large-scale liquid hydrogen production and supply · global lh 2 capacity - rise of liquid hydrogen...

Making our world more productive

Large-scale Liquid Hydrogen Production and SupplyAdvancing H Mobility and Clean Energy.Dr. Umberto CardellaLinde Kryotechnik AG, Linde AktiengesellschaftPerth, September 27th, 2019

2

Agenda

1. Linde’s Hydrogen Value Chain

2. Liquid Hydrogen: Motivation, Markets and Global Capacity

3. Liquid Hydrogen Production and Supply Technology

4. Future Large-Scale Hydrogen Liquefaction - R&D

5. Summary

3

Linde EngineeringLeading market position in multiple segments

Providing plants for chemical industryand energy-related industries

Providing plants for Linde Gas and third-party customers

With around 1,000 process engineering patents and applications and about 4,000 completed plant projects, Linde Engineering is supporting the energy and environment megatrend and leveraging customer relationships for gas projects.

Air separationplants

Hydrogen andsynthesis gas plants

Petrochemicalplants

Natural gasplants

10/11/2019

4

Linde Kryotechnik AG in Switzerland is the member of Linde Engineeringspecialized on Cryogenic Hydrogen

and Helium Liquefaction Plants

Linde EngineeringLeading market position in multiple segments

10/11/2019

5

Linde’s hydrogen value chainFrom production to fuelling operations and infrastructure

10/11/2019

LH2

only

Large-scale Liquid Hydrogen Production and Supply Chain, U. Cardella, Perth 2019

6

Agenda





5. Summary

7

Hydrogen properties: storage and transport densities

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100

Hydrogen Density vs. Pressure Diagram

Pressure [MPa]

Dens

ity[k

g /

m3 ]

cryo-compressed @ 40 Kapprox. 60 kg/m3LH2 distribution:

approx. 70 kg/m³@ 20-30 K

20 MPa CGH2 distribution:approx. 15 kg/m³ @ 280 K

50 MPa-CGH2 distribution:approx. 31 kg/m³ @ 280 K

Large-scale Liquid Hydrogen Production and Supply Chain, U. Cardella, Perth 201910/11/2019

Bachmeier M, LH2 Workshop, Kyoto, 2015

8

Liquid hydrogen applicationsFrom rocket fuel to clean energy and H2 mobility

Demand stagnatingPlant Sizes up to 20 tpd

Rocket FuelConventionale.g. Semiconductor Industry

Clean Energy and H2 mobility

Demand slight increasePlant Sizes up to 5 tpd

Demand potential boostPlant Sizes > 50 tpd

10/11/2019 Large-scale Liquid Hydrogen Production and Supply Chain, U. Cardella, Perth 2019

9

Linde’s hydrogen value chain - Mobility & clean energyH2 supply and consumers

10/11/2019

900 kg CGH2

3’500 kg LH2

H2 Consumers [kg/day] H2 Supply [kg/day]

250 kg/d

100 kg/d

1-10 tpd

0.4 kg/d

30 kg/d

Electrolysis forH2 production

H2 pipeline

LH2 trailer

Steam reforming forH2 production

H2 liquefaction plant

CGH2 trailer

H2 Bus

H2 Car

H2 Train

H2 Ships

H2 storage

H2 refuelling

H2 truck

Off-gridpower supply

10

Global LH2 capacity - Rise of liquid hydrogenMajor H2 liquefaction capacities (known today)

241 t/dayUSA

51 t/dayCanada

2.3 t/daySouth America

20 t/dayEurope

2.5 t/dayAsia (excl. Japan)

31 t/dayJapan


L. Decker, Latest Global Trend in Liquid Hydrogen Production , WHTC 2019, Tokyo

11

Global LH2 capacity - Rise of liquid hydrogenMajor LH2 liquefaction capacities planned for 2021

241 t/dayUSA

51 t/dayCanada

2.3 t/daySouth America

20 t/dayEurope

> 90 t/day

5.3 t/day

demoAustralia

2.5 t/dayAsia (excl. Japan)

31 t/dayJapan

>1 t/day


L. Decker, Latest Global Trend in Liquid Hydrogen Production , WHTC 2019, Tokyo

10/11/2019

12

Agenda





5. Summary

13

Hydrogen liquefaction processes

Simplified process flow diagram for hydrogen liquefaction

H2, He or NeRefrigerant

T T 33Kp p 13bar

Cardella U Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction under the aspect of economic viability, Dissertation, TU München 2018

