laser cladding – applications and development trends · laser cladding – applications and...
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[email protected] Laserpinnoituspäivät Kokkola 4.2.2010
Laser cladding – applications and development trends
J. Tuominen, J. Tuominen, DrDr. Tech. TechTampere University of Technology, Department of Materials ScienceTampere University of Technology, Department of Materials Science
TUT Kokkola TUT Kokkola UnitUnit
Korpintie 8 (Korpintie 8 (InnogateInnogate))
67100 67100 KokkolaKokkola
FinlandFinland
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Presentation outline- Surface engineering- Laser cladding
- Methods- Features- Coating and substrate materials- Coating properties
- Laser cladding applications- Power generation- Oil and gas- Moulds and tooling- Mining & construction- Combustion engines- Aerospace
- Development trends in laser cladding- Hybrid techniques (hot-wire, induction assisted laser cladding)- High deposition rate cladding (>10kW) (powder, wire, strip)- On-site repairs and mobile cladding units- Coaxial wire feeding- Monitoring & real time process control
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Economic impact of wear and corrosion- Maintenance, repair and material costs as well as losses due to plant shutdowns
- Corrosion of metals cost directly the U.S. economy 276 and indirectly 552 billion USD per year (1998)
- They were 3.1% and 6.0% of the gross national product (GNP)
- In UK, Japan, Australia, Kuwait, Germany, Finland, Sweden, India and China annual direct corrosion costs range from 1 to 5 percent of the GNP
- Approximately one-third of these costs (= avoidable costs) could be reduced by broader application of corrosion-resistant materials
- Wear cost the U.S. economy 20-100 billion USD per year (1980)
Sources: NACE International and FHWA Report ”Corrosion costs and preventive strategies in the United States” (2002)
Department of Trade and Industry - Wear Resistant Surfaces in Engineering (1986)
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Surface engineering
, cladding
Surface modification, alloying and coating methods
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1917 EinsteinLightAmplification byStimulatedEmission of Radiation
1960 Ruby laser
1964 CO2
Nd:YAG
1965 industrial laser materials processing;Hole drilling and spot welding
1967 CO2
Cutting
1974 CO2
Industrial laser hardening
1976 laser cladding;wire feedingpreplaced powder
1977 industrial laser cladding;preplaced powderCaterpillar Tractor Co.
1979 laser cladding;1-step powder feeding
1981 industrial laser cladding;1-step powder feedingRolls-RoycePratt & Whitney
1984 coaxial powder nozzle for circular beam
1988 Stellite cladding with CO2 laser M. Sc. ThesisLUT, Finland
1999 Nd:YAG –laser cladding2001 HPDL claddingTUT, Finland
1999 Industrial laser cladding in FinlandFortum Service Oy KETEK
1998 HPDL 2.5X more efficient than CO2 in cladding,Induction assisted laser claddingFraunhofer IWS
1992 Hot wire claddingT. U. Clausthal
1969 WC impregnation
* J. Archambeault, L. Dubourg, NRCC, Paper # 1104, ICALEO2005
* *2008 Hot-wire laser cladding: Process, materials and their properties
Dr. Thesis
TUT/KETEK, Finland
Mid 90´s cw Nd:YAG and HPDL > 1 kW
Hybrid cladding techniques
Milestones
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Cladding methods
Shielding gas
Laser beamPowder andcarrier gas
Clad layer
Substrate
Shielding gas
Powder andcarrier gas
Clad layer
Substrate
Laser beam
2-step: preplaced powder 1-step: off-axis powder 1-step: coaxial powder
1-step: off-axis hot-wire (tandem) 1-step: coaxial cold-wire 1-step: coaxial hot-wire
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Lasers available for cladding and their properties
*External chiller not taken into account
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Fiber Nd:YAG CO2 Disc HPDLWall-plug efficiency* 30% ~3% (lp) ~10% (FAF) 20-28% 35-45%Wavelength 1.07 m 1.06 m 10.6 m 1.03 m 808-1030nmBeam guidance Fiber Fiber Mirror Fiber FiberFootprint 1.2m2 (20kW) 3.2m2 (4kW) 5.7m2 (20kW) 3.9m2 (16kW) 0.3m2 (6kW)Footprint (chiller) 1.2m2 (20kW) 3.1m2 (4kW) 3.0m2 (20kW) 2.0m2 (16kW) 0.4m2 (6kW)Max. power 30kW 6kW 20kW 16kW 15kWMobility Yes No No Yes YesOperating costs Low High Moderate Low Low
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Laser cladding: strengths and weaknessesFusion bond (excellent bond strength)Low dilution (few percentages in monolayer coating)100% denseness (real corrosion barrier coatings)Low heat input (small distortion, narrow HAZ)Fine-grained structure (high hardness and strength)Extended solid solubility (not restricted by thermodynamic equilibrium)Low microsegregationNegligible dissolution of externally incorporated carbidesFlexible tailoring of compositions (gradients, multimaterial structures)Easily automatizedReal time process controlHigh capital costs, low wall-plug & process energy efficiencies, hightensile stresses
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Coating and substrate materialsHardfacing alloys (Stellites, Tribaloy, Norem, Nanosteel, Self-fluxing alloys, Nistelle, Nucalloy)Superalloys (Inconel, Hastelloy, Monel, CMSX-4, high-Cr NiCr)Tool steels (P20, M4, H13, CPM 10V)Stainless steels (316L, 254SMO, 420, 17-4 PH)Hadfield-steels (12-19%Mn, 1.1-1.4%C, 0-2.5%Cr )Titanium alloys (Ti-6Al-4V, Ti6242, Ti grade 2)Copper alloys (CuAl, CuNi, CuSn)Metal matrix composites (WC/W2C-NiCrBSi, TiC-Stellite, VC-tool steel, SiC-Al)Solid lubricants (MoS2, WS2, CaF2, graphite) Intermetallics (Cr13Ni5Si2, MoSi2, FeAl, NiTi) Gradient layers (FGM) (metal matrix composites, monolithes)Nanostructured and amorphous alloys, intelligent materialsSubstrates; Fe-, Ni-, Cu-, Al-, Ti-, Mg-alloys
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-800-700-600-500-400-300-200-100
0100
0 50 100 150 200Time (h)
E vs
. Ag/
AgC
l (m
V)
LASER PTA WROUGHT HVOF+LASER IHVOF+LASER II HVOF Fe37
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.E-10 1.E-09 1.E-08 1.E-07 1.E-06 1.E-05 1.E-04 1.E-03 1.E-02 1.E-01
log I [A/cm2]E
vs. A
g/A
gCl (
V)
625 LASER625 PTA625 WROUGHT625 HVOF + LASER625 HVOF316L WROUGHT
Wet corrosion
Inconel 625 on mild steel
0.06 0.1 0.19 0.23 0.3 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.39 0.43 0.48 0.5 0.77
7.31
012345678
Titaniu
m wroug
ht
SX-717 l
aser
St 6 la
ser
In-625 H
VOF + las
er
St 21 l
aser
In-625 w
rough
t
Alloy 5
9 las
er
St 6 H
IP
AISI316L
wrou
ght
In-625 l
aser
(19.4 Fe
)
In-62
5 las
er (6.0
Fe)
In-62
5 las
er (9.4
Fe)
In-625 P
TA
St 21 P
TA
In-62
5 HVOF
Mart. S
S
Cor
rosi
on ra
te (µ
m/y
ear)
Laser HVOF Wrought HVOF + Laser PTA HIP
Dilution, micro- and macrosegregation restricted
Corrosion properties equivalent to wrought alloys and better than cast structures
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Hot corrosion tests- Low diluted high-Cr NiCr and Inconel 625 laser coatings outperformed wrought Nimonic80A- Inconel 625 laser coating superior to wrought Inconel 625 (grain boundary attack, role of
Mo and its influence on salt acidity)- Inconel 625 laser coating possessed high stability at 650°C- In high-Cr NiCr laser coatings Cr-rich phases were prone to molten salt attack- Low high temperature stability -> amount of Cr-rich phases and their Cr content increased
Na2SO4-V2O5 (50/50 wt.%) at 650°C for 1000h
880 730
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
SX-707 H
VOF
SX-707 l
aser
SX-717 l
aser
Incon
el 62
5 lase
r
Incon
el 62
5
Incon
el 71
8
Nimon
ic 80
A
42CrM
o4
Mea
n th
ickn
ess
loss
(
m)
Specimen 1 Specimen 2
Wrought
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- Low-stress 3-body rubber wheel abrasion
- Crushed dry quartz sand (0.1-0.6 mm)- Abrasive feed rate 20-25 g/min per
specimen- Load 23 N- Surface speed of wheel 1.64 m/s- Testing time 60 min
Abrasion wear studies
NiCrBSi + Recycled WC (70/30 vol.%)
NiCrBSi + SFTC WC/W2C/W (70/30 vol.%)(Ti,Mo)C + Stellite 6 (64/36 vol.%)
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- High volume fraction (~75%) sintered and HVOF sprayed cemented carbides outperformed all the laser coatings
- High vol. fraction (~64%) of fine (<2 m) (Ti, Mo)C particles in St 6 matrix best laser coating- Harder the matrix, better the wear resistance (decreased fracture toughness!)- Fused spherical WC/W2C/W and angular WC/W2C outperformed dense-coated WC- Nanosteel and WR6 best monolithic laser coatings- Laser coatings exhibited local differences in wear rates due to overlapping
Abrasion wear studies
151.
2
148.
5
142.
4
141.
5
129.
7
125
106.
3
105.
7
97.5
40.8
37.7
36.7
30 29.6
28.7
27 23.2
23.2
21.4
18.6
17.7
17.6
15.3
14.8
13 13 12.2
12 11.7
10 9.5
3 2 1.1
187.
5
0
2040
60
80100
120
140
160180
200
St 21T-8
00
SX-707
St 6Fe3
7St 1
2
WR 10 St 1
IN-71
8
AISI316L
12C-W
C 70/30
Amperit
522.2
SHS1377
SHS1380
31C-N
S
Nanos
teel
SHS1436
Ni-hard
bulk
16C-W
C 50/50
Amperit
522.2
16C-R
ec W
C 70/30
SHS1389
St21-W
C 50/50
Amperit
522.2
12C-W
C 70/30
WOKA 96
04
12C-W
C 70/30
SFTC WR6
St6-CrC
65/35
St21-W
C 50/50
Amperit
522.3
WR6-VC 70
/30
C42P2-W
C 25/75
Amperit
522.3
16C-C
rC 70
/30
16C-W
C 50/50
Amperit
522.3
2001
+ Duru
m FCT WC 50
/50
SHS1378
Amdry 58
43 (7
5/25)
Amperit
559.0
74 (7
5/25)
WC-6Co-8
Cr (75/2
5)
Volu
me
loss
(mm
3 )
HVOF
Laser
Cast
Sintered
Wrought
Monolithic Fe-based laser coatings
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- Block-on-ring type sliding wear tester- Dry conditions at RT- Ring counterparts 42CrMo4 (30 HRC) and
34CrMo4 (60 HRC)- Low-stress conditions (57 N)- Initial Hertzian stresses ~100 MPa- Surface speed 140 m/min- Block temperature monitored during the test- Wear debris collected under the ring
Sliding wear studies
load
wear block
42CrMo4 ring
Clad layer
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- Laser coatings outperformed more heavily diluted and softer PTA coatings- Stellite 6 laser coating was better than HIPped Stellite 6- Nanosteel was as good as Tribaloy T-800
Sliding wear studies
0.61
0.67
1.47
1.5
1.9
2.2
3.2
16.7
26.7
47.5
49.8
68.4
7.2
8
3.7
2.9
1.7
2.8
2.5
4.2
2.2
5.9
1
10.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
SHS 1378 laser
SHS 1389 laser
Nanosteel laser
T-800 laser
T-800 PTA
T-400 laser
St 1 laser
St 6 laser
St 6 HIP
St 21 laser
Laser hardened
St 21 PTA
Scar volume (mm3)
42CrMo4 ringWear block
St 6 laser
St 6 HIP
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Sliding wear studiesPin-on-disc type sliding wear testerCETR UMT-2Dry or lubricated conditionsTesting temperature -20-+1000°CHumidity 5-95% RHLoad cells 0.5-200N and 0.05-5NRevolve disc speed 0.1-1000rpmASTM G99-95a
31 32 32 34 38 41 51 75
192
400
50
100
150
200
Stellite
6LC vs
. Stel
lite 6LC
Stellite 6L
C vs. M
2+1.4
418
Stellite
21 vs
. Stel
lite 21
Stellite
6LC vs
. Resis
tant
Stellite
21 vs.
M2+1.4
418
Stellite
21 vs.
Resist
ant
Stellite
6LC vs
. Stel
lite 21
RAEX AR50
0 vs.
CuAl
Stellite
6 vs
. CuA
l
Resist
ant vs
. Res
istan
tKok
onai
smas
sahä
viö
(mg)
(mg)
69 mm
6.35 mm
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Residual stress studiesX-ray diffraction methodXstress 3000
n
ni
dddE
2sin1
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Applications
Stork Gears & Services, the Netherlands Kokkola LCC Oy, Finland SIFCO, Ireland
NedClad, the Netherlands Metallodomi S.A., Greece
Wind turbine gear box wheel
Mangle
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Applications
Praxair Surface Technologies, USAWaterwall tube panel
Laser Cladding Services, USADrill bit
Eaton Corp., USAPiston rod for hydraulic cylinderCertified by DNV for offshore applications
Technogenia, FranceDrilling tool
ERLAS, GermanyMould repair
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Hybrid techniques
Technology Centre KETEK Ltd., Kokkola
Hot wire cladding equipment
4.4 kW Nd:YAG + MIG/MAG
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Hybrid techniques
Stellite 20 on AISI 1045
F. Brückner, Fraunhofer IWS
Stellite 12 on M238 mould steel (646 x 230 x 196 mm3)
Without induction
With inductionFully closed-loop cladding process
J. Tuominen, TUT
Ring shape induction coil
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Induction assisted laser cladding
COAXpowerline (4kW laser + 14 kW induction = 8 kg/h)
(10kW HPDL + 40 kW induction = 30 kg/h under development)
Variation of the bead width during processing
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Laser cladding with high power levels (HPDL)
Fraunhofer IWS, Germany10 kW HPDL fiber coupled15 kW inductionCoax 11Off-axis9.2 kg/h14.5 kg/h (with induction)
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Laser cladding with high power levels (disc)
Fraunhofer ILT, GermanyRWTH Aachen, Germany10 kW Yb:YAG disc (300µm fiber)Coaxial ILT 3-jet nozzle for circular beamOff-axis nozzle for square beam4.6 kg/h (5.25 kW)
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Laser cladding with high power levels (fiber)
ARL Penn State, USA12 kW fiber laser1D-scanner (20-30Hz) (water-cooled Cu mirror)Off-axis nozzle
Material: Inconel 625 on HY-80Deposition Rate: 11.4 kg/hrTravel Speed: 0.5 m/minLaser Power: 10 kWScan Width: 25 mm
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Beam forming/shapingFiber & disc lasers; excellent beam quality -> very high power densitiesIn laser cladding NOT very high power densities required (100-1000W/mm2)Laser beam spot needs to be expanded:
By defocusing with standard welding opticsBy oscillating mirrors (scanners)By homogenizing optics (integrating mirrors, group of lenses)
10
100
1000
10000
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Interaction time (s)
Pow
er d
ensi
ty (W
/mm
2 ) Nd:YAGHPDL
CO2FiberCO2
Not optimal for cladding!
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Beam forming/shaping (scanners)Large and homogeneous beam profiles required in claddingRectangular beam profiles by scannersBased on galvanometrically driven or direct motor driven oscillatingwater-cooled mirror (spring)Sinus, triangular, square waveformsPower can be adjusted along scanning lineUnique custom energy profilesWater cooled mirrors (~30 kW)
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Beam forming/shaping (optics)Availability for high power levels?Circular prism integrators (HighYAG)Facetted integration elements (HighYAG)Integrating mirrorsSome requirements: ability to withstand high power levels, long working distance preferred due to back reflection
Homogenized rectangular spotHomogenized circular spot
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St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University
Insitute of Laser and Welding Technologies
Russian-German Laser Technology Centre
15 kW Yb fiber laser (IPG Photonics)
Manufactured by NTO IRE-Polus, Fryazino, Moscow Region, Russia
= 1.07 m
Delivery fiber Ø = 200 m
Fiber length 50 m
Riedel PC250 chiller
Laser cladding with high power levels (fiber)
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Setup for scanner cladding (powder)
3D motion system for welding head and nozzle + 2D welding tableILV DC-scanner:- Flat mirror, OFHC-Copper, silver coated, Ø = 48 mm
Precitec YW50 welding head, f = 400 mm
Grit-blasting: Al2O3, grain size 800 m
Substrates: S235JR (Fe37B) (100 x 60 x 20 mm3)
Medicoat AG powder feeder
Flat nozzle + cyclone
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Geometrical dilution: 3.3%15 kW, 750 mm/min
Ø = 5 mm
f = 295 g/min
Scan width 75%
Frequency 100 Hz (Triangular)
Bead width 19 mm
Max. bead height above substrate 3.1 mm
Total cross-section 37.2 mm2
-> 14.1 kg/h
Powder catchment efficiency 77% Inconel 625
Scanner cladding with 15 kW fiber laser
3.1 mm
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15 kW, 750 mm/min
Ø = 5 mm
f = 315 g/min
Scan width 75%
Frequency 100 Hz (Triangular)
Inter-track advance 9 mm
Coating width 37 mm
Max. coating height above substrate 4.2 mm
Total cross-section 123.7 mm2
-> 15.6 kg/h
Powder catchment efficiency 79%
Scanner cladding with 15 kW fiber laser
Inconel 625
15 kW, 1000 mm/min, 273 g/min, inter-track advance 10 mm
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Deposition rates
02468
101214161820
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Laser power (kW)
kg/h
Nd:YAGHPDLCO2FiberDisc
Hot-wire
Hot-wireInduction
Hot-wire
Cold-strip
Induction
Cold-wire linear traverse cladding
Powder scanner cladding
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Cladding efficiency (powder)
0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.5
0 100 200 300 400
Powder feed rate (g/min)
Cla
ddin
g ef
ficie
ncy
x 10
-4
(kg/
kJ)
15kW, 1000mm/min15kW, 750mm/min10kW, 500mm/min6 kW HPDL6 kW CO24 kW Nd:YAG
Powder scanner cladding with 15 kW fiber laser
*Efficiency of laser was not taken into account
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6
8
10
1214
16
18
20
0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
S/F (m/g)
Pow
er (k
W)
Process window for powder scanner cladding
>150° (= no inter-run pores) <150°
D>10%D<10%
mc
m
AAAD
Inconel 625 on mild steel
No fusion bond
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Corrosion studies for scanner clad coatings
Coating samples corrosion tested were milled on a Makino A55 CNC millingmachine at TUT
Immersion in 1% HCl + 6% FeCl3 solution at 70°C for 72 hours
Test recommended by DNV for off-shore applications (wrought, weld overlays)
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0200400600800
100012001400
Titanium 625 laser (69)
625 wrought
625 laser (68)
625 PTA 316L wrought
2xhard-chrome + 316L laser coating on mild steel
2xhard-chrome on mild steel
Mas
s lo
ss (m
g)
Wrought
LaserHard-chrome
PTA
4222
0
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Strip laser cladding with high power levels
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4.4 kW YAG, YW50 (f = 500 mm), ILV DC-Scanner
4.4 kW, 72 mm/min, strip feed 37 g/min, scan width 40%, frequency 20 Hz, Triangular scan form
316L strip (w = 30 mm, t = 0.5 mm)
Strip cladding with scanner
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Strip cladding with scanner
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35-55° 45-60°
~0.5m
316L
420
Duplex
Inconel 625
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On-site repairs and claddingMobile cladding units transported to the componentsCost efficient solution (high value massive components, dissassembly & transportation to nearest cladding job shop causes too long shutdown, is affixed or welded to some complex systems etc.)Applications in oil & gas drilling platforms, paper mills, steel plants, nuclear power plants, shipyards, ships, turbine power stations
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On-site repairs and cladding
LaserAge Ltd, Ireland, 2 kW HPDL, 3 linear axes, 1200kg
Stork Gears & Services BV, the Netherlands, HPDL+robot
Hardchrome Engineering, Australia, HPDL+robot
Duroc, Sweden, 4 kW fiber + robot, 2500kg
ARL Penn State, USA, Nd:YAG repair cell for Vertical Launch System
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Stork Gears & Services BV, the Netherlands
Fiber-coupled HPDL + robotFast response time: ”Mobile laser cladding system can be on-site within a day!”
Preparations for on-site ship repair
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On-site repairs and cladding
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Repair of dove tail surfaces Repair of damaged flange grooves
NedClad, the Netherlands
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On-site repairs and cladding
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SLV Mecklenburg-Vorpommern GmbH, Rostock, Germany
EU-project ”DOCKLASER” 2002-2006Transportation with flatbed truckMobile laser equipment for dock-area100 m length fiber, container length 4.6 m, weight ~3 tons
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On-site repairs and cladding
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Joining Technologies, CT, USA (2002)
Transportation with trailerMobile laser equipment for mold and die repairTrumpf PowerWeld, laser cladding with wireCNC motion work tablePulsed Nd:YAG
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On-site repairs and cladding
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On-site repairs and cladding
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”Transportable Laser Cladding System” by J. Hakala, Y. Guo, D. He (TTE-5107 Design of Robot Systems)
10kW fiber laser + chiller + robotPowder feeder + coaxial nozzleFloor mounted tracks & carrierPositioner + tailstockLaser safety curtain
Cladding can take place inside and outside container
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Coaxial wire cladding headsBeam splitted into three parts (HighYAG) and focused to circular spot
For cold-wire cladding
Cladding trials with 3.5 kW YAG power
HighYAG, 3x beam splitting
Fraunhofer IWS, www.flexilas.de, Germany (2008)
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Fully omnidirectional
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Coaxial wire cladding heads
Arnold, 2x beam splitting
Fraunhofer IWS, www.flexilas.de, Germany (2008)
Fraunhofer IWS, www.spraynergy.de, Germany (2010)
Wire heated by induction
Beam splitted into two parts (Arnold) and focused to circular spotFor cold and hot-wire and powder cladding
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Coaxial wire cladding headsFor cold-wire cladding
Brazing trials with 2.3 kW YAG power
Precitec KG, Germany (2009)
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Coaxial wire cladding headsFor hot-wire cladding
Hybrid welding trials with 4 kW YAG power
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., Japan (2005)
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Axial symmetric direct diode laser 500W
Source: Alahautala, T.; Lassila, E.: A method and a laser device for producing high optical power density. International patent application WO 03/098758 (27 November 2003)an
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Coaxial wire cladding head tests
Rofin diode-pumped Nd-YAG 4.4 kW with HighYAG coaxial laserhead at FraunhoferIWS Wire feeding equipment:
DINSE wire feeder DIX WD 300Water cooled wire nozzleCoaxial gas shielding
Wires:Inconel 625 Ø = 1.0 mm (solid)Stellite 21 Ø = 1.2 mm (flux-cored)
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Coaxial wire cladding head tests
IN-625, 3.5kW, 1500mm/min, 1.9 kg/h, dilution 14.9%
1.6 mm
IN-625 2 kW 2000mm/min 1 kg/h dilution 4.2%
0.6mm
IN-625 3.5 kW 2000mm/min 2.1 kg/h dilution 25.2%
High process stabilityHigh cladding efficiencyIN-625 1.2-1.7x10-4 kg/kJSt 21 1.5-1.9x10-4 kg/kJNo overheat of nozzleduring long-term claddingoperation
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0.8mm
IN-625 on mild steel(100x60x20mm3)
IN-625 on mild steel(D50mm, L500mm)
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Process monitoring & real time process control
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Time [s]
Melt pool width as function of time
Mel
tpoo
l wid
th [m
m]
Laser power as function of time
Lase
r pow
er [W
]
Time [s]
LOMPOC-Pro + EMAqs-camera (high speed process analysis)Measures melt pool size, temperatureMounted coaxially
