latin american independence a wh1 presentation by mr. hess
TRANSCRIPT
Haiti
• First successful uprising in Latin America.
• France depended on its colony in Haiti for sugar and coffee.
• The vast majority of people in Haiti were slaves, originally from Africa.– Most others were French.
Haiti, cont.
• In 1802, Francois Toussaint-Louverture started the uprising by setting fire to plantations and homes.
• He was imprisoned in France where he died the next year.
Haiti, cont.
• Haitian rebels, aided by an outbreak of yellow fever, then defeated the French troops.
• Haiti proclaimed its independence in 1804.
Mexico• Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic
priest, saw independence from Spain as the only way to end slavery and improve conditions for the poor.
• In 1810, Hidalgo led a freedom march to Mexico City, resulting in armed conflict with the Spanish and creoles.
• He was captured and executed.
Mexico, cont.
• His successor, Jose Maria Morelos, called a conference in 1813 where independence was declared.
• He was executed in 1815 when the Spanish and creoles again opposed independence.
Mexico, cont.
• Battles continued until 1821, when creoles, who feared a constitutional government in Spain, successfully declared Mexico independent.
• Augustin de Iturbide declared himself emperor of Mexico.
Mexico, cont.
• Iturbide was overthrown in 1823, and a republic was set up.
• The Central American Provinces then declared independence from Spain, forming Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua.
Spanish South America
• Simon Bolivar, a creole from Venezuela, started a revolt in Caracas in 1810.
• Bolivar’s forces defeated the Spanish in 1819.
Spanish South America, cont.
• Bolivar won freedom for Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia and Ecuador.
• Argentina, Chile and Peru were liberated by troops led by creoles Jose de San Martin and Bernardo O’Higgins.
Brazil
• When Napoleon invaded Portugal in 1808, the royal family fled to its colony in Brazil.
• King Joao VI then ruled over Portugal’s empire from Brazil, which flourished under his rule.
Brazil, cont.• When Joao returned to
Portugal, his son, Dom Pedro took over.
• When a new Portuguese government tried to reestablish control over Brazil, Pedro declared Brazil independent in 1822.
• Brazil became a constitutional monarchy under Emperor Pedro I.