, binary azeotropes with 5.721,2-Ethanediol monoacetate, binary

azeotropes with 5.73Ethanol:

binary azeotrop es with 5.66pKa values in 8.81ternary azeotropes with 5.77vapor permeability for polymers 10.69

Ethanolamine, formation constants with 8.93Ethanol-water mixtures, freezing point of 5.83Ethers:

binary azeotropes with 5.61infrared frequencies of 7.58Raman frequencies of 7.85

2-Ethoxyethanol, binary azeotropes with 5.72Ethyl acetate, vapor permeability for

polymers 10.69Ethyl cellulose polymer:


Ethylene, solubility in water at various temperatures 5.4

Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer: description of 10.13properties of 10.32

Ethylene glycol-water mixtures, freezing point of 5.84

Ethylene-propylene-diene rubber 10.60Ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer 10.13Ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer,

properties of 10.44Ethylenediamine, formation constants with 8.93Ethylenediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid,

formation constants with 8.93Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, values of

α4 at various pH 11.91Europium, bond dissociation energies 4.45


Excitation wavelengths of fluorescent compounds 7.25

Expansion in series 2.115Explosive limits of combustible mixtures

in air 5.139Exponential series 2.115Eykrnan equation 5.135 F statistic (tables) 2.131F test for equality of variances 2.130Face-centered lattices 4.57Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion factors 2.54Faraday constant 2.5Fats, properties of 10.69Fatty oil hy drometer 2.67Fehling's solution 11.114Filters, membrane 11.70

for X-rays 7.132Fine structure constant 2.5First radiation constant 2.5Flame atomic absorption, detection limits

of elements 7.29Flame emission, detection limits of elements 7.29Flame retardants for polymers 10.5Flammable chemicals 11.115Flammable limits of combustible mixtures

in air 5.139Flash point of organic compounds 1.76Flasks, volumetric, tolerances for 11.102Flexural modulus of polymers 10.22Flexural strength, rupture, of polymers 10.22Fluidity, definition of 5.133Fluorescence 7.25

laws of 7.38plasma atomic, detection limits of elements 7.29quantum yield values 7.28standards 7 .28

Fluorescent compounds, excitation and emission wavelengths 7.25

Fluorescent indicators for acid-base titrations 8.120Fluoride, formation constants with 8.84Fluorinated ethylene-propylene resin:


Fluorine: bond dissociation energies 4.45equations and equivalents for 11.68gravimetric factors 11.49

Fluorine-carbon spin coupling constants 7.109Fluorine-19 to fluorine-19 spin coupling

constants 7.118Fluorine-19 chemical shifts 7.117


Fluorocarbon polymers: description of 10.12properties of 10.30

Fluxes for sample decomposition 11.70Foaming agents for polymers 10.5Foams, polyurethane 10.18Formation, enthalpy of 6.2Formation constants of metal complexes 8.82

with inorganic ligands 8.83with organic ligands 8.88

Formic acid, binary azeotropes with 5.62Formula weights:


Formulas: of inorganic compounds 3.14of organic compounds 1.76of plastic materials 10.8 10.58writing, of inorganic compounds 3.1(See also Nomenclature)

Fortin barometer 2.70Fourier's series 2.116Fragmentation patterns in mass spectrometry 7.126Free radicals, writing formula for 3.2Freedom, degrees of, in statistics 2.123Freezing mixtures 5.83 11.3Freezing point, molecular lowering of 11.4Frequency, defined 7.38Fritted glassware:

cleaning solutions for 11.69pore sizes of 11.71

Functional class names in radicofunctional nomenclature 1.22

Functional groups, in ion-exchange resins 11.32nomenclature of 1.23

Functional organic compounds, nomenclature of 1.17

Fundamental physical constants 2.3Fused polycyclic hydrocarbons,

nomenclature of 1.6Fusion, heats of (see Heats of melting) g factor (Landé) for free electron 2.5Gadolinium, bond dissociation energies 4.45

gravimetric factors 11.50Gallium, bond dissociation energies 4.27Gas (ideal), molar equivalent at various

pressures and temperatures 2.88Gas chromatography:

