languages of india2
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
1/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India
The Hindi languages, including
Hindi-related languages such as
Rajasthani and Bhojpuri(in dark grey
colour, also additionally labelled with
Hindi).
Official languages [edit]
Main article: Languages with official status in India
National level [edit]
Prior to Independence, in British India, English was the sole language used
for administrative purposes as well as for higher educationpurposes.[14]
In 1946, the issue of national language was a bitterly contested subject in
the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly of India, specifically what
should be the languagein which the Constitution of India iswritten and the
language spoken during the proceedings of Parliament and thus deserving
of the epithet "national". Members belonging to the northern parts of India
insisted that the Constitution be drafted in Hindi with the unofficial
translation in English. This was not agreed to by the drafting Committee on
the grounds that English was muchbetter to craft the nuanced prose on
constitutional subjects. The efforts to make Hindi the pre-eminent
language were bitterly resisted by the members from those parts of India
where Hindi was notspoken natively. Eventually, a compromise was
reached withHindi in Devanagariscript to be the official languageof the
union but for "fifteen years from the commencement of the Constitution,
the English Language shall continue to be used for all the official purposes
of the Union for which it was being used immediately before such commencement".[14]
Article 343 (1) of the Constitution of Indiastates "The Official Language of the Union government shall be Hindi in
Devanagari script."[47]:212[48]Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for official purposes was to
cease 15 years after the constitution came into effect, i.e. on 26 January 1965.[47]:212[48]
Main article: Hindi language
Main article:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu
As the date for changeover approached, however, there was much alarm in the non Hindi-speaking areas of India
especially inMaharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal, Karnataka, Puducherry andAndhra Pradesh.
Accordingly, Jawaharlal Nehruensured the enactment of the Official Languages Act, 1963,[49][50]which provided
that English "may" still be used with Hindi for official purposes, even after 1965. [14]The wording of the text proved
unfortunate in that while Nehru understood that "may" meant shall, politicians championing the cause of Hindi
thought it implied exactly the opposite.[14]
In the event, as 1965 approached, India's new Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri prepared to make Hindi
paramount with effect from 28 January 1965. When asked by C. N. Annaduraito postpone the imposition, Shastri
refused. This led to widespread agitation, riots, self-immolations and suicides in Tamil Nadu. The split of Congress
politicians from the South from their party stance, the resignation of two Union ministers from the South and the
increasing threat to the country's unity forced Shastri to concede.[14][15]
As a result, the proposal was dropped,[51][52]and the Act itself was amended in 1967 to provide that the use of
English would not be ended until a resolutionto that effect was passed by the legislature of every state that had
not adopted Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament. [49]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Time1966-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Forrester1966-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-OLA163Amdt-49https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(law)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Forrester1966-52https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Time1966-51https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hardgrave1965-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._N._Annaduraihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CPOLch07-50https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-OLA163Amdt-49https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Official_Languages_Act,_1963&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Benedikter2009-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Benedikter2009-48https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_educationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administrationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=13https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindi_Indoarisch.png -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
2/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 2
The Hindi-belt, including Hindi-
related languages such as Rajasthani
and Bhojpuri.
The Constitution of Indiadoes not give any language the status of National Language.[4][5]
Hindi [edit]
Hindi, written inDevanagariscript, is the most prominent language spoken
in the country. In the 2001 census, 422 million (422,048,642) people in
India reported Hindi to be their native language.[53]This figure not only
included Hindu speakers of Hindustani, but also people who identify
as native speakersof related languages who consider their speech to be adialect of Hindi, the Hindi belt. Hindi (or Hindustani) is the native language
of most people living in Delhi, Uttar
Pradesh,Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Himachal
Pradesh,Chandigarh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Haryana,
and Rajasthan.[54]
"Modern Standard Hindi", a standardised language is the official
languageof the Union of India. In addition, it is one of only two languages
used for business in Parliament.[citation needed]
Hindustani, evolved from khari boli, a prominent tongue of Mughal times,
which itself evolved fromApabhraa, an intermediary transition stage
from Prakrit, from which the major North Indian Indo-Aryan languageshave evolved.[citation needed]
Varieties of Hindispoken in India include Braj
Bhasha, Haryanvi, Bundeli, Kannauji,Hindustani,Awadhi, Bagheli and Chhattisgarhi. By virtue of its being a lingua
franca, Hindi has also developed regional dialects such asBambaiya Hindi in Mumbai, Dakhini(also
called Hyderabadi Urdu) in parts of Telanganaand Bangalori Urdu in Bangalore, Karnataka. In addition, a trade
language,Andaman Creole Hindihas also developed in theAndaman Islands.[citation needed]
In addition, by use in popular culture such as songs and films, Hindi also serves as a lingua francaacross bothNorth and Central India[citation needed]
Hindi is widely taught both as a primary language and language of instruction, and, as a second tongue.
