Larger Mammals and Birds in the Lowlands and on the Plateau of the Park Daniel Hegglin, Tatjana Good, Gyula Gajdon, Getenet Asmara, Berihun Gebremedhin, Stefan Irnfeld, John Lustenberger, Josef Niederberger

1, Introduction

Our team investigated the occurrence of larger mammals (primates, ungulates, carnivores) and birds of the Simen Mountain National Park. Until now most of the research was done on the plateau of the SMNP (Dunbar, R.I.M. & E.P. Dunbar, 1974 c; Nievergelt, 1981). In order to provide further information for a future management plan we collected much of our data in the lowlands.

In addition to the data of our team, the other teams of the SMNP-expedition also provided interesting obser- vations. We included their data in the list of observed species, but did not use them for the more detailed ana- lyses on vegetation types and altitudes. The established list of bird species was compared with other lists (Boswall & Demment, 1970; Dunbar, R.I.M. & P. Dunbar, 1974 c; Lilyestrom, 1974; Bosmans & Moreaux, 1977) from the SMNP.

2. Methods

All species of larger mammals (ungulates, primates, carnivores) and birds were identified with binoculars or telescopes on the basis of several fieldbooks (birds: Mackworth-Praed & Grant, 1957; Williams, 1973). For each observation of species we noted the date and time of observation, the coordinates of the animals (map: Simen Mountains National Park, 1 :25'000, Pro Semien Fundation, 1975), the type of the vegetation in which they were (long- or short-grass area with or without Lobelia, Helichrysum-dominated area, village, rock, field, pasture, forest) and for mammals, if it was a trace or direct observation. For each observation the altitude above sea level was calculated with the help of the Geographical Information System (GIS) at the Institute of Geography, University of Zurich. Almost all data were collected using a transect method along the paths. At times we observed from a viewpoint.

The route chosen for this expedition started on the Gich plateau (16-20 January), passed over Chennek (21-23 January) down to the lowlands through Truwata (23-26 January), Dirni (26-29 January), Agidamya (29-30 January), Muchila (30 January-2 February), with a quick trip to Nariya and Jinbar Valley, and ended back in Gich. The team spent two days collecting data in one area and moved camp on the third day to the next area. The observation of birds was more intensive in the low- lands because on arrival at Gich Camp, the first few days were spent acclimatizing and organizing the round-trip.

Figure 6.4 a

Figure 6.5 a

Figure 6.1 3

Gelada (Theropithecus gelada).

Figure 6.14 a

Black-and-white colobus (Colobus guereza) were restric- ted to the small forest patches in the lowlands (Figure 6.14; Table 6.2, page 58). The average size of groups was 9.1 individuals. Their highest point of observation was at 2840 metres above sea level. For exact points of obser- vations see Figure 6.1 1.

A Golden Jackal (Canis aureus) was heard once near Gich Camp. The Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) (Figures 6.21 and 6.22) was seen on one occasion and heard on another near Chennek (4200 metres above sea level), and seen near Mesarerya (4353 metres above sea level). Tracks of the Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta) were found in an Erica forest near Kebew and on the path up to the Bwahit. In a field near Muchila a skull of a Caracal (Cara- cal caracal) was found. The Serval (Felis serval), which is known to occur in the SMNP, was not seen during our stay (Figure 6.20).

Rock hyrax (Procavia capensis) was seen at Muchila Afaf and on the way to Dirni. A rummaging spot of a Bush pig (Potamochoerus porcus) was found between Amba Ber and Muchila. A Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreotragus, Figure 6.1 7) was sighted above Dirni, seven animals were observed near Kebew and two animals at lmet Gogo. Grimm's duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia, Figure 6.1 9) and Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) were both seen once; the former at the Jimbar, the latter in an Erica forest near Kebew. Spines and faeces of Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) were found near Chennek. For further informa- tion on the Walia ibex (Capra ibex walie), the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) and Klipspringer (Oreotragus oreo- tragus) see above report, Section 5 (page 44).

Figure 6.14 b Black-and-white colobus

(Colobus guerua).

1 The amount of time spent in the lowlands was higher than the amount spent on the plateau, so that com- parisons between the two altitude categories only show trends. Nevertheless, the species richness of endemic and other bird species is higher in the areas below 3000 metres above sea level (Table 6.1 ). This emphasizes the importance of including the lower parts of the SMNP in the management plan. More research in the lower alti- tudes of the park is needed to get a general idea of the fauna situation of the SMNP today.

