Latin Name Index

AAgeratum conyzoides, 271Agrobacterium rhizogenes, 293Anaphalis sp., 271Andrographis paniculata, 292Androsacion alpinae, 184Anisodonta, 194, 195Anthocleista, 2Antirrhinum majus, 210Arabidopsis, 202, 204, 207, 212Arabidopsis thaliana, 253, 254Aripuana, 5Arundinella purpurea, 271Asterias lutea, 158Asteridae, 280

BBartonia, 6, 27Bisgoeppertia, 13, 18, 26, 30Blackstomia acuminata—B. imperfoliata, 238Blackstomia grandiflora—B. perfoliata, 238Blackstonia, 26, 232, 237, 238Blackstonia acuminata, 167Blackstonia perfoliata, 152Bupleurum scorzonerifolium, 293

CChironia baccifera, 241Caespitosa, 240Calathianae, 171, 172, 179-181, 194–196Calathiana nivalis, 162Calolisianthus, 28Campestres, 243Canscora, 13, 25, 234, 237Canscora sensu lato, 17Canscora sensu stricto, 17Caricion curvulae, 176

Centauria vulgare Raf. subsp. uliginosum, 155Centaurium, 13, 26, 240–244Centaurium anatolicum, 154Centaurium barrelieri, 240Centaurium bianoris, 239Centaurium cachanlahuen, 237, 240–242Centaurium caspica, 154Centaurium centaurioides, 239Centaurium erythraea, 232, 241, 312Centaurium erythraea subsp. erythraea, 153Centaurium erythraea subsp. turcicum, 153Centaurium favargeri, 240Centaurium gypsicola, 240Centaurium littorale, 239, 240Centaurium littorale subsp. littorale, 154Centaurium littorale subsp. uliginosum, 154Centaurium majus, 240Centaurium malzacianum, 239Centaurium maritimum, 239Centaurium maritimum

subsp. shuttleworthianum, 239Centaurium meyeri, 155Centaurium minus subsp. turcicum, 153Centaurium pulchellum, 156Centaurium pulchellum f. meyeri, 156Centaurium pulchellum subsp. ramosissimum,

155Centaurium pulchellum subsp.

tenuiflora, 156Centaurium pulchellum var. altaicum, 155Centaurium rhodense, 240Centaurium rumelicum, 240Centaurium scilloides, 240Centaurium sect. Spicaria, 156Centaurium sensu stricto, 17Centaurium serpentinicola, 239Centaurium somedanum, 240Centaurium suffruticosum, 240Centaurium tenuiflorum, 239

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Centaurium tenuiflorum subsp. acutiflorum,167

Centaurium turcicum, 240Centaurium uliginosum, 150, 154Centaurium umbellatum, 153Centaurium umbellatum var. turcicum, 153Centaurium xtenuiflorum, 240Centaurium pulchellum var. albiflora, 155Centaurium umbellatum subsp. austriacum,

153Chelonanthus, 28, 30Chironia, 232, 241, 242, 246Chironia centaurium, 153Chironia frutescens, 241Chironieae, 2–4, 6, 7Chlora perfoliata, 152Chondrophyllae, 4, 172, 258, 261Chorisepalum, 28Chrysopogon zeylanicus, 271Cicendia, 233, 237, 238Cicendia filiformis, 232, 238Cicendia quadrangularis, 233Ciminalis, 171, 178, 179, 194, 195Cirsium vulgare, 307Citrus sinensis, 253Clitoria ternatea, 209Coilantha asclepiadea, 160Comastoma, 26Commelina communis, 209Cotylanthera, 2, 13, 17, 25Crawfurdia, 27Cruciata, 194Curtia, 10Curtia tenella, 22Curtia tenuifolia, 22Cymbopogon flexuosus, 271Cyrtophyllum, 13, 18, 29

DDasystephana asclepiadea, 160Dasystephana pneumonanthe, 159Dimeria bialata, 270Duplipetala, 13, 17, 25

EEchium, 238Ericoila cruciata, 161Ericoila pulchellum b. albiflora, 155Ericoila ramosissima Pers. var. Albiflora, 155Ericoila ramosissima Pers. c. altaica, 150Ericoila utriculosa, 162

Ericoila pulchella subsp. tenuiflora, 156Erythraea, 232, 241Erythraea anatolica, 154Erythraea centaurium, 153Erythraea meyeri, 155Erythraea ramosissima, 155Erythraea spicata var. spicata, 157Erythraea spicata var. tamanica, 157Erythraea tenuiflora, 156Erythraea turcica, 153, 154Erythraea uliginosa, 154Erythrea centaurium, 150Erythrea linarifolia, 150, 154Erythrea pulchella, 155Erythrea spicata, 157Escherichia coli, 254Euerythraea, 232Eusteralis quadrifolia, 271Eustoma, 202, 213Eustoma grandiflorum, 202, 204, 205,

