language familiesdlarsen/ling203/slides/language families.pdf · 9/29/2010 · uralic, altaic, and...
TRANSCRIPT
Language Families
Ling 203
9/29/2010
Indo-European Comparison
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages
Proto-Indo-European
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages
Family Tree Model (Indo-European)
Indo-European in More Detail
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg
Romance Languages (Wave Model)
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.png
Indo-European Language Family Family Subgroup Branch Major Languages Minor Languages
Indo-European
Germanic Western English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans Frisian, Luxembourgian
Northern Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Faroese
Eastern (Gothic)
Italic Latino-Faliscan
(Latin)
Romance Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian/ Moldavian
Catalan, Provençal, Rhaeto-Romansch, Sardinian
Celtic Brythonic Welsh, Breton (Cornwallish)
Goidelic Irish, Scots Gaelic (Manx)
Hellenic Greek
Albanian Albanian
Slavic Eastern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian
Western Polish, Czech, Slovak Sorbian
Southern Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian
Baltic Lithuanian, Latvian
Armenian Armenian
Indo-Iranian
Iranian Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian Gilaki, Mazanderani
Indic Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bihari, Rajasthani, Oriya, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi, Sinhalese
Bhili, Romany, Maldivian
This and the following language family charts are taken from Ling 101 slides of Kenneth Hyde
Uralic, Altaic, and Afro-Asiatic Languages Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages
Uralic Finno-Ugric Finnic Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin, Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Saami (=Lappish)
Ugric Hungarian, Xanty
Samoyed Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, Enets
Altaic Turkic Southern Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen
Central Kazakh, Kirgiz, Karakalpak, Nogai
Eastern Uzbek, Uigur, Salar
Western Karachay, Bashkir, Tatar
Bolgar Chuvash
Northern Yakut, Altai, Khakas, Tuva, Shor
Mongolian Khalkha (=Mongolian), Buriat, Kalmyk, Ordos
Tungusic Northern Evenki, Even
Southern Manchu, Oroch, Olcha, Samagir
Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic Arabic Arabic, Maltese
Canaanite Hebrew
Aramaic (Syriac), Aramaic, Assyrian
Ethiopic Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage, Harari, (Geez)
Berber Tamazight, Riff, Kabyle, Shawiya, Tamahaq, Shilha
Cushitic Somali, Oromo, Sidamo, Beja, Afar, Saho
Egyptian (Coptic)
Chadic Hausa, Gwandara, Tumak, Musey
Caucasian, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Independents
Family Subgroup Branch Language
Caucasian South Georgian, Mingrelian
Northwest Kabardian, Adygh, Abxaz, Abaza
Northeast Nax Chechen, Ingush
Dagestan Avar, Lezgi, Dargwa, Lak, Tabasaran, Tsaxur
Dravidian Northwest Brahui
Dravidian Proper
Northeast Kurukh, Malto
Central Telugu, Gondi, Kui
South Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu
Family Subgroup Branch Language
Sino-Tibetan
Sinitic Bai Hokin, Bai, Tali
Chinese Mandarin, Yue (=Cantonese), Wu, Xiang, Gan, Northern Min, Southern Min
Tibeto-Burman
Tibetic Newari, Lepcha, Central Tibetan, Magar, Rangkas, Rungchenbung
Burmic Meithei, Angami, Moso, Burmese, Lisu, Maru
Family Language
Inde-pendent
[Korean-Japanese] Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are often grouped together as a branch of the Altaic language family. This grouping, however, is still controversial.
Korean
Japanese
Ainu
[Mon-Khmer] Vietnamese and Muong are now often accepted as being members of the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austric language family.
Vietnamese, Muong
[Penutian] Zuñi is claimed to be a member of the Penutian branch of the Amerind language family. Zuñi
[Dene-Caucasian] Basque and Burushaski are now thought by some linguists to be a member of the Dene-Caucasian language family, which includes Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, and Na-Dene.