English [edit]
Main articles: English language and Indian English
British colonial legacy has resulted in English being a language for government, business and education. English,
along with Hindi, is one of the two languages permitted in the Constitution of India for business in Parliament.
Despite the fact that Hindi has official Government patronage and serves as a lingua franca over large parts of
India, there was considerable opposition to the use of Hindi in the southern states of India, and English hasemerged as a de facto lingua franca over much of India. [14][15]
Scheduled languages [edit]
Until theTwenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of Indiain 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional
languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion
of Sindhi, Konkani,Meiteilon and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to
18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages, [47]:330which are
given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used.[53]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-cons-47https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiteilonhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_of_the_Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hardgrave1965-15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Guha2011-14https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Englishhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_francahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore,_Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalori_Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhinihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbaihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambaiya_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannauji_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhashahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Bahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-ELL2-54https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_language_(Hindi_belt)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=15https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-PTI-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-National-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindispeakers.pnghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hindispeakers.png -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
3/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 3
Main languages of India and their
relative size according to how many
speakers each has.[55]
Language FamilySpeakers
(in millions, 2001)State(s)
Assamese (Asamiya)Indo-Aryan,
Eastern13 Assam,Arunachal Pradesh
Bengali (Bangla)Indo-Aryan,
Eastern83 West Bengal,Tripura
Bodo Sino-Tibetan 1.4 Assam, West Bengal, Meghalaya
DogriIndo-Aryan,
Northwestern2.3 Jammu and Kashmir
GujaratiIndo-Aryan,
Western60
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and
Diu, Gujarat
HindiIndo-Aryan,
Central
>260 (Native
Hindi, Bhojpuri,
Haryanvi, Pahari,
Kumaoni,
Garhwali, Angika,
Awadhi, Marwari,
Mewari,
Shekhawati,
Malwi, Bagri etc.)
Andaman and Nicobar
Islands,Bihar, Chhattisgarh,Delhi, Himachal
Pradesh,Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Haryana,Rajasthan,Uttarakhand
Kannada Dravidian 55 Karnataka, Goa,Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Kerala,Andhra Pradesh
KashmiriIndo-Aryan,
Dardic5.5 Jammu and Kashmir
KonkaniIndo-Aryan,
Southern2.5 Goa, Karnataka,Maharashtra
MaithiliIndo-Aryan,
Eastern12.2 Bihar
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Hindihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-55https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian-languages-map.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indian-languages-map.jpg -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
4/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 4
Malayalam Dravidian 33 Kerala,Lakshadweep, Tamil Nadu
Manipuri(includesMeitei) Sino-Tibetan 3 Manipur
MarathiIndo-Aryan,
Southern68
Maharashtra, Goa,Karnataka, Dadra and Nagar
Haveli,Gujrat, Daman and Diu, Madhya
Pradesh, Telangana
NepaliIndo-Aryan,
Northern
2.9 Sikkim, West Bengal,Assam
OdiaIndo-Aryan,
Eastern32 Odisha, Jharkhand,Chhattisgarh
PunjabiIndo-Aryan,
Northwestern29
Chandigarh, Delhi,Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu,Punjab, Rajasthan,Uttarakhand
Sanskrit Indo-Aryan 0.001 Uttarakhand
Santali Munda 6.5
Santhaltribals of theChota Nagpur
Plateau(comprising the states
ofChhattisgarh,Jharkhand, Odisha)
SindhiIndo-Aryan,
Northwestern2.5
Sindh (now
inPakistan, Rajasthan,Kutch, Gujarat)
Tamil Dravidian 72Tamil Nadu,Puducherry,Andaman and Nicobar
Islands,Kerala, Karnataka,Andhra Pradesh
Telugu Dravidian 74
Andhra
Pradesh,Telangana,yanam(Puducherry),Tamil
Nadu,Karnataka, Odisha
UrduIndo-Aryan,
Central 52
Jammu and
Kashmir, Telangana,Delhi, Bihar, Uttar
Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand
The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate their
own official languages, depending on their linguistic demographics. The official languages chosen reflect the
predominant as well as politically significant languages spoken in that state. Certain states having a linguistically
defined territory may have only the predominant language in that state as its official language, examples
beingKarnataka and Gujarat, which have Kannadaand Gujaratias their sole official language
respectively. Telangana, with a sizeable Urdu-speaking Muslim population, has two languages, Telugu and Urdu,
as its official languages.
Some states buck the trend by using minority languages as official languages. Jammu and Kashmiruses Urdu,
which is spoken by fewer than 1% of the population. Meghalayauses English spoken by 0.01% of the population.