210–212Eustoma russellianum subsp. exaltatum, 242Eustoma russellianum

subsp. russelianum, 242Eustoma—(Gyrandra—Sabatia), 242Exaculum, 242Exaculum pusillum, 233, 238Exacum, 5, 8, 9, 13, 17, 25, 233Exacum bicolor, 271Exacum pedunculatum, 292Exacum tetragonum, 18, 292Exochaenium, 13, 17, 25

FFagraea, 13, 17, 29Fagraea sensu lato, 18, 29Fagraea sensu stricto, 18Frasera, 13, 29Frigida, 194

GGaudin, 175Gentiana, 2, 4, 169–172, 176, 179, 181, 183,

187, 194–196, 276Gentiana acaulis, 224, 226, 305, 307, 311Gentiana algida, 176Gentiana alpina, 224, 226Gentiana amarella, 163, 164Gentiana amarella L. var. lingulata, 164Gentiana angustifolia, 226Gentiana anisodonta, 186, 186, 195

318 Latin Name Index

Gentiana asclepiadea, 160, 172, 173, 182,221, 223, 225, 227

Gentiana bavarica, 223, 225, 226Gentiana boryi, 225, 227Gentiana brachyphylla, 223, 225, 226Gentiana bucoviensis, 162Gentiana bulgarica var. albanica, 190Gentiana burseri, 221, 222Gentiana carpatica, 150, 165Gentiana carpaticola, 165Gentiana centaurium, 153Gentiana ciliata, 165Gentiana clusii, 167, 224, 226Gentiana cruciata, 150, 160, 167, 172, 176,

182, 219, 220, 222Gentiana decumbens, 220, 222, 227Gentiana dinarica, 172, 177, 179, 182, 194,

224, 226Gentiana douglasiana, 150Gentiana dshimilensis, 177Gentiana exaltata, 232Gentiana excisa, 161Gentiana favratii, 223, 226Gentiana frigida, 167, 176, 182, 221, 222Gentiana froelichii, 176, 221, 222Gentiana germanica subsp. carpatica, 165Gentiana kochiana, 161Gentiana laciniata, 161, 224Gentiana lancifolia, 163Gentiana ligustica, 226Gentiana lutea, 158, 167, 219, 221, 222Gentiana lutea subsp. symphiandra, 172, 173Gentiana lutescens, 164Gentiana macrophylla, 221Gentiana makinoi, 209Gentiana nivalis, 223, 225–227, 312Gentiana occidentalis, 224, 226Gentiana pannonica, 221, 222Gentiana paradoxa, 256, 258, 261, 262Gentiana perfoliata, 152Gentiana pneumonanthe, 150, 159, 160, 172,

175, 182, 221, 223, 258, 261Gentiana pneumonanthe f. diffusa, 160Gentiana pneumonanthe f. latifolia, 160Gentiana pneumonanthe f. minor Brot, 160Gentiana pneumonanthe L. subsp. pneumo-

nanthe, 172Gentiana pneumonanthe subsp. nopscae, 172,

182, 194Gentiana prostrata, 225, 226Gentiana pulchella, 155Gentiana pumila, 223, 225, 226Gentiana punctata, 159, 172–174, 182, 219,

221, 222

Gentiana purpurea L, 221Gentiana pyrenaica, 161, 173, 176, 182, 225,

227Gentiana pyrenaica var. laciniata, 161Gentiana ramosissima, 155Gentiana riflora x Gentiana scabra cv. Shine

Blue, 259Gentiana rostanii, 224, 225Gentiana scabra, 256, 258–261Gentiana scabra cv. White, 259, 260Gentiana sect. Crossopetalum, 165Gentiana septemfida, 150, 256–258, 261, 262Gentiana sierrae Briq, 226Gentiana tergestina subsp. balcanioca, 180Gentiana terglouensis, 224, 225Gentiana triflora, 252, 253Gentiana triflora var. japonica, 254, 257, 261,

263Gentiana triflora var. japonica f. montana,

261, 263Gentiana triflora x Gentiana scabra cv. Shine

Blue, 259Gentiana triflora x Gentiana scabra cv. Lovely

Ashiro, 259Gentiana triflora x Gentiana scabra cv.

Maerchen Ashiro, 259Gentiana utriculosa, 162, 172, 178, 179, 182,

224, 225Gentiana vagneriana, 161Gentiana verna, 219, 224, 225, 306, 309,

311–313Gentiana verna L. subsp. balcanica, 172Gentiana verna L. subsp. verna, 172Gentiana verna subsp. balcanica, 172, 224Gentiana verna subsp. pontica, 226Gentiana verna subsp. tergestina, 172, 180Gentiana verna subsp. verna, 172Gentiana wagiana, 150Gentiana x dorfleri, 167Gentianaceae, 279, 280, 296Gentianales, 280Gentianella, 9, 16, 26, 27, 178Gentianella albanica, 171, 189, 193–195Gentianella anisodonta, 188Gentianella amarella, 163Gentianella amarella subsp. lingulata, 164Gentianella amarella c axillaris, 163Gentianella austriaca, 185, 186, 190, 191, 195Gentianella axillaris, 163Gentianella bulgarica, 184, 190, 191, 193–196Gentianella campestris, 185, 187, 188Gentianella caucasea, 191Gentianella ciliata, 165, 178Gentianella columnae, 187