Endemic bird species were found in high (e.g. Figure 6.1 5) as well as in low altitudes making the whole region an important bird area worthy of conservation efforts (accor- ding to the criterias of Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society (EWNHS) & Birdlife International).

Birds in forests are more difficult to localize and identify than those in pastures and fields. For this reason we be- lieve that many bird species in the forest were overlooked. Nevertheless, cultivated areas seem to be important bird habitats. On the one hand, this shows that the agricultural use does not only destroy habitats, but create new ones as well. On the other hand, there are many bird species that rely on the forest for their survival. A multifold land- scape of forest patches and extensive land use in the lowlands increases the amount of bird species. For this reason the forest must be kept intact.

4.2 Larger mammals

Larger mammals other than Black-and-white colobus, Geladas and Walia ibexes were rarely seen. Maybe our method of continuously moving around was not ideal for the observation of larger mammals. Thus, it was not possible for example to habituate carnivores to carcass- places. However, considering the many teams scattered all over the SMNP, it seems that in general the amount of larger mammals sighted has declined during the last decades.

Several authors have reported seeing Anubis as well as Hamadryas baboons in the SMNP, even in situations where they intermingle with Gelada (Crook & Aldrich- Blake, 1968; Muller, 1973). Muller (1 973) reported several groups of Anubis baboons for the same area as we did. However, there is no evidence of Hamadryas baboons in the northern lowlands (see Nievergelt, 1981). Crook & Aldrich-Blake (1 968) suggest that the main range of Hamadryas lies north and east of the Simen Mountains.

On several occasions we could observe Geladas descen- ding the Dirni trail several hundreds of metres as mentio- ned by Kawai (ed., 1979). Thus, it is possible that at least single one-male-units or bands split from the herd to feed in the fields of the lowlands during the harvest.

While geladas live in open habitats, the Black-and-white colobus depend on the forest. It is astonishing to see how they have adapted to small patches of forest, using sometimes just a narrow strip of several metres or small graveyard forests of sixty to eighty metres in diameter. We had the impression that the groups were slightly smaller in bushy forests around Muchila than in the areas with well developed forests as for example around Dirni. Although it seems that colobus have been living in such small and isolated patches of forest for several decades, their survival is absolutely not guaranteed.

Figure 6.1 5

The endemic Thick-billed raven (Corvus crassirostris) on the Gich plateau.

Table 6.2

Figure 6.16

Two male Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) grooming each other.

Number of observations of Gelada baboon and Black-and-white colobus groups in the different types of land use. Only observations below 3000 metres above sea level are included. For some of the observations the type of land use is missing (no indication).

Specie!

Gelada baboon

Black-and-white colobus

forest pasture field village no indication total

1 2 6 1 6 16

43 6 2 0 3 54

Table 6.3

Checklist of the birds of the Simen Mountains National Park (SMNP) observed by the authors and systematically ordered according to Urban & Brown (1971). The endemic bird species' names are green; the ((certain species* (see above) are written in hald letters

Family . - - - l

Ciconiiformes Scopidae 34 Harnrnercop Scopus umbretta Threskiornithidae 45 Wattled ibis Bostrychia canmculata

Anseriformes Anatidae 60 African black duck Anas sparsa Falconiformes Accipitridae 84 Black kite Milvus migrans

86 Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus 87 LammergeierlBearded vulture Gypaetus barbatus 88 Hooded vulture Necrosyrtes monachus 90 Ruppel's griffon vulture Gyps rueppellii 92 Lappet-faced vulture Torgos tracheliotus 98 Harrier hawk Polyboroides typus 11 7 Long-legged buzzard Buteo rufinus 119 Augur buzzard Buteo rufofuscus 122 Tawny eagle Aquila rapax 125 Verreaux's eagle Aquila verreauxii 137 European kestrel Falco tinnunculus 138 Grey kestrel Falco ardosiaceus 140 Red-necked falcon Falco chicquera

Galliformes Phasianidae 159 Erckel's francolin Francolinus erckeli 1-i Gruiformes Turnicidae 167 Botton quail Turnix sylvatica