This phenomenon has turned majority languages into "minority languages" in a functional sense. [56]
Lists of Official Languages of States and Union Territories of India
In addition to states and union territories, India has autonomous administrative regions which may be permitted to
select their own official language a case in point being the Bodoland Territorial Council in Assam which has
declared the Bodo languageas official for the region, in addition to Assamese and English already in
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodo_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodoland_Territorial_Councilhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-56https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islandshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateauhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santhalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munda_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikkimhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujrathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meitei_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshadweephttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
5/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 5
15th-centuryanthology of Tamil
religious poem
dedicated to
lordGanesha
use.[57] and Bengali in the Barak Valley,[58] as its official languages.
Prominent languages of India [edit]
Besides Hindi, the following languages (arranged in descending order as regards numbers of speakers) are each
spoken by more than 25 million Indians - Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam,
Odia and Punjabi.[53]
Telugu [edit]
Main article: Telugu language
Telugu is one of the prominent languages in India. It is only language in India that has official status in more than
one state, other than Hindi and Bengali. Telugu is spoken predominantly in states Andhra Pradesh,Telangana and
union territory of Yanam. It is one of the official languages of above said territories. It is also spoken by significant
minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and
Puducherry, and by the Sri Lankan Gypsy people. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of
India. Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million) (2001 Census), thirteenth in the
Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language. It is one
of the 22 scheduled languages of India.
In loans from Sanskrit, Telugu retains some of its features that have subsequently been lost in some of its
daughter languages such as Hindi and Bengali, especially in the pronunciation of some vowels and consonants.
Tamil [edit]
Main article: Tamil language
Tamil, which is also spelt as thamizh, is aDravidian languagepredominantly spoken
in Tamil Nadu and parts of Sri Lanka. It is one of the 22scheduled languages of India and
was the first Indian language to be declared a classical languageby the Government of
India in 2004.Tamil is one of the longest survivingclassical languagesin the world.[59][60] It
has been described as "the only language of contemporary India which is recognizably
continuous with a classical past.".[61]The two earliest manuscripts from
India,[62][63]acknowledged and registered by UNESCO Memory of the World register in
1997 and 2005, are in Tamil.[64]
Bengali [edit]
Main article: Bengali language
Native to the Bengal region, comprising the nation of Bangladesh and the states of West Bengal, Tripura,Assam,
and Jharkhand, Bengali is the fifth most spoken language in the world. Bengali developed fromAbahatta, a
derivative ofApabhramsha, itself derived fromMagadhiPrakrit. The modern Bengali vocabularycontains the
vocabulary base fromMagadhi Prakrit and Pali, also borrowings& reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major
borrowings from Persian,Arabic,Austroasiatic languagesand other languages in contact with. Like most Indian
languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. Interestingly it exhibitsdiglossia, with the literary and standard form
differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language.[65]Bengali language has
developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature and religion. There have been many movements in
0:00
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-65https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diglossiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroasiatic_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsamahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_vocabularyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhramshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abahattahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_India_by_Bengali_speakershttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=21https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-64https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programmehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-63https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-richestClassical-61https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-60https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Circulation_and_the_Historical_Geog-59https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=20https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_languages_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanam,_Puducherryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=19https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-BarakValley-58https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Valleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-BTC-57https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganeshahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thiruppugazh_-_Umbartharu_-_Hamsadhwani.wav -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
6/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 6
defense of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as theInternational Mother Language Day in
commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement in 1952.[66]
Marathi [edit]
Main article: Marathi language
Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language.It is the official language and co-official language
inMaharashtra and Goastates of Western India respectively, and is one of the official languages of India. There
were 73 million speakers in 2001, ranking 19th in the list of most spoken languages in the world. Marathi has the
fourth largest number of native speakers in India. Marathi has some of the oldest literature of all modern Indo-
Aryan languages, dating from about 1200 AD (Mukundraj's Vivek Sindhu from the close of 12th century). The
major dialects of Marathi are Standard Marathi and the Varhadi dialect. There are other related languages such as
Khandeshi, Dangi, Vadvali and Samavedi.Malvani Konkanihas been heavily influenced by Marathi
varieties.Marathi is one of several languages that descend from Maharashtri Prakrit. Further change led to the
Apabhraa languages like Old Marathi.
Marathi is the official language of Maharashtra and co-official language in the union territories of Daman and Diu
and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In Goa, Konkaniis the sole official language however, Marathi may also be used fo
all official purposes.
Over a period of many centuries the Marathi language and people came into contact with many other languages
and dialects. The primary influence of Prakrit, Maharashtri,Kannada, Apabhraa and Sanskrit is understandable
At least 50% of the words in Marathi are either taken or derived from Sanskrit. Many scholars claim that Sanskrit
has derived many words from Marathi. Marathi has also shared directions, vocabulary and grammar with
languages such as Indian Dravidian languages, and foreign languages such as Persian,Arabic, English and a little
from Portuguese.