Latin Name Index 319

Gentianella crispata, 185–187Gentianella engadinensis, 183, 186, 189, 193Gentianella germanica, 170, 191, 197Gentianella germanica subsp. rhaetica, 191Gentianella germanica subsp. solstitialis, 191Gentianella laevicalyx, 188Gentianella liburnica, 183, 189, 194, 195Gentianella lingulata, 164Gentianella lutescens, 164Gentianella lutescens subsp. carpatica, 165Gentianella lutescens subsp. lutescens, 164Gentianella pevalekii, 184, 186, 187,

193–195Gentianella praecox, 190–192Gentianella praeflorens, 164Gentianella rhaetica, 192Gentianella sect. Crossopetalum, 165Gentianella solstitialis, 192Gentianella tenella, 150Gentianopsis, 165Gentianopsis ciliata, 165, 184Gentianopsis detonsa subsp. victorinii, 10Gentianusa cruciata, 150, 160, 167, 172, 176,

182, 219, 220, 222Gentianusa pneumonanthe, 159Gentianella germanica, 190, 191Gyrandra, 13, 17, 26, 232, 242, 243Gyrandra brachycalyx, 242Gyrandra pauciflora, 243Gyrandra pterocaulis, 243Gyrandra—Sabatia, 237, 242Gyrandra speciosa, 243

HHabenaria diphylla, 270Habenaria heyneana, 270Halenia, 7, 17, 26, 27, 280Helia, 28Helieae, 4–7Heteropogan contortus, 270Hippion amarella, 163Hippion cruciatum, 161Hippion nivale, 162Hippion utriculosum, 162Hypericum mysorensis, 271

IIrlbachia sensu stricto, 28Ischaemum indicum, 270Ixanthus, 26

JJaeschkea, 5

KKlackenbergia, 13, 17, 25

LLagenias, 13, 15, 17Lapithea, 243Leiphaimos, 6Limahlania, 13, 18, 29Lisianthius, 22, 26Lisianthus nigrescens, 202Lomatogonium, 6Lomatogonium sp., 280Lotus, 238Lycopercicon esculentum, 254

MMacrocarpaea, 28, 38, 39, 42, 49, 54, 60, 86Macrocarpaea 9 mattii, 106, 108Macrocarpaea angelliae, 37, 42, 48Macrocarpaea apparata, 37, 39, 41, 42, 48,

63, 64, 66, 72, 80, 99, 108, 114Macrocarpaea arborescens, 37, 39, 48, 54, 66,

68, 89, 114, 132, 142, 145Macrocarpaea bubops, 37, 39, 42, 46, 48, 49,

56, 58, 66, 69, 70, 72, 80, 99, 108, 114Macrocarpaea claireae, 37, 39, 48, 59, 74–77,

79, 102, 128, 136, 140, 142Macrocarpaea dies-viridis, 37, 39, 48, 57, 59,

77–79, 102, 128, 140Macrocarpaea elix, 37, 39, 48, 54, 57, 66, 72,

79, 80, 99, 108, 114, 123Macrocarpaea ericii, 37, 48, 49, 56, 68, 81,

83, 89, 132, 142, 145Macrocarpaea gattaca, 37, 42, 46, 49, 83–85,

129Macrocarpaea gondoloides, 37, 48, 49, 58,

86, 87Macrocarpaea harlingii, 37, 39, 41, 42, 48, 54,

55, 56, 68, 83, 88, 89, 108, 123, 132, 145Macrocarpaea innarrabilis, 37, 48, 49, 57,

91, 93Macrocarpaea jactans, 37, 48, 57, 93–96, 120Macrocarpaea jensii, 37, 42, 48, 58, 66, 72,

97–99, 108, 114Macrocarpaea lenae, 37, 39, 42, 48, 59, 77,

79, 100–102, 108, 128, 136, 140

320 Latin Name Index

Macrocarpaea luna-gentiana, 37, 39, 42, 48,54, 56, 103–105

Macrocarpaea micrantha, 37, 39, 42, 48, 49,55, 59, 102, 108

Macrocarpaea neillii, 37, 48, 57, 87, 111, 112Macrocarpaea noctiluca, 37, 39, 42, 48, 49,

54, 57, 66, 72, 80, 93, 106, 108, 111–114Macrocarpaea nov. A ‘‘catherineae’’, 140Macrocarpaea nov. B ‘‘cortinae’’, 141Macrocarpaea nov. C ‘‘illuminata’’, 142Macrocarpaea nov. D ‘‘lilliputiana’’, 142Macrocarpaea nov. E ‘‘pacifica’’, 142Macrocarpaea nov. F ‘‘umbellata’’, 143Macrocarpaea nov. G ‘‘zumbae’’, 145Macrocarpaea opulenta, 37Macrocarpaea pringleana, 37, 48, 54, 59,

