Latinos and Native Latinos and Native Americans Seek Americans Seek EqualityEquality

Latino Presence GrowsLatino Presence Grows

During the 1960’s the population in the During the 1960’s the population in the United States grew from 3 million to more United States grew from 3 million to more than 9 million.than 9 million.

Mexican Americans, the Largest Latino Mexican Americans, the Largest Latino group, have lived mostly in the group, have lived mostly in the Southwest and California.Southwest and California.

Many Mexican citizens immigrated to the Many Mexican citizens immigrated to the US as Braceros or temporary laborers.US as Braceros or temporary laborers.

Latino Presence GrowsLatino Presence Grows

Puerto Ricans began immigrating to the US in 1898. Puerto Ricans began immigrating to the US in 1898. As of 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans were living As of 1960, almost 900,000 Puerto Ricans were living in the US and half a million living in New York.in the US and half a million living in New York.

Large Cuban Communities begin to form in New York Large Cuban Communities begin to form in New York City, Miami and New Jersey.City, Miami and New Jersey.

Hundreds of thousands fled Castro’s communist rule, Hundreds of thousands fled Castro’s communist rule, mostly were academics and professionals.mostly were academics and professionals.

Many encountered ethnic prejudice and discrimination Many encountered ethnic prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing.in jobs and housing.

Lived in Lived in barriosbarrios, Spanish speaking neighborhoods., Spanish speaking neighborhoods.

Farmer Worker Farmer Worker MovementMovement

Thousands of Latinos working on California’s Thousands of Latinos working on California’s fruit and vegetable farms did backbreaking fruit and vegetable farms did backbreaking work for little pay and few benefits. work for little pay and few benefits.

Cesar Chavez wanted California’s large fruit Cesar Chavez wanted California’s large fruit and vegetable companies to accept their union.and vegetable companies to accept their union.

Companies refused and Chavez launched a Companies refused and Chavez launched a nationwide boycott of the companies’ grapes.nationwide boycott of the companies’ grapes.

Chavez believed in non violence protest. He Chavez believed in non violence protest. He had a 3-week fast.had a 3-week fast.

United Farm Workers Organizing Committee United Farm Workers Organizing Committee (UFWOC)(UFWOC)

Brown PowerBrown Power

Demanded that US school system offer Demanded that US school system offer Spanish-speaking classes.Spanish-speaking classes.

In 1968, Congress enacted the Bilingual In 1968, Congress enacted the Bilingual Education Act:Education Act: Provided funds for schools to develop Provided funds for schools to develop

bilingual and cultural heritage programs for bilingual and cultural heritage programs for non-English speaking studentsnon-English speaking students

Brown PowerBrown Power

Young Mexican Americans began calling Young Mexican Americans began calling themselves “Chicanos or Chicanas” a themselves “Chicanos or Chicanas” a shortened version of “Mexicanos”.shortened version of “Mexicanos”.

A Chicano community action group called the A Chicano community action group called the Brown Berets formed under David Sanchez/Brown Berets formed under David Sanchez/

Brown Berets organized walk outs demanding Brown Berets organized walk outs demanding smaller class sizes, more Chicano teachers, smaller class sizes, more Chicano teachers, administrators and programs.administrators and programs.

Chicano Studies programs were established in Chicano Studies programs were established in Universities.Universities.

Political PowerPolitical Power

Mexican American Political Association (MAPA)Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) MAPA helped elect Edward Roybal to the House of MAPA helped elect Edward Roybal to the House of

Representatives. Representatives. During the 1960’s, eight Hispanic Americans During the 1960’s, eight Hispanic Americans

served in the House, one Hispanic senator was served in the House, one Hispanic senator was elected-elected-Joseph MontoyaJoseph Montoya

La Raza UnidaLa Raza Unida Ran Latino candidates in five states and was races for Ran Latino candidates in five states and was races for

mayor, as well as positions for school boards and city mayor, as well as positions for school boards and city coucils.coucils.

Native Americans Native Americans Struggle for Struggle for EqualityEquality

Native Americans Seek Native Americans Seek Greater AutonomyGreater Autonomy

As a group, Native Americans have been As a group, Native Americans have been the poorest of Americans and have the poorest of Americans and have suffered from the highest unemployment suffered from the highest unemployment rates.rates.

Eisenhower enacted the termination Eisenhower enacted the termination policy which relocated Native Americans policy which relocated Native Americans from isolated reservations to mainstream from isolated reservations to mainstream urban life.urban life.

Plan failedPlan failed

Voice of ProtestVoice of Protest

American Indian Movement (AIM)American Indian Movement (AIM) Self defense group against police brutalitySelf defense group against police brutality Branched out to include protecting the rights Branched out to include protecting the rights

of Large Native American populations.of Large Native American populations.

Demanded land, burial grounds, and Demanded land, burial grounds, and fishing and timber rights restoredfishing and timber rights restored

Confronting the Confronting the GovernmentGovernment

““Trail of Broken Treatises”Trail of Broken Treatises” Protest the US government’s treaty Protest the US government’s treaty

violations throughout history.violations throughout history. Destroyed records and $2 million in property Destroyed records and $2 million in property

damage in the Building of Indian Affairs damage in the Building of Indian Affairs (BIA)(BIA)

Native American VictoriesNative American Victories

Indian Education Act and Indian Self-Indian Education Act and Indian Self-Determination Assistance ActDetermination Assistance Act Gave tribes greater control over their own Gave tribes greater control over their own

affairs and over their children’s education.affairs and over their children’s education.

Native Americans received land back Native Americans received land back from the US government.from the US government. Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act of

1971.1971.