Linguistics Society of New Zealand

Language & Society Conference

14-16 November 2018

Victoria University of Wellington

*photo by Corinne Seals

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Many thanks for joining us for the 2018 Language & Society Conference at Victoria University of Wellington! We are happy to have you here, and we hope you enjoy the

conference!

` Corinne Seals Bernadette Vine Senior Lecturer Research Fellow

School of Linguistics and School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies Applied Language Studies

Victoria University of Wellington Victoria University of Wellington

Our Most Sincere Thanks to:

Madeline Ash Oliver Balance Laurie Bauer

TJ Boutorwick Thi Bich Thuy Bui Trang Le Diem Bui

Sasha Calhoun Andreea Calude Victoria Chen

Lynn Clark Rolando Coto Solano

Averil Coxhead Shelley Dawson

Irina Elgort Tony Fisher

Amy Giles Mitson Emily Greenbank

Peter Gu Hunter Hatfield

Jen Hay Janet Holmes

Angela Joe Aynur Ismayilli Karakoc

Juliet Kennedy Kai Liu

John Macalister Miriam Malthus

Miriam Meyerhoff Diego Navarro

Jonathan Newton Mohammed Nofal Vini Olsen-Reeder

Jean Parkinson HaThi Phuong Pham

Honiara Salanoa Anna Siyanova

Tauwehe Tamati Thi Ngoc Diep Tran

Micky Vale Elaine Vine

Aileen Wang Paul Warren

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Map of Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Campus

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Conference Dinner

Green Man Pub (25 Victoria St., Wellington)

15th November 2018, 7pm

Tickets must be purchased in advance

*special diet menus available upon request

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KeynoteSpeaker:Dr.Tauwehe(Sophie)Tamati(TheUniversityofAuckland)

TheTransAcquisitionTrajectorytoAcceleratedReadingComprehensioninEnglishforNewZealand’sMinorityLanguageStudents

I’mapassionateadvocateforculturalandlinguisticsustainabilityandIbelievethatoureducationsystemshouldprovisiontherightof all children to be bilingual in te reoMāori as the indigenouslanguageofourland,andEnglish,asthemajoritylanguageofourcountry. Such hope I place in TransAcquisition, a culturallysustaining/revitalising pedagogy (Lee & McCarty, 2017) whichnormalizes and maximizes the benefits of bilingualism andbiliteracy while building academic knowledge. TransAcquisitionPedagogywastheorised,developed,trialledanditseffectivenessevaluatedinthebiliterateteachingofacademicEnglishtoYear7and 81Kura KaupapaMāori students. TransAcquisition uses the

entangledrootsof2kahikateatreestoreimagineCummins’ (1984,1986,1991(a)-(b),2001)notion of the bilingual student’s centralised processing system as an InterrelationalTranslingualNetwork(ITN).Thisnetworkfunctionsasanevolvingorganicwebofcomplexinterconnected linguistic and conceptual interrelationships that expands when a newlanguageisbeinglearned.TheITNispedagogicallyoperationalisedinthetransacquisitionaltasking process which involves the Read-to-Retell-to-Revoice-to-Rewrite instructionalsequence. This promotes the reciprocal transfer of semantic knowledge between thelanguagestosupportgreaterunderstandingofthemeaningmessagesinbothlanguages. Iwill draw on my research to show how TransAcquisition accelerated the kura students’literacydevelopment inEnglishwhileenhancingtheirpre-existing literacy intereoMāori.Theeight-weekTransAcquisitioninterventionprogrammehadastatisticallysignificanteffecton developing and improving the kura students’ academic language, academicunderstanding, and reading comprehension in English. In the wider context of English-mediumeducation,TransAcquisitionhasrealpotentialtosupportthelearningprioritiesofthe growing numbers of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) learners entering ourschools.“WiththeincreasingdiversityofNewZealand’spopulationandspokenlanguages,theeducationsystem’sabilitytorespondtoCLDlearnersiscriticalforthefuture”(ERO,2018,p.11).Mahiatemahi–Makeithappen. Tauwehe’s iwi affiliations include Iwi Tapu, Ngāti Maniapoto, Ngāti Ruapani ki Waikaremoana, Tūhoe andTūwharetoa. She is a senior lecturer in TePunaWānangaSchoolofMāori and IndigenousEducationat theFacultyofEducationandSocialWork,UniversityofAuckland.HerresearchandprofessionalpracticefocusesonTransAcquisitionPedagogy(TAP)toacceleratebilingualismandbiliteracyinBilingualEducation.Shetheorised,developed,trialedandevaluatedtheuseofTAPtoraisethereadingachievementlevelsofKuraKaupapaMāoristudents inEnglish.Apassionateadvocateforculturalandlinguisticsustainability,TauweheisextendingherresearchfocustoincludetheuseofTAPwithemergentbilingualsinindigenousandminority/migrantgroupsaround theworld. Tauwehe'sresearch also includes the development and evaluation of translingual digitalenvironmentsinVirtualRealityAppsaspedagogicaltoolsforSecondLanguageAcquisition.SheiscurrentlytheleadresearcherintwoprojectsusingVirtualRealityAppsintheEducation,HealthandSocialWorksectorsforthelearningofTeReoMāori.

1Māoriimmersion2Dacrycarpusdacrydioides

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KeynoteSpeaker:Prof.JenniferHay(UniversityofCanterbury)

Whatdoesitmeanto"knowaword"?

Thistalkexploresresultsthatsitattheperipheryofnatureoflexicalknowledge.Whatdoesitmeanto'know'aword?A substantial literature on word knowledge outlines acontinuumoftypesofword'knowing'frompassiverecognitionofthewordthroughtocomplexknowledgeofcontextualusageandcollocations.Ifocusinonsomerecentresultsthatsitjustbeyond the periphery of most existing continuums of wordknowledge.First, I detail the remarkable social and phonetic word

knowledgethatnativespeakersofalanguagehave.Resultsfromstudiesofsoundchange,speech perception, and speech production show evidence of very nuanced experienced-basedrepresentationsofwords.Knowingawordincludesknowingwhosaysthatword,andthephoneticdetailsofhowtheysayit.Thesedetailsfeedintothedetailedrepresentationofeachword,andshapetrajectoriesofsoundchange.Second,Ioutlineasetofresultsfromourongoingexperimentationintonon-Māori-speakingNZers'knowledgeofMāori.Theresultspointtoa large incipient,non-semanticandnon-overtlexiconthatindividualsarenotawareofpossessing.Evidenceofsuchalexiconcanbeseeninlexicaldecisiontasks,andinthesophisticatedphonotacticgeneralizationsthatnon-speakersofMāoriappeartobeabletogenerate.Together,theseresultspointtoaremarkablecapacitytostoreandutilizeinformationaboutwords.Inthecaseofambientexposuretowordsfromalanguagewedon'tspeak,thistakestheformoftheverybeginningsoflexicalrepresentations.Inthecaseofwordswearehighlyfamiliarwith,complexinformationisstoredaboutfinephoneticdetail,andaboutthesocialandcontextualdistributionsofwords.Therearemanywaysto'knowaword',andweappeartoknowmuchmoredetailaboutwords,andtoknowmanymorewords,thanweareovertlyconsciousofknowing.JenHayisaProfessorofLinguisticsattheUniversityofCanterbury,andtheDirectoroftheNewZealandInstituteof Language,BrainandBehaviour.SheholdsaBA(Hons)andMA fromVUW,andaPhD fromNorthwesternUniversity,inChicago.Shehaspublishedwidelyinlaboratoryphonology,morphologyandsociophonetics.ShehaswontheUniversityofCanterbury’sResearchMedal,andisaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyofNewZealand.

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BilingualisminArab-EnglishspeakingchildreninNewZealand: focusonhomelanguagecontexts

ZainabAldawood(TheUniversityofAuckland)

LindHand(TheUniversityofAuckland)ElaineBallard(TheUniversityofAuckland)

There isvery little informationavailableonthedevelopmentofbilingualism inchildren inArabic-Englishspeakingcontextsanywhere(e.g.Salameh,Hakansson&Nettelbladt,2004),andnoinformationonthisissueforNewZealandhasbeenfound.

Asabasisforadetailedstudyofaspectsofbilinguallanguagedevelopmentforthislanguagepairing,thebroaderpictureofthelanguagecontextofthesechildreninNewZealandwillbepresented.Dataonhome languageandcultural contextswasgathered throughanonlinesurvey.86respondents(families)whereatleastoneparentspokeArabicparticipatedinthestudy. Countries of origin, reasons for and duration of time in New Zealand, familycomposition, education backgrounds, and degree of self-reported proficiency in theirlanguageswereamongthetopicssurveyed.

Results indicate that there are a number of factors that enhance bilingual languagedevelopment in this little-researched community. These include higher than averageeducationlevels,greaterproficiencyinArabicthanEnglish,countryoforiginandlengthofstayinNewZealand.

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BadNewsforTESOLTeacherswhoWanttoTeachMorphology

LaurieBauer(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Although therearemany reasonswhyTESOL teachersmight feel that theyneed to teachmorphologyovertly(andIshalloutlinesomeofthesereasons),therearealsomanyproblemsinvolved in teaching morphology. Some of these are a function of the teacher’s aim inteachingmorphologyovertly–isittoexpandreceptiveorproductiveabilities,forinstance–but some arise because of the system, and some arise because of the frequency ofmorphologicallycomplexitemsinthemostfrequentvocabulary.Forexample,thepolysemyofmostsuffixesisaproblemforbothreceptiveandproductiveskills,andthefactthatthemostfrequentlyoccurringsuffixesarenotthemostproductivesuffixesprovidesaconflictintryingtodevelopteachingstrategies.Asalways,beingproperlyinformedaboutthesystemishelpfulindevelopingmaterialsandstrategies.

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Thesemanticsofblendednamesinpoliticaldiscussions

NataliaBeliaeva(VictoriaUniversityofWellington) NataliaKnoblock(SaginawValleyStateUniversity)

Blended names such as Merkozy (Merkel + Sarkozy) have become an important part ofcontemporarymedia, particularly due to their attention-catching and punning nature, aspointed out, for example, in Renner (2015). Blending is established inmany typologicallydiverselanguages,includingRussian(Hrushcheva,2017)andUkrainian(Borgwaldt,Kulish,&Bose, 2012). The present study focusses on blended names in political discourse, andinvestigatestheonomasiologicalfunctionofblendinginthediscussionsofwarinUkraineandrelatedpoliticalevents.AspointedoutinGorban’(2016),blendednamesareoftenusedinpoliticaldiscussionstoaddderogatoryconnotations,ortodiscreditthepoliticalopponent.Inthisresearch,theuseofblendednamesinRussianandUkrainiannewsposts,blogpostsandforumsisanalysed,thesemanticsofblendednamesandtheirroleinpoliticaldiscourseareexplored.Thedataforthisstudy(approximately800,000wordsintheRussiancorpus,andapproximately 380,000 words in the Ukrainian corpus) were collected from web-basedsources using the WebBootCaT tool of the corpus managements system Sketch Engine(Kilgarriffetal.,2004).The‘seedwords’usedtoidentifytextsofinterestwerethelastnamesoftheRussianandtheUkrainianpresidents,andtheblendednamessuchasPutler(Putin+Hitler) and Parashenko (parasha ‘piss can’ + Poroshenko). The results of the studydemonstrate clear differences between the contexts of use of blended vs. non-blendednamesinpoliticalmediaanddiscussions,intermsofthestyleandregisterofthediscussion,emotionalmarkersandcontent.ReferencesBorgwaldt,S.R.,Kulish,T.,&Bose,A.(2012).Ukrainianblends:Elicitationparadigmand

structuralanalysis.InV.Renner,F.Maniez,&P.J.L.Arnaud(Eds.),Cross-disciplinaryperspectivesonlexicalblending(pp.75–92).Berlin:DeGruyterMouton.

Gorban’,V.V.(2016).Semanticheskiyetransformatsiivpoliticheskomdiscurseinterneta.PoliticheskayaLingvistika,2,60–64.

Hrushcheva,O.A.(2017).Blendysovremennogorusskogoyazykakakzerkalokultury.VestnikOrenburgskogoGosudarstvennogoUniversiteta,202,66–70.

Renner,V.(2015).Lexicalblendingaswordplay.InA.Zirker&E.Winter-Froemel(Eds.),Wordplayandmetalinguistic/metadiscursivereflection:Authors,contexts,techniques,andmeta-reflection(pp.119–133).Berlin:DeGruyterMouton.

KilgarriffA.,RychlyP.,SmrzP.,TugwellD.(2004).TheSketchEngine.InWilliams,G.&Vessier,S.(Eds.)Proceedingsofthe11thEURALEXInternationalCongress,105-115.Retrievedfromhttp://www.euralex.org/elx_proceedings/Euralex2004/011_2004_V1_Adam%20KILGARRIFF,%20Pavel%20RYCHLY,%20Pavel%20SMRZ,%20David%20TUGWELL_The%20%20Sketch%20Engine.pdf

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Aretweopledifferentfromtwitterpeople? Semanticrelationsbetweenthecomponentsofcompoundsandblends

NataliaBeliaeva(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

ElizavetaTarasova(IPUNewZealand)Thepresentedresearchisbasedontheanalysisofspeakers’perceptionsofthedifferencesinthesemanticstructureofcompoundsandblends.Incontemporaryliterature,blendsarenolongerconsideredanunpredictableextragrammaticaltypeofcoiningnewwords,buttheirstance in relation to other morphological categories such as compounds is still underdiscussion.Likecompounds,blendsareformedbyjoiningtogethertwo(ormore)words.Theobviousformaldifferenceisthatinblendsconstituentsaremergedintoasinglelexeme,bothgraphically andprosodically,whereas compounds are comprisedof discrete lexemes. Thequestionpursuedinthisstudyishowtheseformaldifferencesarereflectedonthesemanticlevel.Whilethemajorityofregisteredblendsarecoordinative(Gries,2012;Renner,2006),e.g.needcessity<need+necessity,magalogue<magazine+catalogue,determinativeblendssuchasnegatude<negative+attitudearewidelyattestedandarehardtobeexcludedfromanalysisonpurelyformalgrounds(seeBeliaeva,2014fordiscussion).Thisstudyproposesamethod of comparing the semantic characteristics of determinative blends and N+Nsubordinativecompounds throughevaluating thedifferences in readers’understandingofthesemanticrelationshipsbetweentheconstituentsofthestructuresunder investigation.Thesemanticrelationsthataredemonstratedtoexistbetweentheelementsofblends(Bauer& Tarasova, 2013) are analysed using a corpus of contemporary blends and a corpus ofcompounds.Aprojectofaweb-basedexperimentaimingtosubstantiatetheresultsofthecorpusstudyispresented.ReferencesBauer,L.,&Tarasova,E.(2013).Themeaninglinkinnominalcompounds.SKASEJournalof

TheoreticalLinguistics,10(3),1–18.Beliaeva,N.(2014).AstudyofEnglishblends:Fromstructuretomeaningandbackagain.

