laurette dubé, valerie orsat, and collaborators · laurette dubé, valerie orsat, and...
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Future Food Security: Who Will be Farming and How?
Laurette Dubé, Valerie Orsat, and Collaborators
McGill Institute for Global Food Security: Conference on Global Food Security
October 28th, 2015
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MCCHE and Convergent Innovation CoalitionTransforming Traditional and Modern World Through Food
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S.T.I.P.T.Pipelines In Digital
Technologies, Media, and
Advanced Analytics
S.T.I.P.T. in Animal and Plant Breeding
S.T.I.P.T. in Farm
and Food Processing
S.T.I.P.T. in Packaging,
Transportation, Retail, Service,
and Consumption
S.T.I.P.T. in Ingredients, Taste, and Sensory
Technology
S.T.I.P.T. in Nutrition,Health, and Disease
Food CI Sweet Spot
Food people are willing and able
to pay for
Food people want
Food the farmer and value chain are able and willing to produce
Food the planet can sustain
Food people need Consumer
PatientCitizen
One‐World Convergence of Agriculture, Health, and Wealth
S.T.I.P.T. ‐Science, Technology, Innovation, Practice
and Tradition
S.T.I.P.T. ‐Science, Technology, Innovation, Practice
and Tradition
Agenda• Who are farmers and how do they farm now? (Global, Can,
USA, India, Ethiopia)• 4 Drivers of How They Will be Farming to Target CI sweet
spot– ICT‐enabled ecosystem development that remain anchored in
farm – Redefining points of value creation and capture between
farmers and eaters: farmer as entrepreneur and food innovator– Smoother Urban/Peri‐Urban/Rural farming continuum – Deeper and broader women‐friendliness in farm, food, health
and society• Challenges and possibility for science, policy and innovation
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Global (off the FAO press)
• 80% of the world food is produced by family farmers
• 72% of farms worldwide are less than 1 hectar• 6% of farms worldwide are larger than 5 hectars
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Canada’s Changing Farming Demographic between 1991 and 2011
• Decrease in the number of farms to 205,730 from 280,043.
• Decrease in the number of farm operators by 24.8%.
• Increase in the size of the farms to 778 acres from 598.
• Increase in the average age of the farmer to 54.0 y/o from 47.5 y/o.
• Increase in the number of women operators, now at 27.8%.
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Type of Farming and Median Income for Canadian Farming Families
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Type of Farming Percent Median Income ($CA)
Poultry and Egg Production 2.1 $90,250
Greenhouse, Nursery and Floriculture Production 3.9 $82,473
Oilseed and Grain Farming 29.7 $80,865
Fruit and Tree Nut Farming 4.1 $80,505
Other Animal Production 11.3 $77,587
Vegetable and Melon Farming 2.6 $76,608
Other Crop Farming 17.3 $71,544
Hog and Pig Farming 1.7 $68,594
Sheep and Goat Farming 1.9 $67,612
Beef Cattle Ranching & Farming Including Feedlots 17.6 $66,873
Dairy Cattle and Milk Production 7.9 $65,010
The United States’ Changing Farming Demographic, 2007 to 2012
• Increase in average age of farm operators to 58.3 y/o, up from 57.1 y/o.
• Decrease in the number of new farmers entering the profession, down by 20%.
• Increase in farm operator diversity with the number of Hispanic operators increasing by 20%.
• Increase in the number of women operated farms.
• Small commercial farms have seen a steady, slow, long‐term decline in sales as the U.S. farm production continues to shift to larger operations.
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Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture 2012 Census
Characteristics of Ethiopian Agriculture• The Ethiopian economy is primarily based on
agriculture, which accounts for 41% of the GDP. • It is characterized by small scale, rain fed farming
with limited use of modern inputs and low productivity.
• 12 million smallholder farming households account for an estimated 95% of agriculture production and 85% of employment.
• 18% of farming households are operated by women.
• There are 74.5 million hectares suitable for farming and only 13.6 million are currently in use.
• 36% of farming households operate on less than 0.5 hectares and 60% on less than 1 hectare.