McReynolds' constants 11.21stationary phases 11.21

Gas constant 2.5


Gases: equations of state for 5.170permeability constants of polymers and

rubbers 10.66physical chemistry equations for 5.169reduction to standard temperature and

pressure 2.91solubility in water at various temperatures 5.3thermal conductivities at various

temperatures 5.148Van der Waals' constants 5.157velocity of 5.171

Gaussian distribution curve 2.119Geometric mean of set of numbers 2.118 2.119Geometrical isomerism 1.43Geometrical isomers, sequences rules for 1.44Geometry, molecular 4.56Germanium, bond dissociation energies 4.45

gravimetric factors 11.50Gibbs energies of formation:


Glycerol-water mixtures: density and viscosity of 5.138freezing point of 5.85

Glycine, formation constants with 8.94Gold, bond dissociation energies 4.45

gravimetric factors 11.50Graft copolymers 10.3Graham's law of diffusion, of gases 5.171Grating equation 7.40Gravimetric analysis, reagents for 11.67Gravimetric factors 11.41Gravitational constant 2.4Gravity-latitude corrections for barometer 2.75Greek alphabet 2.25GRN rubber 10.59Group dipole moments 4.54Group refractions 5.136Gutta percha 10.58 Hafnium, bond dissociation energies 4.45Haggenmacher equation 6.3Half-lives, of nuclides 4.59Half-wave potentials, voltarnmetric:

of inorganic materials 8.141of organic materials 8.146

Haloalkanes, Raman frequencies of 7.80Halogen compounds:


Halogen-carbon bond lengths 4.36Halogen derivatives (organic),

nomenclature of 1.31


Halogenated hydrocarbons, binary azeotropes with 5.59

Hammett equation 9.2Hammett substituent constants 9.2Hardness:

of polymers 10.22of rubbers 10.63

Hartree energy 2.5Heat capacities:

of inorganic compounds 6.81 6.124of organic compounds 6.5 6.51

Heat capacity of any phase 6.3Heating baths 11.15Heating temperatures of precipitates 11.72Heats of fusion (see Heats of melting) Heats of melting:


Heats of sublimation: of inorganic compounds 6.124of organic compounds 6.51

Heats of vaporization: of inorganic compounds 6.124of organic compounds 6.51

Helium: gas permeability of polymers and rubbers 10.66solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8

Henry's law for gases 5.172Heteroaromatics, primary absorption

bands of 7.23Heteroatomic inorganic anions,

nomenclature of 3.5Heterocyclic rings:

carbon-13 chemical shifts 7.100 7.101proton chemical shifts, in saturated 7.93in unsaturated 7.94Raman frequencies of 7.87

Heterocyclic systems, nomenclature of 1.11Hexagonal crystal lattice 4.57 4.58Hexane, vapor permeability for polymers 10.69High-density polyethylene, properties of 10.44High performance liquid chromatography 11.30Hittorf transport numbers 8.169HPLC, typical performances 11.31Humidity, relative:

from dew points 11.9from wet and dry bulb thermometer

readings 11.8Humidity, solutions for maintaining constant 11.6 11.7Hybrid bonds 4.56Hydrocarbon ring assemblies,

nomenclature of 1.10Hydrocarbons:

binary azeotropes with 5.61halogenated, binary azeotropes with 5.59


Hydrogen: binary inorganic compounds, 3.5

nomenclature of bond dissociation energies 4.46bond lengths with other elements 4.39gas permeability of polymers and rubbers 10.66gravimetric factors 11.50infrared frequencies of single bonded 7.42overpotential of 8.140solubility in water at various temperatures 5.4

Hydrogen-carbon: bond lengths 4.37single bonds, infrared frequencies of 7.41Raman frequencies of 7.71spin coupling constants 7.107 7.108