WordStructure,7(1),29–54.Gries,S.T.(2012).Quantitativecorpusdataonblendformation:Psycho-and

cognitivelinguisticperspectives.InV.Renner,F.Maniez,&P.J.L.Arnaud(Eds.),Crossdisciplinaryperspectivesonlexicalblending(pp.145–167).Berlin:DeGruyterMouton.

Renner,V.(2006).Lescomposéscoordinatifsenanglaiscontemporain(PhDthesis).UniversitéLumière-Lyon2,Lyon.

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TheSociolinguisticsoftheGospels

AllanBell(AucklandUniversityofTechnology)

Inthisoverviewpaper,IdrawonexistingNewTestamentscholarshiponthecanonicalgospelsoftheNewTestament–Matthew,Mark,Luke,John-withasociolinguisticeye.Myprimaryaimistoseewhetherasociolinguistictakecanthrownewlightontheinterpretationofthetexts or of the events and teachings that they present. Secondarily, I examinewhat lightaspectsofthegospelsmaythrowonthesociolinguisticsituationoftheirtimeandplace. Iaddressinparticulartheseissues:

� TranslationandtheGospels.ItisgenerallyagreedthatJesuswillhavepresentedhisteachinginAramaic,thefirstlanguageofPalestineatthetime.ButtheGospelsarewritteninkoineGreek,thewiderlinguafrancaoftheeasternRomanempire.Iexploretheimplicationsofthisforthetextswehaveandtheirinterpretation.

� LanguagechoiceintheGospels:whileAramaicmayhavebeentheprimarylanguageused by Jesus and his immediate disciples, the Gospels narrate many encountersbetweenhimandpeoplewhowillhavespokenotherlanguages.WhatwasJesus’ownlinguisticrepertoire?

� Accent in the Gospels: Jesus came from Galilee, which was a geographically andsociallymarginalizedareaofPalestine.Hisaccentwillhavebeenrecognizablyregionalandnon-standard,aswas thatofhisdisciplePeterwhowas identified throughhisaccentbybystandersatJesus’trialinJerusalem.WhatwerethesocialandpoliticalrepercussionsofJesus’accent?

I will draw conclusions on what sociolinguistics can tell us about the Gospels, what theGospels say about their sociolinguistic milieu, and what that contributes to the widersociolinguisticenterprise.

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SomepeoplehaverelativesalloverAuckland: AnanalysisofrelativeclausesinAucklandEnglish

AlexandraBirchfield(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

HelenCharters(UniversityofAuckland)ElaineBallard(UniversityofAuckland)

CatherineWatson(UniversityofAuckland) MiriamMeyerhoff(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Relativeclauses inEnglishshowvariation inhowthecomplementiserphrase(CP) is filled.Speakerscanchoosetouse(i)athatcomplementiser,(ii)aWH-elementinspec,CPor(iii)anull complementiser andnull operator variant. Previous studies (Tagliamonte et al. 2005,D’Arcy and Tagiamonte 2010, Levey 2014) have shown remarkable consistency in thefrequency of these forms for varieties of English world-wide, though there is clearly astyle/genre effect, such that written relative clauses and spoken relative clauses tend tofavourdifferentstrategies.Thesyntacticcomplexityofthecanonicalthree-waydistinctionmightbepredictedtobefavoured inmorestableandhomogeneousspeechcommunities(Trudgill 2011), while migration might be expected to lead to structural levelling of thevariants.

Wereportonthedistributionandformalpropertiesofrelativeclausesinthreecommunitiesin Auckland – Titirangi, which is relatively stable and homogeneous; Mount Roskill andPapatoetoe,whichhaveexperienced considerable immigrationatdifferentpoints in theirhistory.Ouranalysisofover2000relativeclausesshowsthatdifferentcommunitiesdotendtofavourdifferenttypesofrelativisingstrategies.

Wealsofindevidenceofwherebeingusedtointroducesubjectrelativeclauses(e.g.wearea familywherewe…), anoptionnot discussed in theprevious literature.Wediscuss theimplicationsofthisvariantamongtheWH-relativesanditspotentialasamarkerofdifferentvarietiesofNZEnglish.ReferencesD'Arcy,Alexandra,andSaliA.Tagliamonte2010.Prestige,accommodation,andthelegacy

ofrelativewho.LanguageinSociety39(3):383-410.Levey,Stephen2014.Acomparativevariationistperspectiveonrelativeclausesinchildand

adultspeech.InRenaTorresCacoullos,NathalieDion&AndréLapierre(eds.)LinguisticVariation:ConfrontingFactandTheory.NewYork:Routledge.22-37.

Tagliamonte,SaliA.JenniferSmith&HelenLawrence2005.Notamingthevernacular!InsightsfromtherelativesinnorthernBritain.LanguageVariationandChange17(01):74-112.

Trudgill,Peter2011.Sociolinguistictypology:Socialdeterminantsoflinguisticcomplexity.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

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TheuseofMāoriwordsinNationalScienceChallengeonlinediscourse

AndreeaCalude(UniversityofWaikato)LouiseStevenson(UniversityofWaikato) HemiWhaanga(UniversityofWaikato)TeTakaKeegan(UniversityofWaikato)

AsoneofthemostsalientcharacteristicsofNZE,thesteadyflowofwordsofMāorioriginhasattractedtheattentionofNZEspeakersandlinguisticsscholarsalike,datingasfarbackasthe1940s(Anderson,1946).However,oneareathatseemstohaveescapedscrutinyisthatofdigitaltechnologies.

ThispaperpresentsdatarelatingtotheuseofMāoriborrowingsastheyoccurinacorpusofscientificdiscourseonthewebsitesoftheelevenNationalScienceChallenges(NSCs)andtheirassociatedTwitterfeeds.Wereportfindingsinrelationtothreequestions:

(1)Whichborrowingsarebeingused?(2)Howmightweclassify themintermsofcultural/core loans (Myers-Scotton,2002)andsemanticclasses(Macalister,2006)?(3)Howdoestheuseoftheseloanscomparewiththeloanswefindinothergenres?

WefindthattheuseofMāoriborrowingsinourNationalScienceChallengeCorpusdifferssubstantiallyinbothtypesandtokenstoothercorpora,suchastheWellingtonSpokenandWrittenCorpora(Bauer,1993;Holmesetal.,1998).WealsofindthatMāoriborrowingsmakeanappearanceamongthetenmostfrequentlyoccurringwordsforjustoverhalfoftheelevenNSCs.However,when studying themost frequent tenborrowingswithineachNSC, theseexhibitafairamountofvariation(acrosstheelevenNSCs,wefind69distincttypes).

ThestudyofMāoriborrowingsinonlinediscourseprovidesafruitfulavenueofinquiryintothewaysNZEisbeingfurtherinfluencedbytereoMāori.ReferencesAnderson,JohannesC.(1946).MāoriwordsincorporatedintotheEnglishlanguage.Journal

ofthePolynesianSociety,55,141-162.Bauer,Laurie(1993).ManualofinformationtoaccompanytheWellingtoncorpusofwritten

NewZealandEnglish.Wellington:DepartmentofLinguistics,VictoriaUniversityofWellington.

Holmes,J.,Vine,B.&Johnson,B.G.(1998).GuidetotheWellingtonCorpusofSpokenNewZealandEnglish.Wellington,NewZealand,SchoolofLinguisticsandAppliedLanguageStudies:VictoriaUniversityofWellington.

Macalister,John(2006).TheMaoriPresenceintheEnglishLexicon,1850-2000.EnglishWorld-Wide,27(1),1-24.

Myers-Scotton,C.(2002).Contactlinguistics:Bilingualencountersandgrammaticaloutcomes.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

DatasourceNational Science Challenge Site: http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-

innovation/funding-info-opportunities/investment-funds/national-science-challenges

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Notmuchchanges:QuantifieruseinAucklandEnglish

HelenCharters(UniversityofAuckland)ElaineBallard(UniversityofAuckland)

SpeakersofNZEnglish seem to findnothing strangeaboutusing ‘less’withplural nouns;youngerspeakerscanalsobeheardtosay:“toomuchpeople”or“asmallamountofjobs”.SoisNewZealandEnglishlosingthecount-massdistinction?

Studiesofquantifier-nounagreementinanyvarietyofEnglisharerare,McDavidandHanes(1969)foundnoinstancesof‘less’withpluralnounsinAmericanEnglish,butGraham(2010)statesthatmuchisusedwithcountandmassnouns.inAfro-BayIslandEnglish,avarietyfromtheHonduras,stronglyinfluencedbyanoldercreole.CouldcreolisationprocessesbeafactorinAucklanders’quantifieruse?

Wediscusscollocationsofquantifierandpluralnounsfoundinrecordingsofover50hoursofconversationswithwomenfrom3demographicallydistinctAucklandsuburbs:Titirangi,predominantly Pākehā; Papatoetoe, ethnically mixed and Mount Roskill a communityundergoingdemographicchange.Participantswereagedbetween12and25(n=17),orover40(n=15).

283collocationsincludedregularandirregularpluralsandeightquantifierscodedasmass.(much,less,amount),count(many,fewer,number)andnon-specific(alotof,heapsof).Inallsuburbsandforbothagegroups,‘fewer’israre,but‘much’and‘amount’areusedwithpluralnounsonlyoccasionally,butMtRoskillspeakersdifferedsignificantlyfromothersinhavingapreferenceforunspecifiedquantifierswithpluralnouns(p<.05).While there is no clear evidence for semantic change in quantifiers, this avoidance ofagreementispotentiallyconsistentwithacreolistaccountoflanguagechange.ReferencesGraham,Ross.2010.‘Honduras/BayIslandEnglish’.InDanielSchreier,PeterTrudgill,Edgar

W.Schneider,&JeffreyP.Williams(eds),TheLesser-KnownVarietiesofEnglish:AnIntroduction.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.92-135.

McDavid,RavenI.&LouiseHanes.1969.TheEnglishCan'tMakeupTheirMind.AmericanSpeech44(3):234-237.

Plag,Ingo.2011.‘Creolizationandlanguagechange:acomparison’.InDanyAdone&IngoPlag(eds),CreolizationandLanguageChange.Berlin:DeGruyter.3-22.

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Theraising-to-objectconstructioninPuyuma anditsimplicationsforatypologyofRTO

VictoriaChen(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Recentworkhasrevealedthatraising-to-object(RTO)constructionsacrosslanguagesimposetwo common constraints. Constructions that involve an actualmovement of the “raised”phrase(XP)invariablyimposea“Subject-only”constraintonXP,whereasthosethatcontainanXPbase-generatedinitsspell-outpositionrequireacoindexedpronounintheembeddedclause.ThispaperinvestigatesanunderstudiedtypeofRTOconstructioninthePhilippine-typeAustronesianlanguagePuyuma(1)-(2),inwhicha“Subject-only”constraintontheXPisabsent(1b),andtheconstructionneednotcontainanembeddedpronouncoindexedwiththeXP(2):1

Idemonstratethattheabsenceoftheseconstraintsfollowsfromanembeddedhangingtopicanalysis of the XP, whereby the XP is base-generated at the left periphery of a finiteembedded clause, whose relation with the embedded CP is established through theaboutness condition (Reinhart 1981, Lambrecht 1994). I discuss how this constructionenrichesthecurrentunderstandingofthemicrovariationfoundinnon-movement-typeRTOconstructions.Finally, IshowthattheXPs, in instancesofRTOthathavebeenanalyzedasembeddedtopicconstructions,exhibitvariationinbehaviorparalleltotopicsinrootclauseenvironments,whichcallsforfurtherinvestigationofthecorrelationbetweentopicsandXPsinRTOconstructions.1Listofabbreviations:AV:actorvoice;C:complementiser;DEF:definite;INDF:indefinite;LOC:locative;SUPER:superlative.

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Reclaimingthepleasureofconsent: Contributionsfromalensofembodiedsociolinguistics

ShannonCouper(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Intheongoingcombatagainstentrenchedrapeculture,sociolinguisticinvestigationsofthelanguageofconsentaremorenecessarythanever.Communicatingandrecognisinga ‘no’also requires the ability to do the same for an enthusiastic “YES”. Affirmative consentadvocatesforaculturethatvaluesgenuinefemalesexualpleasure.Thisfocusispotentiallymore destabilizing and contestive than focusing on sexual violation because it directlychallenges hetero-patriarchal culture’s hostility toward women’s agency. There is noinevitabilitytothesexualdangerscriptwhenwechannelthepoliticalpowerofpleasure.

InthispaperIarguethatthelensofembodiedsociolinguisticsoffersinsightintothediscursiveconstruction of sexual embodiment and gendered subjectivity. Sexual experientialembodiment entails reflexively constructedunderstandingsof sexual pleasure anddesire.Employingintersectionalityallowsforthequeeringofnormativesexualpracticesanddisruptsnormativegenderdiscoursesbycenteringagentivefeministvoices.Ifocusonconversationsin intimate female friendships that serve as identity construction sites, characterised byagencyandinterdependentself-authorship.Thisdataisparticularlyrichgiventhechallengesofnavigatingvariousdiscourses inthepursuitofself-definition. Iwill showhowcenteringyoungwomen’s intersectionalvoices inanembodiedsociolinguisticapproachcanaffordacontribution to empowering sexual scripts. I demonstrate the value in harnessing thelinguisticnegotiationofpleasureaspoliticallypowerful.

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TheLinguisticLandscapeofMultilingualPicturebooks

NicolaDaly(UniversityofWaikato)Thelinguisticlandscapeofbilingualpicturebooksindicatestonovicereadersdevelopingtheirprint literacy the relative statusof the languagespresented. This implied status canhaveimplicationsfortheethnolinguisticvitalityofminority languagegroupswithinasociety. Inthis paper 24multilingual picturebooks from the Internationale Jugenbibliothek (Munich,Germany)areanalysed.Findingsshowthatlanguagesgivendominanceintermsoforder,sizeand informationmostly reflect the linguistic setting in which these books are published,replicating power structures and potentially having negative implications for theethnolinguistic vitality of minority language groups and their language maintenance orrevitalisation.