121–123, 130, 141, 143Macrocarpaea quizhpei, 37, 48, 59, 77, 79,

102, 109, 126–128, 140, 142Macrocarpaea sodiroana, 37, 42, 44, 48, 49,

54, 55, 58, 85, 122, 128, 129, 141, 143Macrocarpaea subsessilis, 37, 39, 42, 48, 54,

55, 57, 58, 68, 83, 89, 106, 108, 131–133,142, 145

Macrocarpaea voluptuosa, 37, 48, 49, 57, 87,135

Macrocarpaea xerantifulva, 37, 39, 44, 48, 59,75, 79, 102, 128, 136

Macrocarpaea ypsilocaule, 37, 48, 49, 57,138, 140

Macrocarpaea zophoflora, 3Megalanthae, 177Metagentiana, 17, 27Microcala, 233Microrphium, 234, 237

OObolaria, 4, 27Oldelandia corymbosa, 271Onobrychi-Seslerion, 177Orphium, 9, 237, 241, 242, 246Osbeckia sp., 271Otophora, 27

PPetunia, 202, 204, 207, 208, 210–212Petunia hybryda, 204, 210Phoenix lourieii, 271Picrophloeus, 18Plantago lanceolata, 307

Pneumonanthae, 171, 172Pneumonanthe asclepiadea, 160Pneumonanthe cruciata, 161Pneumonanthe plicata, 160Pneumonanthe vulgaris, 159Potalia, 4Prepusa, 4, 27, 28Pseudochironia, 243Pycnosphaera, 4

RRogersonanthus, 28, 29Roraimaea, 13, 17, 29Roraimaea (Rogersonanthus) coccineus, 29

SSabatia, 7, 232, 233, 246Sabatia dodecandra, 243Schenkia, 13, 17, 26, 243, 244Schenkia—Exaculum—Zeltnera, 242Schenkia australis, 240Schenkia sebaeoides, 246Schenkia spicata, 243, 244Schenkia spicata var. ramossisima, 149Schenkia spicata var. tamanica, 149Schultesia, 18, 26Sebaea, 6, 7, 13, 17, 25Sebaea microphylla, 18Sebaea oligantha, 311Sebaea sensu stricto, 17, 25Seguiera perfoliata, 152Senaea, 27, 28Sesamum laciniatum, 271Shenkia spicata, 243, 244Slevolgia orientalis, 292Sonchus, 238Sophubia delphinifolia, 271S. perennis var. alpestris, 166Spermacose pusilla, 271Spicata, 243, 244Stenogyne, 27Striga densiflora, 271Swertia, 150, 166Swertia alata, 292Swertia alpestris, 166Swertia angustifolia, 282, 289–292, 295, 296Swertia bimaculata, 288Swertia chirata, 279, 281Swertia ciliata, 296Swertia cordata, 283, 289, 290, 292, 295, 296

Latin Name Index 321

Swertia densifolia, 292Swertia dilatata, 287Swertia elegans, 292Swertia, 150, 166Swertia lawii, 292Swertia lurida, 283, 289, 295Swertia minor, 292Swertia multiflora, 292Swertia mussotii, 293Swertia nervosa, 287Swertia perennis, 166Swertia perennis subsp. alpestris, 166Swertia punctata, 166Symbolanthus, 28, 29

TTachia, 3, 28Tachia schomburgkiana, 5Tephrosia purpurea, 271Thellungiella salsuginea, 253Themeda cymbara, 271Thylacites, 177Tretorrhiza cruciata, 161Trichostylus, 232Trifolium dubium, 312Tripterospermum, 27

UUtania, 13, 18, 29

VVeratrilla, 7, 280Vernae, 179Voyria, 3, 5, 6, 7, 13, 15, 18, 22, 30, 311Voyria aphylla, 311Voyria truncata, 309, 313Voyriella, 2, 22, 311Vulgaria, 240

WWurdackanthus, 13, 17, 28

XXestaea lisianthoides, 26

YYanomamua, 13, 29

ZZeltnera, 13, 17, 26, 240, 243–245Zeltnera arizonica, 245Zeltnera beyrichii, 245Zeltnera breviflora, 245Zeltnera calycosa, 245Zeltnera davyi, 244, 246Zeltnera glandulifera, 245Zeltnera madrensis, 245Zeltnera martini, 246Zeltnera muhlenbergii, 245Zeltnera multicaulis, 245Zeltnera namophila, 245Zeltnera namophila—Z. nevadensis, 245Zeltnera nesomii, 245Zeltnera nudicaulis, 245Zeltnera pusilla, 246Zeltnera quitensis, 246Zeltnera setacea, 246Zeltnera stricta, 246Zeltnera texensis, 246Zeltnera trichantha, 245Zeltnera trichantha—Z. abramsii, 245Zeltnera wigginsii, 246Zonanthus, 28Zygostigma, 232, 237, 241, 242, 246Zygostigma australe, 242

