law firm of laguesma

7/24/2019 Law Firm of Laguesma

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G.R. No. 185544, January 13, 2015 - THE LAW FIRM OF LAGE!MA MAG!ALIN "ON!LTA AN#GA!TAR#O, $%&'&'on%r, (. THE "OMMI!!ION ON A#IT AN#)OR RE*NAL#O A. +ILLAR AN#

JANITO G. E!$INO, JR. IN THEIR "A$A"ITIE! A! "HAIRMAN AN# "OMMI!!IONER,RE!$E"TI+EL*, R%on%n&.

EN BANC

G.R. No. 185544, January 13, 2015

THE LAW FIRM F LAG!E"MA MAG"ALIN CN"!LTA AN# GA"TAR#, Petitioner, v.THE

CMMI""IN N A!#IT AN#$R RE%NAL# A. &ILLAR AN# J!ANIT G. E"'IN, JR. INTHEIR CA'ACITIE" A" CHAIRMAN AN# CMMI""INER, RE"'ECTI&EL%, Respondents.

# E C I " I N

LENEN,J.(

W/%n a o(%rn%n& %n&'&y %na% &/% %a %r('% o r'(a&% oun%, '& u& o o '&/ &/%n%%ary au&/or'6a&'on r%7u'r% y a9 o&/%r'%, '& o''a 'n &/%%(% &o % %ronay'a% or o%na&'n r'(a&% oun%: %r('%.

T/' ' a %&'&'on1or %r&'orar' '% uruan& &o Ru% ;I, !%&'on 1 o &/% 1 &o annu &/% %''on2a&% !%&%%r2=, 200= an r%ou&'on3a&% No(%%r 5, 2008 o &/% "o''on on Au'&, /'/ 'ao%

&/% ay%n& o r%&a'n%r %% &o &/% a 'r o Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aro or %a%r('% r%n%r% &o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on.4/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

!o%&'% 'n 2001, o'%r o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on,5a o(%rn%n&-on% anon&ro% orora&'on, aroa/% &/% a 'r o Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aro or'& o'% a'&an% 'n /an'n &/% orora&'on: aor a%.?/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on, &/rou/ '& %a o'%r an a&%r &/% a 'r: a7u'%%n%,@ou/& ro &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% BOG"":C '& aro(a or &/%%na%%n& o Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aroC a %D&%rna oun%.=/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On #%%%r 4, 2001, &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% %n'% &/% r%7u%&.8 "ar>#%(%o%n& "orora&'on &/%n '% a r%7u%& or r%on'%ra&'on. #%(%o%n& "orora&'on. A& &/' o'n&, "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on /a y%& &o %ur%

&/% au&/or'6a&'on an %aran% ro &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% or &/%


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onurr%n% o &/% "o''on on Au'& o &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra&. Aor'n &o &/% a 'r,"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: o'%r aur% &/% a 'r &/a& '& a 'n &/% ro% o %ur'n

&/% aro(a o &/% "o''on on Au'&.14/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On Jun% 28, 2002, "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on, &/rou/ '& oar o #'r%&or, aro(%Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aro: %na%%n& a r'(a&% oun%.15 In 2003, '& aoaro(% &/% a'n%n& o a'&'ona aor a% &o &/% a 'r.1?/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On Juy 13, 2005, "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on r%7u%&% &/% "o''on on Au'& oronurr%n% o &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& '& %D%u&% '&/ Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a anGa&aro.1= Aor'n &o &/% a 'r, '& a ony a& &/' o'n& /%n "ar> #%(%o%n&"orora&'on 'nor% &/% &/a& &/% "o''on on Au'& r%7u'r% &/% %aran% an aro(a o

&/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% %or% '& ou aro(% &/% r%%a% o "ar>#%(%o%n& "orora&'on: un &o %&&% &/% %a %% u% &o &/% a 'r.18/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On Auu& 5, 2005, !&a&% Au'&or I+ E('ra G. $un6aan 'nor% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on

&/a& '& r%7u%& or %aran% ou no& % a&% uon un&' &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&%"oun% aro(% &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& '&/ 'na'&y.1 #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& or aro(a on&/% roun &/a& &/% ro-ora r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& '(%n &o &/% a no& @a% on &/% r%'%

