lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation
DESCRIPTION
Lao ethnicity, dynasty and nation, a research in Political AnthropologyTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation
ANTH 520-13A
Pham Van Dung
![Page 2: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pre-historic Laos (Bowman, 2000)
• 10,000 – 3000 BC: ancestors of Lao Theung (Lao of the mountainside)/ Kha (slaves) were first settlers
• 3000 – 1500 BC: Neolithic culture adopted (rice, pigs, cattles, pottery)
• 1500 BC: Bronze Age • 1000-100 BC: Bronze Age and Megalithic culture (Plain of
Jars) • 500-1 BC: Bronze drum found: contact with Vietnam and Tai
in South China • 400-800 AD: Mon-Khmer influence/ control • 500: Tai-speaking people moved to remote mountains of
Northeastern Laos
![Page 3: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Before 7th century
Funan state: 1st -6th century
Zhenla state: Khmer kingdom: 5th-7th century, dominated Funan
Tai peole from SW China migrate south in 7th-13th centuries, assimilating local culture – 1200s set up states
1300s: Burman, Khmer, Siamese, and Lao adopted Budhism
(Lockard, 2009)
![Page 4: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
800 – 1400: the golden age of kingdom
![Page 5: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Southeast Asian Kingdoms 1400-1600
![Page 6: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Laos and Asia by 1500 CE
![Page 7: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Dynastic realms
• Fa Ngum (1353-1372) • Samsenthai (1372-1417) • Lan Kham Deng (1417-1428) • Phommathat (1428-1429) • Khamtum (Thao Khamtum) (1429) • Meun Sai (1429-1430) • Konekham (1430-1432) • Kham-Tam Sa (1432) • Lue-Sai (1432-1433) • Khai Bua Ban (1433-1436) • Khong Kham (1436-1438) • Interregnum (1438-1441) • Chaiyachakkapat-Phaenphaeo (Sao
Tiakaphat) (1441-1478) • Vietnamese occupation (1478-1479) • Suvanna Banlang (Theng Kham) (1479-
1485) • Lahsaenthai Puvanart (1485-1495) • Sompou (Samphou) (1495-1500)
Kingdom of Lan Xang (1353-1706, named 33 kings)
• Visunarat (1500-1520) • Photisarath I (1520-1548) • Setthathirat I (1548-1571) • Saensurin (1572-1574) (1st reign) • Maha Oupahat (ruled under Burmese sovereignty)
(1575-1580) • Saensurin (ruled again after expelling the Burmese
for a brief period of time) (1580-1582) • Nakhon Noi (ruled under Burmese sovereignty)
(1582-1583) • Vacant (1583-1591) • Nokeo Koumanh (1591-1596) • Voravongsa Thammikarath (1596-1622) • Upanyuvarat (1622-1623) • Photisarath II (1623-1627) • Mon Keo (Mongkeo) (1627) • Tone Kham (1627-1633) • Vichai (1633-1637) • Suriya Vongsa I (1637-1694) • Tian Thala (1690 - 1695) • Nan Tharat (1695 - 1698) • Setthathirath II (1698 - 1706 ))
![Page 8: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dynastic realms
• Kingdoms of Luang Prabang (1707-1904), 12 kings
1707–1713 Kingkitsarat (succeeded to Luang Prabang
upon partition of Laos c.1707)
1713–1723 Ong Nok (cousin; deposed, died 1759)
1723–1749 Inthasom (brother of Kingkitsarat)
1749–1750 Inthaphon (son; abdicated)
1750–1771 Sotikakuman (brother; abdicated)
1771–1791 Suriyavong (brother)
1791–1816 Anuruttha (brother)
![Page 9: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dynastic realms • Kingdoms of Luang Prabang (Cont)
1816–1837 Mangthaturat (son)
1837–1850 Suksoem (son)
1850–1870 Chantharat (brother)
1870–1891 Un Kham (brother; deposed, died
1895)
1891–1904 Sakkarin (son; French protectorate
over Laos 1893/6–1949)
![Page 10: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Dynastic realms Kingdoms of Champassak (1700-1904, named 16 kings) • Nan Rath/Soysysamoun (1700-1713?) • Nokasat (1713-1738) • Saya Kumane (1738-1791) (regent for Nokasat from 1725 until 1738) • Xiang Keo (1791) • Fay Na (1791-1811) • No Muong (1811) • Cha Nou (1811-1813) • Ma Noi (1813-1819) • Thai-Vietnamese occupation (December 1819 - 1821) • Rajabud Yo (1821-1827) • Hui (1827-1840) • Nak (1840-1851) (Regent for Hui to 1840) • Boua (1851 - 1852 (Regent) • Thai occupation (1852-1856) • Kham Nai (1856-1858) • Chu (1858-1860) (Regent) • Thai occupation (1860-1863) • Kham Suk (1863-28 July 1900) • Ratsadanay (28 July 1900 - 22 November 1904)
![Page 11: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dynastic realms Kingdoms of Vientiane (1707-1828, named 8 kings) • Setthathirath II (1707-1730) • Ong Long (1730-1767) • Ong Bun Setthathirath III (1767-1778) (1st reign) • Phraya Supho (1778-1780) (Thai governor) • Ong Bun Setthathirath III (1780 - November 1781) (2nd