322 Latin Name Index

Subject Index

AAbiotic stress, 252, 253a/b hydrolase fold superfamily, 253, 254, 258Achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic, 303, 311,

313Achlorophyllous species, 303, 305, 309,

311, 313Actinomorphic androecium, 5Actinomorphic corolla, 5Active compounds, 276Acylation, 202, 208, 209Additional chromosome number, 221Agriculture, 307, 311Agrochemicals practice, 307Alkaline phosphatase, 308Alkaloids, 267, 276Allelic pair, 253, 254Allelic variants, 259Alpine area regulate formation, 251Alpine regions, 1Amarogentin, 289, 293, 296Amarogentin content, 293Amarogentin crude extract, 289Amaroswerin, 296Amino acid sequences, 254, 258Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

(AFLP), 292Analeptic, 289Anatomical diversity, 28Ancestral distribution, 18Ancient symbiosis, 303Androecia, 5, 6Angiosperm evolution, 14, 27, 29, 185, 194,

220, 237Anisocytic stomates, 3Anomocytic stomates, 3Anthelminitic, 289Anthocyanic vacuolar inclusions, 212Anthocyanidins, 202, 206, 208

Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), 206Anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, 208, 211Anthocyanins, 201–204, 206–210Anthocyanins biosynthesis, 202–204, 207,

210, 211Anthropogenically disturbed ecosystems, 311Anti-carcinogenic activity, 289Antidepressant activity, 296Anti-hepatotoxic activity, 289Antiperiodic, 289Antipyretic, 289Antitubercular activity, 296Apoplast, 308Apressoria, 304Aquatic, 2Aqueous crude extract, 289Arborescent species, 2Arbuscular mycorrhiza, 303, 305–307, 313Arbusculate coils, 304Arbuscule trunk, 308Arbuscules, 304, 308, 309Arctic regions, 1Arctic-alpine zones, 3Associating flora, 270Autotrophic plants, 305Azov sea, 157, 158

Bb-carotene, 212, 213Balkan Peninsula, 169, 171, 172, 174–185,

187–197Basal tuber, 252Basic chromosome number, 221, 225, 226Bayesian inference (BI) approaches, 234, 242Bee pollination, 272Bellidifolin, 296Betalains, 202Bi-functional enzyme enolase, 253

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Bilocular capsules, 42, 60, 99, 102, 105, 114Biochemical fingerprinting, 296, 297Biodiversity, 149Biofertilization, 311Biogeographic relationship, 14Biogeographic studies, 13Biogeography, 38, 49, 53, 55Biogeography vicariance patterns, 28Bio-resources, 279Biseriate perianth, 1, 4, 11Bisexual flowers, 271Bitter principles (secoiridoid glycosides), 296Black sea, 154, 157, 158Black sea of crimea, 155Branched caudex, 2Bright-colored flowers, 202Bud-abundant proteins/genes, 252

CCaffeic acids, 203Caffeoyl, 209Calyces, 280Calyx, 4, 7, 9Calyx five sepals, 40Calyx lobes, 4, 40, 56, 57, 59, 60, 64, 70, 75,

79, 85, 86, 93, 96, 99, 100, 103, 106, 114,121, 135, 138

Carotenoids, 202, 212–215Carpathian flora, 150Carpathian Mountains, 149, 153, 155, 161,

166, 167Carpathians, 159–162, 164–165Catalytic triad, 258Cathartic, 289Cell and organ culture, 293Cell lumen, 304Cell wall, 307Centauries classification, 232, 233, 237, 243Centaurium Greek mythology, 237, 239, 240Chalcone synthase, 204, 205Characters polyphyletic, 280Chemical diversity, 14Chilling stress, 253Chirantin, 296Chirata, 279, 289, 291–293, 297Chlorophylls, 202Chorologic problems, 196Chromosome numbers, 226, 227Chromosome rearrangement, 227Chromosome studies, 293CHS, 204, 211

Clade, 15–18, 21, 25–29Clade divergence, 15Cladistic analyses, 280Classification, 13, 15, 17, 22, 26, 28, 30Climate change, 16Coenocytic mycelium, 304Coils, 304, 308, 309, 313Cold and freezing, 252Cold environments, 252Cold-tolerance and dormancy, 252Colleters, 280Color pigments, 26Commercial ornamental flowers, 251Community productivity, 303Comprehensive taxonomic revision, 150Conical cells, 210Conservation, 279, 281, 291–293, 297Conservation strategy, 276Co-pigmentation, 202, 206, 209, 211, 215Corolla, 4, 5, 8 –10, 40, 56–58, 60, 61, 64, 65,

68, 70, 75, 78, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91, 96, 99,102, 103, 105, 106, 112–114, 120, 128,129, 135, 138

