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]jcvmrscty ai Lhtb Uebaaf ai Mduehtcaj

Tbm ^cfat Fhptap ^rakrh``m ht @hrgbh` Eaffmkm? ebhjkcjk tbm why ai

tmhebcjk hjd fmhrjcjk.

@hrcmfh Ehstra@H cj Mduehtcaj@hjhkm`mjt ai Cjjavhtcaj

Cjtraduetcaj

Iar `arm tbhj tmj ymhrs jaw tbmrm bhs lmmj h `avm ly h ju`lmr ai sebaafs cj Hustrhfch, hjd

`arm rmemjtfy cj Lrcthcj hjd tbm ]jctmd Uthtms, ta c`pfm`mjt fhptap prakrh``ms cj sebaafs ly

wbceb studmjts hrm kcvmj h parthlfm ea`putmr ta mjsurm hjytc`m-hjywbmrm fmhrjcjk hjd bmfp

tbm` lmea`m cjdmpmjdmjt, fcim-fajk fmhrjmrs prmphrcjk tbm` iar tbm dm`hjds ai tbm twmjty-

icrst emjtury.

@hrgbh` Eaffmkm dmecdmd ta sthrt h sc`cfhr prakrh``m ai cts awj cj tbm ]ppmr Uebaaf 8hs tbm

jmxt stmp iarwhrd, bhvcjk rmhebmd h tmebjafakcehf pfhtmhu hjd cj hj httm`pt ta iurtbmr c`pravm

hehdm`ce sthjdhrds hjd suppart cts mduehtcajhf pbcfasapby cj hj cjjavhtcvm why.

Tbcs phpmr trcms ta hjhfysm tbm hppraheb, c`pfm`mjthtcaj hjd autea`ms ai tbm fhptap pcfat

prakrh``m c`pfm`mjtmd ly @hrgbh` Eaffmkm durcjk >8, thgcjk cjta heeaujt sthii, studmjt

hjd phrmjthf pmremptcajs.

Lhegkraujd

@hrgbh` Eaffmkm cs h wmff msthlfcsbmd, prcvhtmfy awjmd, lcfcjkuhf sebaaf cj Fc`h, ^mru wbceb

cs arkhjczmd aj Lrctcsb fcjms. Ct cs h fhrkm sebaaf, wctb h studmjt lady ai hppraxc`htmfy 89>>

studmjts ira` prm-sebaaf ta smeajdhry fmvmf, bhvcjk turjmd ea-mduehtcajhf cj 833>, @hrgbh` rmthcjmd tbm trhdctcajhf `admf ai tmhebcjk cj h iar`hf

efhssraa` lut smmgcjk ta erass sulomet hjd thsg laujdhrcms cj hj httm`pt ta praduem yaujk `mj

hjd wa`mj wba ehj tbcjg erctcehffy hjd fhtmrhffy. Cts eurrceufu` hfsa trcms ta lm lrahd hjd

ifmxclfm mjaukb ta mjhlfm studmjts ta warg ta tbmcr strmjktbs, tbmcr cjtmrmsts hjd ta tbmcr lmst

hehdm`ce hlcfctcms, dmvmfapcjk h `mtbadafaky tbht cs `arm pupcf-emjtrmd wctb hj m`pbhscs aj

sgcffs rhtbmr tbhj eajtmjt.

8Umeajdhry smetcaj ai tbm sebaaf

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Tbcs `admf bhs pravmd sueemssiuf wbmj `mhsurmd hkhcjst cjtmrjhtcajhf sthjdhrds smt ly

mxh`cjcjk lahrds sueb hs Eh`lrcdkm wctb cts ^MT

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Hs Fmwcj (839;) prapasmd cj bcs tbrmm-stmp `admf, bm trcmd ta ermhtm h rmhdcjmss iar ebhjkm cj

Aetalmr 8332, wctb h prmsmjthtcaj aj tbm c`pfcehtcajs ai tbm Cjiar`htcaj hjd Ea``ujcehtcajs

\mvafutcaj iar tbm sebaaf hjd tbm jmw why hbmhd tbht fcmd cj irajt iar mvmryajm. Bm prmsmjtmd

@hrgbh` hs h sebaaf ai tbm iuturm ly wbceb tbm trhdctcajhf tmhebcjk-fmhrjcjk systm`

ea`pfmtmfy dcshppmhrmd kcvcjk why ta hj mduehtcajhf admf ujtbcjghlfm cj tbm mruvchj eajtmxt

ht tbht tc`m? efhssraa`s wctbaut whffs, apmj hjd ifmxclfm tc`mthlfms hjd dcsthjem fmhrjcjk

aptcajs.

Cj tbcs why bm tbaukbt tbht sthii waufd immf ebhffmjkmd hjd mxectmd ta pursum tbcs jmw phtb hjd

hppacjtmd sthii ea``cttmms ta mxh`cjm tbmsm c`pfcehtcajs. ^ralhlfy dum ta tbm ea`pfmxcty,

fheg ai ujdmrsthjdcjk hjd imhr ai tbm ujgjawj, tbmsm ea``cttmms imft avmrwbmf`md hjd wmrm

ujhlfm ta kmt ta krcps wctb tbm cssums. Tbmy bhd jat bmhrd ai h sc`cfhr `admf hjywbmrm cj tbm

eaujtry, jmmdfmss ta shy cj Uautb H`mrceh.

Tbcs icrst httm`pt ta ujirmmzm tbm sthii whs jat sueemssiuf, fhrkmfy lmehusm ai tbm fheg ai h

efmhr hjd sbhrmd vcscaj, hjd lmehusm tbmrm whs h strajk immfcjk tbht tbcs ebhjkm whs lmcjk

c`pasmd wctbaut tbm` bhvcjk bhd h vacem cj tbm dmecscaj. @urkhtrayd hjd @arkhj (8334)

ujdmrfcjm tbm c`parthjem ai prmsmjtcjk tmhebmrs wctb h immfcjk ai ebacem rhtbmr tbhj h thgm

ct ar fmhvm ct sctuhtcaj cj ardmr ta lm hlfm ta khcj tbm fmvmfs ai suppart hjd ea``ct`mjt

jmemsshry ta c`pfm`mjt hj cjjavhtcaj.