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Modeshiftsinthelanguageofspeakerswithearly-moderateAlzheimer’sDisease

BoydH.Davis(UNC-Charlotte,USA) MargaretA.Maclagan(UniversityofCanterbury)

We examine mode shifts in conversations with four women in their eighties with earlymoderate dementia. Listeners are not necessarily surprised by code or style shifting orchangingrolerelationshipsinconversations.Whattheyarenotpreparedforistheadditionalmodeshiftofdementiadiscourse.Bymodewesuggestalocationonwhatwearecallingacontinuumofcoherence.Atoneendisamodeofcoherentconversationwhichtakessomeof the conversationpartner’s informational needs into account and staysprettymuchontrack(Schiffrin1987);ontheotherendisaconfusedorinappropriateexchangeinwhichtheActSequence(theorderingofspeechevents)isawryandtheNorms(socialexpectationsforspeechtype)arebefuddled(Hymes1974).Ashortrehearsednarrativemaybepresentedbythe speakerwith dementia at anypoint: itmayormaynot fit the situationor the topic,frequentlycontainsrepresentedspeechbypersonsimportantinthespeaker’spast(Davis&Maclagan2018),andmayevenberepeated in thesameconversation (Davis2011).Shiftsbetweenmodescanoccurinthesameorafollow-upconversation,affectingpositioningforboth conversationalists (Purves 2012). The increased prevalence of dementia in society(Princeetal2016),meansanunderstandingofdementiadiscourse isvital for thegeneralpublicandforcaregivercopingstrategies(Zausniewskietal2018).ReferencesDavisB.(2011).IntentionalstanceandLucindaGreystone.InMcPherronPandRamanathan

V,eds.Language,BodyandHealth.NY:MoutondeGruyter.DavisB,MaclaganM.(2018).Representedspeechindementiadiscourse.Journalof Pragmatics130:1-15.HymesD.(1974).Foundationsinsociolinguistics.Philadelphia:UPennsylvaniaPress.PrinceM,AliG,GuerchetM,PrinaMetal.(2016).Recentglobaltrendsintheprevalence

andincidenceofdementia.Alzheimer’sResearchandTherapy,8:23;doi.org/10.1186/s13195-016-0188-8

PurvesB.(2012).ExploringpositioninginAlzheimerdiseasethroughanalysesoffamilytalk.Dementia10:35-58.

SchiffrinD.Discoursemarkers.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.ZauszniewskiJ,LekhakN,MusilC.(2018).Caregiverreactionstodementiasymptoms:

Effectsoncopingrepertoireandmentalhealth.IssuesinMentalHealthNursing 15February2018:1-6.DOI10.1080/01612840.2018.1424974

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‘Whataboutthatguywholickedmyarm’:Aclose-upexaminationof ideologicalstructuresandagencyinastudyabroadsetting

ShelleyDawson(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Analysis shows thatengagementwith socioculturaldiscourses is an importantpartof thetrajectory of study abroad students. Encountering ‘new’ discourses and norms leads toimplicationsforidentityworkandrendersstudyabroadasiteparexcellencetoanalysetherelationshipbetweenidentityconstructionandideologyasstructure.Myresearchadoptsabidirectional focus to examine how nine exchange students (French and FrancophoneparticipantsinNewZealandandNewZealandersinFrance)negotiatesalientsocialidentitiesduringtheirtimeabroad.Applyingasocialconstructionistlens,Iuncoverthemicro-processesinvolved in using language to negotiate identities and examine these in light of widerdiscourses and ideologies. Data collection spanned a period of sixteen months, and theresulting data includes recordings of naturalistic interactions supported by ethnographicobservations,interviews,‘deephangingout’andactivityonsocialmediaaccounts.

Withinthedataset,thereareseveralinstancesofparticipantsnegotiatingidentitieswithindominant ideological frames of gender and sexuality. Participants variously drew on,reproduced, and challenged LGBTQ and sexist discourses. In this paper I zoom in on oneinteraction (illustrative of the wider data) where Viv recounts an instance of sexualharassmentontheParismetro.IshowhowViv’sagency(bothinthenarrativeconstructionandduringtheeventitself)isfirmlytetheredtothegenderorderandassociatedideologiesof heteronormativity. I also take the liberty of casting an analytical gaze on her pursuer,describinghowhis(recounted)actionsareenabledbythesamestructures.

22

RepairsinJapaneseEnglishlearners’communication: fromtheperspectiveofclarificationandmultimodality

KaoriDoi(InstituteofTechnologists)

ThisstudyinvestigatesrepairsininteractionsbetweenJapaneselearnersofEnglishfromtheperspectiveofclarificationandmultimodality. AccordingtoSchegloff,JeffersonandSacks(1977),wheninteractantshavetroublesinhearing,speaking,orunderstanding,theyrepairsuchatrouble(Repairiscategorizedintofourtypesdependingon“whorepairs”(selfrepair/otherrepair)and“whoinitiatesit”(self-initiation/other-initiation).Previousstudieshavefrequentlyreportedself-repairsasoneoftheclarificationstrategies,whichraisesexplicitnessinthecurrentspeaker’sutteranceininteraction(Kauer2011,Mauranen2007).

ThisstudyanalyzescharacteristicsofrepairinJapanesestudents’conversationinwhichtheyhave to communicate only in English and examines its communicative effectiveness andanalyzesthefunctionsofgesturesasamultimodalaspectininteraction.

ThedatainthisstudyconsistsofinteractionsvideotapedandtranscribedinwhichJapaneseuniversitystudentstalkfreelyaboutgiventopicsinEnglish.ThischapterfocusesonmomentsinwhichgrammaticaldifficultyhastobemanagedtocommunicateinEnglish.

ThepresentstudyrevealsthatJapaneselearnersofEnglishusebothselfandotherrepairstogether with hand gestures and head nodding as clarification strategies for effectivecommunication. The study also considers the possibility of implication of the finding toEnglishlanguageeducation.

23

BootstrappingCorporaforUnder-RepresentedLanguages:TheCaseofMāori

JonathanDunn(UniversityofCanterbury)

Manyunder-representedlanguages,suchasMāori, lacklargeanddiversewrittencorpora.Notonly is this lackofcorporaanobstacle for linguisticdescription, italsohas importantpracticalimplicationsbecausemanycomputationalapplications(i.e.,speech-to-text)requiremodelsbuiltfromlargetextcorpora.Thispaperevaluatesanattempttobootstrapcorporaforunderrepresentedlanguagesbycombining(i)datacrawlingfromwebandsocialmediasourceswith(ii)automatedlanguageidentification.Amulti-layerperceptron(MLP)istrainedfor identifying the languageof50-character sequencesof textusingcharacter trigramsasfeatures;thismodelistrainedtodistinguish464languages,includingMāori.TheMāoridataused to train themodel includes aBible translation,Wikipedia articles, language learningsentencesfromTatoeba,andweb-crawleddata.Theusefulnessofanybootstrappedcorporadependsontheaccuracyof the language identificationmodel.Here, themodelhasanF1classificationaccuracyof0.96across1.25millionevaluationsamples.MostofthesesamplesdonotrepresentMāori,however,andtheMāori-specificF1is0.94across5,000samples.TheMāori-specificprecisionissomewhatlowerat0.92,meaningthatthemostcommonerrorisforsamplesofother languagestobemistakenforMāori,contaminatingthebootstrappedcorpora.Thebreakdownoferrorsisgivenbelow,withAlbanianbeingthemostcommonandmostunexpectederror.Giventhisevaluation,abootstrappedcorpusofMāoriisexpectedtobecontaminatedwithsomeAlbaniansamples;futureworkwillattemptto improveMāoriperformancebyremovingmiscategorizedsamplesfromthetrainingdata.

LanguageMistakenforMāori(N.Samples) MāoriMistakenforLanguage(N.Samples)

Arosi 25 English 15

Halia 14 HaitianCreole 10

Waima 8 Dutch 25

Albanian 281 Albanian 68

24

StatusofthebipartitenegativemorphemeinRotuman:cliticoraffix?

WilfredFimone(UniversityoftheSouthPacific)

InRotuman,negation ismarkedby thediscontinuousmorpheme,kat/kal… ra – the twovariantsofthefirstparticlemarkingrealisand irrealismoodrespectively.Thestatusof itsgrammatical category remains equivocal, with descriptions of Rotuman classifying itsometimes as either a circumfix (Schmidt 2013), a (circum)clitic (Schmidt 2002; Vamarasi2005),ornegativeparticlesormorphemes(Churchward1940).

Vamarasi(2005:418)arguesthatitisactuallyaclitic,‘becauseitisunstressed,andcannegatewords of different lexical classes [1]’. Using Zwicky and Pullum’s (1983) criteria fordistinguishingcliticsfromaffixes,thispaperaimstoascertainthemorpheme’sgrammaticalclass. In order to show the contrast between clitics and affixes, itwill use the causative/applicativesuffix–ạkiastheaffixtowhichthenegativemorphemewillbecompared.

Theassessmentrevealsthatthemorphemefunctionsmorelikeacliticthananaffix.Itisnot‘picky’with theclassof thehost itattaches to,and isprosodicallydeficient (cf.Anderson2011), ra incorporating into the sound structure of Rotuman, inwhich stress falls on thepenultimatesyllable.Othercriteriawillalsobediscussed.ReferencesAnderson,Stephen.2011.Clitics.InElizabethHumeMarcvanOostendorp,ColinJ.Ewen&Keren

Rice(eds.),TheBlackwellCompaniontoPhonology,2002–2018.BlackwellPublishing.

Churchward,Maxwell.1940.RotumanGrammarandDictionary.Sydney:MethodistChurchofAustralasia.

Schmidt,HansSchmidt.2013.Rotuman.InTerryCrowley,MalcolmRoss&JohnLynch(eds.),TheOceanicLanguages.Abingdon:Routledge,815–832.

Schmidt,HansSchmidt.2002.TemathesisinRotuman.InJohnLynch(ed.),AustronesianHistoricalPhonology.Canberra:PacificLinguistics,175–207.

Vamarasi,Marit.2005.OntheNotionofCliticizationinRotuman.InHeinz&Ntelitheos(Eds.),ProceedingsofAFLAXXII.UCLAWorkingPapersinLinguistics,12,411–419.

Zwicky,Anderson&Pullum,George.1983.Cliticizationversusinflection:Englishn't.Language,59,502-513.

25

TelevisedPoliticalDebatesintheUK:

PositioningandIdentityinanEvolvingDiscourseGenre

TonyFisher(MasseyUniversity)

Since their inception in the USA in 1960, televised political debates have become firmlyestablishedasamainstayofdemocraticprocessinmanynations.Despitethis,relativelylittleresearchhasbeenconductedthat looksspecificallyat the languageanddiscourseofsuchdebates. Existing researchhas tended to focuson conflict and confrontation, focusingonlinguistic (im)politeness (Blas-Arroyo, 2003; Garcia-Pastor, 2008) and the sequentialorganisationoftalk(Beck,1996;Bilmes,1999).Incontrast,theresearchpresentedhereviewstelevisedpoliticaldebatesprimarilyasaplatformforpoliticalself-presentation(Schlenker&Pontari,2003),takingasitsobjectofstudythediscursiveconstructionofidentities,positions(Davies&Harré,1990;Harré&vanLangenhove,1991)andpoliticalpersonae(Corner,2003).

The paper focuses on British televised leaders’ debates from their inaugural broadcast in2010, through to their staging in two subsequent general elections in 2015 and 2017. Itconsiderstheimpactofchangesintheformatofthedebatesintermsoftheaffordancesforandconstraintsplaceduponreflexiveandinteractivepositioning.Thepaperaskshow,intherapidlyevolvingdiscourseenvironmentoftheUKtelevisedleaders’debates,politiciansareabletopositionthemselves,theiropponentsandthetelevisionaudienceinrelationtolocallyemergentmembership categories (Sacks, 1992; Stokoe, 2012) subject positions (Davies&Harré,1990),andmoralorders(vanLangenhove&Harré,1999).Thepaperalsoconsidersthefuture of televised leaders’ debates in the context of the increasingly polarised andfragmentedpolitical landscapethathascometocharacterisetheUKsincethe2016Brexitreferendum.ReferencesBlas-Arroyo,J.(2003)`Perdónemequeselodiga,perovuelveustedafaltaralaverdad,señor

González':FormandFunctionofPoliticVerbalBehaviourinFace-to-FaceSpanishPoliticalDebates.DiscourseandSociety14:395-423.

Beck,C.S.(1996)“‘I’veGotSomePointsI’dLiketoMakeHere’:TheAchievementofSocialFacethroughTurnManagementduringthe1992VicePresidentialDebate”,PoliticalCommunication13,156-180.

Bilmes,J.(1999)Questions,Answers,andtheOrganizationofTalkinthe1992VicePresidentialDebate:FundamentalConsiderations.ResearchonLanguageandSocialInteraction32(3):213-242.

Corner,J.(2003)MediatedPersonaandPoliticalCulture.InCorner,J.&Pels,D.(eds.)MediaandtheRe-stylingofPolitics.London:Sage.

Davies&Harré(1990)Positioning:TheDiscursiveproductionofSelves.JournalfortheTheoryofSocialBehaviour,20(1):43-63.

Garcia-Pastor,M.(2008)Politicalcampaignsaszero-sumgames:impolitenessandpowerincandidates’exchanges.In:Bousfield,D.,&Locher,M.A.(eds.)ImpolitenessinLanguage:StudiesonitsInterplaywithPowerinTheoryandPractice.Berlin:MoutondeGruyter,pp.101–123.

Harré,R.&VanLangenhove,L.(1991)VarietiesofPositioning.JournalfortheTheoryofSocialBehaviour21(4):395-407

26

Sacks,H.(1992)TheMIRMembershipCategorizationDevice.InH.SacksLecturesonConversation,Vol.1(editedbyG.Jefferson):40-48.Oxford:Blackwell.

SchlenkerB.&Pontari,B.(2000)TheStrategicControlofInformation:ImpressionManagementandSelf-PresentationinDailyLife.InA.Tesser,R.Felson&R.Suls,PsychologicalPerspectivesonSelfandIdentity.AmericanPsychologicalAssociation:WashingtonD.C.

Stokoe,E.(2012)Movingforwardwithmembershipcategorizationanalysis:Methodsforsystematicanalysis.DiscourseStudies14(3):277-303.

VanLangenhove,L.&Harré,R.(1999)IntroducingPositioningTheory.InR.Harry&L.vanLangenhove(Eds.)PositioningTheory,(14-31).Oxford:Blackwell.