Hydrogen bromide, solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8

Hydrogen chloride, solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8

Hydrogen ion, equivalent conductance at various temperatures 8.168

(See also pH) Hydrogen-nitrogen, infrared absorption

frequencies 7.46spin coupling constants 7.122Raman frequencies 7.74

Hydrogen overpotential 8.140Hydrogen sulfide, solubility in water at

various temperatures 5.6Hydrometer conversion table 2.85Hydrometers 2.66Hydroxide, formation constants with 8.84N-(2-Hy droxyethyl)ethylenediarnine-

N,N,N'-triacetic acid, formation constants with 8.956-Hydroxy -2-methylquinoline, formation

constants with 8.95Hydroxyl group:


Hydroxyl ion, equivalent conductance at various temperatures 8.168

Hydroxylarnines, nomenclature of 1.318-Hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid,

formation constants with 8.95Hypotheses about means 2.126 Ice, vapor pressure of 5.26ICP, detection limits of elements 7.29Ignition temperature, (see Autoignition) Imides, infrared frequencies of 7.53Imines:

infrared frequencies of 7.46 7.54nomenclature of 1.32


Impact strength (Izod) of polymers 10.22Inches mercury, conversion to other

pressure units 2.87Inches water, conversion to other pressure

units 2.87Incompatible and reactive chemicals 11.130Indeterminate errors 2.118Indicators:

for acid-base titrations 8.116for complexometric titrations 11.96for oxidation-reduction titrations 8.122preparation of 11.109

Indium, bond dissociation energies 4.47gravimetric factors 11.51

Induction coupled plasma, detection limits of elements 7.29

Inductive effect of a substituent 9.2Infrared spectroscopy 7.41Infrared transmission characteristics

of solvents 7.68Infrared transmitting materials 7.67Inhibitors for polymers 10.6Inorganic acids, binary azeotropes with 5.58Inorganic compounds:

nomenclature of 3.1physical constants of 3.12physical properties of 5.130proton-transfer reactions of 8.18solubilities in water at various temperatures 5.9solubility rules for 11.105synonyms and mineral names 3.62thermodynamic properties of 6.81vapor pressures of 5.31

Inorganic ions: infrared frequencies of 7.64limiting equivalent conductances 8.157

Integrals 2.105Intercept of best-fit line, errors in 2.35International temperature scale, fixed

points in 11.138International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry, nomenclature: of inorganic compounds 3.1of organic compounds 1.1

Interplanar spacings 7.13for Kα1 radiation, of α-quartz 7.14for Kα1 radiation, of silicon 7.14

Interplanar spacings, standards for 7.13Iodate, formation constants with 8.85Iodide, formation constants with 8.85


Iodine: bond dissociation energies 4.47gravimetric factors 11.51overpotential of 8.140titrimetric factors 11.78

Iodine titrant, volumetric factors for 11.78Iodine value:

of fats and oils 10.69of waxes 10.72

lon-exchange 11.37lon-exchange resins, guide to 11.32Ion product constant of water at various

temperatures 8.6Ionic character of a bond 4.29Ionic conductances, limiting equivalent 8.157Ionic crystal lattices 4.57Ionic equivalent conductivity, defined 8.169Ionic mobility, defined 8.169Ionic radii 4.34

in aqueous solutions 8.4 8.5of elements 4.29

Ionic strength 8.2Ionization energy:

of elements 4.6of molecular species 4.8of radical species 4.8

Ionization of metals in a plasma 7.40Ionized emission lines of elements 7.34lonomer polymers 10.17Ions:

activity coefficients in water 8.3enthalpy of formation 6.2limiting equivalent conductances 8.157

Indium, bond dissociation energies 4.47Iron:


Iron vs. copper-nickel alloy thermocouple 11.139 11.140 11.144Isobutyric acid, binary azeotropes with 5.65Isopolyanions, inorganic, nomenclature of 3.7Isotactic arrangement 10.3Isotopic abundances:

naturally occurring elements 4.81 7.123of selected elements 7.124

Isotopically labeled compounds, nomenclature of 3.4

ITS-90, fixed points in 11.137 11.138IUPAC (see International Union of Pure

and Applied Chemistry) Izod impact strength of polymers 10.22 Josephson frequency-voltage ratio 2.5Joule-Thompson coefficient for real gases 5.172


Kα1 lines, mass absorption coefficients for 7.16Kelvin, definition of 2.3Kelvin scale, conversion to other

thermometer scales 2.66Ketenes, nomenclature of 1.32Ketones:

binary azeotropes with 5.61 5.74infrared frequencies of 7.51nomenclature of 1.32Raman frequencies of 7.78

Kilogram, definition of 2.3Kinematic viscosity 5.138Kinetics, symbols, SI units, and

definitions for 2.14Kovats retention indices 11.26Krypton:

bond dissociation energies 4.47solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8 3.4

Laboratory solutions 11.106Lactarns, nomenclature of 1.34Lactic acid, formation constants with 8.96Lactides, nomenclature of 1.34Lactims, nomenclature of 1.34Lactometers 2.67Lactones:

infrared frequencies of 7.50nomenclature of 1.34

Ladder polymer, defined 10.3Lanthanum, bond dissociation energies 4.47Laser lines of argon-ion plasma 7.89Latitude-gravity corrections for barometry 2.75Lattice types of crystal structures 4.57Laws of photometry 7.38Lead:


Least squares or best-fit line 2.133Length 2.3Level of significance, in statistics 2.124Ligand names, abbreviations for 3.11Ligands:

abbreviations for names 3.11attachment points of 3.10inorganic, nomenclature of 3.10

Limiting equivalent ionic conductances 8.157Linear free energy relationships 9.2Linear polymers, defined 10.3Linear thermal expansion of elements 4.2Liquids:

electrical conductivity of pure 8.161thermal conductivities of 5.150


Lithium: bond dissociation energies 4.47gravimetric factors 11.53

Logarithmic series 2.115Logarithms 2.102Lorentz and Lorenz equation 5.135Low-density polyethylene, properties of 10.44Lubricants for polymers 10.6Luminous intensity 2.3Lutetium, bond dissociation energies 4.48 Magnesium:


Magnesium chloride brines, freezing point of 5.86

Magnetic flux quantum 2.5Magnetic moment:

of elements 7.89of protons in water 2.5

Magnetism, symbols, SI units, and definitions for 2.10

Manganese: bond dissociation energies 4.48gravimetric factors 11.54

Mantissa of a common logarithm 2.102Masking agents 11.92

(table) 11.98Mass 2.3Mass absorption coefficients for Kα1 and

W Lα1 lines 7.15Mass differences, exact 7.124Mass spectra, correlation with molecular

structure 7.123Mathematical symbols and abbreviations 2.23Maximum allowable exposure limits for

gases and vapors 11.121Maximum recommended service temperature

of polymers 10.22McReynold's constants in gas

chromatography 11.21Mean free path of gases 5.171Mean ionic activity coefficient 8.2Mean of set of numbers 2.111Measurements, distribution of 2.111Measures of dispersion of data 2.114Mechanical properties of polymers 10.22Mechanics, symbols, SI units, and

definitions for 2.15Median of set of numbers 2.118Medium-density polyethylene, properties of 10.44Melamine formaldehyde polymer:



Melmine phenolic, woodflour-cellulose , filled plastic properties of 10.34

Melting, enthalpy of 6.4of inorganic compounds 6.112of organic compounds 6.51

Melting point: of inorganic compounds 3.14molecular lowering of 11.4of organic compounds 1.76of waxes 10.72

Melting temperature of polymers 10.22Membrane filters 11.70Mercury:

bond dissociation energies 4.48density at various temperatures 5.87gravimetric factors 11.55vapor pressure of 5.24