Urdu [edit]
Main article: Urdu language
After independence, Modern Standard Urdu, the Persianised register of Hindustani became the national language
of Pakistan. During British colonial times, a knowledge of Hindustani or Urdu was must for officials. Hindustani was
made the second language of British Indian Empire after English and considered as the language of
administration. The British introduced the use of Roman script for Hindustani as well as other languages. Urdu had
70 million speakers in India (as per the Census of 2001), and, along with Hindi, is one of the 22 officially
recognised regional languages of India and also an official language in the Indian states of Jammu and
Kashmir, Delhi,Uttar Pradesh, Bihar andTelanganathat have significant Muslim populations. Some dialects of
Hindi, especially those that arose in Muslim-dominated areas.
Gujarati [edit]
Main article: Gujarati language
Gujarati is an Indo-Aryan language. It is native to the west Indian region of Gujarat. Gujarati is part of the
greater Indo-Europeanlanguage family. Gujarati is descended from Old Gujarati(c. 1100 1500 CE), the same
source as that of Rajasthani. Gujarati is the chief language in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is also an official
language in the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. According to the Central
Intelligence Agency(CIA), 4.5% of population of India (1.21 billion according to 2011 census) speaks Gujarati. Thi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agencyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Havelihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daman_and_Diuhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territoryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_familyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarathttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=24https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telanganahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Capital_Territory_of_Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Urduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannadahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konkani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Marathihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvani_Konkanihttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samavedi&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vadvali&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtrahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=22https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-66https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_Language_Movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Mother_Language_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
7/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 7
amounts to 54.6 million speakers in India.[67]
Kannada [edit]
Main article: Kannada language
Kannada language (also called Kanarese) is an autonomous Dravidian language which branched off from
the Proto Kannada-Tamilsub group around 500 B.C.E according to the Dravidian scholar Zvelebil.[68] According to
the Dravidian scholars Steever and Krishnamurthy, the study of Kannada language is usually divided into three
linguistic phases: Old (4501200 CE), Middle (12001700 CE) and Modern (1700present).[69][70]The earliest
written records are from the 5th century,[71]and the earliest available literature in rich manuscript (Kavirajamarga)
is from c. 850.[72][73]Kannada language has the second oldest written tradition of all vernacular languages of
India.[74][75]Current estimates of the total number of epigraphswritten in Kannada range from 25,000 by the
scholarSheldon Pollockto over 30,000 by the Sahitya Akademi,[76]making Karnataka state "one of the most
densely inscribed pieces of real estate in the world".[77]According to Garg and Shipely, more than a thousand
notable writers have contributed to the wealth of the language. [78][79]
Malayalam [edit]
Main article: Malayalam language
This section requires expansion.
(December 2014)
Malayalam is classified as a DravidianLanguage. It is the official and regional language of the southern state
of Kerala.
Odia [edit]
Main article: Odia language
Odia (formerly spelled Oriya)[80]
is an Indo-Aryanlanguage. Odia is the primary language in the Indian stateor state of Odisha. Native speakers comprise 80% of the population in Odisha.[81]Odisha is thought to have
originated from Magadhi Prakrit similar toArdha Magadhi, a language spoken in eastern India over 1,500 years
ago. The history of Odia language can be divided to Old Odia [82](7th century1200), Early Middle Odia (1200
1400), Middle Odia (14001700), Late Middle Odia (17001850) and Modern Odia (1850 till present day).
Punjabi [edit]
Main article: Punjabi language
Punjabi, written in Gurmukhi scriptin India, is one of the prominent languages of India with about 33 million
speakers. In Pakistan it is spoken by over 60 million people and written in shahmukhi script. It is mainly spoken
inPunjab, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh,Jammu and Kashmir,Rajasthan and West Bengal.
Assamese [edit]
Main article:Assamese language
Asamiya or Assamese language is most popular in the state of Assam andBrahmaputra Valley.[83] It's an Eastern
Indo-Aryan languagehaving more that 10M speakers as per world estimates byEncarta.[84]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-web.archive.org-84https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Encartahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-india-travel-agents.com-83https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaputra_Valleyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengalhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthanhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmirhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Gopal-82https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardha_Magadhihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-LSI-Orissa-81https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odishahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-80https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keralahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravidian_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-wealth2-79https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-wealth1-78https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-dense-77https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-current-76https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollockhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigraphyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-oldest-75https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-verna1-74https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-literature2-73https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-literature1-72https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirajamargahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-record-71https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-krishna-70https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-69https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-constitution-68https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Kannada_languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=25https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-67 -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
8/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 8
Classical languages [edit]
In 2004, the Government of Indiadeclared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the
status of a "Classical Language in India".[85]Languages thus far declared to be Classical are Tamil (in
2004),[86]Sanskrit (in 2005),[87]Kannada (in 2008),Telugu (in 2008),[88]Malayalam (in 2013),[89]and Odia (in
2014).[90][91] In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism & Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the
following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a
"Classical Language",[92]
High antiquity of its early texts/recorded history over a period of 15002000 years a body of ancient
literature/texts, which is considered a valuable heritage by generations of speakers the literary
tradition be original and not borrowed from another speech community the classical language and
literature being distinct from modern, there may also be a discontinuity between the classical
language and its later forms or its offshoots.