reign) • Nanthasen Setthathirath IV (21 November 1781 -
January 1795) • Intharavong Setthathirath V (2 February 1795 - 7
February 1805) (crowned on 23 July 1795) • Anouvong (7 February 1805 - 12 November 1828)
![Page 12: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Tribes/ ethnic groups
• Three main tribes categorized since 1940s 1. Lao Loum – lowland – Tai-Kadai languages 2. Lao Theung - slope hills, midland – Austroasiatic family 3. Lao Soung – upland – Tibeto-Burman & Hmong-Mien (Pholsena, 2005, pp. 82-3).
• 47 ethnic groups (1995 Census) (Pholsena, 2005, p. 81) • 49 ethnic groups (1999 collectiong campaign) (ibid, p.
89) • Classification out of real heterogeneity (ibid, p. 91)
![Page 13: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Tribes/ ethnic groups
• Tai languistic family (60% of whole population) – Lao, Phutai, Phouane, Tai Nyo, Lue, Tai Deng, Tai Khao, Nung, Yay and 20 other
ethnic minorities
• Austroasiatic speakers (26-36%) – Khmuic (Tai Hat, Phong Laan, Phong Phene, Phong Tapouang, Kaniang, Phong
Piat, Thai Then) – Vietic (Vietnamese, Ngouan, Muang, Toum, Pong) – Palaungic (Wa, Lawa, Phalik, Sam Tao, Kha Bit, man Met, Lamet, Xmet, Riang,
Palaung/ Ta’ang, Rumai – Katuic (Katu, Pacoh, Nge, Ta’oy, Ong, Katang, Brou-So, Kuay-Yoe (many sub-
groups) – Bahnaric (Stieng, Chrau, Sre-Koho, Mnong-Biat, Tampuan, Bahnar, Taliang,
Kasseng, Alak, Kyong, Rengao, Sedang, Halang, Jeh, Kacho, Brao (Lave), Jru (Laven) Nha Hoen, Sou, Suk, Sapuan, Cheng, Oy)
• Miao-Yao (6-10%) – Hmong (White Hmong, Green Hmong), Yao (Iu Mien), Kim Mun, Biao Mon
• Sino-Tibetan (3-4%) – Kho (Akha), Pounoy, Ho, Sila, Lusi, Lolo, Lahu, Yi
![Page 14: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Ethnolinguistic groups in Laos
![Page 15: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Linguistic map: Laos
![Page 16: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Symbol of three main ethnic groups
![Page 17: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Symbol of three main ethnic groups
![Page 18: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Lao Loum - lowland
![Page 19: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Wet rice field, Luang Namtha, Northern Laos
![Page 20: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Weaving, Lao Loum, Luang Phrabang
![Page 21: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Lao Theung, midland
![Page 22: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Khmu women attending meeting, Luang Prabang
![Page 23: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lao Soung/ H’mong - upland
![Page 24: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Yao ethnic group
![Page 25: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
La Hu men playing flutes, Luang Namtha, Northern Laos
![Page 26: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Rotational shifting cultivation
![Page 27: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Ecological vegetable cutivation
![Page 28: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Livestock/ cattle raising
![Page 29: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Religion in Laos
• Buddhism since 12th century – National religion of Lan Xang kingdom and other dynasties – Communists took power (1975): Not recognized as
national religion – Recent revival
• Christian missionaries came before 1975. Communists seen as ‘divisive belief’ (Evans, 2003, p. 220)
• Small south Indian Muslim community in Vientiane (ibid, p. 217)
• The Tai: parallel of sociopolitical structure and a hierarchy of territorial spirits (Evans, 2002, p. 5)
• Anamist in many ethnic groups
![Page 30: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Lowland Lao and Buddism
Buddah statute outside temple, Xiengda village Phousi temple, Luang Prabang
![Page 31: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Religious belief and forest protection
A ceremony in Xiangda village, LPB
Buottonmay, Budda’s spirits to protect nature, Xiangda village, LPB
![Page 32: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Signals of religions in a village, Luang Prabang
Cross inside house Worshipping place in house
![Page 33: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Khmu worship place in forest, Densavang village, Luang Prabang