Falconiidae

7

ilv Rnf Nr FI

Charadriiformes Charadriidae 208 Scolopacidae 228

Columbiformes Columbidae 293 294 297 298 31 1

Psittaciformes Psittacidae 316 Cuculiformes Musophagidae 318

320

Cuculidae

Strigiformes Strigidae Apodiformes Apodidae

Coliiformes Coliidae Coraciiformes Alcedinidae

Meropidae

Piciformes Capitonidae

Picidae

Passeriformes Alaudidae

340 362 363 364 365 371 377 389 390 391

Coraciidae 397 Upupidae 399 Phoeniculidae 402

406 408 409 41 3 41 5 41 7 430 433 435 436 449 45 1 458

Hirundinidae 461 468 472

Spot-bceasted plover Green sandpiper White-collared pigeon Speckled pigeon Pink-breasted dove Red-eyed dove Bruce's green pigeon Black-winged lovebird White-cheeked turaco Bare-faced go-away bird White-crested turaco Black-and-white cuckoo Emerald cuckoo White-browed coucal Makindel eagle owl Alpine swift Mottled swift Common swift Nyanza swift Speckled mousebird Halfcollared kingfisher Little bee-eater Blue-breasted bee-eater Cinnamon chested bee-eater Rufous-crowned roller African hoopoe Black wood-hoppoe Von der dechen's hornbill Hemprich's hornbill Crowned hornbill Black-billed barbet Banded barbet Red-fronted barbet Nubian woodpecker Golden-backed woodpecker Grey woodpecker Bearded woodpecker Red-capped lark Masked lark Short-crested lark African sand martin Red-rumped swallow African rock martin

Crir Fir n

Vanellus melanocephalus Tringa ochropus Columba albitorques Columba guinea Streptopelia lugens Streptopelia semitorquata Treron waalia Agapornis taranta Tauraco leucotis Corythaixoides personata Turaco leucolophus Clamator jacobinus Chrysococcyx cupreus Centropus superciliosus Bubo capensis mackinderi Apus melba Apus aequatorialis Apus apus Apus niansea Colius striatus Alcedo semitorquata Melittophagus pusillus Melittophagus variegatus Melittophagus oreobates Coracias naevia Upupa epops Phoeniculus terrimus Tockus deckeni Tockus hemprichii Tockus alboterminatus Lybius guifsobalito Lybius undatus Tricholaema diadematum Campethera nubica Dendropicos abyssinicus Mesopicos goertae Thripias namaquus Calandrella cinerea Aethocorys personata Galerida malabarica Riparia paludicola Hirundo daurica (Cercopisj Hirundo fuligula (Ptyoniprognej

Ref. Nr. F w i s h name

Motacillidae 476 477 478 482 489

Campephagidae 491 Pycnonotidae 494 Laniidae 505

508 519

Muscicapidae 524 526 531 533 534 538 539 541 543 554 555 564 566 569 574 579 610 61 5 625 627 632

Yellow wagtail Grey wagtail Mountain wagtail Richard's pipit Abyssinian long-claw Grey cuckoo shrike White-vented bulbul Black-headed tchagra Tropical boubou Fiscal shrike Stonechat Somali wheatear lsabelline wheatear Schalow's wheatear Red-breasted wheatear Red-tailed rock chat Hill chat White-winged cliff-chat Riippel's chat Ruppel's robin-chat White-browed robin-chat Olive thrush Ground-scraper thrush Abyssinian catbird White-rumped babbler Cinnamon bracken-warbler Brown woodland-warbler Stout cisticola Pectoral-patch cisticola Tawny-flanked prinia Red-faced apalis

Motacllla flava Motacilla cinerea Motacilla clara Anthus novaeseelandiae Mawnyx flavicollis Coracia caesia Pycnonotus barbatus Tchagra senegala Laniarius aethiopicus Lanius collaris Saxicola torquata Oenanthe phillipsi Oenanthe isabellina Oenanthe lugubris Oenanthe bottae Cercomela familiaris Cercomela sordida Myrmecocichla semimfa Pentholaea melaena Cossypha semirufa Cossypha heuglini Turdus olivaceus Turdus litsipsirupa (Psophocichla) Parophasma galinieri Turdoides leucopygius Bradypterus cinnamomeus Phylloscopus umbrovirens Cisticola robusta Cisticola brunnescens Priniasubflava Apalis rufifrons