Ct smm`md tbht ajfy tbm [hrdmj gjmw wbht bm whs trycjk ta heea`pfcsb hjd sthii dcd jat immf

mhkmr ta thgm hjy rcsgs. @urkhtrayd hjd @arkhj (8334) msthlfcsb tbht rcsg-thgcjk aeeurs

lmehusm tmhebmrs hjd hd`cjcstrhtars wctbcj tbm arkhjczhtcaj gjaw wbht ct cs tbmy hrm trycjk ta

hebcmvm hjd baw tbmsm cjdcvcduhf hebcmvm`mjts wcff ict cjta tbm vcscaj hs h wbafm. Hs waufd

lm mxpmetmd, wctbaut h efhrcty ai vcscaj, tbmy mjtmrmd cjta h dmimjscvm rmtrmht hitmr tbm cjctchf

sbaeg, h sthkm efmhrfy cdmjtcicmd hs h ea``aj rmspajsm ta mjiaremd ebhjkm, ly Icjg, Lmhg hjd

Thddma (83;8).

Hs h rmsuft, hjd cj h smeajd httm`pt ta kmt tbraukb ta tbm sthii hjd khcj tbmcr suppart, h sehfmd

lheg vcscaj ai tbm iuturm whs prmsmjtmd cj @hreb 8333 mjtctfmd Tbm Tbcrd Dmvmfap`mjt ^fhj

[bmrm Jaw1Cj ct tbm [hrdmj trcmd ta mxpfhcj iurtbmr tbm pbcfasapby lmbcjd tbm rmvafutcaj hjd

tbm rmhsaj iar `hgcjk tbcs dmecscaj cj h fmss sbaegcjk why, trycjk ta hdhpt ta Mvmrhrd hjd

@arrcs (833>) systm`htce hppraheb ta ebhjkm.

Tbcs daeu`mjt hegjawfmdkmd tbm ihet tbht sebaafs tmjd ta lm sfaw cj rmhetcjk ta ebhjkm hjd

tbht tbmy kmjmrhffy dmvmfapmd cjtmffmetuhf hwhrmjmss cj tbm eajtmxt ai saecmtys prmsmjtrmqucrm`mjts rhtbmr tbhj cts iuturm rmqucrm`mjts. Tbcs cs prmecsmfy wbht tbm [hrdmj eajscdmrmd

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jmemsshry ta ebhjkm cj ardmr ta `hgm tbm dciimrmjem. Bm taag tbm fcjm ai Bhjdy mt Hcgmj (8329)

wba sthtmd tbht sebaaf systm`s jmmd ta eajscdmr tbcs cj tbm eajtmxt ai tbm yaujk wba wcff fcvm

`ast ai tbmcr fcvms cj tbm twmjty-icrst emjtury cj hj hkm ebhrhetmrczmd ly heemfmrhtcjk

ebhjkm.

Tbcs rmvcsmd pfhj cdmjtcicmd iaur strhjds wbceb jmmdmd ta lm hddrmssmd cj tmr`s ai cjtmffmetuhf

hwhrmjmss, ta dmicjm tbm semjhrca iar tbm ea`cjk ymhrs sa tbht @hrgbh` studmjts eaufd eapm

wctb tbmsm dm`hjds ai tbm twmjty-icrst emjtury,?

Tbm hlcfcty ta tbcjg erctcehffy? hjhfysm hjd dcseuss, syjtbmscsm hjd trhjsiar`, mxpmrc`mjt

hjd bypatbmscsm, fhtmrhfcsm hjd ermhtm.

Tbm hlcfcty ta lm fcim-fajk fmhrjmrs

Tbm hlcfcty ta warg eaffhlarhtcvmfy

Tbm hlcfcty ta lm smfi-sthrtmrs, thgcjk rmspajsclcfcty iar tbmcr awj warg.

Mvmj tbaukb tmhebmrs efhc`md tbht tbmrm whs jatbcjk jmw cj tbmsm sgcffs hjd tbht tbmy wmrm

hfrmhdy strcvcjk ckbtcfy tawhrds tbm`, tbm cssum bmrm whs baw sueemssiuf tbmy wmrm hjdbaw

CT waufd `hgm tbcs mvmj `arm sueemssiuf lmehusm ai tbm why cj wbceb studmjts hrm fmhrjcjk ht

prmsmjtcj h ea`pfmtmfy dciimrmjt why ta baw tmhebmrs fmhrjmd ht tbmcr tc`m, hs h rmsuft ai tbm

tmebjafakcehf dmvmfap`mjts wbceb lraukbt cjtmrhetcvcty cjta h `uftc`mdch fmhrjcjk

mjvcraj`mjt.

Icjhffy, ct rmeakjcsmd tbm usmiufjmss hjd hppraprchtmjmss ai CT hjd parthlfm ea`putmrs cj

mduehtcaj ly cdmjtciycjk cts patmjtchf ta?

Avmrea`m tbm rmsaurem fc`cts tbht tmxtlaags c`pasm aj studmjts

^ravcdm h pawmriuf taaf cj tmr`s ai praemsscjk, arkhjcscjk hjd prmsmjtcjk tbmcr

cjiar`htcaj

Hffaw studmjts ta praemmd ht tbmcr awj phem, cj prcvhtm hjd heeardcjk ta tbmcr mjtbuschs`

hjd `aad.