The Government has been criticised for not including Palias a classical language, as experts have argued it fits a
the above criteria.[93]
Benefits [edit]
As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US(Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits tha
will accrue to a language declared as "Classical Language" are
1. Two major international awards for scholars of eminence in Classical Indian Languages are awarded
annually.
2. A 'Centre of Excellence for Studies in Classical Languages' is set up.
3. The University Grants Commissionbe requested to create, to start with at least in the Central Universities,
a certain number of Professional Chairs for Classical Languages for scholars of eminence in Classical
Indian Languages.[94]
Other local languages and dialects [edit]
The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of them
are dialects/variants grouped under Hindi.[53]
Languages No. of native speakers[53]
Bhojpuri 33,099,497Rajasthani 18,355,613
Magadh/Magahi 13,978,565
Chhattisgarhi 13,260,186
Haryanvi 7,997,192
Marwari 7,936,183
Malvi 5,565,167
Mewari 5,091,697
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mewari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marwari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryanvi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magahi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-CensusData2001S1-53https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-:0-94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Grants_Commission_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=31https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-BSingh2013-93https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-offshoots-92https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-91https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-Hindu-Oriya-Classical-90https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-89https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-antiquity-88https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-87https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrithttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-86https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-bbcclassical-85https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=30 -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
9/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 9
Khorth/Khotta 4,725,927
Bundeli/Bundelkhan 3,072,147
Bagheli/Baghel Khan 2,865,011
Pahari 2,832,825
Laman/Lambadi 2,707,562
Awadhi 2,529,308
Harauti 2,462,867
Garhwali 2,267,314
Nimadi 2,148,146
Sadan/Sadri 2,044,776
Kumauni 2,003,783
Dhundhari 1,871,130
Surgujia 1,458,533
Bagri Rajasthani 1,434,123Banjari 1,259,821
Nagpuria (Varhadi) 1,242,586
Surajpuri 1,217,019
Kangri 1,122,843
Tulu 1,722,768
Practical problems [edit]
India has several languages in use choosing any single language as an official language presents problems to all
those whose "mother tongue" is different. However, all the boards of educationacross India recognise the need
for training people to one common language.[95]There are complaints that in North India, non-Hindi speakers have
language trouble. Similarly, there are complaints that North Indians have to undergo difficulties on account of
language when travelling to South India. It is common to hear of incidents that result due to friction between those
who strongly believe in the chosen official language, and those who follow the thought that the chosen
language(s) do not take into account everyone's preferences.[96]Local official language commissions have been
established and various steps are being taken in a direction to reduce tensions and friction. [citation needed]
Language conflicts [edit]
Further information:Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu, Pure Tamil movement, andGokak agitation
There are conflicts over linguistic rightsin India. The first major linguistic conflict, known as theAnti-Hindi
agitations of Tamil Nadu, took place in Tamil Nadu against the implementation of Hindi as the official language of
India. Political analysts consider this as a major factor in bringing DMKto power and leading to the ousting and
nearly total elimination of the Congress party in Tamil Nadu. [97]Strong cultural pride based on language is also
found in other Indian states such as Bengal, Maharashtra and in Karnataka. To express disapproval of the
imposition of Hindi on its states' people as a result of the central government, the governments of Maharashtra
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-97https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravida_Munnetra_Kazhagamhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_rightshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokak_agitationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Tamil_movementhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Hindi_agitations_of_Tamil_Naduhttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=34https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-96https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boards_of_Education_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=33https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surajpuri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varhadi_dialecthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banjari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgujia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhundari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumauni_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimadi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garhwali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hadauti_language&action=edit&redlink=1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamani_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagheli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundeli_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khortha_language -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
10/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 10
and Karnataka made the state languages mandatory in educational institutions.[98]
The Government of Indiaattempts to assuage these conflicts with various campaigns, coordinated by the Central
Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore, a branch of the Department of Higher Education, Language Bureau, and
the Ministry of Human Resource Development. [clarification needed][citation needed]
Writing systems [edit]
Main articles: Indic scripts and Nasta'liq script
Most languages in India are written in Brahmi-derived scripts, such
as Devanagari, Tamil,Telugu, Kannada, Odia, Eastern Nagari - Assamese/Bengali, etc., though Urdu is written in a
script derived from Arabic, and a few minor languages such as Santaliuse independent scripts.[citation needed]
Various Indian languages have their own scripts. Hindi, Marathi andAngikaare languages written using
the Devanagariscript. Most major languages are written using a script specific to them, such asAssamese
(Asamiya)[99][100][101] withAsamiya,[102]Bengali with Bengali, Punjabi with Gurmukhi,Odia with Odia script, Gujarati
with Gujarati, etc. Urduand sometimes Kashmiri, Saraiki andSindhiare written in modified versions of thePerso-
Arabic script. With this one exception, the scripts of Indian languages are native to India. Languages like Kodava
that didn't have a script whereas Tulu which had a script adopted Kannada due to its readily available printing
settings these languages have taken up the scripts of the local official languages as their own and are written in
the Kannada script.[citation needed]
Tamil-Brahmiinscription in Jambaimalai. North Indian Brahmi found in Ashok pillar.
