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AT WARA Global War 1936-45 v3 Expansion

LATIN AMERICA

INTRODUCTIONWelcome to Latin America at War (LAW), a Global War 1936-1945 v3 expansion. This expansion increases your options for bringing World War II to Latin America. Before the War, many countries in Latin America had immigrant populations from Germany, Italy and even Japan. Although the United States was the undisputed leader in hemispheric affairs, pro-Axis and pro-Communist sentiments fed rivalries in Latin America that threatened to bring the War closer to the region. This expansion is based on actual historical facts, but also includes some ahistorical liberties in order to bring the Latin American region more fully into the game.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDIn 1938 the U.S. began to pressure Latin American governments to scale back their ties to Axis countries because of the potential threat they posed for continued world peace. But not all of the countries of Latin America were convinced that they should completely sever their economic and political relationships with the Axis Powers. Many countries in Central and South America had strong economic connections with Germany, Italy and Japan. In addition, concepts of fascism and Nazism had a certain appeal to Latin American political leaders who saw fascism and its militant form of nationalism as economically stimulating, politically strengthening, and nationally unifying.

In September of 1939, the U.S. declared neutrality in the escalating European and Asian conflicts. But the U.S. became more apprehensive about Axis designs on Latin America. President Franklin D. Roosevelt announced the Pan-American Security Zone which was designed to keep hostilities out of the Western

V3.0

by Will Henson & Stewart Brewer

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Hemisphere. The U.S. was concerned that Germany might attempt aggressive clandestine activities in Latin American countries as a way of strengthening its position in the war. These concerns spanned every contingency from full-scale invasion, to sabotage and terrorism, to secret communication and transportation facilities. But when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, everything changed.

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The U.S. declared war on Japan the next day, with declarations on Germany and Italy three days later. Cuba, and the nations of Central America, joined the War on the U.S. side immediately.

Mexico declared war on all of the Axis Powers in May of 1942. But the nations of South America were slower to follow suit. Brazil declared war in August of 1942, and Bolivia and Chile both broke off diplomatic relations in 1943. At the end of 1944 and during the early months of 1945, many of the remaining Latin American countries finally decided to enter the War; although their motives were likely more political than anything else. In February of 1945, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Venezuela all declared war on the Axis Powers. In March, Argentina finally declared war as well. Argentina had been particularly conflicted about this decision because significant portions of the Argentine population were first-generation Germans and Italians who had not yet given up their first languages. Many of them felt a great kinship with their European countrymen, and felt loyalty to Mussolini and Hitler. In April of 1945, Chile declared war on Japan, just days before the German surrender in May. In June, Brazil declared war on Japan just a couple of months before the Japanese surrender after the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Two South American nations avoided direct declarations of war; both Columbia and Peru declared belligerency status against Axis powers but neither actually declared war.

Though almost every nation in the Western Hemisphere declared war on some or all of the Axis Powers, very few actually entered combat. Most wartime Latin American nations contributed in either economic or political ways to the U.S. and U.K. war efforts. The Allies used land in the Caribbean, Central America and Brazil for landing strips and docks. Nevertheless, several Latin American countries suffered direct attacks by Axis military units. German U-boats destroyed hundreds of ships belonging to various Latin American nations in the Caribbean and Atlantic Ocean.

Brazil and Mexico were the most influential Latin American nations in the War. They were the only countries in Latin America that dedicated troops to actual combat. Brazil sent an infantry division to Italy in July of 1944 which exceeded 25,000 men. Brazil also provided a base for U.S. PBYs patrolling the Atlantic gap. Similarly, Mexico committed troops to combat, including around 300 Mexican pilots of the 201st Squadron sent to the Pacific Theater, where they participated in bombing raids on Taiwan and the Philippine Islands in 1945. For more information see HERE.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II

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LATIN AMERICAN INFLUENCE

1.1 Influence: Germany, the U.S. and the USSR have the ability to influence nations in Latin America. Nations in Latin America are categorized as being “Pro-Allied”, “Pro-Axis”, or “Neutral”. Nations do not need to be at war with a Major Power in order to influence countries in Latin America.