27

Unpackingpragmaticdevelopmentinchildrenwithdevelopmentaldisabilities

SusanFoster-Cohen(UniversityofCanterburyandTheChampionCentre) ViktoriaPapp(UniversityofCanterbury)

AnnevanBysterveldt(UniversityofCanterburyandTheChampionCentre)

The Language Use Inventory (LUI) is a parent report measure, designed to assess thecommunicative developmentof children aged18 – 47months. Its subsections provide apictureofbothlexicalandgrammaticalresourcesavailabletochildrenaswellastheiruseofthese resources for pragmatic communication. The typically developing cross-sectionalnormingsamplesusedtodeveloptheLUIshowsteadyincreasesinscoresovertimeinbothtypesofsection,separatelyandcombined.However, inalongitudinalstudyof15childrenwitharangeofdifferentdevelopmentaldisabilitieswhoseparentscompletedtheLUIatsix-monthlyintervalsbetween30-66months,wefoundamuchlesscumulativepicture.Wewillpresentaqualitativeanalysisoftheindividualpatternsofpragmaticskillsovertime.Wewillshowthatwhile,ononehand,alexicalbasisfortheseskillsisevidentinallthepatterns,ontheother,theemergenceofcomplexsyntaxisrelatedtothe‘density’ofthepragmaticskillsthatprecedeit.Childrenwithmoresparsepatternsofpragmaticdevelopmentarelesslikelytoacquirethemoreadvancedsyntacticskillsandsomepragmaticskillsaremorepredictiveofemergingsyntaxthanothers.

28

Linking/r/inNZandUSAHipHopandPopSongs

AndyGibson(UniversityofCanterbury)

ThePhoneticsofPopularSinging(PoPS)corpusincludes190hiphopandpopsongsfromNZandUSAartists.Thecorpusisstructuredbyregion,genre,ethnicityandgendertoallowforsystematicanalysisofphoneticstylesinpopularmusic.AnalysisofBATHandnonprevocalic/r/haveconfirmedtheongoingnormativityofAmericanstylesforNZsingersandrappers,butwithnotableinteractionsbetweengenreandethnicitythatshedlightonauthenticationpractices. This paper presents new data on a rather different variable: linking /r/. UnlikerhoticityandtheabsenceofaBATH-TRAPsplit,itisnotavariablewhichdistinguishesNZandAmericanvarietiesofEnglish,andnorisithighlysalient.359instancesofpotentiallinking/r/atwordboundarieswereidentifiedinthecorpusandcodedforpresenceorabsenceof/r/,alongwithpresenceorabsenceofaglottalstop.Therawresultsshowthatlinking/r/wasrealisedmorebyfemalesthanmales,andmoreinpopthanhiphop.Intermsofethnicityandcountry,AfricanAmericansingers/rappershadlesslinking/r/thanEuropeanAmericanorNZartists.Furtherpatternsemergewhenconsideringtheoccurrenceofglottalstopsatpotentiallinking/r/sites.Therealisationoflinking/r/followedbyaglottalstop(VrʔV)occursalmostexclusively inpopmusic,while theabsenceofanyconsonantbetween thevowels (VV) isassociatedwithmaleartists.Statisticalanalysesoftheresultswillbepresentedanddiscussedwithreferencetoboththeidentityconstructionoftheartistsandalsotheaestheticdemandsofthemusicalcontext.

29

“You’regonnabeaNewZealandernow”:Solidarity,othering,andemployableidentityworkinformerrefugeeeldercarediscourse

EmilyGreenbank(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

The path to suitable, permanent employment can be a long and arduous one for formerrefugees. Navigating unhelpful Discourses, subtle and overt discrimination, and difficultyactualising cultural and social capital in talk affect not only access to appropriateopportunitiesbutalso formerrefugees’senseofselvesasagentiveandemployable.Afterhavingsecuredemployment,thesechallengesdonotnecessarilydisappear.Theperformanceandnegotiationofanemployableidentityintheworkplaceislikelytocomeupagainstthesesamechallenges,albeitindifferentandperhapslessrestrictiveways.

InthispresentationIexploretheauthentic,workplaceinteractionsofformerrefugeeNinawithtworesidentsinherroleascarerataneldercarefacility.Nina’sagentiveuseofherownculturalcapital(Bourdieu,1986)emergesintheformofnarrativesthatmirrortheresidents’narratives.Thiscontributestothediscursiveeffectofcreatingsolidarityandfosteringwarmandfriendlyrelationships,whilesimultaneouslyperformingnegotiatingherprofessionalandemployable identity. Nina skilfully navigates Discourses of Refugeehood and other-positioningfromherinterlocutors,andvariouslyimplicitlyandexplicitlymakesclaimstoherbelonging in theeldercare facilitycommunity,aswellas the imaginedcommunityofNewZealand(Anderson,1991).

Explorationofformerrefugees’experiencesinthelabourmarketfromadiscourse-identityperspective allows insight into the challenges and strengths of these uniquely-placedmigrants.A linguisticapproach to this important issuecanpositivelycontribute to formerrefugees’experiencesintheworkplace,aswellastotheexperiencesofhostsocietiesthatwelcomethem.References

Anderson,B.(1991).ImaginedCommunities:ReflectionsontheOriginandSpreadofNationalism(Revised).London:Verso.

Bourdieu,P.(1986).TheFormsofCapital.InJ.G.Richardson(Ed.),Handbookoftheoryandresearchforthesociologyofeducation(pp.241–258).NewYork:Greenwood.

30

ManifestationsofImperialNewZealand:LanguageIdeologiesandColonialProjects

J.DrewHancock-Teed(UniversityofToronto)

Thispresentationgivesabirds-eyeviewofNewZealand’slanguagepolicyfromthebeginningof the 1900s to the mid-century as it pertains to Pasifika peoples, particularly: Māori,Sāmoans,Niueans,andCookIslandsMāori.Ingivingthesehistories,thepresentationfocusesonlanguagepolicyinthefieldsofeducationsystems,government,andcommerce.Iattempttoshownotonlyofficialpolicies,butalsotacit,defactopolicies.ThesehistoriesdescribeasituationofcontrastbetweenthetreatmentofMāoriandthosePasifikapeoplesoutsideofAotearoa.Inadditiontothesplittreatmentsbetweenethno-nationalities,furthergradientsareimposedbythecolonialsystemsincludingthoseofgender,andsocio-economicstatus.

ThispresentationtakesasafoundationalstancethedecolonizingtraditionofLindaTuhiwaiSmith(1998).Thismethodologyfocusesonanti-positivism,resistantreadings,de-centeringthe researcher, and maintaining ethical accountability to Indigenous communities. Theanalysisattemptstocreateapictureofthelanguageideologieswhichunderlaythepolicies.In doing so, I will discuss the various kinds of colonial, capitalist ventures of which thelanguagepolicieswereanintegralpart.

Thefindingsshowthatthesestoriesdescribeabasedifferencebetweensettler-colonialismandclassicalcolonialismwheretheformerhasassimilationistgoals,andthelatterdoesnot.Thefindingsalsoshowthatdespitedifferingcolonialmotivations,languageisacentralpieceofanycolonialweaponry.This is a key contribution to the fieldof language ideologyandpolicymaking,butalsohasimpactsinthewiderstudyofcolonialismandIndigeneity.

31

CulturalImageEffectonLoanwordPhonology

DaikiHashimoto(UniversityofCanterbury)

Non-native sounds in loanwords may be adapted to native sounds or imported withoutmodification [1]. For example, a non-native rhotic [ɾ] in aMāori loanword is sometimesadaptedasanativerhotic(e.g.,ko[ɹ]uandma[ɹ]ae),andsometimesimported(e.g.ko[ɾ]uandma[ɾ]ae)inNewZealandEnglish(NZE)[2].HayandDrager[3]arguedthattheperceptionofdialectvariationisaffectedbyculturalimages.TheydemonstratedthatfemaleNZEspeakersare more likely to perceive Australian-like vocalic variants when they are exposed to akangaroo stuffed toy at the beginning of their experiment. The aim of this study is testwhetherthiseffectextendstotheproductionofalinguisticvariantinloanwordphonology.ThefollowingpredictioncouldbededucedbasedonExemplarTheory[4]:WhenNZEspeakersseeacultural imagerelatedtoMāoriwhenspeaking, itactivatestherepresentationofimportedstructure[ɾ],theresultofwhichisthattheimportedstructureismorelikelytobeproducedinspeech.

Inordertotestthisprediction,32NZEspeakerswereaskedtopronounceMāoriloanwordswith /r/ (e.g., koru andmarae) and fillerwordswhile seeing aMāori cultural image or aneutralculturalimage(seeFig1).The/r/-soundswereacousticallyidentifiedasadapted[ɹ]orimported[ɾ].Alogisticmixed-effectsregressionmodelwasfitonthedata,anditwasfoundthattherateofimportationisslightlyhigherwhenaMāoriculturalframeispresentedthanwhenaneutralculturalframeispresentedaspredicted.

Fig1.CulturalimagespresentedinexperimentReferences [1]Haugen,Einar.1950.Theanalysisoflinguisticborrowing.Language26.210−231. [2]Hashimoto,Daiki.2018.Topic-orientedvariationinloanwordphonology.PaperpresentedatLaboratoryPhonology16(UniversidadedeLisboa,Portugal). [3]Hay,Jennifer,andKatieDrager.2010.Stuffedtoysandspeechperception.Linguistics48.865−892. [4]Foulkes,Paul,andGerardDocherty.Thesociallifeofphoneticsandphonology.JournalofPhonetics34.409−438.

Isitpossibletoassessthephonologicaldevelopment ofeverychildinNewZealand?

32

HunterHatfield(UniversityofOtago)

Dyslexia is experienced as atypical difficulty reading while maintaining typical cognitive,auditory,visual,andsocialskills(Ramusetal.,2018).NewZealand’sMinistryofEducationhasrecentlyproposedthatallchildren,aged6to8,inNewZealandareassessedfordyslexiawiththegoalofprovidingtimelylearningsupporttochildren(MinistryofEducation,2018).Apartfromfinancialandstaffingchallengesoftheproposal,willdiagnosisatprimaryschoolageactually be timely enough for effective intervention? Dyslexia is correlatedwith differingphonologicaldevelopmentthatmaybecausalofthedisorder(Goswami,2018).Phonologicaldevelopmentlargelymaturesbeforeage6,however.Itwouldclearlybeofbenefittomonitorphonological development earlier than age 6 to identify those at most risk of atypicaldevelopment.

Researchers have long worked towards early diagnosis, butmany obstacles have slowedprogress. These include differing paths for acquiring differing languages or multiplelanguages,prohibitiveexpenseofpromisingmethods,andstrongcomorbidity.Overall,theamountofvariation inphonologicaldevelopmentwithsmallsamplesizeofmostpreviousresearchmakesitdifficulttodistinguishnormalvariationfrompathological.

The talk proposes amethod of assessing the phonological development of thousands ofchildrenbyfocusingspecificallyonvariation.Childrenwouldplayage-appropriatelanguagegamesonasmartphone,theresultsofwhichareassessedusingRecurrenceQuantificationAnalysis,atoolfromdynamicsystemstheory(Hasselman,2015;Wallot,2017).References

Goswami,U.(2018).Aneuralbasisforphonologicalawareness?Anoscillatorytemporal-samplingperspective.CurrentDirectionsinPsychologicalScience27(1),56-63.

Hasselman,F.Classifyingacousticsignalsintophonemecategories:Averageanddyslexicreadersmakeuseofcomplexdynamicalpatternsandmultifractalscalingpropertiesofthespeechsignal.PeerJ3:e837.

MinistryofEducation.(2018).DraftdisabilityandlearningsupportactionplanEngagementA3s.https://www.beehive.govt.nz/sites/default/files/201809/Draft%20Learning%20Support%20Plan%20A3s%2021.9.18.pdf

Ramus,F.,Altarelli,I.,Jednorog,K.,Zhao,J.,ScottodiCovella,L.(2018).Neuroanatomyofdevelopmentaldyslexia:Pitfallsandpromise.NeuroscienceandBiobehavioralReviews84,434-452.

Wallot,S.(2017).Recurrencequantificationanalysisifprocessesandproductsofdiscourse:AtutorialinR.DiscourseProcesses54(5-6),382-405.

InteractionalstrategiesusedbyGPsworkingwith familymemberinterpreters(FMIs)inprimaryhealthcareconsultations

33

JoHilderandMariaStubbe

Othermembersofstudyteam:BenGray,LindsayMacdonald,RachelTester,TonyDowell

(ARCHGroup,DepartmentofPrimaryHealthCare&GeneralPractice UniversityofOtagoWellington)

TheincreasingdiversityoftheNZpopulationmeansthatrisingnumbersofpatientsdonotsharealanguagewiththeirhealthcareproviders.Whilstprofessionalinterpretingservicesare becoming more widely available, family members continue to be used as informalinterpreters.

It is well-documented that the presence of an interpreter adds complexity to a medicalconsultation.Thepotentialforriskssuchasinaccuraciesandpossibleroleconflictstooccurincreaseswheninterpreterslackadequatetrainingandexperience.

ThisstudyaimedtoidentifytheinteractionalstrategiesusedbyexperiencedGPstoimprovetheeffectivenessofmedicalconsultationswherefamilymembersareusedasinterpreters.

We examined six consultations with adult patients where family members acted asinterpreters,drawnfromalargersampleofvideo-recordedinterpretedprimaryhealthcareconsultations.TheGPswereNZEuropeanswhoregularlyhadinterpretedconsultations(atleastonceaweek).Nonehadreceivedformaltraininginworkingwithinterpreters.

TherecordingsweretranscribedusingmodifiedJeffersonianconventions,withtheadditionofnon-verbalaspectsandback-translationsofnon-Englishlanguagesequencesinitalics,tofacilitateadetailedinteractionalanalysisincludingsubtlenon-verbalfeatures.

TheGPsdisplayedafinely-tunedawarenessofpossibleriskstoaccuratecommunication,andofthechallengesFMIsmayhaveinnavigatingthedualrolethattheyplay.TheyusedarangeofinteractionalstrategiestopromptandcoachFMIsinhowtointerpret(withvaryingdegreesof explicitness), as well as observably self-monitoring their own use of language andmaintainingflexibilityingazedirection.

34

AttitudesinAction:SociolinguisticsituationofTenganBanamBay,Malekula

BrittanyHoback(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Much has been said about the tenuous status of languages which have small speakerpopulations. In Vanuatu, it has been suggested that we could view the majority of thelanguages as endangered languages due to their small speaker populations (under 1000speakers),andbecauseoftheincreasinglyglobalizedenvironmentwithmennowtakingpartinharvestingworkinNewZealandandAustralia.Atthesametime,TerryCrowleyhaspointedoutthatmanycommunitiesinVanuatuholdstronglytotheimportanceoftheirlanguageandcontinue to bolster its vitality by making sure that the next generation is learning thevernacular language as first speakers. In this paper I highlight the community of Tengan(BanamBay)speakersofSoutheastMalekulaandthecurrentsociolinguisticsituationastheypreparetocreateanorthographyandliteracymaterialsaspartofalanguageproject.Thissociolinguistic snapshot can add to the discussion regarding language endangerment andspeaker ideologies that can affect vitality of a language of small speaker numbers in anincreasinglyglobalizedworld.