The Halmidi inscription, the oldest known
inscription in the Kannada script and language.
The inscription is dated to the 450 CE - 500 CE
period.
An early Telugu inscription found in the Krishna
district ofAndhra Pradesh.
See also [edit]
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=36https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna_districthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telugu_inscription_at_Srikakulam,_Krishna_District_in_Andhra_Pradesh.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halmidi_inscriptionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPGhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asokan_brahmi_pillar_edict.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambai_villagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-Brahmihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jambai_Tamil_Brahmi.jpghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraiki_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-102https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-101https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-100https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-99https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamese_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angika_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santali_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_writing_system#Eastern_Nagari_script_.28Assamese.2FBengali.29https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odia_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kannada_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_alphabethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagarihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%27liq_scripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indic_scriptshttps://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=35https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Human_Resource_Development_(India)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysorehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_note-98 -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
11/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India 1
India portal
Languages portal
List of languages by number of native speakers in India
List of endangered languages in India
National Translation Mission
References [edit]1. ^ ab"Indo-Aryan languages" .Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved10 December 2014.
2. ^ abc"Dravidian languages" .Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved10 December 2014.
3. ^ abcdefgh Moseley, Christopher (10 March 2008). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages .Routledge.ISBN978-1-135-79640-2.
4. ^ ab Khan, Saeed (25 January 2010)."There's no national language in India: Gujarat High Court" . The Times of India.Retrieved 5 May 2014.
5. ^ abPress Trust of India (25 January 2010)."Hindi, not a national language: Court" .The Hindu. Ahmedabad.Retrieved23 December 2014.
6. "Constitutional Provisions: Official Language Related Part-17 of The Constitution Of India" . Department of OfficialLanguage, Government of India. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
7. Languages Included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constution
8. ^ ab"Census Data 2001 : General Note" . Census of India. Retrieved 11 December2014.
9. ^ ab Abidi, S.A.H. Gargesh, Ravinder (2008). "4. Persian in South Asia". In Kachru,Braj B. Language in South Asia .Kachru, Yamuna & Sridhar, S.N. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103120. ISBN978-0-521-78141-1.
10. Bhatia, Tej K and William C. Ritchie. (2006) Bilingualism in South Asia. In: Handbook of Bilingualism, pp. 780-807.Oxford: Blackwell Publishing
11. "Decline of Farsi language - The Times of India" . The Times of India. Retrieved2015-10-26.
12. "The World Factbook" . www.cia.gov. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
13. Nehru, Jawaharlal Gandhi, Mohandas (1937). The question of language: Issue 6 of Congress political and economicstudies . K. M. Ashraf.
14. ^ abcdefg Guha, Ramachandra (10 February 2011). "6. Ideas of India (section IX)". India After Gandhi: The History othe World's Largest Democracy . Pan Macmillan. pp. 117120. ISBN978-0-330-54020-9. Retrieved 3 January 2015.
15. ^ abc Hardgrave, Robert L. (August 1965).The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis.Asian Survey. University of California Press.
16. Avari, Burjor (2007-06-11). India: The Ancient Past: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD1200 . Routledge. ISBN9781134251629.
17. Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich (2003-01-01).A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages . Otto HarrassowitVerlag. ISBN9783447044554.
18. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003). The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0521771110.19. Kachru, Yamuna (1 January 2006).Hindi . London Oriental and African language library. John Benjamins Publishing.
p. 1. ISBN90-272-3812-X.