Cortical layers, 304Corymbosa-type pollen, 41, 43, 60, 96cpDNA, 185Crimea, 151, 152, 154, 156–158, 164Critical revision red data book of Ukraine, 151Critically endangered, 279, 291Crude drugs, 289Cryophytic plant, 253Cut flowers, 202Cyanidin, 202, 206, 208, 209Cytogenetic analysis, 228Cytogeography, 233Cytological races, 225, 227Cytoplasmic ascorbate peroxidase, 253Cytosolic ascorbate peroxidases (U11 and

U12), 253

DDehiscent capsule, 271Dehydration-induced protein (spot W8), 252Delphinidin, 202, 203, 206Detoxifies methylglyoxal, 253Dictyosomes, 308Dihydromyricetin, 205Dihydroquercetin, 205Dihyrokaempferol, 205Diploid chromosome numbers, 221, 226, 227Discoid glands, 5

324 Subject Index

Distribution data, 170, 190Distribution data of Gentiana taxa, 2, 18, 22,

182Distribution data of Gentianella taxa, 2, 18,

188Distribution Macrocarpaea, 48, 53Distribution mapping, 171Distribution of different species, 281Diverse vegetation zone, 1DNA-based result, 17DNA revolution, 233DNA sequence data, 280Dried gentian roots, 251Drug markets, 291Drug used for cold, 289Drug used for cough, 289Drug used for fever, 289Dry woodland biotope, 309Dysploid chromosome number, 227

EEcological vicariance patterns, 28Ecuador Macrocarpaea, 48Encoding gene structure, 252Endemic, 193, 280, 284, 291Endemic distribution, 149Endemism, 149Endomycorrhizae, 2Endophyte-host combinations, 309Endoplasmatic reticulum, 308Enolase (W23), 252Epidermal cells, 201, 210Epidermal cells shape, 202, 210Epidermal petal cells, 212Erosion control, 307Esterase termed W14/15, 252Ethylene-induced esterases (W14 and W15),

252Eurasia, 170, 176, 177, 184European gentiana, 220, 222, 227Evolution, 14, 29, 169, 185, 194, 196Evolution Macrocarpaea, 42, 46Evolutionary history, 46Ex situ conservation strategies, 292Exacum systematics, 268Exchange for carbohydrates, 303, 304Expeditions to Ecuador, 38Extinction, 291, 297Extinct species, 152Extraradical mycelial network, 304Extraradical mycelium, 304, 312

FFavorable phenotypes, 252Feruoloyl, 209Field conditions, 312, 313Finger printing, 294, 296, 297First DNA-alignment, 29, 61, 75, 83, 103, 128Flattened-type seeds, 42Flavonoids, 201, 205, 212Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), 205Flavonoid 3’5’ hydroxylase (F3’5’H), 205Flora Europea, 227Flora of Ukraine, 151Flower characters, 40Flower colors, 202, 206, 210, 211, 215Flower petals, 213Flowers, 201–204, 207, 208, 210–213Formation of the overwinter buds, 252Fossil calibration point, 21Fossil records, 21Fruit, 281, 287–289Function of the overwinter buds, 252Fungal degradation, 308Fungal senescence, 308Funnel-shaped corolla, 38, 40, 49, 60, 70, 75,

85, 99, 105, 120, 135Future regeneration, 291

GGeneric placement, 17Generic taxonomic changes, 17Genes regulate formation, 252, 294Genetic engineering, 293Gentiacaulein, 296Gentiakochianin, 296Gentians, 303, 307, 309–313Gentiodelphin, 203, 207–209, 215Gentisin, 296Genus, 219, 220, 227Genus description of Macrocarpaea, 60Germplasm, 291, 293, 297Glabra-type pollen, 40, 60, 75, 80, 85, 91, 112,

120, 122, 135, 138Glabrous species, 2Glaciations, 194, 196Glasshouse conditions, 312, 313Glucosylation, 202, 209Glucosyltransferases, 208Glycosylation, 202, 209Glyoxalase I (Glx I), 253Glyoxalase I (W11), 252Glyoxalate pathway, 253

Subject Index 325

Good ornamental value, 275Grasslands, 311, 313Grasslands of high altitudes, 267Grasslands of low altitudes, 269, 270Grisebach’s contributions, 232Gynoecia, 5

HHabitat characterization, 269Habitats, 220, 221, 226Halophytic plant, 253Haplotypes, 255, 259Healthcare purposes, 289Herbaceous herbs, 39, 42, 129Herbal industry, 291, 292Herbaria in Ecuador, 38, 146Herbarium materials, 151, 159, 170, 180, 187,

190Herbarium specimens, 38, 56, 58, 90, 80, 86,

132Herbs, 2Himalaya, 279–284, 289–291, 294, 298Horticulture, 311Hotspots, 149Humid moorland biotope, 309Hybridization, 183, 185, 197Hybridization breeding, 252Hydrolase/esterase, 254Hyphae form apressoria, 304Hyphal swellings, 309Hyphal wallsintact plasma membrane, 304Hypogynous flowers, 4