35

“You’reaFeral,Man”:Banterasadiscoursestrategyformulti-layeredindexicality

NicholasHugman(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)Theconceptoflayeredindexicality,thatis,indexicalitytomultiplegroupssimultaneously,iscrucialinexaminingidentityasamulti-facetedphenomenon.Thisconcepthasbeenappliedto linguistic research previously (e.g. Blommaert 2005; Holmes et al. 2011), but not in afootballingcontext,inwhichonecansotransparentlyseethelocalmanifestationofglobal-level ideologies.Thispaperexplores football identity,analysingdressingroombanterasatoolusedbyinteractantstoindexmembershipofvariouslevelsofasocialstructure.Dressingroombanterisacommonwayforfootballerstobondwithoneanother(seeWolfersetal.2017), and is arguably a keydiscourse tool in theglobal footballing context. In this studyauthentic examples of dressing room banter collected using ethnographic methods areexamined to determine the way in which the participants align with both the centralCommunity of Practice (CofP) and the imagined community of footballers. Using a socialconstructionistframework,whichviewsidentityastheproduct,ratherthanthesource,ofinteraction, I examine instances of alignment with different levels of social organisation.Alignmentisdescribedintermsofindexicalityandstance,whichareassociatedwithbroaddemographiccategoriesaswellasethnographicallyspecificpositions.Iconcludebyproposinga layeredmodelwhichaccounts for thecomplex,multifarious identityconstructedby theparticipants.ReferencesBlommaert,Jan2005.Discourse:ACriticalIntroduction.Cambridge:CUP.Holmes,Janet,MeredithMarraandBernadetteVine2011.Leadership,Discourseand

Ethnicity.Oxford:OUP.Wolfers,Solvejg,KieranFileandStephanieSchnurr2017.“Justbecausehe'sblack”:Identity

constructionandracialhumourinaGermanU-19footballteam.JournalofPragmatics112:83-96.

36

Doweallunderstandourlegalrights?ComprehensionofNZPoliceCautions

BronwenInnes(UniversityofAuckland) RosemaryErlam(UniversityofAuckland)

Comprehension of legal rights is an important issue for social justice. When detainingsuspectsofcrimes,NZpolicereadthemasummaryoftheirrightsundertheBillofRightsAct1990.DefencelawyersoftenwishtoclaimthatL2defendantshavenotunderstoodtheserights and the authors of this paper have been engaged to provide English languageproficiencyassessmentstoestablishtheextenttowhichthismightbethecase.ThisledtoourundertakingastudytodeterminehowfarL1andL2speakersobtainafullunderstandingoftheirrightsfromtheinformationprovidedbypolice.Listeningandreadingcomprehensiontestsweredevisedforthatpurposeandadministeredtoover80people.Theresultsshoweddifficulties in comprehension (and not just for L2 speakers) and predictably a significantdifferencebetweenL1andL2speakers.Whileweusedthebreath-testingscenario(whichaddsparticularmaterialtothebasicrights),theresultsareapplicabletootherlegalsituations.Ourfindingsleadtoquestionsastohowmuchunderstandingis‘enough’andwhetherweshouldbedoingmoretoensurethatpeoplecanunderstandthisinformationwhentheyneedit.

37

PrestigenormsandsoundchangeinMāori

JeanetteKing(UniversityofCanterbury) MargaretMaclagan(UniversityofCanterbury)

RayHarlow(UniversityofWaikato)HywelStoakes(UniversityofAuckland)

CatherineWatson(UniversityofAuckland)PeterKeegan(UniversityofAuckland)

The Māori and New Zealand English (MAONZE) project has studied changes in thepronunciation of Māori and English over the last 100 years using recordings of threegenerationsofmaleandfemalespeakers.ResultsshowconsiderablechangesovertimeinthepronunciationofMāori,largelyasaresultoftheinfluenceofchangesinthepronunciationofNewZealandEnglishoverthesametimeframe.Onlyoneofthechanges,thefrontingof/u:/,becamesalientandstigmatised;thiswasamongstanoldergenerationoffemaleeldersandtoday’smaleelders.

For the present day recordings, speakers were recorded in both a typical sociolinguisticinterviewaswellasreadingwordlistsandreadingpassages.AnalysisoftheMāorispeechofeightpresentdayeldersandtwelvepresentdayyoungermaleandfemalespeakersrevealsvery little systematic difference between the pronunciation of short and long Māorimonophthongsintheinterviewandreadspeech.ThisresultsuggestsanabsenceofsociallygradedstylesinMāoriandthereforenoprestigenorm.However,intheirreadspeechyoungspeakers are conservative with their pronunciation of /u:/, suggesting awareness of thisaspectofsoundchange.AnalysisofthesespeakersGOOSEvowelsintheirEnglishreadspeechshowednosimilarconservatismwhencomparedtotheirinterviewspeech.

WearguethatouranalysisdemonstrateshowWesternnotionsof“class”havenotbeenareadilyapplicableconceptamongstMāoriandthat“prestige”needstobeviewedthroughdifferentculturallenses.

38

Usingn-gramstoautomaticallygenerategoodpseudo-words andhowtoevaluatethem

JemmaL.König(UniversityofWaikato) AndreeaCalude(UniversityofWaikato)

AverilCoxhead(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Thispaperprovidesapracticalandempirically-foundedsolutiontotheproblemofgenerating(good)pseudo-words (Gunther, 1983). Pseudo-wordsareusedbyapplied linguists and innon-native vocabulary tests, and by linguistics researchers to test language productionprocesses, see Berko (1958) andMeara (1992).While pseudo-words are useful for bothpurposes, the two uses have different requirements, which leads to domain-specificitycomplexitiesforpseudo-wordgeneration.

Currently,pseudo-wordlistsaregeneratedbyalteringexistingwords(Balota,etal.,2017),orbysegmentingpartsofexistingwordsasbuilding-blocks(Keuleers&Brysbaert,2010),inalanguage-specificmanner.Bothstrategieshavemajordrawbacks.

Ourpaperhastwoparts.First,weproposeanovelwayforgeneratingpseudo-words,basedonanalgorithmwhichusesn-grams(Bell,Cleary,&Witten,1990).Ouralgorithmdoesnotrequirelanguage-specificknowledge,therebyfacilitatingthegenerationofpseudo-wordsinany language. As a case-study, we generate 1,000 pseudo-words for English of varyinglengths.Inthesecondpartofthepaper,weofferasetoflinguisticcriteriaforevaluatingourgenerated pseudo-words, and provide a comparison with current pseudo-word lists inrespectof this criteria. Finally,weput forward suggestions for how todealwithdomain-specificityrequirements.

Thisworkintendstomakeapracticalcontributionbyofferingasolution-tooltoanexistingproblem,butalsoatheoreticalone, ina linguistically-informeddiscussionofhowpseudo-wordsmightbeevaluated(thatis,whatmakesapseudo-wordbetterthananother),therebyprobingatword-formationfromadifferentanglethanisusuallytaken.ReferencesBalota,D.A.,Yap,M.J.,Cortese,M.J.,Hutchison,K.A.,Kessler,B.,Loftis,B.,...Treiman,R.

(2017).TheEnglishLexiconProject.BehaviorResearchMethods,445-459.Bell,T.C.,Cleary,J.G.&Witten,I.H.(1990).TextCompression.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:

PrenticeHall.Berko,J.(1958).Thechild'slearningofEnglishmorphology.Word,150-177.Deacon,S.H.,&Kirby,J.R.(2004).Morphologicalawareness:Just“morephonological”?

Therolesofmorphologicalandphonologicalawarenessinreadingdevelopment.Appliedpsycholinguistics,223-238.

Gunther,H.(1983).Theroleofmeaningandlinearityinreading.WritinginFocus.Keuleers,E.,&Brysbaert,M.(2010).Wuggy:Amultilingualpseudowordgenerator.

Behaviorresearchmethods,627-633.Meara,P.(1992).EFLvocabularytests.NewYork:ERICClearinghouse.

39

Wedon'tsupport;weobserve: Epithetsandmodifiersinavernacularformulaicgenre

KoenraadKuiper(UniversityofCanterbury)

DavidLeaper(UniversityofNewSouthWales)Weexaminetheco-constructedtaleoftwosmallarmies,latterdayMyrmidons,doingbattlein the formof a rugbyunion testmatch to seewhat rolemodifiers play in the live radiocommentaryofthebattle.Ourstudyisbasedonacorpusoftwocommentaries:onebyNewZealand commentators, the other by British commentators. Our approach is quantitativebeingbasedonthecorpusoftranscribedrecordingsofthesetwoteamsofcommentators.Tobeginweestablishthatradiobroadcastrugbycommentariesareanoral-formulaicgenre.Webrieflyoutlinerelevantfeaturesofthegameofrugbyunionfootballandshowhowitis,forthe purposes of analysis, a slow sport.We then define traditional Homeric epithets andmodifiersingeneral,andexaminetheuseofmodifiersinourtranscriptstoshowhowthesefunction.

40

Perceptionandmarkednessofloanwords– acase-studyofMāoriloansinNewZealandnewspapers

KatharineLevendis(UniversityofWaikato) AndreeaCalude(UniversityofWaikato)

Thispaperpresentsacorpus-drivenanalysisofMāoriloanwordsinNewZealandEnglish(NZE)withinaquantitative,diachronicapproach.PreviousworkonNZEsuggeststhatloanworduseisbothincreasing(Macalister2006)and,highlylinkedtodiscoursetopic(Degani2010)andauthorprofile(Caludeetal.2017;DeBres2006).

Inlinewiththeseobservations,wecollectedatopically-constraineddiachroniccorpusofNewZealandnewspapersbasedonakey-termsearchof ‘Māori LanguageWeek’,between theyears2008-2017.MāoriLanguageWeek isawell-established,annuallycelebratedeventinNewZealand, since1975.Oncecompiled,wemanuallyextractedall theMāori loanwordsused in the corpus (of 108,925 words) and documented all non-proper nouns and theirfrequency(fourpropernounswereretained,namely,Māori,Pākehā,KiwiandMatariki).

Ourfindingsprovideacomparisonoftwostrands:(1)perceptionsurroundingknowledgeofMāoriloanwords,and(2)theirfrequency-of-use.Asregards(1),wedistinguishmarkedandnon-markedloanwords(followingKruger2012),andexplicitauthorperceptions(newspaperarticlescontainedexplicitinformationaboutloanwordswhichauthorsdeemedtobefamiliartothewiderNewZealandpublic).Markedloanwordsarewordstranslatedorexplained(whatweterm,textualmarkedness)or loanwordsgiven inquotes,bracketsordashes(graphicalmarkedness).Withrespectto(2),wereportfrequency-of-useofthe186distinctloanwordtypesand3,795tokensfoundinthecorpus(ofwhich1,649usescamefromtheloan“Māori”,1,008fromreo“language”andtheremaining1,138usesfromvariousloans)andranktheseaccordingtosemanticclass.Finally,weprovidecomparisonswithpreviousloanwordstudiesofotherlanguagegenres. ReferencesCalude,Andreea,Pagel,Mark&Miller,Steven.2017.Modellingborrowingsuccess-a

quantitativestudyofMāoriloanwordsinNewZealandEnglish.CorpusLinguisticsandLinguisticsTheory15(2).DOI:https://doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0010.

DeBres,Julia.2006.MaorilexicalitemsinthemainstreamtelevisionnewsinNew Zealand.NewZealandEnglishJournal20.17–34.Degani,Marta.2010.ThePakehamythofoneNewZealand/Aotearoa:Anexplorationinthe useofMaoriloanwordsinNewZealandEnglish.InRobertaFacchinetti,David Crystal&BarbaraSeidlhofer(eds.),FromInternationaltoLocalEnglish–andBack Again,165–196.FrankfurtamMain:PeterLang.Kruger,Haidee.2012.Postcolonialpolysystems:Theproductionandreceptionoftranslated children’sliteratureinSouthAfrica.Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins PublishingCompany.Macalister,John.2006.TheMaoripresenceintheNewZealandEnglishlexicon,1850-2000:

Evidencefromacorpus-basedstudy.EnglishWorld-Wide27(1).1–24.

41

MāorinarrativesinEnglish:adifferentstyleofstorytelling.

MargaretMaclagan(UniversityofCanterbury) BoydDavis(UniversityofNorthCarolina)

WeanalyseEnglishinterviewswithfourolderMāoriwomenfromtheMAONZEcorpus,agedbetween79and88.AllwerefirstlanguagespeakersofMāori;allwerefluentinEnglish.Weexplorehowelementsofstyleandformintheirstoriesdifferfromnon-Māoriexpectations(Johnstone,2016,LabovandWaletzky,1967).

In1978MetgeandKinlochcoinedthephrase‘talkingpasteachother’todescribeinteractionsbetweenMāoriandPākeha.Twentyyearslaterwearestilltalkingpasteachother.Inmoststoriesthetellerisalsoanactor(Norrick,2007).InMāoristories,attentionisusuallydivertedawayfromthetellertowardssomeonemoreimportant.Forexample,in1994,WhinaCoopercomplained that younger Māori did not understand older Māori, culturally as well aslinguistically.Shesaid:

wellIwentround.theeastcoast.andIspokeonsomeofthemaraesthere.andyoushouldof.heardthe.clapping...andIsaid.‘well.itmakesmethink.now.thatyouhaveforgotten.SirApiranaNgata’swords…theverywordsthatI’mtalkingtodaytoyoupeople.isthewords.fromApirana…andyouthinkit’s.me.no.it’shim’[.indicatepauses,…ellipsis]

Māoristoriesshowafocusonthegroupratherthantheindividualandagreatertoleranceforsilence.OuranalysiswillemphasisehowstoriestoldbythefourspeakersreflecttheseMāoriexpectations(Holmes,1998).ReferencesHolmes,Janet(1998).NarrativeStructure:SomecontrastsbetweenMaoriandPakeha

story-telling.Multilingua,17(10)25-57.Johnstone,Barbara.2016.‘Oralversionsofpersonalexperience’:Laboviannarrative

analysisanditsuptake.JournalofSociolinguistics20:542–560.Labov,WilliamandWaletzky,Joshua(1967).‘NarrativeAnalysis.’InHelmJ.(Ed.)Essayson

theVerbalandVisualArts.U.ofWashington,Seattle.pp.12-44.Metge,Joan&PatriciaKinloch(1978).Talkingpasteachother:Problemsofcross-cultural

communication.Wellington:VictoriaUniversityPress.Norrick,Neal(2007).Conversationalstorytelling.In:Herman,David(Ed.),TheCambridge

CompaniontoNarrative.CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,pp.127-141.