Hffaw studmjts ta ea``ujcehtm cjsthjtfy hjd warfd-wcdm wctb atbmr ebcfdrmj hjd/ar

mxpmrts, tmhebmrs

Hffaw studmjts ta heemss hjd rmsmhreb tbm krmhtmst h`aujt ai cjiar`htcaj heemssclfm

warfd-wcdm vch tbm Cjtmrjmt, hjd hff tbcs hjytc`m, hjywbmrm.

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Tbcs daeu`mjt pravcdmd tbm pbcfasapbcehf oustcicehtcaj ai tbm Tbcrd Dmvmfap`mjt ^fhj ta

cjearparhtm CT cjta @hrgbh`s tmhebcjk hjd fmhrjcjk sebm`ms, uscjk fhptaps hs tbm `hcj

cjstruetcajhf taaf ta lrcdkm tbm mxcstcjk khps.

Tbm sebaafs vcscaj icjhffy taag sbhpm. Ly pravcdcjk tbm ]ppmr Uebaaf studmjts hjd sthii wctb

tbmcr awj fhptap ea`putmr ta hffaw tbm` jat ajfy ta khcj heemss ta cjiar`htcaj hjytc`m,

hjywbmrm, lut hfsa ta cjtmkrhtm tmebjafaky smh`fmssfy cjta tbm fmhrjcjk praemss, ct whs tbm

`hjhkm`mjts cjctchf pmremptcaj tbht studmjts waufd tbmrmiarm lm hlfm ta pursum cjdcvcduhf phtbs

ai fmhrjcjk hjd tbm sebaaf waufd pravcdm h `arm prhetcehf, mjtmrthcjcjk hjd cjtmkrhtmd fmhrjcjk

mjvcraj`mjt wbmrm studmjts waufd prakrmss ira` lmcjk phsscvm fmhrjmrs ta hetcvm fmhrjmrs,

awjmrs ai tbmcr awj fmhrjcjk praemss. Tbcs waufd alvcausfy c`pfy h rmtbcjgcjk ai tbm pfhem ai

tbm sebaaf hjd tbm rafm ai tbm tmhebmr cj tbm dmvmfap`mjt ai tbm cjdcvcduhf tbraukbaut bcs ar bmr

fcim hs sukkmstmd ly Bhjdy mt Hcgmj (8329, p 8>4) - h krmht ebhffmjkm iar mvmryajm.

Tbm [hrdmj prmsmjtmd h tbrmm-ymhr pfhj sa tbht ebhjkm eaufd bhppmj krhduhffy, cj h fmss

sbaegcjk why, dmtmr`cjcjk tbm `hcj hrmhs ai dmvmfap`mjt hjd tbm pmapfm ar tmh`s rmspajsclfm

ta kmt tbm warg dajm.

^fhj Upmecices

Tbm pfhj tbht whs fhcd dawj iar tbm ymhrs 8333 >8 cjefudmd tbm iaffawcjk sthkms?

tbm msthlfcsb`mjt ai tbm sebaafs Cjtrhjmt9ta lm sbhrmd ly latb smetcajs ai tbm sebaaf,

^rc`hry hjd Umeajdhry hjd wbceb waufd pravcdm heemss ta tbm Fmhrjcjk Krcd;, atbmr

mxtmrjhf rmsaurems, hjd ta Uebaaf hehdm`ce hjd hd`cjcstrhtcvm cjiar`htcaj.

tbm cjearparhtcaj ai tbm usm ai tmebjafaky cjta tbm tmhebcjk, ermhtcjk hj mjvcraj`mjt

cj wbceb fhptap usm eaufd ifaurcsb ly ihecfcthtcjk fhptaps iar hff tmhebcjk sthii durcjk

>>, cjvmstckhtcjk tbm prhetcehfctcms ai sebaaf-wcdm fhptap usm, cjermhscjk tbm trhcjcjk

hjd rmsmhreb suppart ihecfcty iar sthii, hjd rujjcjk h pcfat eaursm cj erass-eurrceufhr

studcms hs hj mxm`pfhr iar sthii cj tbm cjearparhtcaj ai tmebjafaky cjta tbm eurrceufu`.

C`pravcjk tbm avmrhff miicecmjey wctb wbceb tbm sebaaf systm`s warg ly rmvcmwcjk /

upkrhdcjk tbm prmsmjt rmsaurems hjd c`pravcjk tbm pfhjjcjk, arkhjcshtcaj hjd

9Hj Cjtrhjmt cs h faehf wml-lhsmd jmtwarg ai rmsaurems, heemssclfm ajfy ta tbasm lmfajkcjk ta tbm arkhjcshtcaj.;Tbm Fmhrjcjk Krcd cs h eaffmetcaj ai hehdm`ce rmsaurems, `htmrchfs hjd hetcvctcms hc`md ht suppartcjk tbmtmhebcjk-fmhrjcjk praemss.

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`hcjtmjhjem ly msthlfcsbcjk h pbyscehf smphrhtcaj lmtwmmj CT Mduehtcaj hjd CT

Uystm`s2, hjd pravcdcjk hdmquhtm sthiicjk.

^ravcdcjk fhptaps iar h kraup ai studmjts cj tbm ]ppmr Uebaaf ira` U8 ta U5 cj @hreb

>8 wctb tbm passclcfcty ai kmjmrhfcscjk ta tbm rmst ai studmjts dmpmjdcjk aj tbm rmsufts

ai tbm pcfat prakrh``ms mvhfuhtcaj.

Tbm c`pfm`mjthtcaj ai tbmsm sthkms rmqucrmd phrhffmf pfhjjcjk praemssms wctbcj tbm Mduehtcaj

hjd @hjhkm`mjt hrmhs.

Tbm icrst sthkm eajscstmd cj?

Tbm pravcscaj ai sthii trhcjcjk cj tbm usm ai ea`putmrs hjd tbm sebaaf systm`s.

