languages of taiwan
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Languages of Taiwan: FujianeseTRANSCRIPT
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Ch7.Taiwanese Southern Min:
An Introduction
【本著作除另有註明外,採取創用 CC「姓名標示-非商業性-相同方式分享」台灣 3.0版授權釋出】The “Work” under the Creative Commons Taiwan 3.0 License of “BY-NC-SA”.
授課老師:蘇以文I-wen Su
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Southern region of Fujian Province A dialect: Hokkien or Quan2zhou1–
Zhang1zhou1 泉州 - 漳州 Classified under the
Quan2zhang1 Division in Chinese linguistics
Hokkien
Wiki Luuva
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Min Nan ( 閩南話 ; Min3nan2hua4; Bân-lâm-oē)
Fulaohua ( 福佬話 ; Fu2lao3hua4; Hō-ló-oē) Southern Min
“ 台灣話” Tâi-oân-oē / 台語 :◦ a form of Hokkien spoken in Taiwan◦ Holo/Hoklo, the main ethnicity of Taiwan, is the
ethnic group for which Hokkien is considered the native language
Taiwanese Southern Min
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Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia as well as in the United States◦ Hokkien speakers form the largest group of
Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia Many of the Hokkien dialects of this region
are highly similar to Taiwanese and Amoy. Hokkien, referred to as Lán-lâng-oē ("Our
people’s language"), is the native language of up to 98.5% of the Chinese Filipino in the Philippines
Other Hokkien speakers
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Mutually intelligible Quan2zhou1 ( 泉州 ) Zhang1zhou1 ( 漳州 ) Amoy / Xia4men2 ( 廈門 )
◦ the most important, or even prestige accent◦ a hybrid of the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects (like TSM)◦ one of the most frequently learnt of all Chinese
languages/dialects by Westerners during the second half of the 19th and the early 20th century
Three main Hokkien dialects
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The Fu2jian4 variants spoken in Taiwan Variants used by a majority of the
population and bears much importance from a socio-political perspective, forming the second (and perhaps today most significant) major pole of the language
The variants of Hokkien in Southeast Asia also originate from these variants.
Taiwanese Southern Min (TSM)
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Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to Quan2chou1 and Zhang1zhou1
Both Amoy and Taiwanese are based on a mixture of these two dialects
Quan2chou1 (northern Taiwan) vs. Zhang1chou1 (southern Taiwan) The rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in
South East Asia are either derived from Quan2zhou1 and Zhang1zhou1, or based on a mixture of both dialects
Linguistic sources
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More consonants than Mandarin Vowels similar to that of standard Mandarin
Vowel chart
Phonology
NTU 蘇以文
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Southern Min has aspirated, unaspirated and as voiced consonant initials. ◦ opening khui ( 開 ) ◦ closing (kuiⁿ 關 )
◦ “man" (cha-po, 查埔 ) ◦ “woman” (cha-bó, 查某 )
labial initial consonants ◦ m̄-sī ( 毋是 ) ("is not").
Initials
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MD: (1) -n: 身 shen (2) -ng: 生 sheng TSM: (1) -m: 心 sim(2) -p: 十 chap(3) -t: 八 pat(4) -k: 六 lak(5) -h: 肉 bah
Finals
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7 tones in TSM (neutralized for 2 陰上 & 6 陽上 )
Tone 1 (44): 君 (kun 1), 東 (tong 1) Tone 2 (53): 滾 (kun 2), 黨 (tong 2) Tone 3 (21): 棍 (kun 3), 棟 (tong 3) Tone 4 (32): 骨 (kut 4), 督 (tok 4) Tone 5 (24): 群 (kun 5), 同 (tong 5) Tone 7 (22): 郡 (kun 7), 洞 (tong 7) Tone 8 (4): 滑 (kut 8), 毒 (tok 8) Mnemonic: 獅 (sai1), 虎 (ho2), 豹 (pa3),
鴨 (ah4), 牛 (gu5), 象 (chhiuⁿ7), 鹿 (lok8)
Tones
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Tone sandhi(1) 1 7: chheng-chheng 清清(2) 7 3: cheng-cheng 靜靜(3) 3 2: chhio-chhio 笑笑(4) 2 1: leng-leng 冷冷(5) 5 7/3: ang-ang 紅紅(6) 4 8 (-p/t/k): sip-sip 濕濕(7) 4 2 (-h): phah-phah 打打(8) 8 4 (-p/t/k): tit-tit 直直(9) 8 3 (-h): joah-joah 熱熱
Tone sandhi
Wiki user A-cai
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Song: 西北雨
直直落Reduplication
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SVO: violated by being topic-prominent Analytic (as opposed to synthetic):
◦ Time, gender, plural: expressed by adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from the context. Not by inflection
Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to a sentence turns a sentence into a question or shows the attitudes of the speaker.