IIce Age, 169, 181, 185, 189, 195In situ conservational strategies, 292Inbreeding depression of self-pollinated seeds,

252Indigenous medicinal plants, 279, 289Inflorescence, 281, 287–289Informative characters, 38Insect pollination, 272Insertion/deletion sites, 254, 255Intercellular vesicles, 309Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), 29Interpetiolar stipules, 280Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR), 292,

294, 296Intracellular hyphal growth, 304Intracellular hyphal swellings, 304, 306

Intraradical colonization, 304Intraradical hyphae, 304Introgression, 197, 183, 185Intron, 255–257Iridoids, 296

KKariological detiles, 219Karyotype, 220, 227Key to the species Macrocarpaea in Ecuador,

56Knock-out mutant, 213

LLarge flower size, 267Large number of flowers in a bunch, 267Leaf morphology, 281, 287–289Leaf shape, 274Leaves, 1, 3, 11Leaves description, 39, 56, 57, 59, 63, 66, 67,

91Lianas, 2Life cycle, 303, 304, 307Light, 210–212Line W42, 206Line W48, 206Lipid-filled storage structures, 304Littoral plant communities, 1Local community initiatives, 292Long flowering periods, 277, 267, 275Low nutrient soil, 312, 313Lutein, 212, 213

MMajor role in soil stabilisation, 304Malvidin, 202Marine, 2Mass spectrometric identification, 252Medicinal property, 276Medicinal uses, 268, 275Medicinal value, 279Medium-sized trees, 2Meristems, 304Mesic habitats, 1Metal complexation, 209Metal ion complexation, 202Methyl ABA, 253Methyl esters, 253Methyl indol-3-acetic acid (MetIAA), 253

326 Subject Index

Methyl jasmonate (MetJA), 253Micropropagation techniques, 293Migration routes, 149Mineral nutrients, 305, 310, 313Minute seeds, 271Mitochondria, 308Molecular analysis, 180, 185Molecular evolution, 27Molecular markers, 294, 296Molecular phylogeny, 170, 177, 180, 185, 197Molecular profiling, 292Monooxygenases, 206Monophyletic group, 280Monophyletic subtribes, 15Monophyletic units, 17Monophyly, 13, 14, 29Monotypic genus, 18Morphological, 280, 297Morphological diversity, 14Morphological evolution, 27Morphology, 39, 309Morphometric analyses, 185, 189, 197Mountain massifs, 220Mountain meadows, 311Mountainous areas, 202Mountainous regions, 38, 48, 49Mountains, 169–172, 174–177, 179, 181, 182,

184, 186–192, 194–196Multiple different alleles, 255Multiple visits, 38Mycoheterotroph, 15, 22, 27, 30, 303, 311Mycoheterotrophy, 310Mycorrhiza, 303, 307, 309, 312Mycorrhiza association, 272Mycorrhizal networks, 307, 310Mycotrophic genus, 15

NNaringenin, 205Naringeninchalcone, 205Natural areas, 149Natural habitats, 267–269, 271, 276Natural polyploids, 221Natural populations, 291, 292, 297Nectaries, 5, 6, 7Negligible root colonisation, 312Neotropical subtribes, 22, 29Non-glandular hairs, 2Non-photosynthetic plants, 303Norswertianolin, 296Northern Hemisphere, 170

Nuclear DNA level, 252Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA), 233, 234,

237, 246Nucleotide sequences, 255, 258, 261, 262Nutrient transfer, 304, 305Nutrient uptake, 303, 304

OObligate symbionts, 304, 305Octaploids, 221Ontgenetic features, 220Opposite phyllotaxy, 3Ornamental indoor plant, 215Ornamental outdoor plant, 215Ornamental uses, 275Orthologs of ethylene-induced esterase, 253Osmiophilic granules, 308Over-harvesting, 291, 292Overwinter buds, 252–254Oxidative stress, 253

PPaleotropical distribution, 268Palisade layer, 3Pantropical subtribes, 15, 29Paramo shrubs, 39, 106Paraphyletic genera, 13, 30Paraphyletic grade, 17, 28P-coumaroyl, 209Pelargonidin, 202, 204, 206, 208Peonin, 202Perimetrically winged-type seeds, 42, 44Permeabilization, 293Petal cells, 202, 210, 211Petunidin, 202Pharmaceutical industries, 291, 292Pheneology Macrocarpaea, 40Phenotypic markers, 259Phosphorus supply, 306Photosynthates supply, 305Phylogenetic analysis, 261Phylogenetic progress, 14Phylogenetic relationship, 27–29Phylogenetic study, 15, 27Phylogenetic tree, 262Phylogeny, 15, 18, 25, 27–30Phylogeny Macrocarpaea, 46, 47, 49Phylogeographical analysis, 263Phylum glomeromycota tolerance, 303Phytochemicals, 291, 292