Tbm rujjcjk ai tbm Hppfcmd Tmebjafaky eaursm dmsckjmd ta pfhem tbm sebaaf systm`s

ujdmr iuff tmst, mxh`cjm tbm mduehtcajhf c`pfcehtcajs hjd autea`ms ai CT-lhsmd fmhrjcjk

hjd mxh`cjm tbm dm`hjds `hdm ly CT-lhsmd fmhrjcjk aj tbm trhdctcajhf hjd ajfy

hvmrhkmfy CT fctmrhtm tmhebmr.

^rmfc`cjhry dcseusscajs wctb ea`putmr ea`phjcms ta dmtmr`cjm tbm sucthlfm

bhrdwhrm/saitwhrm ea`lcjhtcajs latb cj tmr`s ai fhptaps hjd tbm sebaaf systm`s.

Tbm smeajd sthkm cjvafvmd?

Althcjcjk tbm Lahrd ai Kavmrjars hppravhf cj prcjecpfm, lhsmd aj raukb mstc`htms hs ta

easts hjd lmjmicts iar tbm cjtraduetcaj ai fhptaps

Dmthcfmd dcseusscajs wctb h smfmetmd suppfcmr ai mqucp`mjt, hjd dmthcfmd hjhfyscs ai east-

lmjmict ai tbm pheghkm smfmetmd, cjefudcjk tbm mduehtcajhf lmjmicts.

Dcseusscajs wctb kavmrj`mjt ladcms, sueb hs tbm @cjcstry ai Mduehtcaj hjd U]JHT3,

wctb rmkhrds ta passclfm mxm`ptcajs ira` dutcms hjd shfm thx ujdmr tbm prapashf `hdm

ly tbm suppfcmr ta `hgm ct h `arm icjhjechffy vchlfm hjd httrhetcvm prakrh``m.

Tbm tbcrd sthkm, tbm dmecscaj hjd smff pbhsm, cjvafvmd?

Tbm sehfm hjd tc`cjk iar fhptap cjtraduetcaj ta sthii hjd studmjts - sthii cj @hreb >>,

studmjts cj @hreb >8.

Tbm iurtbmr hjd tbaraukb rmarkhjcshtcaj hjd mxphjscaj ai tbm sebaaf systm`s aj tbm

lhscs ai tbm mxtmrjhf hdvcem.

2^rcar ta tbcs pfhj, tbm hehdm`ce CT Hehdm`ce Dmphrt`mjt avmrshw hff hspmets ai CT ht @hrgbh`, cjefudcjkstudmjt mduehtcaj, sthii trhcjcjk hjd systm`s `hjhkm`mjt.3Thx eajtraf kavmrj`mjt lady

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Tbm smffcjk ai tbm praomet ta sthii (8333), studmjts hjd phrmjts (mhrfy >>), tbraukb

h smrcms ai prmsmjthtcajs hjd survmys.

Ummgcjk tbm Lahrd ai Kavmrjars icjhf hppravhf ai tbm pfhjjmd dmvmfap`mjt

Tbm prhetcehfctcms ai tbm prakrh``m fhujeb iar sthii cj >> hjd iar studmjts cj >8?dmfcvmry dhtms, eajtrhets hjd phy`mjts.

Iurtbmr praimsscajhf dmvmfap`mjt tbraukb cjtmrjhffy hrrhjkmd eaursms hjd vcsctcjk

mxpmrts.

Iar sthii cj tbm ]ppmr Uebaaf ct whs ta lm `hjdhtary ta bhvm h fhptap hs ct whs ta

lmea`m h `hoar wargcjk taaf. Tbm sebaaf whs ta pravcdm tbmsm fhptaps ht ja east hjd

tbm sthii waufd gmmp tbm` iar hs fajk hs tbmy wargmd iar tbm sebaaf. Tbcs whs h bct

h`ajkst sthii hs tbm safm cdmh ai passmsscjk h fhptap `hdm tbm` immf `arm ihvaurhlfy

tawhrds tbm prakrh``m.

Tbm hc` ai thrkmtcjk studmjts whs ta ermhtm h = tbEafu`j ht ba`m, hs hdvaehtmd ly

Fmwcj (839;), sa tbht ct waufd lm mhscmr ta smff tbm cdmh ta phrmjts fhtmr aj. Tbm

prakrh``m whs ta lm safd hs h vafujthry aptcaj ta studmjts hjd phrmjts hs tbmy waufd

bhvm ta phy h tmebjafakcehf imm ai ]U$=>.>> h `ajtb, aj tap ai tbm mxcstcjk sebaaf imm,

ta eavmr iar tbm east ai tbm fhptap hjd atbmr rmfhtmd mxpmjsms.

^hrhffmf ta tbmsm pbhsms, Bmhds ai Dmphrt`mjt wmrm hsgmd ta lm hetcvm cj tbmcr awj rmsmhreb hs

ta tbm hppfcehtcaj ai CT cj tmhebcjk hjd fmhrjcjk, hjd ta sthrt tbm pfhjjcjk hs ta baw tbm `ckbt

cjtmkrhtm tmebjafaky cjta tbmcr tmhebcjk, rmwrctcjk tbmcr syffhlusms hjd sebm`ms ai warg ta

rmifmet tbcs. Tbmy wmrm hfsa hsgmd ta faag ht baw `ueb `htmrchf waufd jmmd ta lm cjtmrjhffy

dmvmfapmd hjd baw `ueb `ckbt lm mxtmrjhffy hequcrmd ar dawjfahdmd `htmrchf7 hjd ta dmvmfap

strhtmkcms iar sbhrcjk tbm `htmrchf prmphrhtcaj lurdmj tbht tbm usm ai jmw tmebjafakcms wmrm

fcgmfy ta pfhem aj tbm`.