Basque
Burshaski
South Pacific and Pacific Rim Languages
Family Subgroup Branch Language
Austric Austro-Asiatic
Munda Santali, Mundari, Ho, Gorum, Juang
Mon-Khmer Khmer, Mon, Palaung, Wa, Bahnar, Sedang, Khasi, Nicobarese
Austro-Tai Tai Thai, Lao, Li, Mak, Yuan, Nung, Tho
Miao-Yao Miao, Yao
Austronesian Western Malayo-Polynesian
Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Tagalog, Visayan, Malagasy, Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Buginese, Balinese, Ilocano, Bikol, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Igorot, Maranao, Jarai, Rhade, Cham, Chamorro, Palau
Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
Marshallese, Gilbertese, Ponapean, Yapese, Trukese, Nauruan, Fijian, Motu, Yabim, Tolai, Maori, Uvean, Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tahitian, Tuamotu, Marquesan, Hawaiian
Family Branch Language
Australian Dyirbal, Iwaidja, Djingili
Chukchi-Kamchatkan Northern Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Ket
Southern Kamchadal
Eskimo-Aleut Eskimo, Aleut
African Languages Family Subgroup Branch Languages
Niger-Congo
Western Sudanic
Mande Mende, Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Soninke, Susu, Kpelle, Vai, Loma
West Atlantic Fulani, Wolof, Serer, Dyola, Temne, Kissi, Gola, Balante
Gur Mossi, Gurma, Dagomba, Kabre, Senufo, Bariba
Kwa Yoruba, Ibo, Ewe, Twi, Fanti, Ga, Adangme, Fon, Edo, Urhobo, Idoma, Nupe, Agni, Baule, Kru, Grebo, Bassa
Benue-Congo
Bantu Kiswahili, Luba, Kongo, Lingala, Mongo, Ruanda, Rundi, Kikuyu, Kamba, Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Hehe, Chagga, Makonde, Yao, Ganda, Nkole, Chiga, Gisu, Toro, Luhya,Kisii, Meru, Nyoro, Nyanja, Ngala, Tumbuka, Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lwea, Lunda, Shona, Fang, Bulu, Yaundé, Duala, Bubi, Mbundu, Chokwe, Ambo, Herero, Makua, Lomwe, Tsonga, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Ndebele
Delta Cross Efik, Ibibio
Adamawa-Eastern
Adamawa Mbum
Eastern Zande, Sango, Gbaya, Banda
Family Subgroup Branch Subbranch Languages
Nilo-Saharan
Eastern Sudanic Nubian Meidob, Birgid
Nilotic Western Luo, Agar, Nuer, Shilluk, Lango, Acholi, Alur
Eastern Teso, Karamojong, Masai, Turkana, Bari, Lotuko
Southern Kalenjin, Suk
Central Sudanic Sara, Mangbetu, Lugbara, Madi
Saharan Kanuri, Zagawa
Songhai Songhai
Maban Mabang, Mimi
Fur Fur, Biltine
Khoisan !Kung, Nama, Sandawe, Hadza
Family Subgroup Branch Languages
Na-Dene Continental Athabaskan-Eyak Navajo, Apache, Chipewyan, Carrier, Chilcotin
Tlingit Tlingit
Haida Haida Haida
Amerind Mosan Salish Bella Coola, Lillooet, Shuswap, Okanagan, Clallam, Squamish, Coeur d’Alene
Wakashan Nootka, Kwakwala (=Kwakiutl)
Almosan Algongiuan Cheyenne, Cree, Ojibwa, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Shawnee
Penutian Plateau Nez Perce, Klamath, Cayuse
Oregon Takelma, Tfalati, Yonkalla, Coos
Mexican Huave, Totonac, Mixe, Zoque, Yucatec, Maya, Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chol, Chontal, Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel, Kekchi
Gulf Natchez, Muskogee (=Creek), Seminole (=Mikasuki), Choctaw, Chickasaw
Hokan Yuman Maricopa, Mohave, Havasupai, Diegueño,
Northern Shasta, Karok, Pomo
Salinan (Chumash), (Salinan), (Esselen)
Keresiouan Northern Iroquoian Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida
Southern Iroquoian Cherokee
Siouan Assiniboine, Winnebago, Omaha, Osage, Dakota, Crow
Caddoan Caddo, Pawnee, Wichita
Keresan Keresan
Uto-Aztecan Numic Mono, Shoshone, Paiute, Comanche
Taracahitic Tarahumara, Yaqui, Guarijío
Aztecan Nahuatl, Pochutla, Pipil
Tanoan Kiowa Kiowa, Towa
Tewa-Tiwa Tewa, Taos, Isleta, Piro
Oto-Manguean Otomi, Mazahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mazatec, Matlatzinca
Chibchan-Paezan
Chibchan Miskito, Lenca, Tarascan, Guaymi, Cuna, Bribri, Yanomami
Paezan Colorado, Warao, Saija, Paez, Mura
Ge-Pano-Carib Carib Carib, Chicão, Carijona, Japreria
Ge-Pano Chulupi, Matses, Bororo, Chavante,
Andean Andean Quechua, Aymara, , Araucanian, Waorani, Zaparo
Equatorial Aguaruna, Tupi, Arawak, Ashaninca