Latinos in Southwest AmericaChapters 1-9

David Hinds

Important Latinos• FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO-a Spanish conquistador, who visited New

Mexico and other parts of what are now the southwestern United States between 1540 and 1542. Coronado had hoped to conquer the mythical Seven Cities of Gold.

• VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA-a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.

• Father Eusebio Kino-a Roman Catholic priest who became famous in what is now northwestern Mexico and the southwestern United States for his exploration of the region and for his work to Christianize the indigenous Native American population.

• Juan Cabrillo- a Portuguese explorer noted for his exploration of the west coast of North America on behalf of Spain. Cabrillo was the first European explorer to navigate the coast of present day California in the United States.

• Father Junipero Serra- a Majorcan Franciscan friar who founded the mission chain in Alta California of the Las California’s Province in New Spain.

• Bernardo de Galvez y Madrid- Aided the Thirteen Colonies in their quest for independence and led the Spanish armies against Britain in the Revolutionary War, defeating the British at Pensacola and reconquering Florida for Spain.

Vocabulary• Treaty of Tordesillas- Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal along a meridian 370 leagues west

of the Cape Verde islands.• Mestizo- A traditional term used to denote people of combined Indigenous American and European ancestry.• Council of the Indies- The most important administrative organ of the Spanish Empire, both in the Americas and in Asia, combining

legislative, executive and judicial functions.• Enomienda- Granted a person a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility. The receiver of the grant was to

protect the natives from warring tribes and to instruct them in the Spanish language and in the Catholic faith.• Colonization- Whenever any one or more species populate an area.• Viceroyalty of New Spain- The first of four viceroyalties created to govern Spain's territories in North and Central America.• Mission San Xavier del Bac- A historic Spanish Catholic mission in Arizona near Tucson, on the Tohono O'odham San Xavier

Indian Reservation.• Jesuit Order- a religious order of men called Jesuits, who follow the teachings of the Catholic Church.• Mestizo- A traditional term used to denote people of combined Indigenous American and European ancestry.• Gente de razon- A Spanish term used in colonial and modern Hispanic America to refer to people who were culturally Hispanic.• Vaquero- An animal herder who tends cattle on ranches in North America.• Treaty of Aranjuez- Signed on April 12, 1779 between France and Spain. France agreed to aid in the capture of Gibraltar, the

Floridas, and the island of Minorca. In return, the Spanish agreed to join in France’s war against Great Britain. Based on the terms of the treaty, Spain joined the American War of Independence against Britain.

• Loyalists- American colonists who remained loyal to the Kingdom of Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.• Royalists- the American and European supporters of the various governing bodies of the Spanish Monarchy, during the

Spanish American wars of independence.• Adams–Onís Treaty- Settled a border dispute in North America between the United States and Spain. The treaty was the result

of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New World.

Chapters 1-3• Spain had huge empire before england even came• all laws for the new world came from spain (in theory)• spain made caste system• small minority (and offspring) controlled native and african workers• at same time there was a society in which colonists indains and

africans mixed to form new people• the spanish invasion was very violent• conquistadors led armies through the caribean islands• they plundered villages slaughtered men and captured women• spain made the encomienda system• this system was where colonial lords were given the labour of some

indians• the lord was supposed to protect the indains and also exploit them• it never really worked-it just turned to slavery

Chapters 1-3 (cont.)• many indians committed suicide• with no labour they raided the bahamas until there was nothing left• with no gold in hispanola they invaded puerto rico jamaica and cuba• the natives told them about cities made of gold• hoping to find these cities they sent exabitions westward• the invasion of central america started in 1511• in 2 years Vasco Nunez de Balboa was in panama• the spaniards made contact with the Aztecs in 1518• the Aztecs moved to the high valley of mexico from the southwest USA• they moved in the 1200's when the toltec empire collapsed• in the marshes of they valley they built the city of tenochtitlan• by the 1400's they were a powerful state• on top of grand pyramids the preists sacrificed people to please the gods• the population of the Aztec capital was 300,00• that is 5 times bigger than the largest city in spain• cortez overthrew the aztec empire in 2 years• the spanish had better weapons and horses• the natives thought that men on horses were monsters and were scared of them• spain found other tribes that wanted to overthrow aztec and made them allies

Chapters 1-3 (cont.)• the aztecs held up the capital until they got smallpox and killed their army• when silver was found they used mexican labour to mine it• this made spain the mightest state in europe• Barolome de las Casas was a preist that was in the invasion of cuba• he later said it was wrong and he just wanted to convert them and not kill them• Las Casas had friends high up in court and tried to change the treatment of natives but it never

worked• he was one of the first to believe evryone was equal• he wrote a book where he blames spain for millions of deaths• other european countires used his book to condem spain• 25 million people lived in the highlands of mexico• that number was reduced to only 1 million• death in war was a small part of the population loss• starvation because the economies were destroyed• food stores were also taken over by spain• birth rates fell because women were so worn out from work• women also didnt want to put a child through these hardships• most died from foriegn diseases• they were separated so long they had no immunties to diseases• some diseases were smallpox measles pneumonia and malaria