Metal-carbon bond lengths 4.38Metal complexes, formation constants of 8.83Metal salts of organic acids, solubilities in

water at various temperatures 5.9Metastable peaks, use in mass spectrometry 7.125Meter, definition of 2.3Methacrylate monomers 10.10Methane, solubility in water at various

temperatures 5.6Methanol:

binary azeotropes with 5.66pKa values in 8.81ternary azeotropes with 5.77 5.82

Methanol-water mixtures, freezing point of 5.83Methine protons:

chemical shift of 7.92estimation of chemical shift for 7.94

3-Methyl-l-butanol: binary azeotropes with 5.70ternary azeotropes with 5.78

2-Methyl-l-propanol, ternary azeotropes with 5.782-Methyl-2-propanol:

binary azeotropes with 5.69ternary azeotropes with 5.78

Methyl protons, chemical shift of 7.92Methylene protons:

chemical shift of 7.92estimation of chemical shift for 7.94

Micropipets, tolerances for 11.103Millimeters mercury, conversion to other

pressure units 2.87Millimeters water, conversion to other

pressure units 2.87Mineral names of inorganic compounds 3.61Minimum radius ratio of hybrid bonds 4.56Mixed acid-base indicators 8.118


Mode for set of numbers 2.118Moist air:

density of 5.88refractive index of 5.135

Molal values from molar values 2.88Molar absorptivity, defined 7.39Molar equivalent of 1 liter of gas at various

pressures and temperatures 2.88Molar refraction 5.135Molar values, conversion to molal 2.88Molar volume, ideal gas 2.5Mole, definition of 2.3Molecular formula:

of inorganic compounds 3.2 3.14of organic compounds 1.76

Molecular geometry 4.56Molecular lowering of the melting point 11.4Molecular structure, determination from

mass spectra 7.123Molecular weight:

determined by lowering of melting point 11.4determined by molecular elevation of boiling

point 11.13Molecules:

electron affinities of 4.25ionization energy of 4.8symbols, SI units and definitions 2.6

Molybdenum: bond dissociation energies 4.48gravimetric factors 11.55

Monoclinic crystal lattices 4.57 4.58Monocyclic aliphatic and aromatic

hydrocarbons, nomenclature of 1.5Multiplicative prefixes in inorganic

nomenclature 3.10Multiplying affixes 1.21Must hydrometer 2.68 Naperian base (e) 2.117Naphthalenes, Raman frequencies of 7.82Natural abundance:

of elements 7.89of nuclides 4.59 7.89

Natural rubber: description of 10.58properties of 10.63synthetic 10.60

Naturally occurring isotopes, relative abundance of 4.81

NBR rubber 10.59NBS (see NIST, National Institute for Science

and Technology) Near infrared region, absorption frequencies in 7.64Neodymium, bond dissociation energies 4.48


Neon-neon bond dissociation energy 4.48Neon, solubility in water at various

temperatures 5.8Neoprene 10.60Neptunium-oxygen bond dissociation energy 4.48Neutral inorganic radicals, nomenclature of 3.5Neutron rest mass 2.4New York Board of Health lactometer 2.67Newtons per square meter, conversion to

other pressure units 2.87Nickel:

bond dissociation energies 4.48gravimetric factors 11.55Nickel-chromium: vs. copper-nickel alloys thermocouple 11.139 11.140 11.143vs. nickel-aluminum alloys thermocouple 11.139 11.140 11.145

Niobium, gravimetric factors 11.56Niobium-oxygen bond dissociation energy 4.48NIST pH buffer solution 8.105 8.106Nitrate, formation constants with 8.86Nitric oxide, solubility in water at various

temperarores 5.6Nitrile polymers:


Nitrile rubber 10.59Nitriles:

binary azeotropes with 5.62nomenclature of 1.35

Nitrilotriactic acid, formation constants with 8.96Nitro compounds:


Nitrogen: bond dissociation energies 4.48gas permeability of polymers and rubbers 10.66gravimetric factors 11.56solubility in water at various temperatures 5.6Nitrogen-carbon: bond lengths 4.37spin coupling constants 7.116

Nitrogen-15: chemical shifts 7.112chemical shifts for standards 7.115chemical shifts in monosubstituted pyridine 7.115

Nitrogen-14 NMR data (see Nitrogen-15) Nitrogen-fluorine spin coupling constants 7.116Nitrogen-hydrogen bonds: infrared frequencies 7.46Raman frequencies of 7.75

Nitrogen-hydrogen spin coupling constants 7.115Nitrogen-nitrogen double bonds, Raman

frequencies of 7.81Nitrogen-other elements bond lengths 4.39


Nitrogen-oxygen double bonds, Raman frequencies of 7.85

1-Nitroso-2-naphthol, formation constants with 8.97

Nitrous oxide, solubility in water at various temperatures 5.8

NMR frequency of elements for 1-kG field 7.89NMR sensitivity at constant field of elements 7.89NMR spectroscopy 7.92Nomenclature:


Nonaqueous solvents: pKa values in 8.81potential ranges in 8.80

Nonfunctional organic compounds, nomenclature of 1.1

Normal distribution curve in statistics 2.119Novolac resin, properties of 10.11 10.30Nuclear magnetic resonance 7.89Nuclear magneton 2.5Nuclear properties of elements 4.58 7.89Nuclear reactions, symbols for 2.8Nuclear spin of elements 7.89Nuclides:

capture cross section, thermal 4.59natural abundance of 4.59 7.89properties of 4.58radiation emitted 4.59

Numbering of organic compounds 1.20Numerical prefixes 2.25Nylon II polymers:


Nylon 6 polymers: description of 10.14properties of 10.36

Nylon 6/9 polymers: description of 10.14properties of 10.38

Nylon 6/6-nylon 6 copolymer, properties of 10.36Nylon 6/6 polymers:


Nylon 6/12 polymers: description of 10.14properties of 10.38

Nylon 12 polymer: description of 10.14properties of 10.38

Octahedral covalent radii of elements 4.36Oils, properties of 10.69Oleometer 2.68


One-tailed test, in statistics 2.125Optical rotation 1.46Orbitals, hybridized 4.56Ordinates and areas of normal distribution

curve 2.119Organic acids:

binary azeotropes with 5.58 5.62salts of, solubilities at various temperatures 5.9

Organic compounds: dielectric constants 5.105dipole moments 5.105empirical formula index of 1.58half-wave potentials 8.146physical properties of 1.76 5.90proton-transfer reactions of 8.24surface tensions 5.90thermodynamic properties of 6.5 6.51vapor pressures of 5.39viscosity of 5.90

Organic ions, limiting equivalent conductances 8.157Organic radicals, names and formulas of 1.51Organic solvents arranged by boiling points 11.10Organosulfur halides, nomenclature of 1.38Orientation, spatial, of common hybrid bonds 4.56Orthorhomic crystal lattices 4.57 4.58Osmium-oxygen bond dissociation energy 4.49Ostwald dilution law 8.169Overpotentials of electrode reactions 8.140Oxalate, formation constants with 8.97Oxidation numbers, in inorganic formulas 3.4Oxidation-reduction indicators 8.122 11.83Oxidation-reduction titrants 11.82Oxidation-reduction titrations, equations for 11.84Oximes, infrared frequencies of 7.54Oxygen:

bond dissociation energies 4.49gas permeability of polymers and rubbers 10.66overpotential 8.140solubility in water at various temperatures 5.6

Oxygen-carbon bond lengths 4.37Oxygen-hydrogen bonds, infrared frequencies 7.44Oxygen-other elements bond lengths 4.29Ozone, solubility in water at various

temperatures 5.8

Palladium, gravimetric factors 11.57-oxygen bond dissociation energy 4.49

Parabola, properties of 2.111Parallelogram, area of 2.109Particles, symbols for 2.8Partition ratio 11.28Pascals, conversion to other pressure units 2.87Path length, of cuvettes 7.40PCTA copolyester 10.16