• Farmers produce cereal crops (wheat, barley, corn, rice), oil seeds (sesame, Niger seeds, canola, linseed, ground nuts, sunflower, lentils), pulses (Soya beans, haricot beans, chickpeas, beans and lentils), beverage crops (coffee and tea), cotton, horticulture, apiculture.
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India’s Farming Industry• The agricultural industry accounts for 13% of the country’s
total exports and contributes to about 18.5% of India’s GDP.
• Common Indian crops include: paddy, wheat, bajra, maize, gram, sugarcane, soyabeen and cotton.
• Small farmers represent 60% of the farming families, whereas larger farmers represent only 7%, landless farmers represent 14% and medium farmers represent 19%.
• Among large farmer families, 73% have women in the household participate in farming activities, whereas only 42% of landless farmer families have women engage in these activities.
• According to a survey by Lokniti, 46% of farmers grow up to two crops annually, 26% are able to grow only one crop annually, and 28% were able to grow more than two crops.
• India will soon experience a demographic shift as farmers continue to encourage their children to leave the industry and find other jobs.
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Source: State of Indian Farmers
Digital Green Low‐Cost Human‐Mediated Digital Technology for Agriculture Extension with Farmers
• Digital Green uses an innovative digital platform for community engagement to improve the lives of rural communities across South Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa.
• The model combines technology and social organization to maximize the potential of building the capacity of community members on improved, sustainable agriculture, livelihood, and health interventions.
• Maintain a human centered and contextual design approach at the core of their work, to successfully customize approach to suit diverse contexts and stakeholders.
• Trained village‐level mediators produce and share videos on locally relevant agronomic, health, and livelihood practices to motivate and educate community members.
• A facilitator from the community mediates a discussion and regular adoption verification visits are scheduled to gauge the impact of the dissemination on actual practices.
• Since 2008, they have reached 7,448 villages across India, Ethiopia and Ghana and have improved the lives of more than 640,000 community members (70% of them women) (Digital Green).
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Source: Digital Green
eKutir ICT Platform
• eKutir’s mission is to address poverty of smallholder farmers through an ICT enabled Social Business Model that introduces new technologies to monitor, track, and transact with the communities.
• It is changing rural poverty through– Economic Opportunity: SMEs started or
made viable, growing and capturing value, jobs
– Improved Health: access and affordability to diverse nutritious vegetables
– Environmental Efforts: less chemicals, efficient distribution
– Equity: addressing most vulnerable, who captures value, who makes decisions
– Sustainable, not one‐off charity: social capital, partnerships, long‐term revenue streams
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What is Our Approach
Human Resource Physical Resource
Farmer CentricFarmer Household
Approach
eKutir IT Platform• Centered around the farmer and its ecosystem
the platform:– Empowers the rural communities through
well connected, systematic, and efficient ecosystem for value and impact to ensure a sustainable subsistence;
– Drives an inclusive impact through increase in income, productivity, and better livelihoods and providing avenues for growth and development;
– Reaches the next billion by developing micro‐entrepreneurs, who generate income streams, link markets and create opportunities.
• The current service model identifies, selects, and trains micro‐entrepreneurs to further promote small‐holder productivity.
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VeggieKart, a Network of Entrepreneurs Around Fruits and Vegetables
• VeggieKart is a consumer and farmer beneficial retail initiative that uses an online eCommerce platform to allow consumers to meet farmers and understand their nutritional intake.
• Through this network of fresh fruit and vegetable entrepreneurs, farmers and customers can match each other’s requirement on quality, price, and quantity.
• Set quality standards ensure the provision of good quality produce to the customers through proper value chain mechanisms while giving a good return to the producers:– Only Superior Quality Fruits and Vegetables– Nothing for Tomorrow, the produces are fresh and are
procured on an every day basis – Suitable Care in Storage– Top Quality Vendors– Intensive Stock Checks
• Through a transparent connection between farmer and consumer, this network pushes the value to small holder farmers, increasing the efficiency throughout the value chain.