42

Itmightbeabitstingy:Expressionofuncertaintyinmedicaldiagnosis

MeredithMarra(VictoriaUniversityofWellington) ShannonCouper(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Uncertaintyiswidelyunderstoodasinherenttotheprocessofdiagnosis.Associolinguistswerecognisethattheexpressionofthis(un)certainty,especiallyinspokeninteraction,doesnotautomaticallymap to epistemic knowledge. Discursive choicesmay be influenced by anynumberofcontextualfactors,includingidentities,rolesandrelationships.

In this paper we draw on naturally-occurring interactions recorded in the context of themedicalencountertoexplorethelanguageusedbypractitionersastheydiscussdiagnoseswithpatients.Ininterpretingourdatawemakeuseofatieredmodelofuncertaintywhichforegrounds (from the most micro to the more macro): the indexical field of discoursefeatures,thediscourseactivity,epistemicstance,relationalpracticesandfinallyidentity(seeAuthor2inprep).Thuswhenastaffnurserefrainsfromexplicitlydisagreeingwithapatient’sself-diagnosisandinsteadsays“we'llseewhenthetestcomesbackfromthelab”,thechoiceoftheinclusivewepronoun,thehedgedstatementwe’llseeandalsothedeferralofdiagnosisinfavouroftheobjectivemeasureofatest,notonlyconveyinformationbuthelpconstructa‘goodnurse’identity,onewhoisresponsive,patient-focused,knowledgeableandyetnotaccountableforthediagnosis(Lazzaro-Salazar2013;Barone&Lazzaro-Salazar2015).

Language plays a key role in medical encounters and this investigation aims to extendopportunities for engaging with the medical and scientific community in recent thinkingarounduncertaintyindiagnosis.References

Couper,Shannon.Inpreparation.Analysingexpressionsofuncertaintyintheworkplace:Amulti-tieredmodel.

Barone,SusanandMarianaLazzaro-Salazar2015.'Fortybucksisfortybucks’:Ananalysisofamedicaldoctor’sprofessionalidentity.Language&Communication43:27-34.

Lazzaro-Salazar,Mariana2013.Investigatingnurses’professionalidentityconstructionintwohealthsettingsinNewZealand.PhDthesis,VictoriaUniversityofWellington,NewZealand.

43

ConstraintsondeterminerpronunciationinAucklandEnglish

MiriamMeyerhoff(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)ElaineBallard(TheUniversityofAuckland)

AlexandraBirchfield(VictoriaUniversityofWellington) HelenAretaCharters(TheUniversityofAuckland)

Definite and indefinite articles in English have several allomorphs: definite [ðə ~ ði] andindefinite [ə ~ ei ~æn]. [ði] and [æn] are said to occur prevocalically, the others beforeconsonants.ThisisnotthewholestoryforspeakersofNewZealandEnglishinAuckland.

Weanalyseover1400tokensofdeterminersinthespeechofolderandyoungerspeakersinthreecommunitiesinAuckland:MountRoskill,TitirangiandSouthAuckland.Olderspeakersinallthreecommunitiesoverwhelminglyuse[ði]beforevowels,butyoungerspeakersinthemore ethnically mixed and socially dynamic communities of Mount Roskill and SouthAuckland tend to use [ðə] in all contexts. The diffusion of this variant appears to beconstrained by phonological factors that can be subsumed under theObligatory ContourPrinciple(Goldsmith1979),thoughtheexactimplementationoftheOCPdiffersindifferentlocales.Ourresultsareconsistentwiththesuggestionthatthegeneralisationof[ðə]ismorelikelytooccurwhentherearemanynon-nativespeakersinacommunity(Fox2015).

Thealternationintheformoftheindefinitearticleislesswidelyanalysedintheliterature.Inourstudy,speakersalmostcategoricallyuse[æn]beforevowels.Butthealternationbetween[ə~ei]hasnotbeenstudied(it’sgenerallyignoredingrammars/dictionariesorattributedtostress).WeconsiderwhethertheNPiscontrastive,thenatureofthefollowingvowel,andthedemographicsofthespeakerstoprovideanaccountofthedistributionoftheseformsinourcorpus.ReferencesFox,Susan(2015).TheNewCockney:Newethnicitiesandadolescentspeechinthe

traditionalEastEndofLondon.London:PalgraveMacmillan.Goldsmith,J.(1979).AutosegmentalPhonology.PhD.MIT,1976.DistributedbyIULC.New

York:GarlandPress.

44

Howtotrainyourindigenouslanguagespeechrecognitionengine

CalebMoses(DragonflyDataScience)KeoniMahelona(TeHikuMedia),Peter-LucasJones(TeHikuMedia)

SusanDuncan(TeHikuMedia) MilesThompson(DragonflyDataScience),DouglasBagnall(DragonflyDataScience)

EdwardAbrahamofDragonflyDataScience)Inthelastyearourteamhascollectedacorpusofnearly400hoursofspeechforthepurposeofdevelopingtereoMāorispeechrecognition.Initialmodelsbasedonthecorpusgiveverygoodresults,showingthatmoderndeep-learningtechniquesusedforgloballanguageswithvast corpora transfer quitewell to smaller training sets.We speculate that the generallyregularorthographyoftereoMāorimayhelpspeech-to-textsystems,anddiscusswaystomotivatepeopletodonatespeechtoacorpus.

45

MoralpanicandthesexualOther:Linguisticrepresentation ofcriminalisedmigrantsexworkersinNewZealandmediadiscourse

MatildaNeyland(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Sex workers remain one of the most marginalised and stigmatised groups in society.Throughouthistory,dominantdiscourseshavevariouslyassociatedsexworkerswithcrime,sin,diseaseormoralcorruption;morerecently,somefeministshaveframedsexworkersasvictims of violence and exploitation. These perceptionsmaybe gradually changing as sexworkerscontinuetoadvocatefortheirrightsandrespectasworkers.NewZealandisoneofonlytwojurisdictionsintheworldwheresexworkersenjoyadecriminalisedenvironment;however,thisstatusdoesnotextendtothoseontemporaryvisas.Meanwhile,sextraffickingisincreasinglyconflatedwithsexworkinglobaldiscourses,fedbymoralpanic.

Inthispaper,ItakeacriticalapproachtothediscursiveconstructionofsexworkersinrecentNewZealandprintmediafollowingtheindustry’sdecriminalisationin2003.Criticaldiscourseanalysiscanindicatehowsocietalpower imbalancesarebothreflectedandreproducedindiscourse; for example, media language can either reinforce or challenge the stigmasurroundingsexwork. In thisexploratorystudy Iuseacorpusofapproximately100newsarticles tocompare the linguistic representationsof sexworkersholdingNZcitizenshiporresidency, whose work is legal, with those of migrant workers, who face deportation. Iexaminehowmoralpanicaroundsextraffickingandculturalanxietiessurroundingnon-whitewomen’ssexualityfeedintotheseconstructions.Corpuslinguisticsincombinationwiththediscourse-historicalapproachareemployedtoofferbothquantitativeandqualitativeinsightsintothedominantnarrativethemesinthedata.

46

RelativeclausesinNewZealandMāoriandCookIslandsMāori

SallyAkevaiNicholas(AucklandUniveristyofTechnology)

NewZealandMāoriandCook IslandsMāoriarecloselyrelatedEastPolynesian languages.There is somedegreeofmutual intelligibilitybetweenthe two,particularlydue tosharedvocabulary,buttheyhavesufficientdifferences(grammatical,phonologicalandlexical)toun-controversially be considered separate languages. This paperwill compare relative clauseformation in these two languages and address the implications for the noun phraseaccessibilityhierarchy(Keenan&Comrie,1977),andthegrammaticalstatusofthesocalledaccusativenounphraseinbothlanguages.Bauer(1982)foundthatthestrategiesavailableforrelativizationarenotappliedcontiguouslyalongthenounphraseaccessibilityhierarchyin New Zealand Māori. This contravenes the prediction of Keenan and Comrie’s secondhierarchy constraint (Keenan & Comrie, 1977:67). The Cook Islands Māori relativizingstrategies differ from those of New Zealand Māori. Most notably, the strategy ofzerojuxtaposition ismuchmore limited, in termsof the sentence types, andnounphrasepositionsitcanbeusedwith,inCookIslandsMāori.StrategiesforrelativizingonthenotionaldirectobjectinNewZealandMāoriplayanimportantpartinBauer’sargument,butinCookIslandsMāoriseveralanalogousstrategiesareonlyacceptabletosomespeakers.Assuch,theclearbreachofthesecondhierarchyconstraint,asfoundinNewZealandMāori,isnotasclearinCookIslandsMāori.References

Bauer,W.(1982).RelativizationinMaori.StudiesinLanguage,6(3):305–342.

Keenan,E.L.andComrie,B.(1977).Nounphraseaccessibilityanduniversalgrammar.LinguisticInquiry,8(1):63–99.

47

Non-Māori-speakingNewZealanders’native-likephonotacticknowledgeofMāori

YoonMiOh(UniversityofCanterbury) ClayBeckner(UniversityofCanterbury)

JenHay(UniversityofCanterbury) JeanetteKing(UniversityofCanterbury)

ManyNewZealandersareexposedtoMāoriintheirliveswithoutspeakingit.Inourpreviousstudy,thesizeoftheirMāorivocabularywasassumedtobeabout120words.Inthisstudy,weaimto investigateNZ-basednon-Māori-speakers’(NMS)phonotacticknowledgewithahypothesisthatNMSmayhaveacquiredprelexicalphonotacticknowledgeofMāorithroughtheirregularandpassiveexposuretoMāori.Inourstudy,41fluentMāori-speakers(MS),118NMSand95US-basednon-Māorispeakers(US)ratehighlyMāori-likenonwordsforhowgoodtheywouldbeasMāoriwords.PhonotacticscoresarecalculatedfromaMāoridictionary,segmentedMāorirunningspeechdata(RS),andunsegmentedRS.UnlikeUS,MSandNMSareinfluencedbyphonotacticsandtheverybestpredictorforbothisthedictionary-derivedphonotactics.ThereisnosignificantdifferencebetweenMSandNMSintermsofdictionaryandRSderivedphonotactics.TobetterunderstandNMS’phonotacticknowledge,wetestawide range of potential confounds and knowledge sources, but none can capture NMS’behaviouraswellasassumingtheyhaveaccesstothefulldictionary.Tofurtherassessthisquestion,weexamineNMS’knowledgeofMāoriwordswithvaryingfrequenciesandNMSsuccessfullyidentifyMāoriwordsamongnonwordsregardlessofwordfrequency.TheresultofourstudysuggeststhatNMS’phonotacticknowledgeofMāoriisgeneralizedovermuchlarger vocabulary than they seem to actively know and supports the idea that they haveaccesstoalargeincipientlexiconwhichhasbeenformedthroughpassiveexposure.

48

CommandsandprohibitionsinKandozi-Chapra,aPeruvianAmazonianlanguage

SimonOverall(OtagoUniversity)

ThispaperdescribesthepotentialandprohibitiveconstructionsofKandozi-Chapra,anisolatelanguagespokeninthenorthwestPeruvianAmazon,inthecontextofothermarkedverbalgrammatical categories, and relates them to theapprehensivedomain (Lichtenberk1995,Vuillermet2018)whichappearstobethelinkbetweenthetwofunctions.Kandozi-Chaprahasarelativelystraightforwardimperativemood,whichincludescanonicalimperative(inthesenseofAikhenvald2017),withsecondpersonsubject (1).Ofnote isaspecial imperativeformfortransitiveverbswithsecondpersonsubjectandfirstpersonsingularobject,markedwith the suffix -nta (2). While prohibitive is functionally the negative counterpart ofimperative(i.e.“don’tX!”), it ismarkedquitedistinctly inKandozi-Chapra.Theprohibitiveformsseemtohavearisenfrompotentialmoodviaimplicature:“youmightX”>“don’tX!”,buttherearecomplexitiesarising frominteractionwithpersonofsubjectandobject,andnon-combinatorialsemanticsofsequencesofmorphemes.Potentialmoodformsusespecialmarkers-inch(2sg)and-ints(2pl)withsecondpersonparticipants,replacingtheusualsubjectmarkers-ish(2sg)and-is(2pl).Thesespecialmarkerscombinewithpotentialmoodtoformtheprohibitive(3),butwithincompletiveaspectthesameformsencodeacombinationoffirstpersonsingularsubjectactingonsecondpersonobject (4).Theprohibitiveformwithsecondpersonsubjectandfirstpersonsingularobject,meanwhile,doesnotusethespecialsecondpersonmarkers, nor does it use the -nta suffix of example (2). Instead, the usualsecondpersonmarkersappear(5).Examples (1) pshtu-ŋki enter-IMP ‘comein!’ (2) iista-nta help-1SG.OBJ ‘helpme!’ (3) kaman-inch-pa tell-2SG-POT ‘don’ttellhim!’ (4) kaman-ch-inch-pa tell-INCOMPL-2SG-POT ‘I’lltellyou’ (5) munta-r-ish-pa annoy-CURR-2SG-POT ‘don’thassleme’

ReferencesAikhenvald,AlexandraY.2017.Imperativesandcommands:across-linguisticview.InA.Y.

AikhenvaldandR.M.W.Dixon(eds.),Commands:ACross-LinguisticTypology,1–45.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

Lichtenberk,Frantisek.1995.Apprehensionalepistemics.InJoanBybee&SuzanneFleischman(eds.),Modalityingrammaranddiscourse,293–327.Amsterdam:JohnBenjamins.

Vuillermet,Marine.2018.GrammaticalfearmorphemesinEseEjja:Makingthecaseforamorphosemanticapprehensionaldomain.StudiesinLanguage42(1):256–293.

49

Itshouldbenotedthat…: Theinfluenceofregisterintheuseofmodalauxiliariesofobligationandnecessity

JeanParkinson(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Thispresentationreportsonacorpusstudyoftheobligationmodalsmustandshouldandthequasi-modals have to and need to. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data, Icomparehowthesemodal resourcesareused incorporaof researcharticlesandstudentwritingandhowtheyareusedmoregenerallyinwritingintheInternationalcorpusofEnglish(ICE).