Grammar
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Topic ProminentSong: 天 烏烏
烏烏烏
Topic Comment
Reduplication
紅紅紅
烏 烏烏Reduplication
For another example:
紅 紅紅
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Inclusive: 咱 lan Exclusive: 阮 gun/goan
◦ Cf. 咱老爸 vs. 阮老爸 Possessives marked by /e/ Reflexive pronouns: kaki Demonstrative pronouns Interrogative pronouns
Pronouns
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Monosyllabic form preferred (no suffixes) Inverted bisyllabic morphemes when
compared to Mandarin◦ 'guest‘: 人客 lâng-kheh vs. 客人 ke4ren2◦ 'to like‘: 歡喜 hoaⁿ-hí vs. 喜歡 xi3huan1
Lexicon
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literary readings ( 文讀 ): ◦ based on pronunciations of the vernacular during
the Tang dynasty (Middle Chinese)◦ mainly used in formal phrases and written
language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names)
colloquial (or vernacular) readings ( 白讀 ) ◦ used basically in spoken language and vulgar
phrases.
Literary and colloquial readings文白異讀
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Word Literary Colloquial
白 'white‘ pek pèh面 'face‘ biān bīn學 'school‘ haWk oWh書 'book‘ su chu人 'person‘ jîn lâng
Literary and colloquial readings- examples
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Japanese Numbers
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Many strata in the Min lexicon
1. Colloquial – Han Dynasty 2. Colloquial – Southern and Northern Dynasties 3. Literary – Tang Dynasty
Why two readings?
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p- ([p-], [pʰ-]) → h ([h-]) ch-, chh- ([ts-], [tsʰ-], [tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) → s ([s-],
[ɕ-]) k-, kh- ([k-], [kʰ-]) → ch ([tɕ-], [tɕʰ-]) -ⁿ ([-ã], [-uã]) → n ([-an]) -h ([-ʔ]) → t ([-t]) i ([-i]) → e ([-e]) e ([-e]) → a ([-a]) ia ([-ia]) → i ([-i])
Common colloquial to literary readings: Rules for sound shifts
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Meaning TSM MD
Eye 目睭 / 目珠 baWk-chiu 眼睛yan3jing1
Chopstick 箸 tī, tū 筷子 kuai4zi5 Black 烏 oo 黑 hei1Book 冊 chheh 書 shu1
TSM words from Classical Chinese- as opposed to written Chinese
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Meaning MeaningWord in TSM in MD
走 cáu to flee to walk (zou3)細 sè/suè tiny/small thin/slender (si4)喙 chhuì mouth beak (hui4)
Classical Chinese meaning retained in TSM, but not in MD
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‘toilet’ 便所 piān-só, ◦ from Japanese 便所 benjo◦ Other variant: 廁所 ce4suo3(chhek-só%)
‘car’ 自動車 chū-tōng-chhia◦ from Japanese 自動車 jidōsha◦ Other variant: 汽車 qi4che1(khì-chhia)
'to admire' 感心 kám-sim◦ from Japanese 感心 kanshin◦ Other variant: 感動 gan3dong4(kám-tōng)
Japanese loanwords
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TSM is typically written in Chinese characters ( 漢字 Hàn-jī).
The written script was and remains adapted to the literary form, based on classical Chinese, not the vernacular and spoken form.
The character inventory for Mandarin does not correspond to that for TSM words
20 to 25% of Taiwanese morphemes lack an appropriate or standard Chinese character, and unique informal characters are used.
Orthographies
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Hokkien dialects ◦ transcribed by using Romanized orthographies◦ actively promoted since the late 19th century
PeWh-ōe-jī (POJ 白話字 Bai2hua4zì4): ◦ the most popular ◦ first by Presbyterian missionaries ◦ then the indigenous Presbyterian Church in Taiwan ◦ promoted since 2006 by MOE ◦ romanization system taught in TW schools
for TSM derived from 白話字 Bai2hua4zì4◦ known as 台羅 tai2luo2
Romanization
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Copyright DeclarationWork Licensing Author/Source
Wiki Luuvahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banlamgu.svg2011/10/29 visited
NTU 蘇以文 繪製 (2011)
Wiki user A-caihttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Amoy_tones.JPG2011/10/29 visited