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FarmerFarmer
•45% of end value
Village MiddlemanVillage
Middleman
•8% of value• Payment to farmer delayed, farmers forced to take credit
MandiMarketMandiMarket
• 15% of value
Urban AggregatorUrban
Aggregator
• 8% of value
DistributorDistributor
• 8% of value
RetailerRetailer
• 16% of end value
VeggieKart Value Chain Comparison
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Spoilage
Taxes 3%
Spoilage x%
Taxes 3%
FarmerFarmer
• 65% of end value• 250+ (2000 by end of 2015) smallholder producers capturing stronger value, receiving further services
Ag EntrepreneurAg Entrepreneur
• 5% of end value• New economic opportunities (61)
• Providing better information to smallholder farmers about market demand, immediate payments
VeggieKart DistributionVeggieKart Distribution
• 25% of end value• Creating jobs (40), reducing wastage (from 30% down to 5%)
Micro‐Entrepreneur Retailers
Micro‐Entrepreneur Retailers
• 5% of end value (but 0 capital, 0 risk)
• New economic opportunities (24)
Traditional Vegetable Supply Chain, Orissa
VeggieKart Value Chain, Orissa – pushing value to small holder farmer, increasing efficiency throughout value chain
1‐3 days/hrs from producer to market?1‐3 days/hrs from producer to market?
24hrs from producer to market24hrs from producer to market
WastageWastageTaxes
Credit fees
Supply Chain Efficiency= 60% (40% losses due to wastage, taxes)
Supply Chain Efficiency = 90% (10% losses due to wastage, taxes
TATA Consultancy Services (TCS) Digital Farming Initiative
• mKRISHI – a Mobile Based, Complete Business Solution encompassing Technology and Agri‐Enterprise Management that:
– Enables two‐way data exchange– Personalized Agri‐Advisory – Repositions of knowledge such as virtual
knowledge, agriculture experts, procurement offices and other stake‐holders in the agri eco‐system
– CROPS (Crop Rotation, Optimization and Planning System)
– Personalized and Localized Weather Forecast
– AgriKnob (Agriculture Knowledge Base)– AgriCommS (Agri Commerce System)
enabling forward and backward linkages • A 4 phase system: Crop Planning, Aggregation &
Ordering, Crop Cycle Management, Harvest Planning
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Source: TCS
Convergent Innovation in Traditional and Modern World
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S.T.I.P.T.Pipelines In Digital
Technologies, Media, and
Advanced Analytics
S.T.I.P.T. in Animal and Plant Breeding
S.T.I.P.T. in Farm
and Food Processing
S.T.I.P.T. in Packaging,
Transportation, Retail, Service,
and Consumption
S.T.I.P.T. in Ingredients, Taste, and Sensory
Technology
S.T.I.P.T. in Nutrition,Health, and Disease
Food CI Sweet Spot
Food people are willing and able
to pay for
Food people want
Food the farmer and value chain are able and willing to produce
Food the planet can sustain
Food people need Consumer
PatientCitizen
One‐World Convergence of Agriculture, Health, and Wealth
S.T.I.P.T. ‐Science, Technology, Innovation,Practice, and Tradition
S.T.I.P.T. ‐Science, Technology, Innovation,Practice, and Tradition
Traditional World Food Innovation
• Vermi compost pits have been constructed among all adopted villages followed by the training of farmers on compost technology. The major improvement is seen in the increased productivity of all the millet crops following use of the compost in the field.
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• Locally suitable tools for row planting of millets result in easier weeding and increased yields.
Alternative farm‐anchored course to nutritious food innovation
• In the past 30 years, prices of fruits and vegetables have increased 120% with prices of soft drinks and other junk foods increasing only 20‐40% in the same time period.
• With food at the nexus of agriculture, industry, nutrition/health/healthcare, there is a need for joint efforts to create awareness, to focus on health, nutrition & food innovation, to ensure market access & stability, productivity & environmental sustainability and food security.
• Modern food innovations should take on a new approach to bridge tradition and modernity while also delivering better targeted nutrition that addresses health, value, taste, and convenience.
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Translating Nutrition Innovation into Practice
• Translational nutrition is a means of shortening the path between discoveries in nutrition and their application to benefit both society and the food industry.
• Institution Food Service is an area to focus on and modernize to create relevant foods for kids/active youth; to target specific nutritional requirements; to collaborate with other post secondary programs; to market and expose products via online video promotions; and to develop a delicious product and promo that kids will actually love.