Forbothspeakersandwriters,usingobligationmodals,especiallythestrongermodalssuchasmust,ispotentiallyrisky,asitcansoundoverlyauthoritative.TheresultsofthisstudyshowdistinctlydifferentusageofthesemodalresourceswhenacademictextsarecomparedwithmoregeneralwritingfromtheICE.Comparedtowriting intheICE,academicwritersusedstatisticallyfewermodalswithdeonticmeaning,thatis,meaningsexpressingtheauthorityofhumanagentsortheauthorityofrulesandregulations.Thesewereparticularlyuncommonin empirical genres such as research articles and student reports on empirical data. Butacademicwritersusedstatisticallymoremodalswithepistemicmeaning,thatis,meaningsexpressinglogicalargumentbasedonevidence.Theyalsousedstatisticallymoremodalswithdynamic meaning, that is, meanings drawing on the conditions and circumstances thataccompany natural phenomena. A further finding is of greater prominence of objectivemeaning,thatis,necessitythatexistsindependentofthespeaker,intheacademicwritingcompared to the ICE. I discuss how these modal choices relate to stance in academicdiscourse,whichseekstoassessandevaluatethefactualityofpropositions.

50

ChallengingtheEnglishStockholmsyndrome: HowtocontaintheinfluenceofglobalEnglishthroughmultilingualisminlanguage

policyresearch

SilviaPerin(TheUniversityofAuckland)This presentation reflects on the contradiction present in language policy research andsociolinguistics,wherediscussionsonlanguagediversityandbi/multilingualismareexpressedalmostexclusivelyinEnglish(Rapatahana&Bunce,2012).UndertheeffectofaStockholmsyndrome,where thevictimdevelops loyaltyor sympathy towards their captor, the largemajority of the publications against the phagocytising influence of English advocate for amore equal use of other languages only in English. This inevitability of English, however,cannotstopthequest formultilingualism,asmultilingualismcanverywell includeEnglish(St ̣avans&Hoffmann,2015).

Using the presenter's completed PhD study on language hierarchies as an example, andmovingfromtranslationtheory(Venuti,2008),thispaperproposestheuseofmultilingualismasamethodology, foranalternativewaytomaintain languagediversity inEnglish-writtenlanguage policy research. In particular, by employing literature and data in multiplelanguages,andbyquotingtextsintheoriginallanguagewithaccessorytranslationstoensurethe accessibility of the content, language policy research can work for multilingualismbecauseitisitselfmultilingual.Workingthroughmultilingualismdoesnotsimplymeanthattheoutcomeoflanguagepolicyisasocietythatismoreinclusiveofmultilingualpractices.Italsomeansthat,toachievethisoutcome,wemustputmultilingualismintopractice,asatoolto redefine the language hierarchies existing in academic research and to overcome theEnglishStockholmsyndrome.

51

IsJAFAspeechdifferent?:AlookatthevowelsofAucklandEnglish

BrookeRoss(TheUniversityofAuckland) ElaineBallard(TheUniversityofAuckland)

CatherineWatson(TheUniversityofAuckland)HelenCharters(TheUniversityofAuckland)

Sincethe19thcentury,thelargestconcentrationofNewZealandEnglish(NZE)speakershaslivedinandaroundthecityofAuckland.However,untilnow,nolinguisticanalysisofAucklandEnglishhasbeenundertaken.

ThisstudypresentsanacousticanalysisofNZEvowelsinAuckland.Datawastakenfrom40nativespeakersofNZEfromthreesuburbs:Titirangi,apredominantlyPākehācommunity;Papatoetoe,awell-establishedethnicallymixedcommunityandMountRoskillacommunityundergoingdemographic change. Speakerswere recorded in 1-2 hour conversationswithlocalpeers.Participants(N=33)wereagedbetween18-25yearsandbalancedbetweenmaleandfemaleparticipantsineachsuburb.Agroupofolderspeakers(N=7),NewZealand-bornwomen,aged45-70yearsfromTitirangi,wereusedasareferencepointforchangeamongthe younger speakers. Vowels were analysed acoustically and over 7000 monophthongtokensand4000diphthongtokenswereconsidered.FindingsshowthatsomeofthemosticonicvowelsofNewZealandarenoticeablydifferent inthespeechofyoungAucklanderscomparedtotheolderonesandpreviousresearch(e.g.Maclagan&Hay,2007;Warren,2017;Watson,Harrington&Evans,1998).Mostnotably,theTRAPandDRESSmonophthongswerelowerthanexpected,indicatinganapparentdistancingofyoungerspeakersfromtheraisedshort vowels traditionally associated with New Zealand English.We conclude with somecommentsaboutpotentialsuburbdifferences,andwhetherourresultssuggestNewZealandEnglishspokeninAucklandmaybedifferenttothatfromotherpartsofthecountry.ReferencesMaclagan,M.&Hay,J.(2007)Gettingfedupwithourfeet:Contrastmaintenanceandthe

NewZealandEnglish“short”frontvowelshift.LanguageVariationandChange,19,1–25.

Warren,P.(2017).QualityandquantityinNewZealandEnglishvowelcontrasts.JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation.1-26.doi.org/10.1017/S0025100317000329

Watson,C.,Harrington,J.&Evans,Z.(1998).AnacousticcomparisonbetweenNewZealandandAustralianEnglishvowels.JournalofLinguistics,18(2),187-287.

52

Havingalaughandsinginghelpspeedthingsup:Interactingatworkthroughhumourandmusic

HoniaraSalanoa(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Thecontextualsettingsforresearchonworkplacediscoursehaveexpandedsignificantlyinthelast20yearsfromthedominanceofresearchonhealthcaredelivery,legalproceedings,new jobs and interviews (Drew & Heritage, 1993; Koester, 2006; Holmes 2009), to nowincludingdifferenttypesofinstitutionalandnon-institutionalcontexts(Holmes,2009;2011).Atadiscourselevel,whiletransactionaltalkremainshighlyvaluedbecauseofitssignificanceto workplace goals, relational work is increasingly shown to play a beneficial role bycontributingtogoodworkplacerelations(Fletcher,1999;Holmes&Stubbe,2003;Schnurr,2008). Inmyresearch,Iadoptanethnographicapproach,whichembracesin-depthsemi-structuredinterviewsalongsideworkplaceobservationsandaudio-recordings,inthecontextof horticultural work. I argue the relevance of the Fatugātiti model, a developingmethodology that recognizes the subtleties and nuances of a Pacific context whereparticipantsareco-researchersandequalityamongstresearcherisprioritised.Drawingondata collected from participants in (1) an established and (2) a novice group of Samoanseasonalworkers,thispaperexploreshumourandmusicasrelationalpracticesinworkplacediscourse.Myanalysisindicatesthatthesepracticesareemployedasameanstoencourage,motivateandentertaintheseasonalworkersandultimatelytohelpgetthetaskdone.Theythusplayanoftenunderestimatedroleincontributingtoteamculture.Iwillillustratetheprevalenceofmusicandtheengagementofthemeninhumorousactivitiesastheyconducttheir work, showing how these relational skills not only encourage productivity butsimultaneouslysupportrelationships.

53

IreferencethedictionarythereforeIam: Authoritativeusesofdictionariesinonlinediscourse

AlyssaA.Severin(MonashUniversity)

A stalwarton the familybookshelf, dictionarieshavebeenused for generations to settleargumentsover the ‘true’meaningofwords, to confirmcorrect spellings, and tovalidatewhetherwords are ‘real’.Unfortunately, in this capacity dictionaries are often treated asprescriptiveartefactsratherthanasthedescriptiverecordsofalanguagethatlexicographersintendthemtobe(seee.g.Green1996).Thisclashofapproachestowardsdictionariescanleadtomisunderstandingsandevenconflictwhenpeoplereferencedictionariesindiscourse.

Inthistalk,IdrawondatafromthewebsiteReddit(reddit.com)toexplorethedifferentwaysthatinternetusersreferencedictionariesinmetalinguisticdiscourseonline.Inthisdata,itisevident that the ways that people reference dictionaries in discourse reflect theirmetalinguistic ideologies (e.g. prescriptivism or descriptivism). However, analysis of thisdiscourseshowsthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedictionaries insimilar,althoughnuanced,ways. Critically, descriptivediscourse includes features that peopledisplayingprescriptivestancesmay find indiscernible from their ownmuchmalignedpositions – reflectingwhatCameron(2012:234)referstoasa‘distinctionwithoutadifference’.

There exists a serious disconnect between people with opposing metalinguistic beliefs.Through better understanding metalinguistic discourse, we may be better positioned todistinguish descriptive discourse from its prescriptive counterpart. Given prescriptivismservesasgroundsforlinguisticdiscriminationinitsmostextremeiteration,itisessentialthatweuntangledescriptivismandprescriptivismindiscoursesothatwemaytrulyunderstandthoseopinionsweoppose–andthenbebetterpositionedtocombatthem.

References

Cameron,Deborah.2012.Verbalhygiene.2ndedn.London&NewYork:Routledge.

Green,Jonathon.1996.Chasingthesun:dictionarymakersandthedictionariestheymade.1stAmericanedn.NewYork:HenryHolt.

54

Theproblemofrepeatedtextincorpusconstruction

RobertSigley(DaitoBunkaUniversity)

Whenacorpus iscompiledfromonlinesourcesusingretrievalsofsearchterms,thesametextmay be retrievedmultiple times (either frommultiple retrievals from the samewebaddress,and/orretrievalsofmultiplecopiesacrossdifferentwebaddresses).Theproblemalsoarisesinapproachesnotusingsearchterms,whensamplingtypesoflanguageusethatnaturally re-use text.Onlinenewssources, inparticular,often re-use textacrossdifferentsites,atdifferenttimesonthesamesite,andevenwithinthesamearticle.Foralargecorpus,weneedsomewayofidentifyingduplicatedtextautomatically,sothatwecanremoveexactduplicatearticlesandsominimisebias;but it is lessclearwhatweshoulddowithsmallerpiecesofrepeatedtextthatarearguablyanormalpartofnewslanguage.Thispresentationclassifiesdifferenttypesofrepetitionarisinginonlinenews,asseeninthefirstdraftofa3-million-word corpus compiled fromsuch sources; attempts toquantify theproblemusingAntConc's cluster search feature to aid identification and removal of duplicate text; andsuggestssomewaysofminimisingtheproblem.

55

VariableuseofdiacriticstomarkloanwordsinNewZealandEnglish

RobertSigley(DaitoBunkaUniversity)ThispapersurveystheuseofdiacriticstomarkloanwordsintheWellingtonCorpusofWrittenNewZealandEnglish(WWC),withparticularattentiontotwocontrastinggroupsofloanwordsthatcouldpotentiallybemarkedwithdiacriticsinNewZealandEnglish(NZE):wordsfromtereoMāori, andwordsof Frenchorigin (learnedat school, and to someextent codified inEnglishdictionaries,sothatdiacriticusemayconstituteadisplayofeducation).Thetreatmentof French is compared with that in the parallel Freiburg-LOB (FLOB) and Freiburg-Brown(Frown)corporaofwrittenBritishandAmericanEnglish,toascertainwhetherthisisanareainwhichNZEmayhavedivergedfromBritishEnglish.

MacronsinMāoriloanwordswerelimitedtoonlytwotexts,withnoneintheword"Māori"itself,thoughusagesince1987maybeexpectedtoshowsomeshiftawayfromthisbaseline.WWCalsoshowssystematicallyloweruseofdiacriticsinFrenchloanwordsthanisevidentinFLOB;diacriticsarefavouredonlyinword-final<é>andinmulti-wordphrases.Pressmaterialespeciallydisfavoursdiacriticuse.

56

Thesocialadvantagesofconflict: Acasestudyoftheacquisitionofsociolinguisticcompetence

AnnaStrycharz-Banas(VictoriaUniversityofWellington) MiriamMeyerhoff(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

CarmenDalli(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)Agreatdealofenergyinearlychildhoodeducation(asinotherpartsofsociety)isdevotedtominimisingoravoidingconflict.Butconflictisanecessarypartofsociality.Inthispaper,wepresentanextendedcasestudyofonepre-schoolerforwhomconflictplaysacentralroleinshoringuphiswellbeingandestablishinghisbelonging(MinistryofEducation1996,Singer&DeHaan2011)inanearlychildcarecentre.KareemwasamonolingualspeakerofArabicwhenheenteredthechildcarecentrewherewehavebeendoingfieldworkforthelast18months.Wehaveobservedhimforoverayearashe gradually has moved from being a peripheral member of this centre’s community ofpractice to being a core member. His journey has involved increasing English languagecompetence, but it has also involveddevelopinghis sociolinguistic competence in English(Alptekin 2002). In this paper, we focus on the role that conflict events seem to play insignallinghisdeepeningintegrationintothechildcarecentreasacommunity.Fromplayingnon-verbalrolesinsupportofthecentre’sdailyactivitiesweseeKareemfirststarttoasserthisautonomyandselfhood throughoppositionalutterances (“No”, “My turn”) through tocollaborativeplayandthenanabilitytoinitiateandresolveextendedconflictswithhispeers.Ourcasestudyshowsthatconflictcannotonlyindexpositive,sociolinguisticmaturity,itmayplayacrucialroleallowingchildrentonegotiateafull,socialroleinanewcommunity.ReferencesAlptekin,C.(2002).TowardsinterculturalcommunicativecompetenceinELT.ELTJournal,

56(1),57-64.

MinistryofEducation(1996).TeWhārikiLearningMedia.Wellington.http://www.education.govt.nz/assets/Documents/Early-Childhood/te-whariki.pdf

Singer,E.&deHaan,D.(2011).Fosteringasenseofbelonginginmulticulturalchildcaresettings.InM.Kernan&E.Singer(Eds).PeerRelationshipsinEarlyChildhoodEducationandCare.Chapter8,pp.88-101.London&NewYork.Routledge.

57

OfbrowniegirlsandAussiefamilies: AnewlookatmorphosemanticparadigmaticityinAdj+ie/ynominalisations

ElizavetaTarasova(IPUNewZealand)

JoséAntonioSánchezFajardo(UniversityofAlicante,Spain)Adj+ie/y nominalisations (softie, brownie) represent an interesting phenomenon forinvestigation,andthereisanextensiveliteratureontheformandfunctionof-iederivativesin English, including Bauer et al. (2015); Bardsley and Simpson (2009); Mattiello (2013);Schneider(2003).

In this paper we focus on two areas that have not received much attention, namely: (1) the amount of polysemy associated with deadjectival -ie nominalizations; (2) the semantic convergence of the output units whose formation (and semantic content) is driven by three elements: ellipsed noun, adjectivalbase(colour/origin),andthesuffix-ie/y.