Hfsa, wctbcj tbm Mduehtcaj hrmh, h jmw past ai rmspajsclcfcty whs ermhtmd? tbm CT Ea-ardcjhtar7

wbasm rmspajsclcfctcms waufd cjefudm h`ajkst atbmrs, tbm rmsmhreb hlaut tmebjafakcehffy

arcmjtmd mduehtcaj, alsmrvcjk mxh`pfms ai tmebjafakcehffy hdvhjemd sebaafs, `hgcjk eajthet

wctb mxpmrts cj tbm cjearparhtcaj ai tmebjafaky cjta tmhebcjk hjd fmhrjcjk, hrrhjkcjk iar

hdmquhtm sthii cj-smrvcem trhcjcjk smsscajs, hjd wargcjk efasmfy wctb Bmhds ai Dmphrt`mjt sa

hs ta `ajctar tbm mxtmjt ta wbceb tbmy hrm cjearparhtcjk CT cjta tbmcr syffhlusms.

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Tbm Uystm`s @hjhkmr, cj efasm fchcsaj wctb tbm CT Eaardcjhtar, bhd tbm rmspajsclcfcty ai

purebhscjk tbm smfmetmd bhrdwhrm hjd saitwhrm suctm, hjd c`pfm`mjtcjk hjd `hcjthcjcjk tbm

sebaaf systm`s hjd wcrmfmss jmtwarg cj aptc`u` eajdctcajs ta suppart tbm prakrh``m. Bcs

smetcaj waufd hfsa lm rmspajsclfm iar fhptap hcjtmjhjem hjd rmphcrs wctb mxtmrjhf suppart ira`

tbm pravcdmrs.

Tbm Umjcar @hjhkm`mjt hrmh bhd tbm rmspajsclcfcty ta faag cjta baw CT eaufd lm usmd ta

c`pravm tbm hehdm`ce hjd hd`cjcstrhtcvm `hjhkm`mjt rckbt herass tbm sebaaf, ly hjhfyscjk tbm

prmsmjt systm`s hjd praemdurms, pravcdcjk h fcst ai praemdurms hjd/ar rautcjms wbceb eaufd lm

ea`putmrcsmd hjd h tc`m pfhj iar tbmsm dmvmfap`mjts, smmgcjk ta lucfd h ea`prmbmjscvm Cjtrhjmt

usmiuf ta sthii, studmjt hjd phrmjts.

Tbm Autea`ms

Mvmj tbaukb tbmrm wmrm cjctchf pralfm`s ht tbm dmecscaj sthkm dum ta h fheg ai ujdmrsthjdcjk ai

tbm jhturm hjd patmjey ai ebhjkm, tbmsm wmrm sueemssiuffy crajmd-aut cj tbm smeajd httm`pt. Tbm

vcscaj whs icjhffy `hdm efmhr hjd ujdmrstaad ly tbm sthii sa tbht tbm jmmds ta efasm tbm mxcstcjk

khps lmtwmmj wbmrm tbm sebaaf whs hjd wbmrm ct whjtmd ta lm cj tbm ea`cjk ymhrs wmrm efmhrfy

cdmjtcicmd.

Ira` `y mxpmrcmjem hjd pacjt ai vcmw hs h tmhebmr, tbm rhtms ai sueemss hjd rmfhtcvm ihcfurm ai

tbm c`pfm`mjthtcaj ai tbcs cjjavhtcaj bhvm lmmj vhrcmd dum ta smvmrhf rmhsajs. Tbmsm cssums

bhvm lmmj kraupmd ly ehtmkarcms hjd cj ja phrtceufhr ardmr?

Tbm Umffcjk ai tbm ^rakrh``m

Hitmr tbm cjctchf bctebms, tbm smffcjk ai tbm prakrh``m ta sthii whs sueemssiuf wctb tbm ebhjkm cj

`mtbad hjd strhtmky hdaptmd ly tbm [hrdmj. Tbm ihet tbht tbmy wmrm rmemcvcjk h fhptap iar

irmm bmfpmd cj khcjcjk tbm jmemsshry vcthf suppart.

Utudmjts rmemcvmd tbm cdmh vmry mjtbuschstcehffy lut h imw vacemd eajemrjs avmr mqucty cssums.

[bht ci `y phrmjts ehjt hiiard ta bhvm `m cj tbm prakrh`1 [cff C lmea`m dcserc`cjhtmd ly

jat bhvcjk h fhptap1 Tbcs cssum whs hetuhffy avmrfaagmd ly tbm [hrdmj wba tbaukbt tbht cj tbm

mjd ct waufdjt lmea`m hj cssum ht hff.

Bawmvmr, bm whs pravmj wrajk hjd tbm warst rmhetcaj eh`m ira` tbm phrmjts. [bmj tbm pfhj

whs prmsmjtmd ta tbm`, ct whs hf`ast h thgm ct ar fmhvm ct sctuhtcaj hjd h fhrkm ju`lmr ai phrmjtsrmsmjtmd tbcs. Tbmy mvmj rmsmjtmd tbm cdmh ai tbm [hrdmj bhvcjk usmd tbm ebcfdrmj hs h = tb

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Eafu`j. Tbm `hoar eajemrjs rhcsmd ht tbm prmsmjthtcaj wmrm hlaut tbm passclcfcty ai saechf

dcserc`cjhtcaj lmtwmmj tbm Bhvms / Bhvm-Jats, tbm icjhjechf hrrhjkm`mjts ht h tc`m ai

ujemrthcjty cj latb, ^mruvchj hjd kfalhf meaja`cms, hjd tbm smeurcty. Ua`m phrmjts imhrmd tbht

tbmcr ebcfdrmj waufd lm sulomet ta gcdjhppcjk, `ukkcjk ar hsshuft oust ta kmt bafd ai tbm vmry

mxpmjscvm dmvcem.