• New opportunities for innovation exist with growth in the U.S. of organic sales up by 20% annually since 1990 and the Global Organic Food Market saw about an 11% increase in 2006‐2007.
• Starting at the table, we can create a better food system for our health, the health of our families, the health of our communities, and the health of the world.
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Organizations Engaged in Early PIP Development
CI Test Bed: Pulse Innovation Platform
Pulses: Food of the FutureFood people are willing and able to pay for
Food people want
Food the farmer and value chain are able and willing to produce
Food the planet can sustain
Food people need “One‐World”
Convergence of Agriculture, Health
and Wealth
Urban and Peri‐Urban Agriculture (UPA)
• Urban and Peri‐Urban Agriculture are increasingly promoted as a multifocal approach that enhances urban food security and advances climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts in cities.
• The extent to which UPA can enhance urban food security is limited by access to land, water, and the ability of farmers to efficiently navigate the multitude of risks associated with food production in urban and peri‐urban environments.
• UPA’s effectiveness is challenged by the marginalization of land and water resources, increasing climate risks, ineffective policies and poor governance that currently undermine its long‐term potential to address issues of urban food security and climate change adaptation concerns.
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Riverpark Farm, NY Rooftop farming
Vertical Farming: a Possible Solution to Food Insecurity
• Vertical farming has garnered the public’s attention as concerns about the environment, sustainability and food security remain unaddressed.
• Vertical farming shows promise as an effective means to help increase food production, maintain food security, foster sustainable urban agriculture, and generate greater community involvement.
• A new take on vertical farming, designed by Dickson Despommier for urban centers, which often lack adequate access to nutritious foods, involves the utilization of high‐rise, multistoried buildings, coupled with advanced greenhouse and emerging light‐emitting diode (LED) or organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) technology to produce fruits and vegetables as well as fish, poultry, and small domesticated animals.
• Such an approach ensures year‐round productivity and production would also be protected from adverse climatic events that normally reduce yields or completely eliminate productive capacity.
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Small Scale Women Farmers are Essential to Agriculture and Food Security
• Small‐scale farmers produce 60% to 80% of the food in developing countries and most of them are women. Yet women account for over 60% of the world’s undernourished population (IFAD).
• Despite accounting for more than half of the small scale farmers, women farmers control less land than men, and have access to fewer inputs, seeds, credits and services (FAO).
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When women are empowered and can claim their rights and access to land, leadership,
opportunities and choices, economies grow, food security is enhanced and prospects are improved for current and future generations – Michelle Bachelet, Under‐Secretrary‐General and
Executive Director of UN Women
Facilitating Health and Wealth for Women Through Food Security
• Ways to address lack of food security for women in agriculture:– Reduction to drudgery of women through the introduction of simple and affordable
crop management and post‐harvest operations and processing such as de‐hulling and milling;
– Women‐centric farm‐to‐market value chain with value added product developed from the local crops for enhancing household income women empowerment;
– Improving the nutritional status of the rural households through nutrition education to women and children;
– Value‐addition training to women entrepreneurs in project villages to teach them how to prepare, package, and market products .
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Ragi malt preparation Little millet papad preparation
Preparation of millet products Packaging of products for marketing
Value-addition training to women entrepreneurs in project villages
Women and Their Current Place in Society
• In the modern system, women continue to take on larger roles in society, going into professions they once were not a part of.
• Yet, despite these advancements women are still not giving equal access to resources: education, job opportunities, pay, etc.
• In 2013, the employment to population ratio for women was 47.1% whereas it was 72.2% for men (International Labour Organization).
• More women than men work in vulnerable, low‐paid jobs, or undervalued jobs with 49.1% of women working such jobs compared to 46.9% of men (ILO Global Employment Trends, 2014).
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Laurette DubéFounding Chair and Scientific Director, MCCHEJames McGill Professor of Consumer PsychologyTel.: +1.514.398.4026 Email: [email protected]
Chris LannonManaging Director, MCCHETel.: +1-514-398-3326Email: [email protected]
The MCCHE stimulates new avenues of collaboration that bridge the many divides in market, economy, and society at the root of some of our most pressing modern health and economic problems
www.mcgill.ca/mcche