Theexamplesof-ie/-yunitsarecollectedfromprescriptiveanddescriptivedictionaries,andexamples of their use are extracted from the NOW Corpus (NOW). The analysis of ie/-ynominals uses the theoretical frameworkof onomasiological approach toword-formation(Štekauer,2005)andtheprinciplesofthedescriptiveandConstructionGrammarapproaches.

Eventhoughdeadjectival-ie/-yderivativesappeartobehomogeneousontheformallevel,the analysis of the processes involved into their formation from the viewpoint of theirattestedmeaningsrevealsinterestingpatternsoftheword-buildingprocesses.Meanwhile,thedifferencesinmorphologydonotaffectthesemanticunityofderivatives.TheresultsofthesemanticandcomponentialanalysesofthedatasuggestthenecessityofaccountingforanalogyintheformationofAdj+ie/ynominalisations,whichprovidesagroundedexplanationfor the (superficial) structural similarityof theoutput lexemesandserves topreserve thesemanticcharacteristicsofderivativescomprisingtheparadigm.

ReferencesBardsley,D.&Simpson,J.(2009).HypocoristicsinNewZealandandAustralianEnglish.In:P.

Peters,P.Collins&A.Smith(eds.),ComparativestudiesinAustralianandNewZealandEnglish:Grammarandbeyond(pp.49-69).Amsterdam/Philadelphia:JohnBenjamins.

Bauer,L.,Lieber,R.&Plag,I.(2013).TheOxfordreferenceguidetoEnglishmorphology.Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress.

Mattiello,E.(2013).Extra-grammaticalmorphologyinEnglish.Berlin/Boston:WalterdeGruyter.

NOW=Davies,M.(n.d.)NewsontheWebCorpus.BrighamYoungUniversity.Schneider,K.P.(2003).DiminutivesinEnglish.Berlin:DeGruyter.Štekauer,P.(2005).Onomasiologicalapproachtoword-formation.InP.Štekauer&R.Lieber

(eds.).Handbookofword-formation(pp.207-232).Dordrecht:Springer.

58

ConstructingNewWorkOrder: ‘Exampleorganizations’throughidentitygatekeeping

DorienVanDeMieroop(KULeuven,Belgium)

Since the 1980s, the old assembly-line economy was replaced by a knowledge-basedeconomyandthisentailedthetransitiontoa ‘NewWorkOrder’ (NWO)(Geeetal.1996).Along with the abolition of explicit top-down hierarchies, bottom-up processes wereestablishedwhichtransformedemployeesinto‘worker-partners’.OneofthegenrestypicaloftheseNWO-organizations,areperformanceappraisalinterviews,astheseareseeminglyempoweringtwo-waydiscussionsofemployeeandemployerperformance(versustheone-waydiscussionintraditionalevaluationinterviews).Yet,atthesametime,theseinterviewsare typical media of control during which employers often attempt to ‘regulate’ theirsubordinates’ professional identities and mold these into identities that match theorganization’sgoals.Assuch,duringtheseperformanceappraisalinterviews,wecanobserveprocessesofgatekeepingthatensurethatdissidentprofessionalidentitiesarecorrectedorsilenced.IwillillustratethispointbydrawingonacorpusofeightauthenticDutch-spokenperformanceappraisalinterviewsthatwereaudio-recordedinvariousBelgianorganizations.Inparticular,IadoptadiscourseanalyticalapproachandIprovideafine-grainedanalysisofanumberoffragmentsinwhichthecorrectionofdissidentidentitiescanbeobserved,eitherbysilencingorbythecollaborativeconstructionofemployeeidentitiesthataremoreacceptablefromacorporateperspective.Assuch,throughprocessesof‘identitygatekeeping’,onlyemployeesfittingintheNWO-idealarerenderedrepresentativeofandvisibleintheorganization,whichisthus,recursively,enactedasaNWO-‘exampleorganization’.

59

DirectionsofchangeinSouthlandEnglish(r): Phonologicalandgrammaticalconstraints

DanVillarreal(UniversityofCanterbury)LynnClark(UniversityofCanterbury) JenHay(UniversityofCanterbury)

KevinWatson(UniversityofCanterbury)SouthlandEnglishhashistoricallybeenNewZealand’sonly(partially)rhoticvariety.Therehasonlybeenonelarge-scalestudyofSouthland(r),whichsuggestedaresurgenceofrhoticityfollowingNURSEamongyoungwomen(Bartlett2002).Webuildonthiswork,usingmodernstatisticalmethodstobetterunderstandthelinguisticandsocialconditioningofchangeinSouthland(r).Weanalysedover20,000tokensofnon-prevocalicSouthland(r),codedaspresent/absent.20% of tokenswere hand-coded; the rest were automatically coded via a random-forestclassifier trainedon thehand-coded tokens topredict (r)presence/absencebasedon180acousticmeasures(thisauto-coderachievedover80%accuracyonthehand-codedtrainingset).Dataweremodelledvialogisticmixed-effectsregression,withathree-waygenerationdistinction(birthyears1900–30,1931–55,1956–80).Asexpected,thisanalysisrevealsasignificanteffectforvowel,withgreaterrhoticityforNURSEthan other vowels, and a significant effect for generation, which indicates a change inapparenttime.Thestatisticalmodellingallowsustoseefurtherfine-grainedphonologicaland grammatical conditioning of the change as it progressed throughout the speechcommunity. For instance,wefindthatNURSEbeforenon-sibilantfricatives lags inrhoticityamongtheoldestspeakersbutcatchesuptootherNURSEenvironmentsamongmiddleandyoungspeakers.WealsofindthattheincreaseofrhoticityinNURSEappearedfirstincontentwords,thenspreadtofunctionwords.WediscussthefulltrajectoryofchangeforSouthland(r)andhighlightsomeimplicationsfortheoriesofphonologicalchangemoregenerally.

60

“Haveagoodone”:NormsandexpectationsinserviceencountersinNewZealand

BernadetteVine(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)JanetHolmes(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

Thispaperreportsonaprojectwhichaimstocapturethecommunicationpatternsthatoccurinserviceencountersbetweenindividualswhohavelittleornoexistingsocialrelationshipand limited expectation of further interactions. The encounters we have recorded aretypically brief, highly transactional, and seem very formulaic. The theoretical goal is toexploretherelationshipbetweenpotentiallyuniversalsocioculturalconstraintsandthelocalnormsthatshapeinteractionalpracticesinspecificcontexts,andconsiderhowtheseimpactonspecificdiscursivelyconstructedemergentinteractions.Datawascollectedusingavariationonthe“mysteryshoppertechnique”.Researchersandresearchassistantsactedascustomers,audio-andvideo-recording their interactionswithserviceemployees.Ourdatacollectorsincludedyoungerandolderspeakers,andfemaleandmaleresearchassistantswithbothlocalandinternationalaccents.The results presented in this paper highlight some of the most salient aspects of theapproximately eighty service interactions recorded in cafes, shops andmuseums in NewZealand, specifically our interpretation of the shared understandings and expectations inroutine encounters and the influence of different sociocultural contexts on these sharedunderstandings.Theeffectofcontrastingphysicalenvironmentson interactionpatterns isalsoexplored.Thepapercontributestosociolinguistictheorybysuggestingfeatureswhichconstitutepotentialsocioculturaluniversalsconstrainingroutinetransactionalinteractionsinspecific contexts,aswellasaspectsof interactionwhichseem incontrovertibly local. Theresults may also be helpful to those interested in the challenges of interculturalcommunicationwhereparticipantsmayhavedifferentexpectationsandunderstandingsofinteractionalroutines,aswellastothoseinvolvedinworkplacecommunicationtraining.

61

DynamicmodellingoftheNZENEAR-SQUAREmerger

PaulWarren(VictoriaUniversityofWellington)

ThereductionoftheNEARandSQUAREdistinctioninNewZealandEnglish(NZE)isfrequentlyreportedasamergerofthefrontclosingdiphthongs,whichareoftentranscribedas[iә]and[eә]respectively.Inlinewithsuchtranscriptions,acousticstudiesofthemergerhavefocusedonfirst(F1)andsecond(F2)formantfrequencyvaluesatasinglepointnearthebeginningofeachvowel,andsuggestamovefrom[eә]to[iә]pronunciationsofSQUARE.Manyauditorystudies have similarly focused on the location in vowel space of the first ‘target’ of thediphthong. Diphthongs are however by definition dynamic. Using statistical techniquesrecently introduced intheanalysisofphoneticdata,wereportgeneralisedadditivemixedeffectsmodelling (GAMM) of non-linear trends across the entire trajectory of NEAR andSQUARE tokens.GAMManalysis involved a total of over 170,000 formantmeasurementsfrom1314NEARand1311SQUAREvowels,recordedinsentencecontextsby73speakersofNZE(37females,36males,withagesfrom17to75).Thisapparent-timeanalysisshowsageneralreductionwithdecreasingageinF1differencesbetweenSQUAREandNEARacrossthewholevowel trajectory (not just in the firstelement), andan ironing-outof twonon-linearitiesinthedifferencesbetweenthevowels’F2values.Thesenonlinearitiescorrespondtodifferencesbetweenthediphthongsinboththefirstandsecondtargetsinolderspeech.Thus, themerger of these two diphthongs involves greater diphthongisation of SQUARE,whichaffectsnotjustthefirsttarget,butalsothesecond.

62

Acousticcorrelatesofself-perceivedvocalmasculinity intransmasculineindividuals’speech

SidneyGig-JanWong(UniversityofCanterbury)

ViktoriaPapp(UniversityofCanterbury)

The current study investigates the relationship between speaking mean fundamentalfrequency (f0) and self-perceived vocalmasculinity in transmasculine individuals’ speech.Minimal researchhasbeenconductedon transmasculine individualsdue to theprevailingbelief that testosterone hormone treatment lowers the f0 to a satisfactory masculine-soundingpitch[1][2].Genderedspeechcharacteristics(i.e.pitch)observedinmasculine-andfeminine-soundingspeechcanbeattributedtosocietalperceptsofthegenderbinaryandanatomical and physiological differences between postadolescent cisgender females andmales. In English,masculinemean speaking f0 is around 110-130 Hz and femininemeanspeakingf0 isaround210Hz[3].However,studiesshowagender-conformingspeakingf0doesnotalwaysequatetoagender-affirmingvoiceasgendered-speechcharacteristics(i.e.resonance) cannot be automatically acquired through testosterone therapy [4][5]. 66participantsrecruitedaspartofawiderglobalstudyontransmasculineindividual’sspeechwererecordedonlinereading“NorthWindandtheSun”.ThespeechsampleswerecollectedusingLaBB-CATsoftware[6]andcentraltendencyf0measureswereextractedusingPraat[7]and REAPER [8]. Participants spoke in either English or German. Perceptual and attituderatingswereaskedfollowingtherecording.Theresultsdidfindarelationshipbetweenmeanf0and self-perceivedmasculinity.However, a regression treeanalysisof theacoustic andperceptualdatafoundthatf0 isnotastrongpredictorofself-perceivedvocalmasculinity.This suggests other acoustic factors may contribute to self-perceived vocal masculinitybeyondf0,whichmeansacquiringmasculine-soundingspeechcannotrelyontestosteronehormonetreatmentalone.References[1]VanBorsel,J.,DeCuypere,G.,Rubens,R.,&Destaerke,B.(2000).Voiceproblemsinfemale-tomale

transsexuals.InternationalJournalofLanguage&CommunicationDisorders,35(3),427–442.https://doi.org/10.1080/136828200410672

[2]T’Sjoen,G.,Moerman,M.,VanBorsel,J.,Feyen,E.,Rubens,R.,Monstrey,S.,Hoebeke,P.,DeSutter,P.,&DeCuypere,G.(2006).ImpactofVoiceinTranssexuals.InternationalJournalofTransgenderism,9(1),1–7.https://doi.org/10.1300/J485v09n01_01

[3]Hillenbrand,J.M.,&Clark,M.J.(2009).Theroleoff0andformantfrequenciesindistinguishingthevoicesofmenandwomen.Attention,Perception,&Psychophysics,71(5),1150–1166.https://doi.org/10.3758/APP.71.5.1150

[4]McNeill,E.J.M.,Wilson,J.A.,Clark,S.,&Deakin,J.(2008).PerceptionofVoiceintheTransgenderClient.JournalofVoice,22(6),727–733.

[5]Thornton,J.(2008).Workingwiththetransgendervoice:Theroleofthespeechandlanguagetherapist.Sexologies,17(4),271–276.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sexol.2008.08.003

[6]Fromont,R.,&Hay,J.(2017).Language,Brain&BehaviourCorpusAnalysisTool.English,Christchurch,NewZealand:NewZealandInstituteofLanguage,BrainandBehaviour.Retrievedfromhttps://labbcat.canterbury.ac.nz/system/

[7]Boersma,P.,&Weenink,D.(2017).Praat:doingphoneticsbycomputer(Version6.0.27).Retrievedfromwww.praat.org[8]Talkin,D.(2015).REAPER.Retrievedfromhttps://github.com/google/REAPER

63

AstudyofsecondpersonreferencetermsinJapanesewithspecialfocusonanata‘you’

YokoYonezawa(TheAustralianNationalUniversity)

Thisstudyexplorestheuseofthesecondpersonpronounanata‘you’inModernJapanese.

Japaneseisabundantinpersonalreferenceterms(PRTs).Theiruseisprimarilydeterminedby the social characteristics of the interlocutors and the level of formality of theconversationalsetting.AmongthesePRTs,thesecondpersonpronounanata‘you’isunique.WhileotherPRTsinevitablydisplaytheinterlocutor’ssocialcharacteristics(e.g.gender,age,kinrelations,socialposition)evenwithoutcontextualinformation,anatadoesnotpossessthisfeature.

Present-day native speaker’s perceptual data shows that these speakers of Japaneseregardanataasatouchyanddifficultaddresstermandhencetendtoavoidit.Thisisalsothemain reason for apparent disagreement in the previous literaturewhendefininganataaseitherformal/politeorimpolite.

This study revealsanata’s nature and its pragmatic effects, empirically clarified throughdiscourseanalysis. I showthatanata’s coreproperty is itsability toabsolutelyspecify thesecond person entity. This makes it possible foranatato occur impersonally in reportedspeechandtorefertoageneralaudience.Atthesametime,thispropertycreatesstrongexpressive effects in socially typified relationships. I show how this inherent propertyinteracts with established socio-cultural rules in the PRT system in Japanese and createsexpressiveeffectswhichcauseuserstoattachsocialmeanings(e.g.polite,impolite,distantorintimate)tothisword.Insodoing,thestudyshedslightonaspectsofthenexusbetweenlanguageandculture.

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