H imw atbmrs bhd ja alsmrvhtcajs ta tbm prakrh``m hjd dmecdmd ta oacj strhckbt hwhy.

Cj tbm sh`m why hs ct bhppmjmd iar sthii cj tbm icrst prmsmjthtcaj, tbm `msshkm whs jat

sueemssiuffy dmfcvmrmd ta hff phrmjts, cj h why cj wbceb tbmy waufd jat tbcjg ai tbcs prakrh``m

hs h tbrmht ar hj c`pasctcaj ht tbht phrtceufhr tc`m cj tbm ^mruvchj saeca-meaja`ce sctuhtcaj cj

>>. Bawmvmr, dmspctm hff tbmsm phrmjthf eajemrjs, `arm tbhj icity pmremjt cj mheb ymhr kraup

oacjmd tbm pcfat prakrh``m, wctb mjtbuschs`, mxpmethtcaj hjd imhr ai tbm ujgjawj taa.

Uthii Cssums

Bhjdcjk fhptaps ta sthii h ymhr lmiarm bhjdcjk tbm` ta studmjts whs h kaad cdmh hs sthii bhd h

wbafm ymhr ta khcj eajicdmjem cj tbm usm ai tbcs tmebjafaky hjd bhd tc`m ta `hstmr tbm jmemsshry

CT sgcffs cj ardmr ta praduem tbm `htmrchf jmemsshry ta papufhtm tbm Cjtrhjmt. Bawmvmr, trhcjcjk

cj tbcs rmspmet rmsuftmd cjsuiicecmjt hjd sa`m sthii wmrm jat quctm surm hlaut wbht whs mxpmetmd

ira` tbm`. Hfsa, tbm vmry tckbt tc`mthlfm wargmd hkhcjst sthii icjdcjk tbm tc`m ta kmjmrhtm tbm

rmsaurems hjd kmt rmhffy cjvafvmd cj tbm prakrh``m. Alvcausfy tbcs dcd jat bmfp cj hebcmvcjk

tbm dmscrmd rmsufts ai papufhtcjk tbm Cjtrhjmt wctb hppraprchtm `htmrchf ly tbm mjd ai >> hs

tbm [hrdmj mxpmetmd.

Mvmj tbaukb suppart sthii whs hvhcfhlfm ht tbm EUI Mduehtcaj8>hrmh, tbm rmhf hvhfhjebm ai warg

aeeurrmd durcjk tbm Ohjuhry - Imlruhry >8 bafcdhys wbmj sthii wmrm ujdmr h fat ai prmssurm

ta kmt tbcjks kacjk ly @hreb >8. Tbcs whs eaujtmrpraduetcvm hs phrt ai tbm cjctchf mjtbuschs`

hjd ea``ct`mjt dwcjdfmd dum ta tbm hddmd strmss. Tbm kmjmrhf httctudm smm`md ta lm tbht ai

fycjk cj tbm ea`iart zajm ci ct wargs, wby ebhjkm ct, mspmechffy ci ct whs kacjk ta dm`hjd

`arm warg.

H imw mjtbuschstce sthii `hjhkmd ta sphrg tbm icrm hjd dmsckjmd sa`m cjtmrmstcjk cdmhs wbceb

puffmd sa`m atbmr sthii cjta tbm paaf lut jat ta tbm dmscrmd mxtmjt. Tbmy ermhtmd h fhrkm rmpasctary

ai rmsaurems hjd fcjgs, dawjfahdcjk `htmrchfs ira` tbm Cjtmrjmt hs wmff hs ermhtcjk h fhrkm lhjg

8>Emjtrhf Umrvcem Ihecfcty Mduehtcaj? hrmh eajiar`md ly tbm CT Eaardcjhtar hjd twa Cjtrhjmt Dmvmfapmrs,dmdcehtmd ta tbm dmsckj, praduetcaj hjd pulfcehtcaj ai mduehtcajhf rmsaurems aj tbm Cjtrhjmt.

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ai usmiuf `crrar sctm fcjgs88. [bcfm `hjy rmsaurems bhvm lmmj dmvmfapmd hjd pfhemd aj tbm

Cjtrhjmt, hppraprchtm usm ai tbmsm rmsaurems stcff bhd ta lm rmicjmd.

Cj tmr`s ai efhssraa` `hjhkm`mjt tmebjcqums tbmrm smm`md ta lm h jmmd iar tmhebmrs ta thgm

aj h `arm hetcvm hjd dyjh`ce rafm rhtbmr tbhj oust scttcjk cj irajt ai tbmcr fhptaps. Tbm

dmvmfap`mjt ai kraup warg hjd dcseusscaj prhetcem whs hfsa iaujd ta lm jmmdmd ta suppart h

krmhtmr miimetcvmjmss cj tmr`s ai hjytc`m-hjywbmrm usm.

\msaurems

Tbm fhptaps ebasmj iar studmjts wmrm quctm lck hjd bmhvy lut wmrm sthlfm hjd pawmriuf.

Bawmvmr, ct bhd h dmsckj ifhw hs tbm faehtcaj iar tbm wcrmfmss ehrd hdm ct vufjmrhlfm ta dh`hkm.

Umvmrhf ehsms ai lragmj ar lmjt ehrds wmrm rmpartmd tbraukbaut >8.

Tbm dmsckj hjd quhfcty ai tbm ehrry lhk iar studmjts whs hfsa h `hoar drhwlheg hs ct dcd jat

pravcdm mjaukb pratmetcaj, mspmechffy ta tbm wcrmfmss ehrd hjd tbm hdhptmrs. Ehrds waufd lmjd

hjd hdhptmr eards waufd lrmhg wctb tbm prmssurm ai tbm lhk wbmj lmcjk ehrrcmd hraujd. Tbm

ehrry paueb whs rmfhtcvmfy ebmhp8> wctb sthii fhptaps lut wbmj tbm studmjt pcfat

lmkhj tbmrm whs h twa-wmmg pmrcad ai tmebjcehf hjd eajjmetcvcty pralfm`s wbceb ehusmd cjctchf

irustrhtcaj h`ajkst sthii hjd studmjts. Tbcs whs icjhffy safvmd wctb hj upkrhdm aj tbm wcrmfmss

heemss pacjts icr`whrm.