![Page 34: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Liengphiho (worshipping village forest spirits), Khmu in Phonsavat village, LPB
Elder worshipping Community sharing afterwards
![Page 35: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Naosong of Hmong in Longlan village, LPB: Natural spirits worshipping and building up community regulations
Ceremony in forest Voting Hmong association
leaders
![Page 36: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Dynastic realms & French colonial time
• Kingdoms of Laos (1904-1975)
1904–1959 Sisavangvong
(son; deposed,
1945–6; king of
united Laos
1946)
1959–1975 Savangvatthana
(son; deposed,
died 1978;
People's
Democratic
Republic)
![Page 37: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Dynastic realms & French colonial time
• 1893: Laos was merged with four other regions to form Indochina
• 1899: a distinct administrative unit • 1907: Franco-Seamese treaty • Royal court in Luang Prabang manage
its own affairs • Day-to-day management entrusted to
French, Vietnamese and Laotian civil servants in Vientiane, subordinate to the résident supérieur.
• Early 20th century: Nationalism and communist
• Japanese occupation (1941-45) • 8 April, 1945: independent Lao
Kingdom
![Page 38: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Civil war & Nation state
• 1945-1975: Royal Lao government
• 1960: Kong Le coup and neutralism
• 1962-1975: Civil war: Royal Lao Government + Vang Pao (suported by America) and Pathet Lao (backed by Vietnam)
![Page 39: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Leaders in civil war (1962-1975)
Prince Souvanna Phouma
Kong Le Vang pao Kaysone Phomvihane
Souphanouvong
![Page 40: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Civil war & Nation state
Pathet Lao view, 1962 Royal Lao Government view, 1962
![Page 41: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Nation state
• 1975-: Lao People’s Democratic Republic (LPDR)
• ‘re-education camps’ & exodus • 1975-86: Centralized economic
decision-making + collectivisation • Resettlement, forced minority
groups to integrate into the national economy (Jerdal and Rigg, 1998, p. 825)
• Hmong resistance by 1978, sporadic outbreaks
• Economic growth, commercial link and the question of utility (ibid, p. 824)
• Fear of cultural absorption within Greater Thailand (ibid, p. 826)
![Page 42: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
States and tribes: the case of Khmu
• Before 6th century: Khmu and Mon-Khmer are first settlers • 6th – 19th century: subdued by Lao and seen as Kha (slaves);
traded to lowland and across borders • 1880s: abolishment of slavery by the French colonial regime • Early 20th century: revolt in Boloven plateau (Southern Lao) • 1950s: Belong to Lao Theung • 1995 & 2005 Census: Identified as an ethnic group, but
question of self-identification and correct sub-groups • 614,000 in Laos (2005 census). Population total all countries:
704,000 • Poverty, low status and poor representative • Loose customs. Anamism converted to Buddhism, Christian
-> assimilation?
![Page 43: Lao ethnicity, dynasty, and nation](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052218/5568d16ad8b42a173c8b4d4d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Reference
• Bowman, John., 2000. Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Chazee, Laurent, 2002. The Peoples of Laos: Rural and Ethnic Diversities. Bangkok: White Lotus Press.
• Evans, Grant, 2002. A short history of Laos: The land in between. Crows Nest NSW: Allen&Unwin.
• http://www.oxfordreference.com.ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/view/10.1093/acref/9780198604730.001.0001/acref-9780198604730-e-129?rskey=AvUJSX&result=140&q
• Jerndan Randi and Jonathan Rigg, 1998. Making space in Laos: constructing a national identity in a ‘forgotten’country. Political Geography, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 809–831, 1998
• Lockard, Craig A., 2009. Southeast Asia in World History. Cary, NC: Oxford University Press.
• Mason C., 2005. A short history of Asia, New York NY: Palgrave Macmillan. • Pholsena, Vatthana, 2005. “A liberal model of minority rights for an illiberal
multiethnic state? The case of the Lao PDR, in Kymlicka, W. and Baogang He (eds): Multiculturalism in Asia, Oxford: Oxford University Press.