- Familv

Paridae 662 663 67 5 681 685

Zosteropidae 687

Emberzidae 69 1 Fringillidae 700

704 705 706 707 708 710 722 744 783 784 790 793 795 800 81 7

818 821 823 825 826 827

Estrildidae

Ploceidae

Sturnidae

Oriolidae

Corvidae

Figures 6.1 7

ish

Dusky flycatcher Muscicapa adusta Grey flycatcher Bradornis microrhynchus Paradise flycatcher Tchitrea viridis Black-throated wattle-eye Platysteira peltata Black flycatcher Melaenornis edolioides Black and white flycatcher Bias musicus Black tit Parus leucomelas White-backed black tit Parus leuconotus Variable sunbird Nectarinia venusta Tacazze sunbird Nectarinia tacazze Malachite sunbird Nectarinia famosa White-breasted white-eye Zosterops abyssinicus Pale white-eye Zosterops pallidus Ortolan Emberiza hortulana White-rumped seed-eater Serinus leucopygius Yellow-crowned canary Serinus canicollis African citril Serinus citrinelloides Black-headed siskin Serinus nigriceps Streaky Seed-eater Serinus striolatus Brown-rumped Seed-eater Serinus tristriatus Pin-tailed whydah Vidua macroura Yellow-bellied waxbill Estrilda melanotis Baglafecht weaver Ploceus baglafecht Grey-headed sparrow Passer griseus Swainson's sparrow Passer swainsonii Bush petronia Petronia dentata Red-winged starling Onychognathus morio Slender-billed chestnut-winged starling Onychognathus tenuirostris Blue-eared glossy starling Lamprotornis chalybaeus Black-headed oriol Oriolus larvatus Black-headed forest oriol Oriolus monacha Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Pied crow Corvus albus Cape rook Corvus capensis Fan-tailed raven Corvus rhipidurus Thick-billed raven Corvus aassirostris

Figure 6.18 Figure 6.19

Klipspringer Walia ibex Grimms Duiker (Onotragus oreotragus) (Capra ibex walie) (Sylvicapra grimmia)

Table 6.4

Bird species listed in other checklists of the Simen Mountains National Park (Boswall & Demment, 1970; Dunbar, R.I.M. & P. Dunbar, 1974 Lilystrom, 1974; Bosmans & Mareaux, 1977) but not observed by our group.

Order Family

Ciconiiformes Ciconiidae

Falciniformes Accipitridae

Sagittariidae Falconidae

Passerifirmes Hirundinidae

36 37 82 94 100 102 105 109 113 124 126 131 132 136 145 148

Galliformes Phasanidae 158 Charadriiformes Scolopacidae 236 Columbiformes Columbidae 301 Cuculiformes Cuculidae 328

Bucerotidae 405 41 1 459 462 473 474

Muscicapidae 525 527 558 568

Meropidae 584 Muscicapidae 649 Nectariniidae 683 Zosteropidae 689 Ploceidae 767 Sturnidae 796

814

Black Stork Abdim's Stork Black-shouldered Kite European Snake Eagle Pallid Harrier l Pale Harrier Dark Chanting Goshawk Great Sparrow-hawk African Little Sparrow-hawk Grasshopper Buzzard Wahlberg's Eagle African Hawk-eagle Martial Eagle Secretary Bird Fox Kestrel Lanner Falcon Peregrine Falcon Chestnut-naped Francolin African Snipe Ring-necked Dove Common Cuckoo Red-billed Hornbill Abyssinian Ground Hornbill European Sand Martin Swallow House Martin Rough-winged Swallow European Common Wheatear Pied Wheatear Nightingale Abyssinian Hill-Babbler European Bee-eater Abyssinian Slaty Flycatcher Beautiful Sunbird Green White-eye Yellow Bishop White-billed Starling Red-billed Oxpecker

Ciconia nigra Ciconia abdimii Elanus caeruleus Circaetus gallicus Circus macrourus Melierax metabates Accipiter melanoleucus Accipiter minullus Butastur rufipennis Aquila wahlbergi Hieraaetus fasciatus Polemaetus bellicosus Sagittarius serpentarius Falco alopex Falco biarmicus Falco peregrinus Francolinus castaneicollis Gallinago nigripennis Streptopelia capicola Cuculus canorus Tockus erythrorhynchus Bucorvus abyssinicus Riparia riparia Hirundo rustica Delichon urbica Psalidoprocne pristoptera Oenanthe oenanthe Oenanthe pleschanka Luscinia megarhynchos Alcippe abyssinica Merops apiaster Melaenornis chocolatina Nectarinia pulchella Zosterops poloigastra Euplectes capensis Onychognathus albirostris Buphagus erythrorhynchus

Figure 6.20

Serval (Felis serval), photographed in 1968.