&/a& &/% on&/y r%&a'n%r: %% an ono'&an& /ar% ar% r%aona% an ou a 'n au'& y"OA.21 !/% oun &/a& "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on ao&% 'n&%a &/% a 'r: rooaon%rn'n &/% ay%n& o a r%&a'n%r: %% on a %r a% a' '&/ou& 'nor'n &/% O'% o &/%Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%. !/%, /o%(%r, ru% &/a& &/% a 'r a %n&'&% &o ay%n&

un%r &/% r'n'% o quantum meruitan u%& &o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on oar:aro(a an &/% uua o(%rn%n& au'&'n ru% an r%ua&'on.22/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On #%%%r 2=, 2005, "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on r%ay% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%

#%(ana%ra: %&&%r &o &/% "o''on: Au'& T%a L%a%r, /'/'/&'n &/% or&'on on &/%aro(a o ay%n& &o Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aro on &/% a' o quantummeruit.23/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

On No(%%r


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&/% %na%%n& o r'(a&% oun% '&/ou& r'or aro(a @/a % a %rona 'a''&y o &/%o''a on%rn%.31/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

Lau%a Maa'n "onu&a an Ga&aro '% &/' %&'&'on or %r&'orar' on #%%%r 1 #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: o''a.

$%&'&'on%r aru% &/a& Pollosoan PHIVIDECar% no& a'a% &o &/% 'ru&an% a& /an

%au% 'n o&/ a%, &/% o(%rn%n& a%ny on%rn% /a a'% &o %ur% &/% aro(a o o&/

&/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% an &/% "o''on on Au'&.

3=

$%&'&'on%r a%r&&/a& '& a a% &o %ur% au&/or'6a&'on ro &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% r'or&o r%n%r'n %r('% &o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on or a u& &o 2 o &/% aor a%

a'n% &o '&.38 I& aru% &/a& &/% May 20, 2002 %&&%r ro Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% +a%6a &an&aoun& &o a ran& o au&/or'6a&'on 'n% '& ran&% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on:r%7u%& or r%on'%ra&'on.3 #%(%o%n& "orora&'on an %&'&'on%r.43 T/%y aru%

&/a& &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& a no& aro(% '&/ 'na'&y y &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n&"orora&% "oun%.44 Fur&/%r, Pollosoan PHIVIDECar% a'a% &o &/' a% 'n% o&/ a%

'n(o(% &/% @'n'%na''&y o &/%C r'or r'&&%n onurr%n% o o&/ &/% O'% o &/%Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%C an &/% "o''on on Au'&C %or% any o(%rn%n&-on%an on&ro% orora&'onC an /'r% an %D&%rna oun%.45/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

In '& r%y,4?%&'&'on%r aru% &/a& '& ' a r%a ar&y-'n-'n&%r%& 'n% @'& r%n%r% '& %r('% &o"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'onC, /'/ u&'a&%y r%oun% &o &/% %n%'& o &/% R%u'4=an&/a& @'& %%r(% &o % a' /a& ' '& u% a a a&&%r o r'/&.48 $%&'&'on%r ao r%'&%ra&% '&aru%n& &/a&Pollosoan PHIVIDECar% no& a'a% &o &/' a% 'n% &/% a&ua an&%%%n&

ar% no& &/% a%.4


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T/% %&'&'on ' %n'%.

T)* +*--on a/ -* ou o -*

$%&'&'on%r &a&% &/a& '& '% &/' %&'&'on un%r Ru% ;I, !%&'on 1 o &/% 1%n &o '% &/% o&'on or

r%on'%ra&'on an ' ony 'n&%rru&% on% &/% o&'on ' '%. I &/% o&'on ' %n'%, &/% ar&yay '% &/% %&'&'on ony '&/'n &/% %r'o r%a'n'n ro &/% no&'% o u%n&.

T/% '%r%n% %&%%n Ru% ?4 an Ru% ?5 /a ar%ay %%n %D/au&'(%y 'u% y &/' our&

'nPates v. Commission on Elections52/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

Ru% ?4, /o%(%r, anno& 'y % %7ua&% &o Ru% ?5 %(%n ' '& %Dr%y r%%r &o &/% a&&%r ru%.

T/%y %D'& a %ara&% ru% or u&an&'(% r%aon a 'u% %o. $ro%uray, &/% o&a&%n& '%r%n% %&%%n &/% &o i.e., &/% %D%&'on &/a& !%&'on 2, Ru% ?4 r%%r &o '

!%&'on 3 /'/ ro('% or a %'a %r'o or &/% ''n o %&'&'on or certiorariro %''on


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or ru'n o &/% "OMELE" en banc. #!e period is ,- da"s 'rom notice o' t!e decision or ruling+instead o' t!e 1- da"s t!at Rule 12 provides* )it! t!e intervening period used 'or t!e 'iling o'

an" motion 'or reconsideration deductible 'rom t!e originall"3granted ,- da"s +instead o' t!e 'res!period o' 1- da"s t!at Rule 12 provides.53E/a' u'%

In &/' a%, %&'&'on%r r%%'(% &/% %''on o &/% "o''on on Au'& on O&o%r 1?, 200=.54 I&'% a o&'on or r%on'%ra&'on on No(%%r ?, 200=,55or a&%r 21 ay. I& r%%'(% no&'% o

&/% %n'a o '& o&'on on No(%%r 20, 2008.5?

T/% r%%'& o &/' no&'% a(% %&'&'on%r n'n% #%(%o%n& "orora&'on, an no& %&'&'on%r, /'/ ' &/% r%aar&y-'n-'n&%r%& 'n% &/% u%& o &/% aa'% %''on an r%ou&'on a &/% orora&'on:r%7u%& or %aran% &o ay %&'&'on%r '& %a %%. R%on%n& aru% &/a& any 'n&%r%&%&'&'on%r ay /a(% 'n &/% a% ' %r%y 'n'%n&a.?0 T/' ' %rron%ou.

$%&'&'on%r ' a r%a ar&y-'n-'n&%r%&, a %'n% 'n Ru% 3, !%&'on 2 o &/% 1%ny narro on &/% 'u% &o /%&/%r &/%y %rr% 'n %ny'n"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& or %aran% o &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra&.?3 In o'n o,&/%y aru% &/a& &/% 'n&%r%&% ar&'% ar% ''&% ony &o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on an

r%on%n&.?4/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

T/% 'u% a& /an, /o%(%r, r%a&% &o &/% aa'% %''on an r%ou&'on o r%on%n&, /'/'ao% &/% 'ur%%n& o u' un or &/% ay%n& o %a %% &o %&'&'on%r.

R%on%n& a'& &/a& %a %r('% %r% %ror% y %&'&'on%r or /'/ ay%n& o %a%% ar% u%. T/% 7u%&'on &/a& &/%y r%o(% a )!ic!aon &/% ar&'%, &/% o(%rn%n&, or&/% o''a o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on %r% 'a%.


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T/% n%& %%& o u/o'n or %&&'n a'% &/% aa'% "o''on on Au'& ru'n ou % &o

%'&/%r 'ao or ao &/% ay%n& o %a %% &o %&'&'on%r. $%&'&'on%r, &/%r%or%, &an &o%'&/%r % %n%'&% or 'nur% y &/% u'&, or %n&'&% &o '& a(a'. I& ' a r%a ar&y-'n-'n&%r%&.

"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: oar o #'r%&or, on &/% o&/%r /an, /ou /a(% %%n'%a% 'n &/' a% a a n%%ary ar&y.

A n%%ary ar&y ' %'n% a @on% /o ' no& 'n'%na% u& /o ou/& &o % o'n% a aar&y ' o%&% r%'% ' &o % aor% a &o &/o% ar%ay ar&'%, or or a o%&%%&%r'na&'on or %&&%%n& o &/% a' u%& o &/% a&'on.?5/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

T/% a&'on o &/% oar o #'r%&or r%''&a&% &/% 'u% 'n &/' a%. I &/% %&'&'on ' ran&%,&/%n &/% o'%r ar% r%'%(% o 'a''&y &o %&'&'on%r. I &/% ru'n o r%on%n& ar% u/%, &/%n'& ' &/% oar o #'r%&or &/a& ' % 'a% &o %&'&'on%r. Any r%'% 'n &/' a% ou %'no%&% '&/ou& o'n'n &/% %%r o &/% oar o #'r%&or.

T)* Co-//-on on Au- - noo- 6ra7* au/* o -/r*-on -n*ny-n6 )* or+ora-on9/ r*:u*/ or

*aran* o *n6a6* )* /*r7-*/ o+*--on*r a/ +r-7a* oun/*

oo> I+, T'&% III, "/a&%r 3, !%&'on 10 o &/% A'n'&ra&'(% "o% o 1


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unn%%ary, %D%'(%, %D&ra(aan& an)or unon'ona% %D%n'&ur% or u% o u' unan ro%r&y !%. 2-2, Ar&. I;-#, "on&'&u&'ona,public 'unds s!all not be utili8ed 'or pa"ment o'

t!e services o' a private legal counsel or la) 'irm to represent government agencies andinstrumentalities* including government3o)ned or controlled corporations an oa o(%rn%n&

un'& 'n our& or &o r%n%r %a %r('% or &/%. In t!e event t!at suc! legal services cannot beavoided or is 6usti'ied under e/traordinar" or e/ceptional circumstancesor o(%rn%n& a%n'%an 'n&ru%n&a'&'%, 'nu'n o(%rn%n&-on% or on&ro% orora&'on, t!e )ritten

con'ormit" and acquiescence o' t!e Solicitor General or t!e Government Corporate Counsel* as t!ecase ma"be* and t!e )ritten concurrence o' t!e Commission on udit s!all 'irst be secured be'oret!e !iring or emplo"ment o' a private la)"er or la) 'irm.E/a' u'%

T/% O'% o &/% $r%'%n& M%oranu "'ruar No. #%(%o%n& "orora&'on u% &o @nu%rou aor a%/'/ n%% ur%n& a&&%n&'on.C?8 In '& r%7u%& or r%on'%ra&'on &o &/% O'% o &/%

Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%, "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on a' &/a& '& a o&a'n'n &/%%r('% o %&'&'on%r @a&'n &/rou/ A&&y. Ar'&on +'%n&% R. u'ro'o, >non %D%r& 'n &/% '%

o aor a an r%a&'on.?


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W/%n Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% +a%6 ran&% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& or

r%on'%ra&'on, &/% aro(a a %r%y on'&'ona an u%& &o '& u''on o &/% 'n%ro-ora r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& ro('% or y &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%.

In &/% %&&%r a&% May 20, 2002, Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% +a%6 a% /anro%('r&uaa'rary

For &/% %&&%r ro&%&'on o &/% 'n&%r%& o "#", % /%r%y urn'/ you '&/ a $ro-Fora

R%&a'n%r/' Ar%%%n& on&a'n'n &/% u%&% &%r an on'&'on o &/% r%&a'n%r/', /'/you ay ao& or &/' uro%.

A&%r &/% u%& R%&a'n%r/' Ar%%%n& /a /a(% %%n %D%u&% %&%%n your orora&'on an

&/% r%&a'n% oun%, %a% u'& a oy &/%r%o &o our O'% or our 'nora&'on an '%. =1

on "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: a'ur% &o u'& &/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra&, &/% O'% o &/%Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% %n'% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& or 'na aro(a

o '& %a %r('% on&ra&, 'nu'n &/a& o %&'&'on%r. In &/% %&&%r=2a&% #%%%r 22, 2005,Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% #%(ana%ra 'nor% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on &/a& /anro%('r&uaa'rary

'C& a%ar, &/ou/, &/a& our $ro-Fora R%&a'n%r/' Ar%%%n& a no& oo% an "#" %r%yao&% &/% rooa o aor%a' r%&a'n%r)onu&an&. Ao, &/' O'% a n%(%r 'nor% &/a&"#" ar%% on ay%n& o r%&a'n%r: %% on a %r a% a'.=3

In ('% o "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: a'ur% &o %ur% &/% 'na onor'&y an a7u'%%n%o &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%, '& r%&a'n%r/' on&ra& '&/ %&'&'on%r ouno& /a(% %%n on'%r% a au&/or'6%.