Peak asymmetry factor 11.28 11.29Percent absorption to absorbance, table 2.96Percent humidity:

of calcium chloride solutions 11.7of sodium hydroxide solutions 11.7of sulfuric acid solutions 11.7at various temperatures for various

solutions 11.6Perfluoroalkoxy polymer:


Permanganate, volumetric factors for 11.86Permeability of vacuum 2.5Peroxides:

infrared frequencies of 7.58nomenclature of 1.35

pH buffer solutions, standard reference 8.104pH measurement:

of blood and biological materials 8.106electrometric 8.115in 50 weight percent methanol-water 8.109

pH range: of acid-base indicators 8.116of fluorescent indicators 8.120

pH values: for buffer solutions in alcohol-water solvents 8.109of solutions, calculation of approximate 8.17 8.23

1,10-Phenanthroline, formation constants with 9.98Phenol, binary azeotropes with 5.71Phenol-formaldehyde resin 10.14Phenolic polymers:


Phenols: nomenclature of 1.24retained trivial names of 1.25

Phosphate reference pH buffer solutions at various temperatures 8.105

Phosphate-succinate reference pH buffer solution 8.108

Phosphorus: bond dissociation energies 4.49gravimetric factors 11.57other elements bond lengths 4.40

Phosphorus compounds: infrared frequencies of 7.60nomenclature of 1.36

Phosphorus-31: chemical shifts 7.119spin coupling constants 7.122

Photometry, laws of 7.38Phthalate reference pH buffer solution

at various temperatures 8.105Phthalic acid, formation constants with 9.99


Physical chemistry equations for gases 5.169Physical constants, fundamental 2.3Physical properties:

of inorganic compounds 3.12of organic compounds 1.76of polymers 10.22

Physical symbols and definitions 2.6pi (π), value of 2.117Piperidine, formation constants with 8.99Pipet capacity tolerances 11.103pKa values at various temperatures 8.73pKa values:

of acid-base indicators 8.116of inorganic materials 8.18 8.73in nonaqueous solvents 8.81of organic materials 8.24

pKao values: for Hammett equation 9.7for Taft equation 9.8

Planck constant 2.5Planck radiation law 11.138Plane angle 2.3Plant fats and oils, properties of 10.70Plastic families (table) 10.6Plasticizers for polymers 10.7Plastics, commercial:

formulas and key properties of 10.8properties of commercial 10.22

Plate height 11.28Plate number 11.28Platinum:


Platinum-10% rhodium alloy vs. platinum thermocouple 11.139 11.140 11.148

Platinum-13% rhodium alloy vs. platinum thermocouple 11.139 11.140 11.147

Platinum-30% rhodium vs. platinum-6% rhodium alloys 11.139

Polyacrylate rubbers 10.59Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid)

copolymer 10.9Poly(acrylonitrile) polymers 10.10Polyallomer polyolefin polymer, properties of 10.46Polyamide polymers:


Poly(amide-imide) polymers: description of 10.15properties of 10.38

Poly(aryl ether) polymer, properties of 10.40Polyatomic inorganic anions,

nomenclature of 3.7Polybutadiene rubber 10.59


Polybutylene polymers 10.17Polybutylene extrusion polymer, properties of 10.46Poly(butylene terephthalate) polymers:


Polycarbonate polymer: description of 10.15properties of 10.40

Polycarbonate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene alloy 10.26

Polychloroprene rubber 10.60Poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) polymer:


Polycyclic hydrocarbons, fused, nomenclature of 1.6

Poly(1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene terephthalic acid) polymer 10.16

Polyester polymers 10.15 10.20Polyester thermoplastic elastomers,

properties of 10.54Polyesters 10.15 10.20Poly(ether sulfone) polymer, properties of 10.52Polyethylene polymers:


Poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymers: description of 10.15properties of 10.40

Polygon, area and properties of 2.110Polyhedra, area of surface and volume 2.112Polyimide polymers:


Polyisobutylene rubber 10.60Polyisoprene rubber 10.60Polymers: 10.2

additives to 10.4gas permeability of 10.66properties of commercial 10.22resistance to chemicals 10.64structural differences 10.3vapor permeability constants for 10.69

Poly(methyl acrylate) 10.9Poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer:


Poly(methylpentene) polymer: description of 10.16properties of 10.44

Polyolefin polymers 10.16in elastomers 10.20properties of 10.44


Polyolefin thermoplastic elastomers, properties of 10.54

Poly(phenyl sulfone) polymer, properties of 10.52Poly(phenylene sulfide) polymer:


Polypropylene polymers: description of 10.17properties of 10.46

Polysiloxanes 10.19Polystyrene polymers:


Polysulfide rubbers 10.61Polysulfone polymers:


Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) polymer: description of 10.12properties of 10.30

Poly(vinyl acetate) polymer 10.21Poly(vinyl alcohol) polymer 10.21Poly(vinyl butyral) polymer:


Poly(vinyl chloride): description of 10.20properties of 10.56

Poly(vinyl chloride) and poly(vinyl acetate) polymers, properties of 10.54

Poly(vinyl fluoride) polymer 10.13Poly(vinyl formal) polymer, properties of 10.56Poly(vinylidene chloride) polymer:

description of 10.21 10.58properties of 10.56

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer: description of 10.13properties of 10.32

Polyurethane polymers: description of 10.18properties of 10.48

Pore sizes: of fritted glassware 11.60of membrane filters 11.60

Potassium: bond dissociation energies 4.32gravimetric factors 11.58

Potassium dichromate, volumetric factors for 11.79Potassium permanganate, volumetric

factors for 11.80Potentials of elements and their compounds 8.124Pounds per square inch, conversion to other

units 2.87Praseodymium, bond dissociation energies 4.49


Precipitates, heating temperatures, composition of weighing forms, and gravimetric factors 11.72

Precipitation titrations 11.89indicators for 11.94standard solutions for 11.95

Prefixes: numerical (multiplying) 2.25SI 2.25use in inorganic formulas 3.2

Pressure, altitude variation of 2.78Pressure conversion chart 2.87Pressure, critical 6.143Prestone-water mixtures, freezing point of 5.84Primary standards:

for acid-base titrations 11.74for precipitation titrations 11.94for redox titrations 11.82

Prismoid, volume of 2.112Probability curve 2.119Promethium, bond dissociation energies 4.501-Propanol, binary azeotropes with 5.671-Propanol, ternary azeotropic mixtures 5.772-Propanol, binary azeotropes with 5.682-Propanol, ternary azeotropic mixtures 5.77Properties of plastic materials 10.8Propionic acid:

binary azeotropes with 5.64ternary azeotropic mixtures 5.82

Propylene glycol-water mixtures, freezing point of 5.85

Propylene-1,2-diamine, formation constants with 8.99

Protective colloids 11.95Proton chemical shifts: 7.92

attached to a double bond 7.95in monosubstituted benzene 7.95of reference compounds 7.98

Proton magnetic moment 2.5Proton magnetogyric ratio 2.5Proton resonance frequency per field in water 2.5Proton rest mass 2.5Proton spin coupling constants 7.97Proton-transfer reactions 8.17

of inorganic materials 8.18 8.73in nonaqueous solvents 8.81of organic materials 8.24at various temperatures 8.73

Protonated inorganic anions, nomenclature of 3.6

Protons attached to double bond, estimation of chemical shift of 7.95

Psi, conversion to other pressure units 2.8

lange's handbook of chemistryminhngoc.free.fr/sach/lange's handbook of chemistry.pdf · john a....

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