Lauren Litchet

APUSH

Period 1

A print revolution began in 1826The American Tract Society installed the country’s

first steam-powered pressSteam powered press produced 300,000 Bibles and 6

million religious tractsIn 1810 there were 376 newspapersIn 1835 there were as many as 1,200 newspapersMost newspapers were published by political parties

and were openly partisanThorough the country, religious literature was the

most widely readA middle-class audience existed for literary magazinesWomen especially read sentimental magazines and

novels

Samuel F.B. Morse sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore in 1844

Morse code was used to send messages across the country

The timeliness of information available vastly increased

The telegraph increased everyone’s sense of community

Thomas ColeCame to America from England in 1818Found inspiration in the American landscapePaintings reflect the influence of the British

Romantic school of landscape paintingFounded the Hudson River school of American

paintingHad a nationalistic style is a key focus in his

schoolKnown for his scenes of New York State’s

Catskill and Adirondack Mountains

Western PaintersRealists = Karl Bodmer and George CatlinRomantics = Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran

Drew on the Western Landscape and its peoplesTheir art was a contribution to the American sense

of the land and the nation’s identityGeorge Catlin

Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared

Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River

Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations

John James AudubonEtchings of American birds

George Caleb BinghamProduced tidied-up scenes of real-life

American workersRecord the way of American life

The inspiration of the painter’s most prevalent theme, the American wilderness, was endangered by the rapid western settlement

Neoclassical style were favored for public buildings

In the south many homes were mansionsAmericans were in too much of a hurry to

build for the futureBuilt balloon-frame structures = a basic

frame of wooden studs fastened with crosspieces top and bottomFirst used in Chicago in the 1830sThe four-room balloon-frame house became

affordable for many families which was housing for the common man and his family

A small number of slaves were skilled workers

Artisan tasks included:WeaversCarpentersSeamstressesBlacksmiths Mechanics

Urban artisans kept long hours Crafts often interrupted families activities

and neighborliness Formal apprenticeship was strictly for

men It was assumed that once women married

they would learn a domestic skill or craft Women who wanted to work often worked

as seamstresses or as laundresses

The Hudson River School emerged as a loosely organized group of painters, whose subjects depicted the natural settings of the American continent

art movement was reflective of America and influential to Americans

works were part of visual cultureArtists in the Hudson River School:

Thomas ColeThomas DoughtyAlvan Fisher

In 1822 John Rubens Smith produced the Juvenile Drawing Book three volumes and sold for seventy-two dollars

William Bentley Fowle wrote An Introduction to Linear Drawingfirst documented book for teaching art in the

United States public schoolsgave directions for drawing lines, angles,

geometry, simple moldings, classical forms, and architecture

Fielding Lucas published Lucas’ Progressive Drawing Booktaught pencil drawing, landscape watercolor

painting, and perspectivenever adopted by public schools

Wheaton College, becomes one of the first primarily liberal arts devoted schools

The Creation of NegativesWilliam Henry Fox Talbot discovered a way to

use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negative

The Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negative

PhotographyIn 1839 Sir John Herschel coined the term

‘Photography’ and this is the year the photographic process became public

Elizabeth Palmer Peabodypioneer in art educationpublished papers about how art needed to be

taught in schoolin 1846 the Smithsonian Institute National

Museum of American Art opensholds the largest collection of American art in the

worldJohn Gadsby Chapman published American

Drawing Book It was to be used in schools as well as home

instruction

The Philadelphia School of Design for Womenestablished by Sarah Worthington Peterthe first and only art college for women in the

United StatesThe school gave women a chance to learn both

a trade to become financially independent, and gain an education and respect from her peers

The stereoscope becomes popular in 1851Stereoscope - unites images that are seen

differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth

The stereoscope allows landscape photographers helping to equally represent a landscape from two different points of sight

New York's School of Design for WomenEstablished in 1852Focused on teaching technical drawing and

designing paper and textiles for manufacturersVan Gogh

Was born in 1853worked as an artist in the Post-Impressionist period

The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and ArtFounded in 1859 by Peter CooperThe union was a college that was to prepare students

for the professions of architecture, art and engineeringRealism

Started to appear in the 1850sRealism’s purpose was to accurately depict and create

artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world

Realism was a faith based movement as well as an artistic movement

Realism focused on the emphasis of light, photography, construction and architecture

Landscape painting was made popular during the Civil War era due to the Hudson River School

The Hudson River School Was said to be founded by Thomas Cole, an English painter, seeing that he sparked the Landscape movement within the United States

The majority of the Landscape painters within America were located in New York City

The Hudson River School’s artists were known to incorporate romanticism into their Landscape designs

Hudson River School painters typically painted landscapes such as the Adirondacks, Hudson River Valley, Catskills and the White Mountains within their paintings

The Hudson River School slowly evolved to painting western landscapes Most landscape scenes produced by the Hudson River School were

composite scenes – paintings that were a compilation of real and imaginary places

