Language Methodologies

July 15, 2014

Prepared by Jean Providence

•Grammar Translation

•Direct

•Audio lingual

•Natural Approach

• Total Physical Response (TPR)

•Whole Language

•All methods within the Communicative Approach

Methods of Language learning and teaching

The purpose of this method was to help student read and appreciate foreign language literature.

•Classes are taught in the mother tongue, with little active use of the target language.

•Vocabulary is taught in the form of list isolated words

•Reading of difficult classical test is begun early.

• Little attention is paid to the content of test.

•Communicating in the target language was not a goal.

Grammar Translation Method

The Direct Method became popular as a reaction to the Grammar Translation Method. This method dates back to late 19th –early 20th century. • Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language.  •Only everyday vocabulary and sentences are taught.•   Oral communication skills are built up in a carefully traded progression organized around question-and-answer exchanges between teachers and students in small, intensive classes.•  Grammar is taught inductively.

Direct Method

• Memorisation of a series of dialogues using repetitive drills

• No grammar explanation. Grammar is taught by inductive analogy.

• Vocabulary is strictly limited and learned in context.

• Teacher provides student with a model for imitation .

• There is a much use of tapes, language labs, and visual aids.

Audio-lingual Method

• The teacher speaks only the target language and class time is committed to providing input for acquisition• Students must be exposed to a lot of vocabularies.•Natural approach is not based on grammar, it is based on communication.• Students are allowed to use their native language alongside the target language as part of the learning process.•Use of visual aids and gestures are required.•Games and problem-solving tasks are used in class.

Natural Approach

•   The teacher directs and students "act" in response - "The instructor is the director of a stage play in which the students are the actors" (Asher, 1977:43).

• Listening and physical response skills are emphasized over oral production.

• Students are not required to speak until they feel naturally ready or confident enough to do so.

•   Grammar and vocabulary are emphasized over other language areas. 

•Spoken language is emphasized over written language.

Total Physical Response

Learning proceeds from whole to part. Learning should take in place in L1 language to build concept and facilitate the acquisition of the L2 language.

• Learning is a social act.

•Student-centered learning.

• Teacher is a facilitator.

Whole Language

The Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA) is a five-step systematic instructional model to teach ELLs how to use learning strategies for both language and content. The goal of this five-step model is to help students become independent learners, who can evaluate and reflect on their own learning.

1st Step: Preparation

a) student’s prior knowledge b) student’s current level of language proficiency.

Cognitive Academic Learning Language Approach (CALLA)

• 2nd Step: Presentation

a ) demonstration b) modeling c) visual support.

• 3rd Step: Practice

a) Collaboration ( working in pairs and cooperative groups)

b) Problem solving

c) Inquiry or research.

• 4th Step: Evaluation

• 5th step: Expansion

• The Grammar Translation Method, which was originated in the late nineteen century, uses techniques such as: memorization of grammatical rules and vocabularies, direct translations, and drills exercises to teach the target language.

• The Direct Method which began in the early twentieth century forbids the use of native language in the class. Grammar is taught inductively through fill- in the blank exercises.

Summary

• The Audio-Lingual Method ( The Army Method) was first used in 1940’s. The order of skills learned are listening, speaking, reading and writing. L2 should be learned without reference to L1.

• The Natural Approach emerged in late 1970’s. It is based on how children acquire their first language.

• Total Physical Response (TPR) is a method that uses physical actions to teach language.

•Whole Language was developed in 1980’s. It centers on the idea that learning proceeds from whole to part.

• http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/method.htm

• http://www.englishclub.com/tefl-articles/history-english-language-teaching.htm

• http://www.kendallhunt.com/uploadedFiles/Kendall_Hunt/Content/Higher_Education/Uploads/CH11_Zainuddin_3e.pdf

• http://www.proliteracy.org/downloads/oic/how%20use%20total%20phys%20resp%20fs.pdf

REFERENCES

• http://jillrobbins.com/calla/CALLAHandout.pdf

• http://www.neosho.k12.mo.us/teacher_pages/gouchercammy/CALLA.html

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