20. Brass, Paul R. (2005). Language, Religion and Politics in North India . iUniverse. p. 129. ISBN978-0-595-34394-2.
21. Kulshreshtha, Manisha Mathur, Ramkumar (24 March 2012). Dialect Accent Features for Establishing SpeakerIdentity: A Case Study . Springer Science & Business Media. p. 16. ISBN978-1-4614-1137-6.
22. Robert E. Nunley Severin M. Roberts George W. Wubrick Daniel L. Roy (1999),The Cultural Landscape anIntroduction to Human Geography , Prentice Hall, ISBN0-13-080180-1, "... Hindustani is the basis for both languages..."
23. ^ abAijazuddin Ahmad (2009). Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach . Concept PublishingCompany. pp. 123124. ISBN978-81-8069-568-1. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
24. Naheed Saba (18 Sep 2013). "2. Mulitilingualism". Linguistic heterogeneity and multilinguality in India: a linguisticassessment of Indian language policies (PDF). Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 6168.Retrieved 17 December 2014.
25. Lewis, M. Paul Simons, Gary F. Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2014). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Seventeenthedition) : India" . Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
26. Ethnologue : Languages of the World (Seventeenth edition) : Statistical Summaries . Retrieved 17 December 2014.
27. Singh, Shiv Sahay (22 July 2013)."Language survey reveals diversity" . The Hindu. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
28. Banerjee, Paula Chaudhury, Sabyasachi Basu Ray Das, Samir Kumar Bishnu Adhikari (2005). Internal Displacementin South Asia: The Relevance of the UN's Guiding Principles . SAGE Publications. p. 145. ISBN978-0-7619-3329-8.Retrieved17 December 2014.
29. ^ abcMallikarjun, B. (5 August 2002)."Mother Tongues of India According to the 1961 Census" . Languages in India.M. S. Thirumalai. ISSN1930-2940 . Retrieved11 December 2014.
30. ^ abVijayanunni, M. (2629 August 1998)."Planning for the 2001 Census of India based on the 1991Census" (PDF). 18th Population Census Conference. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Association of National Census andStatistics Directors of America, Asia, and the Pacific. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2008.Retrieved 17 December 2014.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDFhttp://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20081119080707/http://www.ancsdaap.org/cencon98/papers/india/india.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Vijayanunni_30-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Vijayanunni_30-0https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1930-2940https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://www.languageinindia.com/aug2002/indianmothertongues1961aug2002.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census1961_29-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census1961_29-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census1961_29-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-3329-8https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=VjGdDo75UssC&pg=PA145https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-BanerjeeChaudhuryDas2005_28-0http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/language-survey-reveals-diversity/article4938865.ecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-PLSI_27-0http://archive.ethnologue.com/15/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=areahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Ethnologue2_26-0http://www.ethnologue.com/country/INhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Ethnologue_25-0http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10603/11248/9/09_chapter+2.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Saba2013_24-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA123https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Ahmad2009_23-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Ahmad2009_23-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-080180-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/?id=7wQAOGMJOqIChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-nunley1999_22-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-1137-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=xHmARyhRoNYC&pg=PA16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-KulshreshthaMathur2012_21-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-34394-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=SylBHS8IJAUC&pg=PA129https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Brass2005_20-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-3812-Xhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=ooH5VfLTQEQChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Kachru2006_19-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521771110https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-18https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447044554https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-17https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134251629https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=y88nzRtTNUAChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-16https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Hardgrave1965_15-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Hardgrave1965_15-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Hardgrave1965_15-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-54020-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=8FKepYC6wzwChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Guha2011_14-0https://books.google.com/?id=R5upQgAACAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehruhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-nehru1_13-0https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-12http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Decline-of-Farsi-language/articleshow/11395425.cmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-11https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-contact-lingo_10-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78141-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=89aPZJ3qCD4C&pg=PA106https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-KachruKachru2008_9-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-KachruKachru2008_9-0http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/gen_note.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census2001_8-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census2001_8-0http://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=MTUzhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://rajbhasha.nic.in/UI/pagecontent.aspx?pc=MzU=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-6http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hindi-not-a-national-language-court/article94695.ecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-PTI_5-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-PTI_5-0http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Theres-no-national-language-in-India-Gujarat-High-Court/articleshow/5496231.cmshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-National_4-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-National_4-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79640-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=p-7ON7Rvx_AC&pg=PT528https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-5https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Moseley2008_3-0http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/171083/Dravidian-languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBCDravidianLanguages_2-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBCDravidianLanguages_2-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBCDravidianLanguages_2-0http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBCIndoAryanLanguages_1-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBCIndoAryanLanguages_1-0https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_India&action=edit§ion=37https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Translation_Missionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indiahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_India.svg -
7/25/2019 Languages of India2
12/12
7/3/2016 Languages of India - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
31. Mallikarjun, B. (7 November 2001)."Languages of India according to 2001 Census" . Languages in India.Retrieved17 December 2014.
