language and gender differences between male and female speech noticed some time ago not studied...
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Language and Gender
Differences between male and female speech noticed some time ago Not studied systematically until recentlySome are very obvious – pronounsOther differences are discovered by sociolinguistic research
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Some gender differences
Reports of different male and female languages usually exaggerated differences in language shift different dialects or accents marrying out
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Japanese
Japanese
different phonology, morphology and vocabulary
supposedly reflect the role of women as polite, gentle, passive
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Women’s form -- men’s form (traditional Japanese)
Otoosan oyaji (father)
Onaka hara (stomach)
Taberu kuu (eat)
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Hlonipha
Hlonipha
Xhosa-speaking women must avoid syllables in their in-laws’ names
replaced with deletions, paraphrase, loan words
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Respect for husband’s family
inferior status of women
Result – a lot words used only by women
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Language and gender in English
English – differences less obvious --phonologicalLinked to social class studies of language and social class also showed gender differencesApplies in many places in UK, US, Australia, new Zealand
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In NYC women used post-vocalic /r/ more oftenNorwich – women used –ing, men used –in more often Tyneside men used glottalised –p more often
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Verbal duelling – typically masculineYo momma – white chicksRap battles – Eight MileTurkish rhymed insultsEnglish football chants
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Gender and Language change
Studies of linguistic change in Norwich, Engliand and Belfast, N Ireland
Men lead change from below
vernacular forms spread upwards – glottalisation in British English
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Women lead change from above
Introduce standard forms
Mrs Hall rather than Mizall in Leeds
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Language and networks
Belfast – women worked outside community – introduced new forms from outside
Similar pattern among African Americans in South Carolina islands
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Language and Identity
Language used to express identity but gender variation“Jocks” and “Burnouts” in Detroit suburban high schoolsidentified with suburbs and cityGender differences
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Burnout girls adopted urban rather than suburban forms but less than boysOccasionally used taboo words in single sex groups Boys frequentlyJock boys used taboo words in SSGs but not in front of women
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Explanations of gender difference
Attempt to acquire social status by using standard forms – probably true of NYCWomen forced to use distinctive forms as a sign of inferiority –XhosaWomen as guardians of cultural values –unlikely to explain interaction with children
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Standard forms are considered polite – politeness is not required of superior groupsExpression of machismoGender sorting at a young age – differences appear at 6 in some casesProbably all true in different degrees in different places
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Language and discourse
Men talk more than women, especially in publicMen interrupt women more than vice-versaWomen are more supportive of other speakers
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Women more likely to use hedgesMen more likely to use boostersWomen more likely to use compliments But problems of method and bias
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Language and Discourse
Why is there no ‘K’ in J.K. Rowling’s birth certificate
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Sexist language
Masculine gender to include womenNegative connotations of feminine wordsMaster -- mistressWorking girlSir – madamWizard – witchMany words for sexually promiscuous womenBut rent boy, toy boy
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Non-sexist language
Movement especially in USHe becomes he or she Fireman – firefighterPoliceman – police officerMrs/miss becomes ms
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Explanations
Physical – may explain intonation but not much elseGenetic – unpopular until recently --but research by Baron-Cohen – differences in male and female brains – systems vs relationships
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Social/ cultural Will explain many cases – group identity, social mobility, discriminationbut why so widespread?