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LATE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES DISEASES ALI M EL-HALABI, MB,BS,FRCPCH Senior Consultant Interventional Pediatric Cardiologist

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Page 1: LATE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES · LATE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASES ... oximetry screening to detect congenital heart ... Infants for

LATE CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF CONGENITAL HEART

DISEASESDISEASES

ALI M EL-HALABI, MB,BS,FRCPCHSenior Consultant Interventional Pediatric

Cardiologist

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??? LATE PRESENTATION??

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presentation:“PROPER” presentation: PROPERWhen the patient presents at a stage which does not necessitate an emergencywhich does not necessitate an emergency management, and when treated does not carry a higher risk than internationalcarry a higher risk than international figures for the same anomaly and does not need a different plan of management withneed a different plan of management with worse outcome than if treated earlier.

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Always make sure of chromosomalAlways make sure of chromosomal abnormalities

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Why Late?Why Late?

Inavailability of medical serviceInavailability of medical serviceImproper medical serviceN l li i l fi diNo clear clinical findings

“BRIDGING THE GAPS”

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Impact of the problemImpact of the problemPrevalence of (CHD) at birth is 4 to 6 per 1000 live ( ) pbirthsIn preterm infants (gestational age <37 weeks), 12

1000 li bi hper 1000 live preterm births.Potentially life-threatening lesions in 15 percent of infants with CHD:infants with CHD:62% diagnosed before discharge from the hospital 8% diagnosed antenatally. g y25% diagnosed after discharge from the birthing hospital 5% percent diagnosed after death5% percent diagnosed after death

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1/3 of newborns with congenital heart1/3 of newborns with congenital heart anomalies are discharged home without being diagnosedbeing diagnosed

Arch Dis Ch 2008

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Pre-Natal ScreeningPre Natal Screening

Sensitivity :0 - 80 % detection ratesSensitivity :0 80 % detection rates.

O t iOperator experienceGestational ageMaternal weightFetal positionFetal positionType of defect

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Lack of early findings before h i l di hhospital discharge

1,067 babies with CHD who had a routine newborn examination:876 (82%) not recognized to have CHD before hospital discharge.

Of these undiagnosed infants, 306 (35%) became symptomatic or died without a diagnosis before six weeks of age.died without a diagnosis before six weeks of age.

Abnormalities were detected on the neonatal examination (usually cyanosis or a murmur) in 476 (45%), but only 170 were referred for diagnosisdiagnosis.

Routine examination of babies available at six weeks (the remainder became symptomatic or died) detected abnormalities in only 164 of y p ) y252 (65%).

Gregory, J, Emslie, A, Wyllie, J, Wren, C. Examination for cardiac malformations at six weeks of age. Arch Dis Child .46:F80; 1999Fetal Neonatal Ed

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Lack of early findings before h i l di hhospital discharge

So,,

routine examinations of asymptomatic infants in the immediate newborn period and at six weeks of age failed to detect heart disease in more than one half and one third of affected infantsdisease in more than one-half and one-third of affected infants, respectivelyA normal examination did not exclude heart disease, including potentially lethal abnormalities.Good prenatal care should not lull the practitioner into a false sense of security. The clinician must remain vigilant to detect early signs and refer infants promptly to a pediatric cardiologist for definitive evaluationpromptly to a pediatric cardiologist for definitive evaluation

Gregory, J, Emslie, A, Wyllie, J, Wren, C. Examination for cardiac malformations at six weeks of .46:F80; 1999age. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed

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Suspicious Signs & SymptomsSuspicious Signs & SymptomsPoor feeding: bottle feedings longer than 20 to 30 minutes, t ki t littl l ti f tl d i f dtaking too little volume, resting frequently during feeds, or otherwise unexplained choking, gagging and/or frequent vomiting with feedsB thi t f t h d ti l l i i ith f dBreathing too fast or hard, particularly increasing with feedsPersistent unexplained cough or wheezeColor changes: central cyanosis, persistent pallor, greyExcessive sweating, even while sleeping, increasing with feeds and other exertionExcessive, unexplained irritability, p yDecreased activity; increased or excessive sleepingPoor weight gain

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Infants with severe lesionsInfants with severe lesionsCan deteriorate precipitously

(defined as CHD infants with critical heart disease490 -Retrospective study that required invasive intervention or resulted in death in the first 30 days of life)

44% diagnosed prenatally . Significant physiologic compromise (defined as severe metabolic acidosis, seizures, cardiac arrest, or laboratory evidence of renal or hepatic injury) se u es, ca d ac a est, o abo ato y e de ce o e a o epat c ju y)occurred in 16% of the overall group. There was no difference in the frequency of these events between infants diagnosed prenatally and those diagnosed postnatally. The majority of these events occurred after 12 hours of ageThe majority of these events occurred after 12 hours of age The most common underlying cardiac lesion was aortic arch obstruction.

Schultz, AH, Localio, AR, Clark, BJ, et al. Epidemiologic features of the presentation of critical .751:121; 2008congenital heart disease: implications for screening. Pediatrics

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CyanosisCyanosis

? Anemia? Anemia,? dark skin? Mild i? Mild cyanosisNon cardiac causes ( pulmonary, hematologic, PHT, poor perfusion)

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Pulse oxymetry screeningPulse oxymetry screeningSensitivity & specificity depend onSensitivity & specificity depend onCriteria used for an abnormal test - SaO2 <95: .75,0.88

- SaO2 <90: 0.53, 1,

Timing of screening ( ?1st hr,1st day…..)

Probe site- postductalProbe site postductal

Quality of the equipment Signal quality and infant behavior – crying moving-Signal quality and infant behavior – crying,moving-not accurate

Health care workers expertiseHealth care workers expertise

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OxymetryOxymetryPostductal oxygen in 50,008 healthy Norwegian newborns upon admission to the nursery from the delivery unit :the nursery from the delivery unit :

The initial SaO2 was less than 95 percent in 3 % of patients. Of these 1360 newborns, 324 cases were classified as pathologic because of symptoms of disease or persistent SaO2 <95 percent.disease or persistent SaO2 95 percent. Of the 324 infants who failed the pulse oximetry screen, 43 had CHD, of whom 27 had critical lesions, and 134 had pulmonary or other disorders. The remaining 147 patients were healthy with transitional circulation. CHD was diagnosed in 658 patients as follows:

- Prenatal diagnosis: 46 cases - Pulse oximetry screening: 40 cases - Routine exam in the nursery: 320 cases - Post discharge: 74 cases - Diagnosis while in the neonatal or intensive care unit: 178 cases

Eight newborn infants with critical CHD were not detected by oxymetry screening, four of whom were detected by routine examination.

Pieper, S, Due, R Jr, et al. First day of life pulse -Meberg, A, Brugmann p y pg g; 2008oximetry screening to detect congenital heart defects. J Pediatr

.761:152

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OxymetryOxymetry????Significant additional benefit of universal screening by pulse oxymetry to clinical assessment for the detection of CHD in infants admitted to theclinical assessment for the detection of CHD in infants admitted to the normal newborn nursery.The cost/benefit ratio of a universal pulse oxymetry screening program remains unknown.

This was illustrated in a 2006 report from the Tennessee Task Force on Screening Newborn Infants for Critical Congenital Heart Disease, which recommended not implementing a mandatory screening program based upon the available literature Their primary concerns were high rates ofupon the available literature . Their primary concerns were high rates of false-positive results (specificity), as discussed previously, and unreliability of oxymeter testing for mass screening

Liske, MR, Greeley, CS, Law, DJ, et al. Report of the Tennessee Task Force on Screening Newborn Infants for Critical Congenital Heart Disease.

.1250:e118; 2006Pediatrics

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No MurmurNo Murmur

In a study reported in 1963 of 166 infantsIn a study reported in 1963 of 166 infants diagnosed with CHD by 12 months of age at Texas Children's Hospital, no murmur pwas heard in the first three months in 77 percent . In a contemporary report, 48 percent of patients diagnosed with CHD before 12

th f did t h t lmonths of age did not have a neonatal murmur .

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ShockShock

A late sign at whatever age-A late sign, at whatever ageHPLHS, Interr arch, critical AS

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Severe CyanosisSevere Cyanosis

When associated with severe distressWhen associated with severe distress ( gasping): Very late-TGV P l t iTGV, Pulm atresia

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Failure to thriveFailure to thrive

ShuntsShuntsTAPVD

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Tissue ChangesTissue Changes

(e g Clubbing)(e.g Clubbing)Indicates tissue hypoxia- late presentation

Old T t l i & l t i- Old Tetralogies & pulmonary atresias- Pulmonary hypertension due to untreated shunts

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Pulmonary HypertensionPulmonary Hypertension

Truncus arteriosusTruncus arteriosusNeglected shunts ( VSD’s, PDA’s….)P l t i ith h ll t lPulmonary atresias with huge collaterals

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Systemic HypertensionSystemic Hypertension

Coarctation ( neglected or treated lately)Coarctation ( neglected or treated lately)

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StrokesStrokes

HemorrhagicHemorrhagicEmbolic-Thrombotic

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InfectionsInfections

Infective EndocarditisInfective EndocarditisBrain abscesses

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ArrhythmiasArrhythmias

Atrial septal defectsAtrial septal defectsEbstein’sP l d QT i t lProlonged QT intervals

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THANK YOU

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Challenges in the management of late tpresenters

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PsychosocioeconomicPsychosocioeconomic

In older ages to treat or not to treat ( willIn older ages, to treat or not to treat ( will treatment improve quality of life)???Cost of management much moreCost of management much moreOutcomes are less gloriousOften longer course treatment with much disturbance of family life

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ClinicalClinical

Operable or not?Operable or not?Is there need for medical treatment first?Is there time for medical treatment?Is there time for medical treatment?Can we treat the patient?

I th ti t fit f- Is the patient fit for surgery- Can the patient tolerate surgery- Will the patient be clinically better after surgery?

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Patient with Neurologic impairmentPatient with Neurologic impairment

Hemiplegia Quadriplegia brain atrophyHemiplegia, Quadriplegia, brain atrophy, blindness

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Truncus arteriosus presenting after 4 h f4 months of age

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Univentricular Circulation with NOl ipulmonary stenosis

? How late can we do banding???? How late can we do banding???

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Old TetralogiesOld Tetralogies

CollateralsCollateralsPulmonary hemorrhageI t l h tiIntrapulmonary shunting

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Large shuntsLarge shunts

? How much pulmonary hypertension can? How much pulmonary hypertension can we treat?? Is there role for drugs for PHT before? Is there role for drugs for PHT before surgery?? I th l f ti l l ?? Is there role for partial closure?? Is there role for banding?