Table 6.5

Checklist of the larger mammals of the Simen Mountains National Park (listed in Hurni (ed.), 1986).

l The species registered by the authors are written in bold letters.

gure 6.21

hiopian wolf anis simensis)

Hyaenidae Mustelidae Felidae

Cercopithecidae

Bush buck Grimm's duicker Klipspringer Walia ibex Bush pig Golden jackal Ethiopian wolf Spotted hyena Honey badger Leopard Caracal Serval African wildcat Anubis baboon Black-faced vervet Gelada baboon Hamadryas baboon

Colobidae Black-and-white colobus Hystricidae Crested porcupine Procaviidae Rock hyrax

Figure 6.22

Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis) on the Gich plateau.

Tragelaphus scriptus Sylvicapra grimmia Oreotragus oreotragus Capra ibex walie Potamochoerus porcus Canis aureus Canis simensis Crocuta crocuta Mellivora capensis Panthera pardus Caracal caracal Felis serval Felis (sylvestris) libyca Papio anubis Cercopithecus aethiops Theropithecus gelada Papio hamadryas Colobus guereza Hystrix cristata Procavia capensis

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Appendix V

Mammal species occuring in the Simen area. Names given in Amharic, English, German and Latin (scientific names). Bold types: species endemic to Ethiopia.

Amharic English German Scientific Name

Walia (Walya) Walia ibex (Abyssinian ibex)

Walia Steinbock Capra ibex walie (~thiopischer Steinbock) (Capra walie)

Sassa (Sessa)

Midakwa

Dukula

Agazen

Azama

Klipspringer Klippspringer Oreotragus oreotragus

Grimm's Duiker (Bush Duiker) Kronenducker Sylvicapra grimmia

Bushbuck (Schirrantilope) Buschbock Tragelaphus scriptus

Greater Kudu Grosser Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros

Bushpig (Flussschwein) Buschschwein Potamochoerus porcus

Dschelada (Berg-Pavian)

Theropithecus gelada Gelada Gelada (Highland Baboon)

Djindjero (Nedsch Djindjero) Hamadryas Baboon Mantelpavian (Hamadryas) Papio hamadryas

Djindjero (Tekur Djindjero) Anubis Baboon Anubis-Pavian Papio anubis

Tota Green (Vervet) monkey Grune Meerkatze Cercopithecus aethiops

Guereza Abyssinian Black and White Colobus (Guereza) Colobus (Colobus monkey)

Colobus abyssinicus

Kai Kebero ~thiopischer Wolf Semien Fuchs

Canis simensis simensis (Simenia simensis)

Ethiopian Wolf Simen Fox

Kebero Common Jackal (Golden Jackal)

Gold-Schakal Canis aureus

Nebbr Leopard Leopard Panthera pardus

Dero Serval (Serval Cat) Serval Leptailurus (Felis) serval

Delg Ambessa Caracal Karakal Caracal (Felis) caracal

7 Djibb Spotted Hyaena Flecken-Hyane Crocuta crocuta

Amharic English E; '., --

Marbella Ratel (Honey Badger)

Eshkoko Rock Hyrax

Djarrt 1 Kenfiz Crested Porcupine

Tinchel Abyssinian Hare

Rats, Mice, (Shrews)

Unstriped Grass Rat

Groove-toothed Rat

Soft-furred Rat

Narrow-headed Rat

Ait

Filfel

Ait Megot

German

Honigdachs

Klippschliefer

Stachelschwein

Mellivora capensis

Procavia capensis

Hystrix crista ta

Hase Lepus starcki ?

Ratten, Mause, (Spitzmause)

Arvicanthis abyssinicus

Pelomys harringtoni

Myomys albipes

Stenocephalemys griseicauda

lophuromys flavopunctatus

Otomys typus

Harsh-furred Rat

Swamp Rat

Mole Rat Wurzelratte

shrews Spitzmause

(shrew) (Spitzmaus) Crocidura baileyi

Tachyoryctes splendens

A Survey on the Flora and Fauna of the Simen Mountains National Park Ethiopia

Dedicated to the people of the Simen mountains

Editors:

Bernhard Nievergelt Tatjana Good Ren6 Guttinger

Group for Wildlife and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology University of Zurich Switzerland

With the assistance of the Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Organisation, the National Herbarium and the Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Addis Abeba University and the Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society

Published as special issue of

JOURNAL OF THE ETHIOPIAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY