latin america: history of people and religion from 16th century to present

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America A glimpse into the work of God and the people from 16 th Century to Present

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  • 1. Latin AmericaA glimpse into the work of God and the people from 16th Century to Present

2. The Tupac Line TupacAmaru (1545 1572): The Peruvian Inca states last native ruler TupacAmaru II (born Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui, 1742 1781): Peruvian leader of Indians in a revolt against the Spanish TupacKatari (born JulinApasa Nina, c. 1750 1781): Leader in Bolivian struggles against the Spanish TupacAmaru I 3. TupacAmaru II Born Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui in 1742 Direct descendent of Incan ruler TupacAmaru Attended Jesuit school, held political position with influence Dissatisfied with rights of natives Native Indians in forced labor Inequitable trading and taxes imposed on Indians Blamed the church as much as the government anti-colonial uprising in 1780 Led Arriaga, Governor of Tintan executed Indian rebels gain numbers, lose control TupacAmaru II beheaded 1781, revolt continued 4. Castas Definition: lineage/breed/race from Latin castus, or chaste, pointing to lineage purityA Spanish colonial concept, used of postConquest mixed races for social controlPeople of mixed race were called castas collectivelyDe negro eindia, sale lobo From an African man and a native woman, a lobo is born. Term based on the idea that character is related to Several categories existed:espanole* peninsular * criollo * indio* negro mestizo * mulatto * zambobirthSpanish state and Church exacted more taxes/tribute from people of lower categories 5. Casta Paintings: PinturadeCastas Showed exoctic racial combination in Spanish territories16 paintings showing 16 combination Displayed the racial thought among the Spanish officialsSpanish supremacy is the main theme Biased against Africans For officials socio-economic status depended on skin color and limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) 6. Small Pox in Latin America, 16th-17th Centuries What is small pox?How did it get to Latin America? Airborne virus * thrives in dense communities * presents as pustules, which release infectious smallpox DNA into the air & nearby surfaces when punctured * 12-day incubation period, by which point hosts either died or survived * others can become infected during incubation Eurasian domestic animal infections crossed over humans * Europeans increasingly immune * smallpox thought to have arrived in the Americas in 1520 and spread via Incan roads * 60-94% of Incans wiped out from the time of smallpoxs arrival until 1618, with epidemics like typhus, influenza, diphtheria and measles 7. Evaluating Small Pox Then & Now Why was the New World susceptible? What were the health and political People coming to the New World had not domesticated their animals * viral animal infections had not yet had a chance to crossover to humansconsequences? European smallpox had devastated Incas before Pizarros arrival in 1526, killing the Incan emperor Huayna Capac and unleashing a civil war that distracted and weakened his successor, Atahuallpa. 8. Brief Case Study of the Guarani First Established Jesuit Community in Argentina 1609-1750s 9. Reducciones of 1609 10. In the World But Not of ItHospitalsChurchBow & ArrowLiteracyHandicraftMusic & Dance 11. Community Life 12. Political Strife and War 1750sKing Ferdinand VI of SpainPortugal 13. Present-Day Idios Guarani Community 14. Politics and Church during Independence in Latin American Countries Liberal or Conservative governments Roman Catholic Church Colonial institution survived independence Power: wealth, education, access Countries by date of independenceOwned 80% of land in some provinces of New Spain Real wealth came from mortgages and interest collectedPrestige from education and involvement in politics Masses had more contact with Church than officialsConflict between Catholic Church and Latin American Chiefs 15. Liberation Theology Vatican II & Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World(1962-65) Latin American theologians developed a doctrine base on Luke 4:18-21 We wish to personify the Christ of a poor and hungry people. Pope Paul Bishops prioritized social justice, inform masses Christian Base Communities Priests joined the government Sandinista government in Nicaragua improve quality of life due to religious influence 16. Liberation Theology in Action Theology crucial adversary to right-wing governments during 1970s and 1980s Archbishop Oscar Romero: El Salvador Brazil: (1968-1978) 120 bishops, priests, and nuns arrested, 300 Catholic lay workers, tooNot all leaders in Catholic church approved Archbishop Oscar Romero 17. In Depth Glimpse into GuatemalaImportant Historical & Religious Moments in Guatemala 18. History of religion in Guatemala 16thcentury to Present Spain begins expeditions in 1519 Bartolome De Las Casas in 1537 Dominican Friar Personal transformation in 1514 Success largely do to 1. Non coercive evangelism 2. Catholicism as an extension of other indigenous beliefsGuatemala gained her independence from Spain on Sept. 15, 1821 19. Frederick Crowe British Protestant missionaries from Belize Arrives in 1843 and begins a school Lorenzo Montufer Expelled in 1846 Uphill battle for Protestants 20. Justo Rufino Barrios elected President in 1873 Declaration of Liberty of Worship Escorted in Presbyterian missionary John Carl Hill and encourages Protestant growth 1937 Protestants made up 2% of Guatemala populationWhile this opened the door Protestants still struggled in a predominantly Catholic nation. 21. 1960 Guatemala entered a Civil War that lasted until 1996 1970s & 1980s Civil War continued. Thousands lost their lives due to a massive earthquake in 1976 Reasons for Protestant growth 1. Growing suspicion of government toward possible Catholic ties to guerilla Protestants seen as a more safe tradition. 2. Missionaries sent to give aid to those suffering from the violence of the civial war and earthquake. 1990s Civil war ended in 1996 and brought a more stable government. 22. Current Religious Condition 14 million live in Guatemala 50%-60% Catholic 40% Protestant 1% Indigenous faithPresent obstacles to Protestant Evangelism 1. Rural Indian populations 2. Syncretism combining Christianity with Indigenous faith 3. Drug, Alcohol, and Violence 4. Lack of Biblical teaching 23. Major Movements in the Guatemalan Church 24. Early Missionary Work Early Spaniards entered Latin America destroying pagan temples, idols, public rites in the name of ChristIndians embraced a mixed religiosity Christianity mixed with native traditions as reflected in sacred art, feasts, and processionsLed to Mayan resistance to Christianity and desire for IndependenceGuatemala Procession 1978 Betty LaDuke 25. Catholicism in Spanish America Nineteenth Century brought multiple attempts to restore Church hierarchy in Spanish AmericaCatholic Church assumed a privileged status, prohibited all other faiths 1852: Concordat signed by Cardinal-Secretary Antonelli and de Lorenzana and ratified by president Carrera recognizing Roman Catholicism as State religion of Guatemala, first in Latin AmericaVatican I: Efforts made to better connect Latin American Church to Rome, local power granted in making church appointments 26. Protestant Efforts Catholicism enjoyed relatively short lived dominance in Guatemala as liberalism grew Rufino Barrios became Guatemalan President in 1873 Justo Anti-clerical and liberal agenda: expelled religious orders, closed convents, secularized cemeteries and established civil marriage, Churches not allowed to own property, promoted public education, encouraged immigration Thought Protestants would bring liberal ideas to Guatemala and help to weaken Catholicism in country 1879: New constitution formally incorporated Barrios anticlerical reformSantiago Atitlan 27. Protestantism Formally Reintroduced 1884: President Barrios invited missionary John C. Hill to Guatemala from Presbyterian Board of Missions in NYC, organized first Presbyterian church in Guatemala, ironically President Barrios made land adjacent to presidential palace available 1899: Central American Mission entered Guatemala, known as a radical dispensationalist movement based out of Texas, gave Central America a radical dispensationalist image 28. Church and State 20th Century brought further debate between church and state 1945: Guatemalan Constitution banned Church involvement in labor organizations1955: Ban lifted but most of Latin America under conservative military rule fearing that Liberation Theologians too much like CommunistsPentecostalism rose, in 1982 leader Efrain Rios Montt overthrew the Guatemalan government and ruled with an emphasis on individual responsibility and Christian ideals 29. Civil War 1954: Liberalism overthrown by military coup, in part supported by US government 50 years of civil war, tens of thousands killed including Indian towns and villages, Indian genocide1980s Catholic priests and others working for social justice in Guatemala wereviolently forced out of country during the era of President Montt(a Pentecostalist) which coincided with American televangelist movementTraditional Mayan culture and Catholic influence were all but eliminated in an effort to replace with religious culture of the televangelists in the American Bible BeltGuatemala today continues to pick up the pieces but is nearly split down the middle of Protestants and Catholics 30. Poverty, Culture & Social Evangelism Bringing hope to a broken and unforgotten Guatemala 31. THE PEOPLE Culture a combination of Mayan and Spanish colonial heritage. Vast diversity of ethnicities 21 different languages. Indigenous traditional, religious and social customs.Industry rich tradition of textiles and handcrafts. 52 percent of the population is engaged in agricultural work 32. THE SITUATION In 1996, emerged from a 36-year-long civil war. The dry corridor, 54,000 go hungry daily. Chronic hunger for children (49.8%) highest in the region and the fourth highest in the world. 75 %fall below poverty line. Illiteracy, infant maternal mortality and starvation are the highest in this region. Infectious diseases complicate the problem. 33. Bibliography Guatemala Slides: Early Missionary Work, Catholicism, Protestant Efforts & Reintroduced, Church andState, &Civil War (Created by Eileen Gathman) Cook, Guillermo, ed. New Face of the Church in Latin America.Orbis Books: NY, 1994. Gonzales, Justo L. and Ondina E. Gonzales. Christianity in Latin America. Cambridge: NY, 2008. Hastings, Adrian, ed. A World History of Christianity.Eerdmans: Grand Rapids, 1999. Koschorke, Klaus, Frieder Ludwig, Mariano Delgado, ed. A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 14501990.Eerdmans: Grand Rapids, 2007. Norma, Edward. Christianity in the Southern Hemisphere. Clarendon Press: Oxford, 1981.Guatemala Slides: History of Religion, Crowe, Barrios, 20th Century events, current statistics (Created by Aaron Strietzel) Cook, Guatemala Slides: Poverty, Culture and Social Evangelism (Created by Oscar Merlo) Vargas, Carlos. Dreams are Cheap: Paying the Price and Leading with Passion.PuntoCreativo: Zacapa, Guatemala 2013 www.unicef.org www.hopeoflifeintl.org 34. Bibliography Slides about TupacAmaru II, Independence, Liberation Theology (Created by Sarah Merchant) Charlip, Julie A. and E. Bradford Burns. Latin America And Interpretive History 9th Ed. Boston: Prentice Hall, 2011. Holloway, Thomas H. A Companion to Latin American History. Edited by TH Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. Koschorke, Klaus, Frieder Ludwig and Mariano Delgado. A History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America 1450-1990: A Documentary Sourcebook. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2007. Lamothe, Matthew R. "While the English colonies fought for independence, TupacAmaru waged a people's war in Peru." Military History 19, no. 4 (October 2002): 74. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 1, 2013).Slides about Tupac Lineage, Small Pox,Castas (Researched by Maggie Sullivan, created by Sarah Merchant) Enter Here Slides about Guarani(Created by Mike Basile) Enter here 35. Liberation TheologyNativity mural at Batahola Norte Community Center in Managua, Nicaragua.