Chapters 1-3 (cont.)• natives lived in a disease free enviorment• they lacked antibodies to protect them from disease• smallpox spread from hispanola to mexico and killed the aztecs• this was advantasious for cortes• war famine low birth rates and disease killed 90% of all natives• this was the greatest demographic disaster in history• syphilis came from the new world and caused an epidemic in

europe• by the 1500's syphilis was in asia and africa• Ponce de Leon was the governor of puerto rico• he was the first spanard to conquer north america• he named the land he found florida• it was named after the easter season• florida is the oldest european named place in america

Chapters 4-6• I. Slavery in the Spanish colonies• A. Slavery was used in the Spanish colonies.• B. The church and the rulers of Spain didn’t like slavery.• 1. It was said to be a violation of Christian beliefs• 2. Many priest used slaves even they didn’t believe in the use of them• C. Spain took Florida to make a buffer between French and English colonies• D. Florida became a refuge for escaped slaves in 1699• 1. Slaves were offered free land if they converted and defended the colony• 2. Many slaves and Native Americans made communities around St. Augustine• E. In New Mexico they relied on forced Indians labor• 1. The Pueblo revolt was caused by over working of Christian Indians• II. The Spanish Borderlands• A. New Spain had 1 million Spanish colonists and mestizos and 2 million Indians• B. Mexico City was the most sophisticated metropolis in the western hemisphere• 1. It also had the worlds best universities• C. Florida Texas New México and California were very isolated• 1. They were thought of just as buffer zones.• D. Florida was the oldest European colony• E. Fighting between the Spanish, British and the Indians had caused Spain to be

just some forts by the early 1700's• 1. This is the reason Spain makes alliances with the natives and runaway slaves

Chapters 4-6(cont.)• 2. St. Augustine was a refuge for runaway slaves and converted natives• F. New México had very few people and they were mostly poor• 1. New México had 20,000 Pueblos and 10,000 colonists• G. These settlements were always expanding• 1. They followed rivers and valleys east and north• III. Social Class• A. The encomienda system was a way to try and bring back European feudalism• 1. But there was so much land for the taking it was hard to control it• B. Spanish status was based of racial purity• 1. Espanoles (Spaniards) or gente de razon (people of reason) were at the top of the social

ladder• 2. Then mestizos and mullattoes• 3. African slaves and Indians were at the bottom level• C. The more isolated parts of New Spain were more mixed and the "cast system" disappeared• 1. Everyone but Indians and slaves were called Spaniards• D. Its ranks and titles came from the old world• IV. Economic Growth and Increasing Inequality• A. Both New Spain and New France economies stayed the same during the 1700's• B. While British colonies had a large economic growth• V. Contrasts in Colonial Politics• A. New Spain’s administration was very centralized• 1. They were governed be the council of the Indies• 2. Which controlled all of New Spain?

Chapters 7-9• The politics of the French and Spanish alliance

• Spain entered the war in 1779– Spanish officials in New Orleans helped in the war effort

• They supplied ammunition• Provisions• Cattle• Spain made new tax to pay for the war• Spanish citizens and Spanish colonists were taxed

– Father Junipero Serra gave a weekly prayer for American troops– The Spanish feared us as a danger to New Spain

• They only joined the war to get Florida back and to extend their territories

– They attacked Mississippi and gulf coast towns» Pensacola was won with African American soldiers

– When we tried going west of the Appalachians the Spanish claimed lands there so we couldn’t take them

Chapters 7-9(cont.)• Negotiating independence

• Spain was left out of negotiations with America and England• Spain gained sovereignty over much of the trans-Appalachian territory that was granted to America

– After making a peace treaty with England, Spain got Florida back• Spanish and British hostility

• America was right next to both Spanish and British territories– King Carlos III introduced liberal reforms

• To revitalize the economy in its American colonies» New Spain was in a period of rapid economic growth during the 1780's

– New Spain had grown to include the French claims to Louisiana• This included California• The gulf coast• Florida

– The Spanish were suspicious of us• They called us "nomadic like Arabs... distinguished from savages only in colour, language, and the supiority of their

deprived cunning and untrustworthiness"• Spain had a policy to block our expansion in 7 facets• Controlling both sides of lower Mississippi• Closed it to American shipping• American farmers couldn’t sell their crops in New Orleans• Brought people to live in Florida and Louisiana

– In exchange for supplies Spain recognized Indian nations as free and independent• Spain built 2 forts on the Mississippi which turn into Vicksburg and Memphis