T/% onurr%n% o r%on%n& a ao no& %ur% y "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'onprior&o/'r'n %&'&'on%r: %r('%. T/% orora&'on ony ro&% a %&&%r-r%7u%& &o r%on%n& &/r%% 3

y%ar a&%r '& /a %na% &/% %r('% o %&'&'on%r a r'(a&% %a oun%.

#!e cases t!at t!e private counsel )as as0ed to manage are not be"ond t!e range o' reasonablecompetence e/pected 'rom t!e $''ice o' t!e Government Corporate Counsel. Certainl"* t!e issues

do not appear to be comple/ or o' substantial national interest to merit additional counsel. Evenso* t!ere )as no s!o)ing t!at t!e dela"s in t!e approval also )ere due to circumstances not

attributable to petitioner nor )as t!ere a clear s!o)ing t!at t!ere )as unreasonable dela" in an"action o' t!e approving aut!orities. Rat!er* it appears t!at t!e procurement o' t!e proper

aut!ori8ations )as mere a'tert!oug!t.

R%on%n&, &/%r%or%, orr%&y %n'% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& or %aran% 'n&/% 'ur%%n& o un &o ay %&'&'on%r '& &an'n %a %%.

Polloso v. Ganganan PHIVIECInd!strial "!thorit# v. Capitol SteelCorporationa++y -n )-/ a/*

$%&'&'on%r aru% &/a& Pollosoo% no& ay 'n% &/% %n'a a a% on &/% @a%n% o ar'&&%n au&/or'&y ro &/% O!G orOG"".C=4 I& ao aru% &/a& &/% PHIVIDECa% o% no&ay 'n% @&/% a% aC r%r%%n&% y a r'(a&% ay%r /o% %na%%n& a %ur%

'&/ou& &/% onor'&y o &/% OG"" an&/% "OA.=5 $%&'&'on%r aru% &/a&, un'>% &/%% a%,"ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on a a% &o o&a'n &/% r'&&%n onor'&y o &/% O'% o &/%Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% &o %na% %&'&'on%r: %r('%.

In Polloso*&/% %a %r('% o A&&y. %n%%r'&o A. !a&orr% %r% %na% y &/% Na&'ona $o%r"orora&'on or '& L%y&%-"%u an L%y&%-Lu6on In&%ronn%&'on $ro%&.=? T/% "o''on on

Au'& 'ao% &/% ay%n& o %r('% &o A&&y. !a&or% on &/% a' o quantum meruit*'&'n"o''on on Au'& "'ruar No. 8?-255 a&% Ar' 2, 1


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%D%'(%, %D&ra(aan& or unon'ona% %D%n'&ur% or u% o o(%rn%n& un anro%r&'%. Ha('n %&%r'n% &/% 'n&%n& o &/% a, &/' "our& /a &/% '%ra&'(% u&y &o '(% '&

%%& %(%n ' &/% o'y o% %yon &/% %&&%r or or o &/% &a&u&%.

H%n%, a &/% /'r'n o A&&y. !a&orr% a %ary on% '&/ou& &/% r'or onor'&y ana7u'%%n% o &/% O'% o &/% !o''&or G%n%ra or &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun%, a % a&/% r'&&%n onurr%n% o &/% "o''on on Au'&, &/% ay%n& o %% &o A&&y. !a&orr% a

orr%&y 'ao% 'n au'& y &/% "OA.=8

In PHIVIDEC, &/' our& oun &/% %na%%n& y $HI+I#E" Inu&r'a Au&/or'&y, a o(%rn%n&-on% an on&ro% orora&'on, o A&&y. "%'o Aa6a: %a %r('% &o % unau&/or'6% or &/%orora&'on: a'ur% &o %ur% &/% r'&&%n onor'&y o &/% O'% o &/% Go(%rn%n& "orora&%

"oun% an &/% "o''on on Au'&.=%'% r%'&%ra&% 'n Vargas v. Ignes*81/%r%'n &/' our& &a&% /anro%('r&uaa'rary

n%r !%&'on 10, "/a&%r 3, T'&% III, oo> I+ o &/% A'n'&ra&'(% "o% o 1 #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%& a %r%y on'&'ona on '& u''on o&/% r%&a'n%r/' on&ra&. "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: a'ur% &o u'& &/% r%&a'n%r/'

on&ra& r%u&% 'n '& a'ur% &o %ur% a 'na aro(a.