1.1a Germany: Germany may spend up to 3 IPP per turn to influence a Pro-Axis or Neutral nation. The German player rolls a D12: on a result equal to or less than the amount spent, that nation Aligns with Germany.

1.1b United States: The U.S. may spend up to 3 IPP per turn to influence a Pro-Allied or Neutral Nation. The U.S. player rolls a D12: on a result equal to or less than the amount spent, that nation Aligns with the United States.

1.1c Soviet Union: The USSR may spend 1 IPP per turn to influence any nation in Latin America. The USSR player then rolls a D12: on a result of “1”, that nation Aligns with the USSR. The USSR can influence Pro-Axis, Pro-Allied, and Neutral nations.

TABLE LAW-1PRO-AXIS PRO-ALLIED NEUTRALArgentina (Germany)Chile (Germany)Peru (Germany)

Brazil (U.S.)Central America (U.S.)Cuba (U.S.)Mexico (U.S.)Ecuador (U.S.)

BoliviaColombiaParaguayVenezuelaUruguay

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Brazil (Light Green)3 Infantry1 Militia1 Fighter1 TBD1 Coastal Defense Ship

Argentina (Light Grey)3 Infantry1 Militia1 Fighter1 TBD1 Battleship

Chile (Light Blue)2 Infantry1 Militia1 Artillery1 Destroyer1 Coastal Defense Ship1 Coastal Submarine

Mexico (Yellow-Green)1 Infantry1 Cavalry1 Fighter1 Light Cruiser

Peru (Ivory)1 Infantry1 Artillery1 Light Tank1 TBD

Ecuador (Yellow)1 Infantry1 Militia

Neutral Forces (White)4 Militia3 Infantry1 Cavalry1 Fighter1 TBD

Other Pieces6 Pro-Axis Markers6 Pro-Allies Markers4 Soviet Coup Markers6 Neutral Markers 2 Air Base Markers6 Spy Markers2 Submarine Base Marker4 Radio Towers (3D Printed)

Recommended Parts List and Colors:


TABLE LAW-2 (Recommended Colors)

ALTERNATIVE SET-UP RULESReplace the set-up from the Neutral Reference Sheets with the following set-up.

Note: the set-up for Panama remains the same as shown in the U.S. Reference Sheet.

NATION/SEA ZONE 1936 ADDITIONSArgentina (Buenos Aires)(Light Grey)

1 Infantry1 Fighter

January 1939: Add 1 Infantry if neutralJanuary 1941: Add 1 Infantry if neutralJanuary 1943: Add 1 Infantry if neutral

Argentina (Patagonia) 1 MilitiaArgentina (SZ 112) 1 Battleship

1 TBDBolivia(White)

1 Militia1 Cavalry

Brazil (Caatinga)(Light Green)

1 Militia1 Air Base

Brazil (Rio De Janeiro) 1 Infantry1 Fighter1 Air Base

January 1941: Add 1 Infantry if neutralJanuary 1943: Add 1 Infantry if neutral

Brazil (SZ 107) 1 Coastal Defense Ship1 TBD

Central America (White) 1 InfantryChile(Light Blue)

1 Militia1 Artillery

January 1941: Add 1 Infantry if neutral

Chile (SZ 111) 1 Coastal Defense Ship1 Destroyer1 Coastal Submarine

Colombia (White) 1 InfantryColombia (SZ 103) 1 TBDCuba (White) 1 Infantry

1 FighterMexico (Eastern Mexico)(Yellow-Green)

1 Infantry1 Cavalry1 Fighter

Eastern Mexico (SZ 71) 1 Light CruiserEcuador(Yellow)

1 Infantry1 Militia

Paraguay (White) 1 MilitiaPeru(Ivory)

1 Infantry1 Artillery1 Light Armor

Peru (SZ 106) 1 TBDUruguay (White) 1 MilitiaVenezuela (White) 1 Militia January 1941: Add 1 Infantry if neutral

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TABLE LAW-3.1

RANDOM EVENTS TABLEAt the start of each calendar year (before the German player begins his turn), roll a D12 and implement the result on the random events table below (Table LAW-3.1).