– After the revolution loyalists ran off to Canada» Britain called it upper Canada

• Gave loyalists limited self government– British troops stayed in America to create a buffer to American expansion

Chapters 7-9(cont.)• Northern New Spain: Los Angeles

• Spain sent a ship north from México to claim the pacific coast– They failed at sealing of the fur trade from other countries

• The Russians were in Alaska• The British were in Nootka Sound• Then the Americans came in 1787• Spain made a chain of missions in California from San Diego to Sonoma.• The largest mission was in Los Angeles• It was used as a center for government

• Texas and the struggle for Mexican independence• Spain didn’t want the French to sell America Louisiana

– They tried to seal off México’s commerce with other colonies• Now the only thing between México and America was Texas and Florida and both those were disputed and unclear

boundaries– Napoleon made his brother king of Spain

• This caused the New World Empire to slip away• Mexico split up between royalists loyal to Spain and populists who wanted equal rights for mestizos and Indians• America saw México’s shaky revolution as another way to expand

• The diplomacy of John Quincy Adams– Andrew Jackson invaded Florida

» Spain was too busy with revolts

– This made it clear America could just take Florida– Adams convinced Spain to give us Florida, Louisiana and Oregon– In return he dropped a debt of 5 million dollars Spain owed us.

• And Texas

Quiz 1-3• 1. What was the population of the Azetc capital before the spanish came?• A) 300,000• B) 100,000• C) 56

• 2. When did the Spanish invasion of central america start?• A) 1600• B) 1511• C) December 21, 2012

• 3. What was the original name of florida?• A) The sandlot• B) De Soto• C) Pascua Florida

• 4. What percent of settlers were women during colonization?• A) 50%• B) 10%• C) 75%

• 5. Coronado traveled from mexico to the southwest USA between what years?• A) 1539-1542• B) 1250-1290• C) 1490-1492

Quiz 1-3(cont.)• 6. The number of people in the highlands prior to the coming of the spanish was 25 million. What was that

number reduced to?• A) 1 million• B) 500,00• C) 2 million

• 7. What was the leading cuase of death to natives?• A) disease• B) killed in war• c) household accidents

• 8. Who was the Caribeans named after?• A) The pirates of the caribean• B) The Carib tribe• C) The bean tribe

• 9. North america had few or no sickness before the europeans came. True or false?• A) True• B) False

• 10. What was mined in brazil at this time?• A) Gold• B) Coal• C) Silver

Quiz 4-6• 1. Jesuits were known for their religious blasphemy• A. True• B. False• 2. Mestizos were a mix of what two people?• A. European and Native American• B. Greek and Asian• C. Jewish and African• 3. Who had the largest population of colonies?• A. England• B. Spain • C. France• 4. The majority of Northern New Spain in 1750 was in present day...• A. Mexico and southwest America• B. Canada• C. West Virginia• 5. St. Augustine is the oldest fort in North America• A. True• B. False

Quiz 4-6(cont.)• 6. What year was Florida made a refuge for escaped slaves?• A. 1699• B. 1732• C. 1776• 7. to Spain, slavery was frowned upon.• A. True• B. False• 8. Spain and France made their colonies to the framework of what?• A. Indian society• B. The old world• C. Eastern culture• 9. Spanish colonies had no middle class.• A. True• B. False• 10. Spain and France was not very prosperous compared to British colonies.• A. True• B. False

Quiz 7-9• 1. When was the Adams–Onís Treaty signed?• A.1819• B.1945• C.1776• 2. The Spanish were on whose side during the American Revolution?• A. French• B. American• C. British• D. Both A and B• 3. Who led the Spanish during the American Revolution?• A. Bernardo de Galvez y Madrid• B. Cornwallis• C. George Washington• 4. What years did Spain help in the Revolution?• A.1779-1783• B.1776-1812• C.1765-1776• 5. Spanish officials in New Orleans helped in the war effort by donating supplies to the U.S. army.

True or false?• A. True• B. False

Quiz 7-9(cont.)• 6. By the end of the war Spain didn't get Florida back. True or false?• A. True• B. False• 7. How did the Spanish feel about Americans by the end of the seven years war?• A. Suspicious• B. Accepting• C. Spiteful• 8. How many mestizos lived in the Los Angeles mission?• A.50• B.1000• C.300• 9. What was the first American ship to go to California?• A. Lelia Bird• B. The Titanic• C. The Carefree learner• 10. When did México achieve independence?• A.1914• B.1776• C.1821

Sources

• Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., & Armitage, S.H. (2003). Slavery and empire & the cultures of colonial north america. In C.J. Owen (Ed.), Out of Many (pp. 86-111). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

• Faragher, J.M., M.J. Buhle, D. Czitrom, and S.H. Armitage. Out of Many a History of the American People. Revised Third Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2003. 165-258. Print.