Artists within the Hudson River School’s Landscape Movement: Asher B. Durand Thomas Doughty Thomas Cole Thomas Moran

Paintings sought to convey the fleeting effects of sunlight and atmosphere

Artists wanted to create a heightened sense of reality in their work

Artists painted landscapes and scenes of leisureArtists attempted to capture the overall sense of lightArtists attempted to replicate French Impressionism

while blending in their own interpretation of itAmerican Impressionists tended to retain more

structure and realism in their work as opposed to French artists

American impressionists hoped to recreate the same spirit of camaraderie found in art colonies abroad

Notable American ImpressionistsFrank Weston BensonJ. Ottis AdamsMary CassattWilliam Merritt ChaseChilde HassamJ. Alden Weir

Visual art style that depicts the actuality of what the eyes can see

Realist artists tend to paint situations and dilemmas that discard anything extra

Realism artists painted scenes that depicted a contemporary view of what was happening in the world around them

Artists attempted to define what was real through their artwork

Notable Realism artistsThomas Eakins

Painted The Champion Single ScullingJohn Singer Sargent

Painted Morning WalkJames McNeill Whistler

Painted Arrangement in Grey and Black: The Artist’s Mother

Winslow HomerPainted Sunlight on the Coast

Matthew M. Brady Was granted permission from Abraham Lincoln to document the war with photographs

Bradley financed photographers to document primarily the Union’s military

Alexander Gardner was the most prominent photographer that Brady had hired to photograph the war

It was too dangerous to take photographs on the battlefield, so the photographers took photos of the soldiers at camp, preparing for battle and the bloody aftermath of each battle

Photographers used wet plate negatives to develop their photosWhen a photographer was ready to take a picture

they had to prepare a sheet of glass that was coated with collodion and silver nitrate

This glass plate was then placed in front of the camera and acted as the film

Each glass plate produced one photographOnce the photograph was captured, the glass plate

negative was then developed in a darkroom tentDue to the complexity of taking photographs,

photographers were limited in taking battle specific photographs

At the end of the war two books were published depicting the war with photographsGardner's Photographic Sketch Book of the War

(1865–66)This book was composed of over 100

photographs from the war along with numerous sketches from the war

Photographic Views of Sherman's Campaign (1866)This book is composed of photographs with

captions depicting the Civil War

Religious tracts – small pamphlets used for religious and political purposes

Partisan – Committed member of a political partyTelegraph – a device for transmitting and receiving

messages over long distancesNeo-Classical Style – manifested both in its details

as a reaction against the Rococo style of naturalistic ornament, and in its architectural formulas as an outgrowth of some classicizing features of Late Baroque

Seamstress – a woman who makes her living through sewing

Perspective - a technique of depicting volumes and spatial relationships on a flat surface

Stereoscope - unites images that are seen differently by each eye into one image creating a three-dimensional scene that allows the viewer to experience depth

Post-Impressionist - A school of painting in France in the late 19th century that rejected the objective naturalism of impressionism and used form and color in more personally expressive ways

Realism – artwork whose purpose was to accurately depict and create artwork that was identical to that of the ordinary world

Progressive - Proceeding in steps; continuing steadily by increments

Impressionism – style of painting originally developed in France that was characterized by strokes of unmixed colors to give the impression of reflective light

Realism – an art movement aimed at representing the real world in a visually truthful way

Collodion – flammable solution of pyroxylin that is used to produce wet plate negatives

Camaraderie – mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together

Contemporary views – a modern or sophisticated approach to a situation

Thomas Cole Came to America from England in 1818 Found inspiration in the American landscape Paintings reflect the influence of the British Romantic school

of landscape painting Founded the Hudson River school of American painting Had a nationalistic style is a key focus in his school Known for his scenes of New York State’s Catskill and

Adirondack MountainsGeorge Catlin

Driven by the need to document Indian life before it disappeared

Spent 8 years among tribes of the upper Missouri River Toured the country from 1837 to 1851 in an unsuccessful

attempt to arouse public indignation about the Western Indian nations

William Henry Fox Talbot Discovered a way to use a negative to make duplicate positive prints without losing the image on the negativeThe Latticed Window, is known to be the oldest negativeElizabeth Palmer PeabodyPioneer in art education in the 1840’sPublished papers about how art needed to be taught in school

Thomas Cole English-born American artist Said to be the founder of the Hudson River School

Artistic movement that sparked interest in landscape painting in the 19th century

Known for his detailed paintings of American landscapes and the American wilderness

Featured themes of naturalism and romanticismMary Cassatt

Was an American painter and printmaker Spent most of her adult life in France painting Was an artist of the impressionist movement Painted portraits of women and children Paintings focused on the bond between mothers and their

children

When did the printing revolution begin?a. 1826b. 1829c. 1828d. 1830

A

How many bibles were produced from the steam powered press?a. 500,000b. 400,000c. 300,000d. 200,000