32. Wischenbart, Ruediger (11 February 2013). The Global EBook Market: Current Conditions & Future Projections ."O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 62. ISBN978-1-4493-1999-1. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
33. Schiffrin, Deborah Fina, Anna De Nylund, Anastasia (2010). Telling Stories: Language, Narrative, and Social Life .Georgetown University Press. p. 95. ISBN1-58901-674-2. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
34. Sreevatsan, Ajai (10 August 2014)."Where are the Sanskrit speakers?" . The Hindu(Chennai).Retrieved 15 December2014.
35. "India : Languages" . Encyclopdia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2 December2014.
36. "Indo-Aryan languages" . Encyclopedia Britannica.
37. West, Barbara A. (1 January 2009).Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania . Infobase Publishing.
p. 713.ISBN978-1-4381-1913-7.38. Levinson, David Christensen, Karen (2002). Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: China-India relations to Hyogo . Charles
Scribner's Sons. p. 299. ISBN978-0-684-31243-9.
39. Ishtiaq, M. (1999). Language Shifts Among the Scheduled Tribes in India: A Geographical Study . Delhi: MotilalBanarsidass Publishers. pp. 2627.ISBN9788120816176. Retrieved7 September 2012.
40. "Language in South Asia" .
41. ^http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/burling1999kamarupan.pdf
42. ^ ab Niclas Burenhult. "Deep linguistic prehistory with particular reference to Andamanese" (PDF). WorkingPapers(Lund University, Dept. of Linguistics) (45): 524. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
43. Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2007). The Munda Verb: Typological Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter. p. 6. ISBN978-3-11018965-0.
44. Anderson, G. D. S. (6 April 2010). "Austro-asiatic languages". In Brown, Keith Ogilvie, Sarah. Concise Encyclopedia oLanguages of the World . Elsevier. p. 94. ISBN978-0-08-087775-4.
45. Greenberg, Joseph (1971). "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." Current trends in linguistics vol. 8, ed. by Thomas A.Sebeok, 807.71. The Hague: Mouton.
46. Abbi, Anvita (2006). Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands.Germany: Lincom GmbH.
47. ^ abc"Constitution of India (as of 1 December 2007)" (PDF). The Constitution Of India. Ministry of Law & Justice.Retrieved 13 April 2011.
48. ^ abThomas Benedikter (2009). Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rightsof Minorities in India . LIT Verlag Mnster. pp. 3235. ISBN978-3-643-10231-7. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
49. ^ ab"Official Languages Act, 1963 (with amendments)" (PDF). Indian Railways. 10 May 1963.Retrieved 3 January 2015.
50. "Chapter 7 - Compliance of Section 3(3) of the Official Languages Act, 1963" (PDF).Committee of P
https://web.archive.org/web/20120220150003/http://www.rajbhasha.gov.in/khand8-eng7.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-CPOLch07_50-0http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/official_lang/downloads/act1963_eng.PDFhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-OLA163Amdt_49-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-OLA163Amdt_49-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-10231-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA32https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Benedikter2009_48-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Benedikter2009_48-0http://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-cons_47-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-cons_47-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-cons_47-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Abbi2006_46-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Greenb_45-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA94https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-44https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-018965-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=FVL2FrA6WboC&pg=PA6https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Anderson2007_43-0http://lup.lub.lu.se/record/528793/file/624474.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Burenhult1996_42-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Burenhult1996_42-0http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/burling1999kamarupan.pdfhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-41https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=89aPZJ3qCD4C&pg=PA157&lpg=PA157&dq=tibeto-burman+language+hills+of+assam&source=bl&ots=64sgQ_QsyD&sig=GIzSiRnKfXdDuN-Iu73rDZFSQEU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ncWaVPXXBIPiaK-agZAM&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=tibeto-burman%20language%20hills%20of%20assam&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-40https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120816176https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=fkIgsfb95rAChttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Ishtiaq_1999_39-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31243-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=jFQYAAAAIAAJhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-LevinsonChristensen2002_38-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1913-7https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC&pg=PA713https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-West2009_37-0http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/286348/Indo-Aryan-languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-36http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India/46398/Languageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-EBIndiaLanguages_35-0http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/where-are-the-sanskrit-speakers/article6299433.ecehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-No_2011_results_34-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58901-674-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=6CXbldT6300C&pg=PA95https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-SchiffrinFina2010_33-0https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-1999-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://books.google.com/books?id=XFmKE7rsKqwC&pg=PA62https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Wischenbart2013_32-0http://www.languageinindia.com/nov2001/1991Languages.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India#cite_ref-Census1991_31-0