T)* Co-//-on on Au- - no

o- 6ra7* au/* o -/r*-on -n-/ao-n6 )* +ay*n o +*--on*r

on )* a/-/ o $!ant!m mer!it

W/%n Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% #%(ana%ra %n'% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on: r%7u%&or 'na aro(a o '& %a %r('% on&ra&, /%, /o%(%r, ao% &/% ay%n& &o %&'&'on%r or%a %r('% ar%ay r%n%r% on a quantum meruit a'.83/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary


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R%on%n& 'ao% "ar> #%(%o%n& "orora&'on ro ay'n %&'&'on%r on &/' a' a &/%on&ra& %&%%n &/% a %D%u&% @'n %ar ('oa&'on o &/% ro(''on o "OA "'ruar No. 8?-

255 an O$ M%oranu "'ruar No. non a &/%Go(%rn%n& Au'&'n "o% o &/% $/'''n%.8?/anRo%('r&uaLa'rary

In %ational Po)er Corporation v. Heirs o' #%(%o%n& "orora&'on, on&ra&% &/%%r('% o %&'&'on%r, '&/ou& &/% n%%ary r'or aro(a r%7u'r% y &/% ru% an r%ua&'on

or &/% /'r'n o r'(a&% oun%. T/%'r a&'on %r% %ary unau&/or'6%.

I& a, &/u, %rron%ou or Go(%rn%n& "orora&% "oun% #%(ana%ra &o 'n "ar> #%(%o%n&

"orora&'on, a o(%rn%n& %n&'&y, &o ay %&'&'on%r on a quantum meruit a' or %a %r('%,/'/ %r% n%'&/%r aro(% nor au&/or'6% y &/% o(%rn%n&. E(%n ran&'n &/a& %&'&'on%rou/& &o % a' or %r('% r%n%r%, '& /ou no& % &/% o(%rn%n&: 'a''&y, u& &/a& o &/%

o''a /o %na% &/% %r('% o %&'&'on%r '&/ou& &/% r%7u'r% au&/or'6a&'on.

T)* a*n*n o Co-//-on on Au-C-ruar No. 8;255 y Co-//-on on

Au- C-ruar No. #%(%o%n& "orora&'on. I&a'&% &/% orora&'on 'n '&'a&'n nu%rou aor a%


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&a&%/anro%('r&uaa'rary

!E". 103. General liabilit" 'or unla)'ul e/penditures. ED%n'&ur% o o(%rn%n& un or u%

o o(%rn%n& ro%r&y 'n ('oa&'on o a or r%ua&'on /a % a %rona 'a''&y o &/% o''aor %oy%% oun &o % 'r%&y r%on'% &/%r%or.

T/' our& /a ao r%('ouy /% 'n Gumaru v. =uirino State Collegeardele8a* >>.*onur.4rion* >.* on %a(%.

Endnotes(

1Rollo, . 324.

2I. a&


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1=I. a& 353


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48I. a& 20=.

4%n y &/% ro%r /%a o &/a& a%ny.

51T/% Ru% o "our& %''% &/' >'n o %r&'orar' a on% un%r Ru% ?4, /'/ ' &/% r%('% o

u%n& an 'na or%r or r%ou&'on o &/% "o''on on E%&'on an &/% "o''on onAu'&. T/% rollo, /o%(%r, %''% &/% %&'&'on a on% un%r Ru% ?5, /'% &/% %&'&'on ony%n&'on &/a& '& a a %&'&'on or %r&'orar' '% un%r Ru% ;I, !%&'on 1 o &/% R%('% Ru% o$ro%ur% o &/% "o''on on Au'&.

52?0< $/'. 2?0 200


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=1I. a& 44.

=2I. a& 5051.

=3I. a& 51.

=4I. a& 1?, %/a' an un%ror'n 'n &/% or''na.

=5I. a& 12, %/a' an un%ror'n 'n &/% or''na.

=?Polloso v. Gangan*3

law firm of laguesma

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