C

Men typically read sentimental magazine and novels.a. Trueb. False

B

Morse sent his first message from:a. Boston to New York Cityb. Philadelphia to Washingtonc. Baltimore to Bostond. Washington to Baltimore

D

Thomas Cole came to America froma. Franceb. Englandc. Germanyd. Austria

B

Which painter wanted to document Indian life?a. Binghamb. Moranc. Bodmerd. Catlin

D

Audubon made etchings of American birds.a. True b. False

A

The first balloon-frame structures were built ina. Washingtonb. Philadelphiac. Chicagod. Savannah

C

Which of the following was NOT an artisan task in the south?a. Weaversb. Seamstressesc. Blacksmithd. Cotton picker

D

In the north, women who wanted to work were unable to because of the restrictions placed on them.a. Trueb. False

B

Who produced the Juvenile Drawing Book?a. John Rubensb. Thomas Colec. Thomas Doughtyd. Alvan Fisher

A

What was the first documented book for teaching art in public schools in the united states?a. Juvenile Drawing Bookb. Lucas’ Progressive Drawing Bookc. An Introduction to Linear Drawingd. The Latticed Window

C

Who discovered the way to create multiple prints?a. Peabodyb. Herschelc. Lucasd. Talbot

D

The term ‘photography’ was coined in this year:a. 1836b. 1837c. 1838d. 1839

D

Where is the largest collection of American Art held?a. The Louvreb. The Guggenheimc. The Smithsonian Instituted. The Met

C

Which of the following is NOT true about The Philadelphia School of Design for Women?a. It was established by Sara Warringtonb. It was the first art college for women in the United Statesc. The school offered women an education not only in art, but in the humanitiesd. It gave women the opportunity to be financially independent

A

The stereoscope becomes popular in what year?a. 1850b. 1851c. 1852d. 1853

B

Van Gough was known as:a. An impressionistb. A post- impressionistc. A realistd. A surrealist

B

Realisma. Attempted to depict the everyday world identicallyb. Was disproportionalc. Used dark, harsh, contrasting colors that did not deal with lightd. Was only focused on drawing and painting

A

The Cooper Union was founded in what year by Peter Cooper?a. 1856b. 1857c. 1858d. 1859

D

Landscape paintings were made popular by which school?a. The Hudson River Valley Schoolb. The Hudson River Schoolc. The Hudson Valley Schoold. The Hudson School of Art

B

Who was the Hudson River School founded by?a. Thomas Coleb. Asher B. Durandc. Thomas Morand. Thomas Doughty

A

Hudson River School painters did NOT typically paint which of the following landscapes:a. Hudson River Valleyb. Adirondacksc. Catskillsd. The Poconos

D

Impressionism paintings sought to capture:a. Natureb. Duskc. Sunlightd. People

C

Who is NOT considered to be an artist from the Impressionist movement?a. Mary Cassattb. J. Alden Weirc. Frank Weston Bensond. James McNeill Whistler

D

Realism:a. Depicts only what the eyes can seeb. Is a combination of real and imaginary scenesc. Depicts only portraits of people and their interactionsd. Depicts objects that do not exist in everyday life

A

Who painted The Champion Single Sculling?a. Winslow Homerb. Thomas Eakinsc. Childe Hassamd. John Singer Sargent

B

Who was granted permission by Abraham Lincoln to take pictures of the war?a. Alexander Gardenerb. Shermanc. Matthew M. Bradyd. John Cook

C

_________ acted as the film for each camera during the Civil War.a. Glass platesb. Glass discsc. Plastic platesd. Plastic discs

A

Photographers used what kind of negatives to develop their photographs?a. Dry glass negativesb. Dry plate negativesc. Wet glass negativesd. Wet plate negatives

D

Faragher, J.M., Buhle, M.J., Czitrom, D., &

Armitage, S.H. (2002). Out of Many, A History

of the American People. Upper Saddle

River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.

Multiple Authors. (2002). “Decades of Art

Education History in Contexts of Schooling and

Artworlds”. The History of Art Education in

the 1800’s. Retrieved from

http://personal.psu.edu/mas53/timln850.html

Multiple Authors. (2009). “Hudson River School: 19th

Century American Landscape Painting

Movement Lead by Thomas Cole”. The Hudson River

School (1825-1875). Retrieved from

http://www.visual-arts- cork.com/history-of-art/hudson-

river-school- landscape- painting.htm

Penrose, Patricia. (2002). “American Realism:

1865-1910”. American Collection: American

Realism. Retrieved from

http://www.ncteamericancollection.org/amer_r

ea lism.htm

Lloyd, Michael. (1997). “American

Impressionism”. Lyme Art Colony:

American Impressionism. Retrieved from

http://www.lymeart.com/AmericanImpressionis

m/index.html

Multiple Authors. “Photography in the Civil

War, 1861- 1865”. Heilbrunn Timeline of

Art History. Retrieved from

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/phcw/hd_

phcw.htm