Tbm Cjtmrjmt heemss whs hfsa hdmquhtm cj >> lut lmeh`m vmry sfaw cj >8 wctb tbm hddctcajhf

> pmr ujct

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whs hfsa `ueb taa saaj ta mvhfuhtm tbm khcjs hjd fassms iar tbmsm mxh`cjhtcaj efhssms hs tbm

pcfat prakrh``m bhsjt lmmj kacjk fajk mjaukb ta eavmr latb ymhrs hjd althcj hjy sckjcicehjt

mxh`cjhtcaj rmsufts. H quceg krhdm hjhfyscs sbawmd tbht tbm hehdm`ce sthjdhrds tawhrds tbm

mjd ai tbm icrst hehdm`ce lc`mstmr wmrm `ueb tbm sh`m hs cj hjy atbmr ymhr prcar ta tbm fhptap

prakrh``m, wctb h sfckbt drap cj krhdms H tawhrds tbm Ls hjd Es.

U< Fmttmr Krhdm Hjhfyscs >> vs. >8

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Lut tbcs ehjjat lm eajefuscvm hs tbm pcfat ajfy eajscdmrmd hraujd =>% ai studmjts cj mheb ymhr

hjd tbm sprmhd ai tap, `cddfm hjd latta`s smt studmjts cj tbm fhptap hjd jaj-fhptap kraups wmrm

jat mvmj cj mheb ymhr.

Ct hfsa sbawmd tbht tbm bckbmr hlcfcty studmjts eajtcjumd ta mxemf wbcfm tbm fawmr hlcfcty pupcfs

strukkfmd ta kmt arkhjczmd wctb tbm jmw taaf.

Ira` survmys ecreufhtmd ta phrmjts, studmjts hjd sthii tbm iaffawcjk lmjmicts hjd drhwlhegs

wmrm cdmjtcicmd tbraukbaut tbm icrst imw `ajtbs ai c`pfm`mjthtcaj?

^mremcvmd lmjmicts? c`pravm`mjt cj,

ea`putmr hjd CT sgcffs kmjmrhffy,

arkhjcshtcajhf sgcffs85,

studmjts drcvcjk tbmcr awj fmhrjcjk,

mjtbuschs` hjd `atcvhtcaj ta fmhrj,

prmsmjthtcaj sgcffs,

pmmr eaffhlarhtcaj sgcffs,

hvhcfhlcfcty ai hd`cjcstrhtcvm hjd hehdm`ce cjiar`htcaj, tbraukb tbm Cjtrhjmt,

ea``ujcehtcajs lmtwmmj sebaaf hjd ba`m, hkhcj tbraukb tbm Cjtrhjmt.

^mremcvmd drhwlhegs?

Dcstrhetcajsa`m studmjts drhwj taa rmhdcfy cjta eajtmjt atbmr tbhj wbht cs rmqucrmd

ai tbm` cj tbm eurrmjt fmssaj

Utudmjt ehrmfmssjmss, ehuscjk dh`hkm ar fass ai fhptaps ar ea`pajmjts

[mckbt ai fhptaps5gk pfus laags, sparts kmhr, hjd pmrsajhf ctm`s

Umeurcty cssums, latb cjtmrjhf hjd mxtmrjhf

Lhttmry fcim tbaukb `uftc-pfuk ihecfctcms cjsthffmd cj mheb raa`

East ai tbm prmsmjt sebm`m, ea`phrmd wctb lmjmicts tbus ihr

Dciiceufty cj studycjk ira` tbm sermmj.

[bcfst tbm prakrh``m efhc`s ta suppart studmjts wctb cjdmpmjdmjem cj fmhrjcjk, ct whs jat

efmhr tbht studmjts gjmw baw ta da tbcs. Cjtmjtcajs iar usm ai tbm fhptaps autscdm fmssajs ly

studmjts wmrm hfsa jat `hdm efmhr ta tbm`. Ct smm`md tbht sthii wmrm stcff dacjk `ast ai tbm warg

85Mvmj tbaukb ct `hy saujd eajtrhdcetary ta tbm cjctchf sthtm`mjt, tbasm pupcfs strukkfcjk ta kmt arkhjczmd wmrmhequcrcjk h jmw sgcff wbceb tbmy dcdjt bhvm lmiarm. Bckbmr hlcfcty studmjts rmcjiaremd tbmcr arkhjczhtcajhf sgcffs.

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fmhvcjk fcttfm iar tbm studmjts ta da tbm`smfvms, tbmy wmrm stcff lmcjk spaaj-imd lut cj h dckcthf

why. Fcttfm ar ja mvcdmjem ai studmjts warg aj tbm Cjtrhjmt iar phrmjts, studmjts ar sthii, ta smm

rmsufts supparts tbcs sthtm`mjt.

Hjatbmr cssum tbht m`mrkmd whs tbht tbm warg ai tbm CT dmphrt`mjt whs jat ea-ardcjhtmd wctb

tbm jmmds ai sulomet dmphrt`mjts hjd studmjts cj tmr`s ai tbmcr jmmds hjd hlcfctcms ta usm

saitwhrm aj tbm fhptaps. Ua`m tmhebmrs mxpmetmd studmjts ta lm hlfm ta usm emrthcj saitwhrm

pheghkms, lut tbm studmjts `hy bhvm fmhrjmd hlaut tbmsm sa`m tc`m prcar ta tbcs jmmd hrcscjk cj

efhss, ar `hy jat bhvm smmj ct ht hff. H krmhtmr ea-ardcjhtcaj lmtwmmj CT dmphrt`mjt pravcscaj

hjd sulomet dmphrt`mjt usm, cs rmqucrmd ta dmhf wctb tbcs cssum.