Subject Index 327

Phytotaxonomy, 233Plant biodiversity, 293Plant biomass production, 311Plant community, 1Plant diversity, 303Plant diversity and community productivity,

303Plant hormones activation, 253Plant hormones metabolism, 254Plant hormones signaling, 253Plant roots, 303, 304Plastids, 308Poliphyletic genera, 17, 23, 25, 27, 240, 241,

246Pollen, 40, 43, 48, 55, 60, 128Pollinated nocturnally, 38Pollination, 202Pollination Macrocarpaea, 49, 108Polymorphic gene, 255Polyphosphate, 308Polyphyletic genera, 17Polyphyletic genus, 280Polyploidization, 227Potted ornamental, 275Potted plants, 202Prairies, 1Propagation, 273, 276Protein spots, 252, 254Proteins involved in stress-tolerance, 253Proteins of stress-inducible, 253Proteins regulate formation, 252Protoplast, 308

QQualitative characters, 274

RRandom Amplified Polymorphic DNA

(RAPD), 296Regions of heavy rain fall, 267Regions of high humidity, 267Repository of medicinal plants, 279Resource management, 292, 298Respective maximum parsimony (MP)

approaches, 234Restriction fragment-length polymor-

phism(RFLP), 185, 255Rimmed-type seeds, 42, 44, 48, 61, 83, 85RNA, 205

RNAi, 205, 206Rock gardens, 202Root cortex, 304, 308Root cortical cell interface, 305Root epidermis, 304Root-to-root contact, 313Ruderal plant communities, 1, 29

SSaponins, 267, 276Savannahs, 1Scrub savannah, 267, 269Seasonal dimorphism, 197Secoiridoid glycosides, 276, 296Secoiridoids, 296Secondary derivation, 28Seed germination, 267, 272, 273Seed micromorphology, 38Seed morphology, 26, 28Seed palynology, 28Seed size, 272Seedling progeny, 274Seeds small, 38Sequences the ITS region, 237Short-day, 252Small trees, 38, 39SNP sites, 259Soil, 303–305, 307, 311–313Somatic hybrids, 293Southern Hemisphere, 170Spatial Evolutionary and Ecological

Vicariance Analysis (SEEVA), 28Species classification, 219, 221, 226Species concept Macrocarpaea, 38, 55Species diversity, 18Spiny stems, 2Spores, 304, 310, 312Spores germination, 312Sporocarps, 304Stomachic, 289Stress-induced membrane pore protein (W20),

252Subshrubs, 2Sugar, 208, 210, 211Suprabasally acrodromous, 3Swerchirin, 296Sweroside, 296Swertia morphology, 281, 293Swertiamarin, 296Symbionts, 304, 308

328 Subject Index

Synapomorphies, 29, 233Synapomorphies of clades, 29Systemetics, 14

TTall bushes, 39Tannins, 27Tap roots, 2Taxa status, 170, 183Taxon, 156, 157, 159, 160, 162, 164, 219, 222Taxonomic criteria, 252Taxonomic history, 50Taxonomic history Macrocarpaea, 60Taxonomic problems, 26, 27Taxonomic revision, 150Taxonomic treatment Macrocarpaea, 60Taxonomically complex, 170Temperate area, 251Temperate woodlands and tidal flats, 1Temperature, 202, 210, 211Ternatin A1, 209Terpenoids, 296Terrestrial ecosystems, 304Tetramerous flowers, 269Tetroxygenated xanthones, 296The Arum type, 304, 305, 307The Paris type, 304, 305, 307, 313The proteins/genes acting, 252Thickened leaves, 39Thin layer chromatography, 267Thioredoxin peroxidase (W25), 252Tissue culture for conservation, 293Tolerance to drought, 306Tolerance to extremes in pH, 303, 306Tolerance to high soil temperatures, 306Tolerance to pathogens, 303Tolerance to toxic heavy metals, 303, 306Tolerance to transplant shock, 303, 306Traditional medical practitioners, 276Traditional systems of medicines, 289Transcarpathian Region, 152

Transcriptional regulator (LOS2), 253Transformed root cultures, 293Transgenic gentian, 206Tribal classification, 13, 14, 30Tribal-level phylogenies, 15Tribe, 15, 18, 21, 22, 26, 29, 30Tropical forests, 1Tropical subtribes, 15, 18Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel

electrophoresis, 252

VVacuolar lumen pH, 202, 210Variation, 227Variation of seedling, 274Vascular cylinders, 304Vegetative reproduction, 252

WW14/15 gene polymorphism, 252Water absorption, 303, 305Water absorption tolerance to, 303, 305Water management, 307Wetlands, 1, 157, 166Widespread lysis, 309Wild populations, 289Winged-type seeds, 42, 96Wood anatomy, 28, 42, 71, 101, 113Woody bushes, 39Woody herbs, 39

XXanthones, 279, 296

ZZeaxanthin, 212, 213

Subject Index 329