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Summary & Outlook
Beneficial coating properties based on fusion bond and low dilution
Minor heat input, low distortion, narrow HAZ
New type of lasers available: disc up to 16kW, fiber up to 30kW
HPDL´s scaled up to 15kW
High deposition rates (up to 16-17kg/h) with 15kW fiber laser + scanner (powder cladding)
Deposition rates can be enhanced further with additional heatsource
Coaxial wire cladding process shows high stability
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References-- BrücknerBrückner, F. et al., ”, F. et al., ”CalculationCalculation of of stressesstresses in in twotwo-- and and threethree--dimensionaldimensional
structuresstructures generatedgenerated byby inductioninduction assistedassisted laser laser claddingcladding””, LIM 2009, LIM 2009-- DiettrichDiettrich, J. et al., ”, J. et al., ”CoaxialCoaxial laser laser brazingbrazing headhead”, LIM ”, LIM 20092009-- HeckertHeckert, S. et al., , S. et al., ”Laser ”Laser processingprocessing headsheads for for claddingcladding and and heatheat treatmenttreatment
applicationsapplications”,”, LAM 2010LAM 2010-- KesslerKessler, B., ”, B., ”ToolsTools for for highhigh powerpower fiberfiber laserslasers and and theirtheir applicationsapplications”, Kokkola ”, Kokkola
Laser Laser CladdingCladding SeminarSeminar 20112011-- MartukanitzMartukanitz, R. et al., , R. et al., ”Deposition ”Deposition technologytechnology: : CurrentCurrent trendstrends and and futurefuture
directiondirection””, LAM 2010, LAM 2010-- NowotnyNowotny, S. et al., ”, S. et al., ”IncreasedIncreased productivityproductivity of laser of laser surfacesurface claddingcladding byby
simultaneouslysimultaneously assistingassisting energyenergy sourcessources””, SMT 2010, SMT 2010-- ””OverlayOverlay WeldingWelding: : TransportableTransportable laser laser claddingcladding systemsystem adaptedadapted for for hazardoushazardous
areasareas”, ”, OffshoreOffshore Magazine 66 (2006) 10Magazine 66 (2006) 10-- TsubotaTsubota, S. et al., , S. et al., ”Laser ”Laser weldingwelding systemsystem for for variousvarious 33--D D weldingwelding –– DevelopmentDevelopment of of
coaxialcoaxial laser laser weldingwelding headhead”, Mitsubishi Heavy ”, Mitsubishi Heavy IndustriesIndustries, Ltd., , Ltd., TechnicalTechnical ReviewReview42 (2005) 42 (2005) 22
-- WitzelWitzel, J. et al., ”, J. et al., ”IncreasingIncreasing the deposition the deposition raterate of of InconelInconel 718 for LMD718 for LMD”, ICALEO ”, ICALEO 20102010
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Thank you for your attention!
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New type of lasers 10–50 kW available (disc and fiber lasers)Would it be possible to achieve excellent coating quality with considerably higher productivity?To bring some high power (>30kW) technology to FinlandIn cooperation with:
Trilaser 2009-2013 – Laser processing with high power
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Fatigue durability of laser clad components•Tampere University of Technology, Technology Centre KETEK Ltd., Luleå TechnicalUniversity and CENTRIA research unit of the Central Ostrobothnia University of AppliedSciences conduct the project related to mechanical fatigue of laser clad components•Project is funded by EU´s Interreg IV A North –program•Project duration is 2 years•Total budget 455 kEUR•Companies benefiting the project include end users of laser coatings (large diesel engines, power transmission components, hydraulic cylinders, pulp and paper handling equipment) and laser cladding job shops, also for those who want their end products to be qualified and proved by official classification societies•Project includes testing under various forms of fatigue (axial, torsional and bending) usingexceptionally large forces and FEM modelling
y = 1933.7x-0.138
R2 = 0.9897
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07
Jänn
itys
N/m
m2
42CrMo4pinnoitettu
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