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D12 ROLL EVENT1. Allied Coup A coup pushes one Latin American nation further into the Allied camp. If that nation is Pro-Allied it aligns

with the U.S. If the Latin American nation is Neutral it becomes Pro-Allied. If it is Pro-Axis it becomes Neutral. (See Table LAW-3.2)

2. Axis Coup A coup pushes one Latin American nation further into the Axis camp. If that nation is Pro-Axis it aligns with Germany. If the Latin American nation is Neutral it becomes Pro-Axis. If it is Pro-Allied it becomes Neutral. (See Table LAW-3.2)

3. Soviet Coup A coup pushes one Latin American nation towards Soviet-style communism. Soviet influence expands in this nation such that they can spend up to 3 IPP on influence. (See Table LAW-3.2)

4. Argentine Base Place a submarine base in Buenos Aires or Patagonia. That base may be used by German submarines as long as Argentina is Neutral or Axis-Aligned (if it is not, remove the base). Place one free German submarine in SZ 112.

5. War! Brazil and Argentina go to war. The U.S. Controls Brazil (or Aligns it if the U.S. is at war with Germany). Germany Controls Argentina (or Aligns it if Germany is at war with the U.S.). If Aligned, place U.S. roundels in all Brazilian territories and German roundels in all Argentinean territories and adjust incomes accordingly.

6. Saboteurs Axis agents send an explosive-laden plane to hit the Panama Canal. The Canal suffers 2D6 damages, only 5 of which can be repaired each turn. Resolve this only if the U.S. is at war with a Major Power. If the U.S. is not at war, roll again.

7. Falkland Islands If Argentina is Axis-Aligned, place a free militia of the Aligned Major Power in the Falkland Islands and the roundel of Argentina’s Aligned Major Power. If Argentina is not Axis-Aligned, roll again.

8. Axis Agents Axis agents provide shipping details to submarines. Select 1 German submarine along the New York-Rio de Janeiro Line and that unit gains +2 convoy raiding this turn.

9. Japanese Influence

Japanese connections to the fishing industry in Peru help Japan gain influence. If Peru is neutral or Axis-Aligned, place a submarine base in Peru. Japan may use this base. Once Peru is not Axis-Aligned, remove that base. Place one free Japanese submarine in Sea Zone 106.

10. Lesser Antilles Oil

The vulnerable oil refinery in the Lesser Antilles is easy prey for German submarines with deck guns. German submarines that convoy-raid in Sea Zone 76 this turn gain a +2 modifier.

11. Cuban Convoy Germany raids the Caribbean convoy line north of Cuba. German submarines that convoy-raid on that line gain +2 convoy raiding this turn.

12. Arms Race South American nations begin arming for the coming war. For each of Brazil, Argentina and Chile do the following: The US immediately places 6 IPP worth of units in each Aligned or Pro-Allied nation, Germany places 6 IPP worth of units in each Aligned or Pro-Axis nation. USSR places 6 IPP worth of units in each Soviet-Aligned nation or Nation with a Soviet Coup marker.

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In the Random Events Table, if options 1, 2, or 3 result, then roll one D12 to determine which country will have a coup.NATION AXIS COUP ALLIED COUP SOVIET COUPArgentina 1 1 1Bolivia 2 2 2Brazil 3 3 3Central America 4 4 4Chile 5 5 5Colombia 6 6 6Cuba 7 7 7Mexico 8 8 8Paraguay 9 9 9Peru 10 10 10Uruguay 11 11 11Venezuela 12 12 12

TABLE LAW-3.2 Random Coup Selection Table

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OPERATION BOLIVAR4.1 Historical Overview: Operation Bolivar was a German espionage campaign in Latin America during World War II. Germany established several radio transmission stations in Latin American countries for sending intelligence back to Germany. German spies sent information of political and economic interest back to Europe for months or even years before they were apprehended and the spy rings were disbanded. For more information see HERE.

4.2 Implementation: At the beginning of the German player’s turn, he may pay 3 IPP to roll a D12 and consult the table LAW-4 to determine in which country Germany will establish a spy network. Place a spy marker in that country. If the country already has a spy network in place, roll again.

4.3 Espionage: Each time the German player begins his turn, he will make a D12 roll for each of the Latin American countries with spy markers. On each roll of 3 or less, the U.S. player must give up 2 IPP to the German player representing that intelligence was successfully passed from the country in question to Germany.