Eajefuscajs

Ct cs efmhr ira` tbm dmserclmd autea`ms tbht tbm sthtmd cjtmjtcajs iar tbm pcfat prakrh``m bhvm

jat ymt lmmj mjtcrmfy iuficffmd. Mvmj tbaukb tbm cjjavhtcaj taaf - tbm fhptap - whs cjtraduemd hs

pfhjjmd, ebhjkm cj tbm tmhebcjk hjd fmhrjcjk hpprahebms dcd jat aeeur hs mxpmetmd, phrtfy dum

ta h fheg ai hppraprchtm sthii dmvmfap`mjt hjd phrtfy dum ta tbm fheg ai tc`m pravcscaj iar sthii

ta lm hlfm ta dmvmfap `htmrchf, tmst ct hjd immf ea`iarthlfm wctb cts usm hjd hppfcehtcaj cj tbm

efhssraa`.

Bawmvmr, hs cj hjy pcfat prakrh``m, tbm mvhfuhtcaj ai tbm icrst ymhr bhs lmmj bmfpiuf cj

cdmjtciycjk tbm hrmhs ai c`pravm`mjt wbceb ehj fmhd ta hj miimetcvm c`pfm`mjthtcaj cj tbm

ea`cjk ymhrs. Jajm ai tbm pmremcvmd drhwlhegs hrm eajdm`jcjk tbm prakrh``m ta ihcfurm,

quctm tbm appasctm, tbmsm hrm hff `hjhkmhlfm. Tbm lmjmicts hfsa autwmckb tbm drhwlhegs hjd iar

tbcs rmhsaj cs tbht tbm prakrh``m wcff eajtcjum wctb tbm rmqucrmd ebhjkms jmmdmd cj ardmr ta

hddrmss tbm ju`lmr ai cssums `mjtcajmd cj tbcs phpmr.

Hs sukkmstmd ly Bard mt hf. (832;) ct cs jaw tc`m eajtcjum wctb tbm jmxt fmvmfs ai usm ai hj

cjjavhtcaj? rmvcmw, cjtmkrhtm hjd rmjmw. Tbm Umjcar @hjhkm`mjt `ust faag cjta whys ai

rmkhcjcjk sthii ea``ct`mjt, suppart hjd mjtbuschs` iar tbm prakrh``m sa tbht tbmy ehj bhvm

h immfcjk ai awjmrsbcp hjd h smjsm ai prcdm ai tbmcr heea`pfcsb`mjts. Tbcs ehj lm heea`pfcsbmd

tbraukb h ebhjkm ai strhtmky hjd h ea`prmbmjscvm sthii dmvmfap`mjt prakrh``m sa tbht sthii

ehj `mmt tbm kahfs hjd dm`hjds ai tbcs cjjavhtcaj.

[ards? 45>

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\mimrmjems

Bhjdy E hjd Hctgmj \ (8329), ]jdmrsthjdcjk Uebaafs hs Arkhjcshtcajs, Bhr`ajdswartb,

^mjkucj

Bard, U. @., \utbmriard, [cffch` F., Bufcjk-Hustcj, Fmsfcm hjd Bhff, K. M. (832;). Thgcjk

ebhrkm ai ebhjkm. Hustcj, TR? Uautbwmst Mduehtcajhf Dmvmfap`mjt Fhlarhtary.

@urkhtrayd U hjd @arkhj E (8334), Tathf Xuhfcty @hjhkm`mjt hjd tbm Uebaaf, @cftaj

Gmyjms, Apmj ]jcvmrscty ^rmss

]jcvmrscty ai Lhtb Uebaaf ai Mduehtcaj (833;),@hjhkm`mjt ai CjjavhtcajEaursm Jatms

Lclfcakrhpby

Lfhjdiard U (833;),@cddfm @hjhkm`mjt cj Uebaaf? baw ta bhr`ajcsm `hjhkcjk hjd tmhebcjk

iar hj miimetcvm sebaaf,Fajdaj, ^ct`hj ^ulfcsbcjk

Dhvcms L hjd [mst-Lurjbh` O (833;), \mmjkcjmmrcjk hjd Tathf Xuhfcty cj Uebaafs, Fajdaj,

^ct`hj ^ulfcsbcjk

Gfcjk H (8332),Cjiar`htcaj Bhvms hjd Bhvm-Jats, Hrkucjk cj @y Uphrm Tc`m, Ja. 8), Dmvmfapcjk Miimetcvm Tmhebcjk hjd Fmhrjcjk wctb

Fhptaps? H Utrhtmkce \mpart iar @hrgbh` Eaffmkm, Fhjehstmr, Dmphrt`mjt ai Mduehtcajhf\msmhreb, Fhjehstmr ]jcvmrscty

^rmmdy @, Kfhttmr \ hjd Fmvhece \ (8332), Mduehtcajhf @hjhkm`mjt? strhtmky, quhfcty hjd

rmsaurems,@cftaj Gmyjms, Apmj ]jcvmrscty ^rmss

Utaff F hjd Icjg D (8339), Ebhjkcjk aur Uebaafs, @cftaj Gmyjms, Apmj ]jcvmrscty ^rmss

Tcmrjmy [ (>>),Dmvmfapcjk tbm Bckb ^mriar`hjem Arkhjczhtcaj? C`pmdc`mjts ta Ebhjkm

hjd Cjjavhtcaj cj Eaffmkms hjd ]jcvmrsctcms,]jcvmrscty ai Uautbmrj Ehfciarjch