10/11/2019

LN2 or LNG stream, GN2 or MR-cycle,

Utilities: Electricity, Refrigerants, Cooling Water, Instrument Air, Nitrogen


14

Linde hydrogen liquefaction technologyWorldwide largest range of hydrogen hiquefiers

Small Size (He Brayton Cycle)

Medium Bulk Size(H2 Claude Cycle)

0.25 tpd LH2 0.5 tpd 1 tpdKimitsu, Japan Beijing, China Saggonda, India

> 5 tpd 13.5 tpd 30 tpd up to 100 tpd5x in Japan Magog, Canada e.g. LaPorte, TX

2x Leuna, Germany

FutureLarge-scale


15

Small-scale hydrogen liquefiers up to 3 tpdHelium Brayton cycle

Oil Injected Screw Compressor

He Buffer Tank

Oil Removal System

Gas Management System

Adsorbers

Joule-Thomson Valve

Liquid H2

(to Storage)

Expansion Turbine 1

Gaseous H2 Feed

Cooling Water Liquid N2 for Precooling

Vacuum Pump

to Atmosphere

Compression System Liquefier Coldbox

Expansion Turbine 2

300 K

80 K

20 K

10/11/2019

Helium Brayton Cycle

Cooling and o-p Conversion

GaseousH2 Feed

Helium ScrewCompressors

LN2 Precooling


Liquefaction

16

Dry Piston Type Compressors

Adsorbers

Joule-Thomson Expansion in Ejector

Liquid H2(to Storage)

Expansion Turbine 1

Gaseous H2 Feed

Cooling Water Liquid N2 for Precooling

Vacuum Pump

to Atmosphere

Compression System Liquefier Coldbox

300 K

80 K

20 K

Cooling ando-p Conversion

Expansion Turbines 2 and 3

Hydrogen Claude Cycle

Gaseous H2(from Storage)

Gaseous H2(from Trailer)

Medium-scale hydrogen liquefiersHydrogen Claude cycle

10/11/2019

H2 PistonCompressors

LN2 Precooling

GaseousH2 Feed


Liquefaction

17

Current Technology Future Large-Scale

Capacity, tpd Small-scale< 3

Medium-scale2 to 50 ≥ 50

Refrigeration Cycle Helium Brayton Hydrogen Claude Hydrogen Claude or Mix Cycle

Precooling LN2 LN2 or N2 cycle N2-Cycle or MR-Cycle (LNG)

Compressor TypeOil Injected

ScrewPiston

CompressorPiston or Turbo

Compressor

Refrigerant Pressure, bar 10 to 15 15 to 25 >25

Specific Energy Consumption, kWh/kg H2

Incl. precooling (feed pressure between 10-25 bar)12 – 14 7.5 – 12 6 – 7.5

General Conclusionlower CAPEXhigher OPEX

Medium CAPEXMedium OPEX

Higher CAPEXLower OPEX

Linde hydrogen liquefaction technologyLiquefaction process depends on capacity - Overview

10/11/2019

If market is ready, significantly larger liquefiers will be built!


18

Expander technologyTurbine bearing technologies

Turbine

Turbine

Turbine

To Compressor

Oil Bearing(1st Generation)

Static Gas Bearing(2nd Generation)

Dynamic Gas Bearing(3rd Generation)

To Compressor

Oil

Sealing Gas

Bearing Gas


19

Linde manufacturing – Product portfolioVast experience in the field of cryogenic plant equipment!

HELICS™ & HYLICS™Spirally-welded Aluminum Pipes

Cryogenic Storage TanksVaporizersCoil-wound HXBrazed Aluminum HX& Cold boxes

Custom engineered Products Standardized Products


Gerstl P, Solutions for the LH2 Supply Chain , International Hydrogen Forum, Republic of Korea, 2019

20

Liquid hydrogen fueling station with cryopumpLinde Hydrogen FuelTech

— Footprint: very small 6.10 x 3.40m

— Capacity: 50 - 100kg/hr (at 90 Mpa)

— Refueling performance: 6 FCEV cars/hr.