D12 ROLL COUNTRY1-2 Argentina (Buenos Aires)3-4 Brazil (Rio De Janeiro)5-6 Chile7-8 Central America9-10 Mexico (Eastern Mexico)11-12 Cuba

TABLE LAW-4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bol%C3%ADvar

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4.4 Radio Tower: Germany may place a radio tower in a neutral or Pro-Axis nation by paying 2 IPP and placing the tower. The tower provides the German player with his choice of either: a +1 Convoy Raiding die roll for any submarine within 3 sea zones of the tower or; a +1 Influence Roll for that country (at least 1 IPP must be spent to get the roll) and a +1 Espionage roll. The tower can be destroyed on a successful counter-espionage roll (see 4.5). Multiple radio towers can provide bonuses to different German submarines but the effect of two towers cannot be combined on the same raiding roll.

4.5 Counter-Espionage: Each time the U.S. player begins his turn, he may pay 3 IPP to roll a D12. On a roll of 3 or less, the U.S. successfully identifies the spy network in a country of his choice and it is disbanded. Remove the spy marker or radio tower from the country in question.

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WAR OF ‘415.1 Historical Overview: Known as the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War, this conflict began in the summer of 1941 when Peruvian forces invaded the neighboring country of Ecuador. Hostilities lasted for around a month and then Peru’s forces eventually withdrew from Ecuador. For more information, see HERE.

5.2 War!: Peru and Ecuador go to war in the July 1941 turn. The U.S. Controls Ecuador and Germany Controls Peru. At the start of the July 1941 turn, both sides will make a secret investment in the war by purchasing one military unit for their Controlled minor. Germany and the U.S. reveal their choice and place the units in those countries simultaneously. The units then act on their Controlling Major Power’s turn. The war lasts until one side defeats the other completely. After that, the winning minor Aligns to their controlling Major Power.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuadorian%E2%80%93Peruvian_War

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APPENDIX A: EXPANSION COMPATIBILITYFall of the Reich: The Fall of the Reich scheme cannot be implemented if Argentina is not Pro-Axis. Once the FOTR scheme is purchased, no more influence can be attempted for Argentina and no further coups may occur in Argentina. Also, reduce the cost for the scheme in FOTR from 15 to 10 IPP.

Netherlands at War: If Venezuela becomes Comintern controlled, the USSR may choose to (a) increase the cost of Allied Armor, Ships and Aircraft by 1, or (b) give the Allies free access to Venezuelan oil, (which results in no changes) or (c) sell Venezuelan oil to the Allies. The Allies must collectively lend-lease the USSR 3 IPP per turn or suffer the penalty described in NFB 1-1.

Oil Wars: If Venezuela is aligned to the Comintern or Allies, Germany does not get lend-lease oil from Venezuela.

Partisans: If you are playing with the Partisan expansion, make the following changes to the Random Events Table (LAW-3.1):

#10: Add the following: Germany may also make a Partisan Generation roll for free this turn.#12: Replace with: Place 1 Soviet-controlled Partisan in a land zone of the Soviet Player’s choice.4.4: A Radio Tower provides a +1 Partisan Generation roll in its land zone and each adjacent land zone.

Secret Submarine Bases: If you are playing with the Secret Submarine Bases expansion, make the submarine bases in Random Event #4 and #9 a German/Japanese Secret Submarine Base.

Diplomacy: If you are playing with the Diplomacy expansion, use the Diplomacy System in this set (LAW 1.0 – 1.1) for Latin American Nations only instead of the system in the Diplomacy Expansion.

Minorities at War: If you are playing with the Minorities at War expansion, when the 201st Fighter Squadron is drawn, set the marker aside until the U.S. Aligns Mexico. During the U.S. Place Units & Collect Income Phase, place the marker beneath a free tactical bomber and place the bomber in Eastern Mexico. This unit can do 1-2 strategic damages, flying strategic bombing missions as if it were a medium bomber.

U.S. War Plans: If you are playing with the U.S. War Plans expansion, note that the U.S. may declare War Plan Citron if any nation in South America (south of Panama) is Axis-controlled/Aligned.

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