— Bulk storage capacity: 400kg LH2

— MAWP: 100 MPa

— Energy consumption (total): 45kW

— Specific energy consumption: 1.2 kWh/kg H2

Energy saving of around 70%vs. piston compressor

— Boil-off: 4 kg/day, utilized for stand-by cooling (no additional cooling system required)

— Refueling protocol: SAE J2601-A70 and CEP

— High reliability, little maintenance and low costs

— Consequent development for installations at existing gasoline/ diesel retail stations, based on joint workshops with oil companies Shell, Total, OMV

Performance Fueling Station


21

Agenda





5. Summary

22

Why large-scale hydrogen liquefaction?Motivation

10/11/2019

Vehicle TypeH2 Fuel

consumption

(t/day)

No. of vehicles supplied

CGH2Trailer

LH2Trailer

LH2 Plant

5 tpd

LH2 plant

50 tpd

Car 0.0004 2’500 8’750 12’500 125’000

Bus - Trucks 0.03-0.1 10 35 50 500

Train 0.25 4 14 20 200

Ferry ship 0.4-2.0 0.5 1.75 2.5 25

Large ship 10 0.1 0.35 0.5 5

Number of fuel cell vehicles supplied based on typical hydrogen fuel consumption rates

Cardella U et al., Roadmap to economically viable hydrogen liquefaction. Int. Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2017

H2

DemandLiquefierCapacity


23

Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction - R&DMotivation

Motivation for large-scale hydrogen liquefaction R&D project

– Be ready for rapidly increasing LH2 market: liquefaction capacity up-scaling to ≥ 100 tpd LH2

– Economically viable large-scale hydrogen liquefaction processes: trade-off between capital

expenses (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX)

– Specific liquefaction costs (SLC): 1/3 of the SLC of the state-of-the-art 5 tpd LH2

– Specific energy consumption (SEC): ~ 6 kWh/kg LH2 (Ex. efficiency ~45%) compared to

10 kWh/kg LH2 of state-of-the-art hydrogen liquefiers

– High technological readiness level (TRL): medium-term feasibility (3 years)


26

Process optimizationUp-scaling capacity

Process optimization with liquefaction capacity— Minimized specific liquefaction costs SLC (= CAPEX + OPEX + O&M)

— Process design depends on capacity, electricity & refrigerant costs and other boundary conditions

Turbo compression

Piston compression

Cardella U Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction under the aspect of economic viability, Dissertation, TU München 2018

10/11/2019

27

Process concept A – High technical maturityHigh pressure H2 Claude cycle with MRC

H2 Piston Compression

MRC Turbo Compression

High PressureHydrogen Claude Cycle

(HP-H2)

Mixed-Refrigerant Joule-Thomson

Precooling Cycle (MRC)

LH2 Product

Gaseous H2 Feed

Turbine energy recovery (generator)

Patent pending

Cardella U Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction under the aspect of economic viability, Dissertation, TU München 201810/11/2019

28

Specific energy consumption

— Conventional: 5 tpd LH2 process with H2 Cycle and LN2 precooling 10 kWh/kg LH2

— Future: 100 tpd LH2 process with H2 Cycle & Mixed-Refrigerant precooling 6 kWh/kg LH2

Process optimizationSpecific energy consumption (SEC)

10/11/2019

Cardella U et al. Final design of a cost-optimized 100 tpd H2 liquefier. Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC), Madison, USA, 2017

Low spec. energy consumption ≤ 6 kWh/kg LH2

Ex. Efficiency ≈45%


29

Specific liquefaction costs (SLC) = CAPEX + OPEX + O&M (Averaged)

Electricity Costs: 0.05 €/kWhel

Process optimizationSpecific liquefaction costs (SLC) with capacity

10/11/2019

Cardella U et al. Final design of a cost-optimized 100 tpd H2 liquefier. Cryogenic Engineering Conference (CEC), Madison, USA, 2017

Potential for lower spec.

liquefaction costs!


30

Summary and outlook

10/11/2019

SEC / SLC — Liquefaction processes optimized in total cost of ownership (TCO)

— Spec. energy consumption reduction from 10 to ≤ 6 kWh/kg LH2 feasible

— Spec. liquefaction costs reduction by nearly 70% with 100 tpd LH2 plants

LH2 Technology — Linde covers full hydrogen value chain from production to refuelling

— Linde Kryotechnik is ready to supply large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants

— Conceptual design for future large-scale plants > 50 tpd LH2 carried out

Outlook — Focus on TCO reduction for large-scale liquefaction to enable a low cost liquid

hydrogen supply for mobility and clean energy

— Upscaling of hydrogen liquefiers and technologies as the market grows

— Development of large oil-free turbines and high-speed turbo compressors


Thank you for your attention

Making our world more productive

Linde Kryotechnik AG / Linde AktiengesellschaftDr. Umberto Cardella+49 89 7445 [email protected] ; www.linde.com

large-scale liquid hydrogen production and supply · global lh 2 capacity - rise of liquid hydrogen...

Documents